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K
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s
:
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ca
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v
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m
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t
Dig
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itizen
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Par
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ac
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Vo
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T
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s
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ma
r
y
An
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C
.
Ab
r
il
C
o
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T
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E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
B
atan
g
as State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
–
J
P
L
PC
Ma
lv
ar
C
am
p
u
s
Po
b
lacio
n
,
Ma
lv
ar
,
B
atan
g
as,
4
2
3
3
,
Ph
ilip
p
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E
m
ail: m
ar
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.
ab
r
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b
atst
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u
.
p
h
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
o
s
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u
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
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o
p
m
en
t
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
an
d
in
clu
s
i
v
e
m
ea
n
s
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
task
ed
with
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
civ
ic
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
n
d
ated
b
y
law,
civ
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
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is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
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in
to
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
s
tu
d
ies g
lo
b
ally
in
d
icate
a
d
ec
lin
in
g
tr
en
d
in
ci
v
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t in
t
h
is
s
ec
to
r
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
em
b
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
th
e
Or
g
a
n
izatio
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f
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r
E
c
o
n
o
m
ic
C
o
-
o
p
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n
an
d
Dev
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p
m
en
t
(
OE
C
D)
,
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
is
en
g
ag
ed
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
]
,
an
d
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
d
is
en
g
ag
ed
f
r
o
m
civ
ic
life
[
2
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
s
im
ilar
ly
r
ep
o
r
ted
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
lev
els o
f
civ
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
tr
en
d
in
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
civ
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p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
y
o
u
t
h
to
d
ay
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
alter
n
ativ
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av
e
n
u
e
s
wh
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e
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
ac
tiv
e.
W
ith
n
ea
r
ly
9
5
%
o
f
y
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u
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g
p
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p
le
ac
ce
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s
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
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s
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
6
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
s
p
a
ce
s
en
h
an
cin
g
civ
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
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8
8
2
2
R
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in
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a
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d
m
o
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tio
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in
d
ig
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l c
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(
Ma
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A
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C
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A
b
r
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)
4813
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
is
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
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m
s
in
f
ac
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atin
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le’
s
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
civ
ic
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
af
f
air
s
with
in
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
L
ev
er
a
g
in
g
d
i
g
ital
s
p
ac
es
f
o
r
civ
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en
g
ag
em
e
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t
ca
n
b
e
a
v
alu
a
b
le
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tr
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f
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im
p
r
o
v
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g
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u
n
g
p
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p
le’
s
p
ar
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n
in
f
o
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m
al
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s
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ile
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f
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s
e,
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
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ities
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o
r
civ
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p
ar
tic
ip
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n
th
at
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
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m
s
p
r
o
v
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d
e,
cr
itical
f
ac
to
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s
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p
a
r
ticu
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ly
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d
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r
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ag
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o
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e,
r
em
ain
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n
d
e
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ex
p
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B
u
ild
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th
e
id
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at
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ig
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s
p
ac
es
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ld
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ab
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v
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le’
s
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t [
9
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
em
p
ir
ically
:
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
attitu
d
e,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
?
−
W
h
at
f
ac
to
r
m
o
tiv
ates stu
d
en
t
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
civ
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ty
p
es,
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
an
d
ex
ten
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t?
−
Do
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
(
m
o
tiv
atio
n
)
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
(
r
ea
d
in
ess
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
to
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
n
o
v
el
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
ills
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
lo
ca
l
r
esear
ch
b
y
b
ein
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
em
p
ir
ically
m
o
d
el
th
ese
p
r
ed
i
ctiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
am
o
n
g
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
as
b
aselin
e
d
ata
to
d
ev
elo
p
tar
g
eted
,
d
ata
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lar
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
th
at
en
ab
le
d
ig
ital p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
et
wee
n
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
C
o
n
ce
iv
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
cited
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e,
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
As
a
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
th
is
wo
r
k
aim
ed
to
q
u
an
tify
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
an
d
ascer
tain
th
eir
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
a
n
o
u
tco
m
e
[
1
0
]
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
ex
ten
t to
w
h
ich
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
p
r
ed
ict
d
ig
ital c
iv
i
c
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
wh
ich
f
ac
to
r
h
as
a
g
r
ea
ter
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
A
s
ce
r
tain
in
g
th
ese
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
tar
g
ete
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
th
e
y
o
u
th
f
r
o
m
p
ass
iv
e
to
ac
tiv
e
c
iv
ic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Respo
nd
ent
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
,
9
7
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
4
0
,
0
7
4
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
t
h
eir
civ
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
u
r
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
B
atan
g
as
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltis
tag
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
[
1
1
]
was
u
s
ed
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
s
am
p
le,
wh
er
ein
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
ca
m
p
u
s
es,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
y
e
ar
lev
els.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
ca
m
p
u
s
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
ao
s
o
f
t
s
am
p
le
s
ize
c
alcu
lato
r
,
with
a
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
lev
el
an
d
a
5
%
m
ar
g
in
o
f
er
r
o
r
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
in
ea
ch
ca
m
p
u
s
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
atif
ied
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
2
]
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
y
ea
r
le
v
els.
Sin
ce
m
an
y
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
th
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
,
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
was
7
4
%
(
n
=2
,
2
0
5
)
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
t
y
p
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ates in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
to
th
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
s
tatu
s
o
f
t
h
e
cited
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
n
am
ely
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
was
elicited
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
test
ed
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
ef
o
r
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
co
n
s
en
ted
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
f
o
ll
o
wed
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
s
T
o
co
llect
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
r
t
is
a
2
0
-
item
s
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
civ
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
s
k
ills
,
attitu
d
e,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
a
r
t
is
a
3
0
-
item
s
ca
le
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
l
u
n
t
ee
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
v
en
to
r
y
(
VFI
)
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
t
o
ass
ess
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
f
o
r
civ
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
Alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
al
in
d
icato
r
s
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
VFI
was
n
o
t
u
tili
ze
d
.
Als
o
,
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
was
u
s
ed
in
s
tead
o
f
7
,
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
least
im
p
o
r
tan
t)
t
o
4
(
h
ig
h
ly
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t)
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
to
ty
p
e,
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
1
2
-
4
8
2
0
4814
ex
ten
t.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ate
d
b
y
f
iv
e
f
ac
u
lty
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
I
ts
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a,
y
ield
in
g
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
9
0
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
s
an
ex
ce
llen
t r
eliab
ilit
y
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
E
m
p
ir
ical
in
n
atu
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
Min
itab
s
tatis
tic
al
s
o
f
twar
e
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
ta
tis
tic
al
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
cy
(
m
ea
n
)
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
ili
ty
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
)
,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
k
e
y
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
e
d
at
a
d
d
r
es
s
in
g
th
e
d
ec
lin
i
n
g
civ
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Rea
din
ess
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
f
o
r
dig
it
a
l c
iv
ic
eng
a
g
e
m
ent
Giv
en
th
e
ev
id
en
t
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
a
s
s
es
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
g
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
civ
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ir
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
n
lin
e
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
ete
n
c
ies
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
en
g
a
g
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
r
ea
lm
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
civ
ic
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
ter
t
iar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
civ
i
c
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
civ
ic
s
k
ills
,
civ
ic
attitu
d
e,
an
d
civ
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
ea
d
in
ess
lev
el
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
As
f
o
u
n
d
,
civ
ic
s
k
ills
an
d
civ
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
r
n
er
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
3
.
3
6
an
d
3
.
3
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
iv
ic
attitu
d
e
r
a
n
k
ed
th
i
r
d
(
3
.
2
9
)
,
wh
ile
civ
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
was
least
r
ated
(
3
.
1
2
)
with
a
s
im
ilar
ly
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
8
1
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
e
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
2
7
in
d
icate
s
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ig
ita
l c
iv
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
em
o
cr
atic
p
r
in
cip
les
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
p
a
r
ticip
a
tio
n
.
T
h
ey
p
o
s
s
ess
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
an
i
n
clin
atio
n
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
civ
i
c
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
ate
l
ev
el
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
civ
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
im
p
ar
tin
g
v
alu
ab
le
co
m
p
eten
cies
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
f
o
s
ter
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
lin
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
No
tab
le
in
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
t
h
e
lo
w
r
esu
ltin
g
m
e
an
f
o
r
civ
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
s
till
at
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
lev
el,
th
is
r
atin
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
r
elu
cta
n
t
o
r
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
ac
tiv
ely
in
civ
ic
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
m
er
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
civ
ic
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
ci
v
ic
attitu
d
e
an
d
ci
v
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
ls
o
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ele
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
est
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
th
eir
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
a
g
e
civ
ically
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
r
o
o
te
d
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
i
v
id
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
if
f
er
in
g
le
v
els
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
ea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
m
o
tiva
tio
n
in
d
ig
ita
l c
ivic
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
mo
n
g
tert
ia
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
y
A
n
n
C
.
A
b
r
il
)
4815
Als
o
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
wi
th
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
o
r
co
n
c
er
n
s
r
elate
d
to
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
an
d
d
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
civ
ic
a
ttit
u
d
e
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
co
n
s
o
n
an
ce
with
t
h
is
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
d
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
5
]
an
d
lim
ited
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
1
6
]
as
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
M
o
r
e
s
o
,
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Pro
g
r
a
m
m
e
[
1
7
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
7
3
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
an
if
ested
co
n
ce
r
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ate
s
p
ee
ch
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
o
n
lin
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
civ
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
e
q
u
ip
th
em
with
th
e
s
k
ills
to
cr
itically
wo
r
k
w
ith
th
e
v
ast
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
av
ailab
le
o
n
lin
e
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
eth
ical
o
n
lin
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
c
o
u
ld
b
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
civ
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
u
les
t
o
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
citiz
en
s
h
ip
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
e
d
icate
d
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
s
af
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
r
e
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
civ
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
in
d
ig
ital
d
em
o
cr
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
3
.
2
.
Student
s
’
m
o
t
iv
a
t
io
ns
f
o
r
civ
ic
eng
a
g
e
m
ent
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
civ
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
en
tails
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
g
iv
e
th
ei
r
tim
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
welf
ar
e
o
f
o
th
er
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
civ
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
in
to
s
ix
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ar
ea
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
tectiv
e,
v
alu
es,
ca
r
ee
r
,
s
o
cial,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
tiv
es f
o
r
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
m
o
tiv
e,
wit
h
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
4
6
,
em
e
r
g
ed
as
th
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
d
r
iv
es
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Fo
llo
win
g
t
h
is
is
th
e
v
alu
es
m
o
tiv
e
(
3
.
3
9
)
,
w
h
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
n
e’
s
altr
u
is
tic
an
d
h
u
m
an
itar
ian
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
o
tiv
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
t
h
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
v
a
lu
e
(
3
.
1
6
)
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
ix
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
tiv
es
f
o
r
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Fro
m
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
u
r
m
is
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
to
en
g
a
g
e
civ
ically
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
ei
r
d
esire
to
g
ain
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
an
d
h
ar
n
ess
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
Mo
r
e
lik
ely
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
civ
ic
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
o
f
f
er
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
in
tellectu
al
g
r
o
wth
,
s
u
cc
ess
,
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
B
y
r
atin
g
v
alu
es
m
o
tiv
e
n
ex
t
in
r
a
n
k
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
m
an
if
ested
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
clin
atio
n
to
ass
is
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
o
s
e
in
n
ee
d
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
Fil
ip
in
o
s
’
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
s
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
co
m
p
ass
io
n
an
d
em
p
ath
y
f
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
y
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
tec
tiv
e
m
o
tiv
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
l
o
west
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
,
th
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
eliev
e
th
is
f
ac
to
r
is
s
im
ilar
ly
m
o
d
er
ate
in
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
Sin
ce
civ
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
ten
in
v
o
lv
es
in
ter
ac
tin
g
wit
h
o
th
er
s
,
th
e
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
s
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
less
en
o
r
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
eir
lo
n
e
lin
ess
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
is
o
latio
n
.
Pre
p
ar
in
g
f
o
r
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
c
ar
ee
r
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
t
h
is
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
p
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p
le
as
an
o
p
p
o
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tu
n
ity
to
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elp
th
e
m
k
n
o
w
m
o
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e
ab
o
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t
th
em
s
elv
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d
m
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tain
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m
e
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tal
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lth
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r
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m
e
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k
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VFI
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ews
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m
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e
m
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
1
2
-
4
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2
0
4816
civ
ic
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
.
P
a
r
all
el
t
o
t
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
,
s
t
u
d
i
es
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
2
]
o
n
wh
at
d
r
iv
es
t
h
e
y
o
u
t
h
to
c
iv
ica
ll
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
p
i
n
p
o
in
te
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
w
th
,
in
tell
ec
t
u
al
s
tim
u
l
ati
o
n
,
an
d
al
tr
u
is
m
as s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
r
el
ate
d
t
o
civ
ic
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
Mo
k
h
za
n
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
co
n
ten
d
th
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
v
alu
e
m
o
ti
v
es
r
ef
l
ec
t
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le’
s
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
th
eir
v
o
lu
n
teer
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
ey
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
eir
b
elief
s
,
p
ass
io
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
ests
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ca
u
s
es
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
d
esig
n
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
jects a
n
d
v
o
lu
n
teer
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ex
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als,
an
d
s
o
cial
is
s
u
es to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
ities
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
s
elf
-
g
r
o
wth
an
d
f
u
lf
illme
n
t.
C
iv
ic
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
b
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ta
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d
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ld
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c
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g
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t
h
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p
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o
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ce
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tio
n
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
s
k
ills
,
u
n
co
v
e
r
h
id
d
e
n
talen
ts
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
j
o
y
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
liv
es
o
f
o
th
er
s
an
d
m
ak
i
n
g
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
with
th
e
s
h
if
t
t
o
war
d
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
d
ev
elo
p
d
ig
it
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
civ
ically
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
k
in
g
in
tellectu
ally
s
tim
u
latin
g
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Ov
er
all,
n
o
tab
le
to
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
m
o
tiv
es
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
m
o
d
e
r
ate
in
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
u
r
m
is
ed
th
at
asid
e
f
r
o
m
m
o
tiv
es,
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
m
ay
b
e
in
f
lu
en
tial
in
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
d
ec
is
io
n
to
civ
ically
en
g
a
g
e
i
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
r
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
ese
a
d
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
w
h
at
d
r
iv
es st
u
d
en
ts
’
civ
ic
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
3
.
3
.
Dig
it
a
l
civ
ic
eng
a
g
em
en
t
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ty
p
es,
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
an
d
e
x
ten
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
class
if
ied
in
to
civ
ic
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
ac
tiv
ities
is
d
escr
ib
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
o
n
e’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
[
2
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
in
ten
t
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
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en
t
c
o
u
ld
b
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
,
co
n
s
u
lt,
in
v
o
l
v
e,
co
llab
o
r
ate,
a
n
d
/o
r
em
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
f
o
r
b
o
th
ty
p
es
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
“so
m
etim
es”
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ex
h
ib
it
s
o
m
e
lev
el
o
f
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
o
cc
asio
n
ally
r
at
h
er
th
an
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
o
f
3
.
4
4
an
d
3
.
0
9
f
o
r
civ
ic
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
u
r
th
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
as
i
n
clin
ed
m
o
r
e
to
war
d
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
ctiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
lo
west
lev
el
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
c
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
f
o
r
civ
ic
ac
tiv
ities
(
3
.
0
1
)
an
d
em
p
o
wer
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
o
liti
ca
l a
ctiv
ities
(
2
.
6
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
lti
n
g
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
l
in
e
to
d
ay
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
s
ee
k
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
ath
er
t
h
an
b
e
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
a
g
ed
in
civ
ic
o
r
p
o
liti
ca
l
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
a
ctio
n
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
d
esirin
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
allo
ws
th
em
to
ac
ce
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
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r
ce
s
an
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p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
s
tay
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
ab
o
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ev
en
ts
[
2
8
]
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
tiv
ely
s
ee
k
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
u
ltatio
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th
e
d
ig
ital
r
ea
lm
.
Dav
is
an
d
J
u
r
g
en
s
o
n
[
2
9
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
k
s
in
v
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
ea
d
in
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a
n
d
m
o
tiva
tio
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in
d
ig
ita
l c
ivic
en
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Ma
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4817
ex
p
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r
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ce
r
tain
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d
i
v
id
u
als
to
f
r
ee
ly
e
x
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ess
th
em
s
elv
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h
e
p
r
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o
f
m
is
in
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o
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m
atio
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,
b
u
lly
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ate
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o
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ac
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d
d
is
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ter
est in
en
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ag
in
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b
o
t
h
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p
o
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l a
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o
f
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o
f
r
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d
en
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a
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atio
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o
f
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,
h
ig
h
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ed
u
ca
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s
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f
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m
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f
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ar
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th
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to
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n
a
d
d
itio
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to
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e
i
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clu
s
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o
f
d
ig
ital
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ac
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in
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eir
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ca
tio
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3
.
4
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re
dict
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re
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g
s
co
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cid
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with
p
r
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v
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u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
wh
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d
eter
m
in
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th
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in
f
lu
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f
th
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tech
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.
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k
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d
f
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ter
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en
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t
t
h
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co
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u
l
p
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Fu
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ld
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s
tr
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at
en
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s
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m
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ital y
o
u
th
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e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Aim
ed
at
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
th
ei
r
p
r
ed
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e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
n
ee
d
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
civ
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Am
o
n
g
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
v
alu
es
m
o
tiv
es
em
er
g
e
d
as
d
r
i
v
in
g
f
o
r
ce
s
f
o
r
civ
ic
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
th
at
lean
m
o
r
e
to
war
d
civ
ic
ac
tiv
ities
th
an
p
o
liti
ca
l o
n
es.
W
h
ile
en
g
ag
em
en
t is r
ev
ea
led
to
b
e
o
cc
asio
n
al,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
i
g
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
r
ath
er
th
an
ac
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
ato
r
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
d
ig
ital
civ
ic
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
r
ea
d
in
ess
r
ev
ea
led
a
g
r
ea
ter
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
1
2
-
4
8
2
0
4818
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
esig
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
t
t
ailo
r
ed
in
itiativ
es
th
at
ca
n
h
el
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
o
cieta
l i
m
p
ac
t o
f
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
p
ar
ticip
a
tio
n
.
I
t is cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
aim
in
g
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
p
a
s
s
iv
e
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
i
n
to
ac
ti
v
e
p
ar
t
n
er
s
f
o
r
ci
v
ic
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
o
f
th
eir
d
ig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
af
e
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ac
es
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Su
ch
in
itiativ
es
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
th
e
y
o
u
th
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
lly
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tly
in
th
e
d
ig
ital sp
ac
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
o
p
e
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
an
d
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
m
a
y
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
ag
e
o
n
lin
e
civ
ically
.
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ca
n
also
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
b
o
th
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
civ
ic
s
p
ac
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
ten
d
th
eir
s
in
c
er
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
B
atan
g
as
Stat
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
–
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
u
n
d
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
co
n
d
u
cte
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
3
to
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
4
.
W
e
also
th
an
k
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
lu
n
teer
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
v
en
to
r
y
(
VFI
)
f
o
r
p
e
r
m
itti
n
g
u
s
to
ad
ap
t item
s
f
r
o
m
th
eir
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
f
u
n
d
ed
r
esear
ch
o
f
th
e
B
atan
g
a
s
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
i
b
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
to
r
e
co
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ma
r
y
An
n
C
.
Ab
r
il
✓
✓
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✓
✓
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✓
✓
J
o
h
n
r
ey
N.
Ma
n
za
n
al
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Glen
d
a
M.
Dim
aa
n
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
Fra
n
cisco
V.
Ag
u
ir
r
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
Me
lv
in
V.
B
ab
o
l
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
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M
:
M
e
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o
d
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So
f
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Va
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Va
l
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t
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Fo
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Fo
r
mal
a
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n
v
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D
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D
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h
e
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f
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in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
f
u
n
d
ed
r
esear
c
h
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
we
h
av
e
n
o
k
n
o
wn
f
i
n
an
ci
al
in
ter
ests
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
w
o
r
k
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
we
h
a
v
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
eir
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
a
r
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
[M
A
C
A]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
e
q
u
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
ea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
m
o
tiva
tio
n
in
d
ig
ita
l c
ivic
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
mo
n
g
tert
ia
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
y
A
n
n
C
.
A
b
r
il
)
4819
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
S
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
“
A
r
e
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
l
e
t
u
r
n
i
n
g
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
d
e
mo
c
r
a
c
y
?
A
c
o
mp
a
r
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t
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s
t
u
d
y
o
f
y
o
u
t
h
d
i
se
n
g
a
g
e
men
t
i
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
d
e
m
o
c
r
a
c
i
e
s,
”
P
h
.
D
.
d
i
ssert
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
2
]
L.
S
h
e
p
h
a
r
d
,
“
C
i
v
i
c
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s:
A
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
a
n
d
c
i
v
i
c
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
P
h
.
D
.
d
i
ss
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
F
l
o
r
i
d
a
,
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
3
]
E.
L.
J.
B
a
s
t
i
d
a
,
“
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Le
v
e
l
s
a
n
d
C
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
C
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
A
m
o
n
g
T
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
-
Le
v
e
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
t
a
P
u
b
l
i
c
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
S
EA
N
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
25
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
4
5
4
/
a
j
c
e
.
v
7
i
1
.
1
2
1
8
.
[
4
]
C
.
T.
B
a
si
n
i
l
l
o
,
J.
M
.
O
r
d
i
n
a
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iv
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