I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
9
0
3
~
4
9
1
5
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijer
e.
v
14
i
6
.
3
6
2
8
4
4903
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Cha
ng
e ma
na
g
ement in
higher
ed
uca
tion: unveili
n
g
emplo
y
ee
respo
nses
at a
reg
io
na
l state univer
sity
in t
h
e P
hilipp
ines
Ro
y
F
.
F
ieda
ca
n
1
,
P
hil
ip R.
B
a
ldera
1
,
E
m
ely
n R.
Villa
nu
ev
a
1
,
Rey
na
ldo
P
.
R
a
mo
s
2
,
E
m
elia
B
.
Ra
mo
s
3
1
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
R
o
m
b
l
o
n
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
O
d
i
o
n
g
a
n
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
2
O
f
f
i
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s,
M
a
n
i
l
a
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
3
O
f
f
i
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
a
m
p
u
s
D
i
r
e
c
t
o
r
,
R
o
m
b
l
o
n
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
-
S
a
n
F
e
r
n
a
n
d
o
C
a
mp
u
s,
S
a
n
F
e
r
n
a
n
d
o
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l
18
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
1
,
2025
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
30
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
li
v
e
d
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s
a
t
Ro
m
b
lo
n
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(RS
U)
in
re
sp
o
n
se
to
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
.
A
h
e
rm
e
n
e
u
t
ic
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
wa
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
in
g
12
p
u
r
p
o
si
v
e
ly
se
lec
ted
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
fro
m
d
iffere
n
t
c
a
m
p
u
se
s
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
ra
n
k
s.
Da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
in
c
lu
d
e
d
se
m
i
-
stru
c
tu
re
d
in
terv
iew
s
a
n
d
fo
c
u
s
g
ro
u
p
d
isc
u
ss
io
n
s
(F
G
Ds
)
.
Th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
n
a
ly
sis
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
fi
v
e
th
e
m
e
s:
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
s
a
stra
teg
ic
n
e
c
e
ss
it
y
,
a
re
a
s
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
re
a
c
ti
o
n
s
to
th
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
p
lan
,
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
’s
c
e
n
tral
ro
le
in
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
n
g
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
F
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
in
t
t
o
b
o
th
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
with
in
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
tran
sf
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
e
m
p
h
a
siz
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
se
re
su
lt
s,
th
e
stu
d
y
p
ro
p
o
se
s
th
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
c
o
n
sisti
n
g
o
f
r
e
so
u
rc
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
a
d
a
p
tati
o
n
,
v
isi
o
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
t
o
g
u
i
d
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
(RAV
ER)
.
Th
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
fo
r
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
rs
a
imin
g
to
b
u
i
ld
a
re
sp
o
n
siv
e
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
t
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
u
lt
u
re
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
th
e
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
in
sig
h
ts
b
y
sh
o
wi
n
g
h
o
w
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
in
q
u
ir
y
c
a
n
e
n
rich
m
o
d
e
ls o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
P
h
il
ip
p
in
e
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
an
g
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
o
y
F.
Fied
ac
an
Gr
ad
u
ate
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
Pro
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
Stu
d
ies,
R
o
m
b
lo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
B
ar
an
g
ay
L
iwan
ag
,
Od
io
n
g
an
,
R
o
m
b
lo
n
5
5
0
5
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
E
m
ail: ju
n
k
s
h
o
p
0
4
0
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
r
esp
o
n
d
to
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
o
m
b
lo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
R
SU)
,
a
r
eg
io
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
co
m
m
itt
ed
to
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ex
ce
llen
ce
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice,
h
as
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
itiativ
es
to
alig
n
with
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
al
Or
g
an
izatio
n
f
o
r
Stan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
(
I
SO
)
ce
r
tific
atio
n
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
u
p
g
r
ad
es,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
ef
o
r
m
s
aim
to
en
h
an
ce
s
er
v
ic
e
q
u
ality
an
d
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
etiti
v
en
ess
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
al
(
SDG)
4
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
eq
u
itab
le
q
u
al
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
all
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
ch
a
n
g
es,
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es a
n
d
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
wh
o
p
l
ay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
r
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
r
em
ain
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
in
s
ch
o
lar
ly
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
]
.
C
h
an
g
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
i
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
es
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
p
o
licy
alig
n
m
en
t.
I
t
d
em
an
d
s
ac
tiv
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
cle
ar
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Stu
d
ies s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
m
an
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
ail
d
u
e
to
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esis
tan
ce
,
lack
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
0
3
-
4
9
1
5
4904
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
r
esear
c
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
p
lan
n
in
g
,
an
d
v
is
io
n
a
r
y
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
r
atio
n
ale,
p
ac
e,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eg
io
n
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wh
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
is
o
lat
io
n
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ten
s
if
y
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
es o
f
r
e
f
o
r
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
7
]
.
At
R
SU,
ch
an
g
e
in
itiativ
es
h
av
e
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ev
is
io
n
s
an
d
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
ea
llo
ca
tio
n
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
r
ef
o
r
m
s
wer
e
em
b
r
ac
e
d
,
o
th
e
r
s
m
et
with
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
r
s
k
ep
ticis
m
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
e
m
p
h
asizes
f
air
n
ess
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
as
k
ey
to
g
ain
in
g
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
en
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
f
ee
l
u
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
o
r
ex
clu
d
ed
,
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
an
g
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
is
jeo
p
ar
d
ized
[
8
]
.
Desp
ite
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
esear
ch
,
lim
ited
e
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
ex
is
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
cial
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
n
tex
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
at
g
ap
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
,
ad
a
p
tatio
n
a
n
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
v
is
io
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ac
ad
em
ics,
r
o
le
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
c
h
an
g
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
(
R
AVE
R
)
,
c
h
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ich
ca
p
tu
r
es
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
y
n
a
m
ics
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
R
SU.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
n
tex
tu
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
an
d
ch
an
g
e
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
at
R
SU
ca
n
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
em
es
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
a
d
ap
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le.
R
esear
ch
af
f
ir
m
s
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ch
a
n
g
e
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
wh
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
,
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
am
i
n
e
em
p
lo
y
e
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
id
en
tify
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
e
r
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
lin
k
s
d
ir
ec
tly
to
SDG
4
an
d
SDG
1
6
.
SDG
4
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
q
u
ality
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
lig
n
with
eq
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
SDG
1
6
p
r
o
m
o
tes
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
u
s
t.
B
y
s
itu
atin
g
ch
an
g
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
with
in
th
ese
g
o
als,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
ch
an
g
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
itiativ
e
s
at
R
SU,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
: i)
d
escr
ib
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e;
ii)
i
d
en
tify
en
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
t
o
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
;
iii)
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
;
an
d
iv
)
d
ev
el
o
p
a
lo
ca
lized
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
t
h
at
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es in
s
h
ap
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
an
ch
o
r
e
d
o
n
L
ewin
’
s
ch
a
n
g
e
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
t
h
eo
r
y
.
L
ewin
’
s
m
o
d
el,
wh
i
ch
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
u
n
f
r
ee
zi
n
g
,
ch
a
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
r
ef
r
ee
zin
g
s
tag
es,
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
an
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
e
o
r
y
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
th
is
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
le
ad
er
s
in
a
r
ticu
latin
g
v
is
io
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
an
d
g
u
id
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
lex
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
th
eo
r
ies p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
r
elatio
n
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
e
x
am
in
in
g
c
h
an
g
e
in
R
SU’
s
co
n
tex
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
h
a
n
g
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
emp
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
t a
r
eg
io
n
a
l
…
(
R
o
y
F
.
F
ied
a
ca
n
)
4905
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
d
iag
r
am
is
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
r
ea
ctio
n
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
lo
w,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
an
aly
tical
ar
ea
s
em
er
g
e:
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
lead
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
ch
a
n
g
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el.
E
ac
h
ar
e
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
r
e
f
in
e
p
o
licy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
in
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
s
h
i
p
p
r
ac
tices
with
em
p
lo
y
ee
ex
p
er
ien
c
es
cr
ea
tes
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
c
h
an
g
e
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
tr
u
s
t
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
v
is
io
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
As
a
q
u
alitativ
e
in
q
u
ir
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
v
alid
ate
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
(
FG
Ds)
,
u
ltima
tely
o
f
f
er
in
g
R
SU
an
d
s
im
ilar
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
le
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
c
h
an
g
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
2.
T
H
E
O
RE
T
I
CAL A
ND
L
I
T
E
RA
T
UR
E
B
AS
I
S O
F
T
H
E
ST
UDY
2
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
f
o
un
da
t
io
ns
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
th
at
n
ec
ess
i
tate
a
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
an
d
th
r
iv
e
in
co
m
p
etitiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
L
ewin
’
s
ch
an
g
e
th
eo
r
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
3
-
s
tag
e
m
o
d
el
(
u
n
f
r
ee
zi
n
g
,
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
r
ee
zin
g
)
th
at
g
u
id
es
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
e,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
n
ew
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
af
ter
wa
r
d
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
len
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
i
ts
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
b
ef
o
r
e
in
itiatin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
eo
r
y
co
m
p
le
m
en
ts
th
is
m
o
d
el
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
v
is
io
n
ar
y
lead
e
r
s
in
in
s
p
ir
in
g
,
m
o
tiv
atin
g
,
an
d
g
u
id
i
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
L
ea
d
er
s
wh
o
em
b
o
d
y
id
ea
lized
in
f
l
u
en
ce
,
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
in
tellectu
al
s
tim
u
l
atio
n
,
an
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
alize
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
lead
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
t
h
eo
r
ies
o
f
f
er
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ex
am
i
n
in
g
c
h
an
g
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
at
R
SU
,
wh
er
e
b
o
th
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
ag
en
c
y
ar
e
k
ey
to
r
ef
o
r
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Rev
iew
o
f
lite
ra
t
ure
o
n
o
rg
a
niza
t
io
na
l c
ha
ng
e
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
h
an
g
e
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ess
en
tial
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ev
o
l
v
in
g
g
lo
b
al
ch
all
en
g
es
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
in
e
f
f
icien
cies.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
e,
wh
eth
e
r
p
lan
n
ed
o
r
u
n
p
lan
n
e
d
[
6
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
em
p
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
d
em
an
d
,
esp
ec
ially
as
th
ey
f
ac
e
ch
all
en
g
es
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
el
ev
an
cy
,
f
ac
u
lty
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
Kem
p
a
n
d
L
o
w
[
7
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
m
u
s
t
em
b
r
ac
e
c
h
an
g
e
t
o
r
em
ain
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
ese
d
em
an
d
s
n
ec
ess
itate
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
at
ca
n
n
av
ig
ate
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
,
d
ev
elo
p
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
s
,
an
d
c
u
ltiv
ate
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
to
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tat
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
Cha
ng
e
re
s
is
t
a
nce
a
nd
it
s
t
heo
re
t
ica
l r
o
o
t
s
R
esi
s
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
in
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
s
an
d
is
o
f
ten
r
o
o
ted
i
n
co
n
f
lictin
g
g
o
als
an
d
in
ter
ests
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
th
eo
r
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
r
esis
tan
ce
em
er
g
es
wh
en
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
o
als
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
ar
e
m
is
alig
n
ed
wit
h
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
lead
in
g
to
f
r
ictio
n
an
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Similar
ly
,
p
r
in
cip
al
-
ag
en
t
th
eo
r
y
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
ax
im
ize
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
m
a
y
co
n
f
lict
with
em
p
lo
y
ee
asp
ir
atio
n
s
f
o
r
j
o
b
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
f
air
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
,
[
8
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
at
u
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
d
er
ail
ev
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
well
-
in
ten
tio
n
ed
ch
an
g
e
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
r
ig
i
n
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
is
cr
u
cial
in
d
esig
n
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
a
n
g
e
m
o
d
els.
2
.
4
.
L
ea
dersh
ip
ro
les in m
a
na
g
ing
cha
ng
e
L
ea
d
er
s
s
er
v
e
as
ca
taly
s
ts
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e,
an
d
th
e
ir
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
alo
g
u
n
a
n
d
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
[
9
]
n
o
te
th
at
u
p
p
e
r
an
d
m
i
d
d
le
m
an
a
g
er
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
an
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
u
t
a
ls
o
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
es
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
a
m
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
o
o
ld
r
id
g
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
,
m
id
d
le
m
an
a
g
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
f
air
n
ess
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
eir
co
m
m
itm
en
t
t
o
ch
an
g
e.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
wh
en
lead
er
s
in
v
o
lv
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
it
f
o
s
ter
s
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
cy
n
icis
m
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
a
lack
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
o
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
lead
to
d
is
tr
u
s
t
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
in
er
tia
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
lead
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
with
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
ac
u
m
en
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ch
an
g
e.
2
.
5
.
E
m
pirica
l
s
t
ud
ies o
n c
ha
ng
e
m
a
na
g
em
ent
Sev
er
al
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
h
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
Ma
b
asa
a
n
d
Flo
tm
a
n
[
3
]
e
m
p
h
asize
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
in
ch
an
g
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
tr
ess
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
a
s
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
Kar
asv
ir
ta
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
0
3
-
4
9
1
5
4906
T
ee
r
ik
an
g
as
[
1
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
‘
c
h
an
g
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
’
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
th
at
in
clu
d
es
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
team
s
,
an
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
r
o
les
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
Mu
s
aig
wa
[
1
6
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
lan
n
in
g
,
m
o
tiv
atin
g
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
,
wh
ile
Gr
an
b
er
g
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
f
l
u
en
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ch
an
g
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
L
astl
y
,
Kh
aw
et
a
l.
[
5
]
ca
teg
o
r
ize
em
p
l
o
y
ee
r
ea
ctio
n
s
in
t
o
m
icr
o
an
d
m
ac
r
o
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
p
atter
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
g
o
al
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
’
s
r
o
le
in
R
SU’
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
h
o
w
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
o
f
R
SU
r
esp
o
n
d
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ch
o
s
en
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
attr
ib
u
te
to
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
r
eswell
[
18
]
,
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
lo
g
y
“f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
ea
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als o
f
t
h
eir
liv
e
d
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
a
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
r
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
”
aim
in
g
“to
r
ed
u
ce
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
with
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
to
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
ess
en
ce
.
”
He
f
u
r
th
er
n
o
tes
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
in
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
“e
x
p
lo
r
e
wh
at
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
in
co
m
m
o
n
as
th
ey
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
”
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
u
n
co
v
e
r
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
as
th
ey
n
av
ig
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
with
in
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
n
tex
t.
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
in
te
r
p
r
etiv
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ich
s
ee
k
s
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
19
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ch
an
g
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
in
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
ev
o
l
v
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
h
o
w
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als m
ak
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
l r
ef
o
r
m
s
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
at
R
SU.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
was
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
h
ad
d
ir
ec
t
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
with
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
es
at
R
SU.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
m
p
u
s
es,
r
an
k
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
y
ea
r
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
at
R
SU
f
o
r
at
least
3
y
ea
r
s
an
d
h
a
d
witn
ess
ed
o
r
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
m
aj
o
r
c
h
an
g
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
a
t
tim
e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
d
ata
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Mo
r
s
e
[
20
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
th
at
q
u
alitativ
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
is
r
ea
ch
e
d
wh
en
n
o
n
ew
th
e
m
es e
m
er
g
e.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
FGDs
.
An
i
n
ter
v
iew
g
u
id
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
co
v
er
co
r
e
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ch
an
g
e,
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
o
r
lim
itin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
ch
an
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
p
ilo
t
-
test
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es.
E
ac
h
in
te
r
v
iew
l
asted
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
5
to
6
0
m
in
u
tes
an
d
was
au
d
io
-
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
with
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
co
n
s
en
t.
FGDs
wer
e
also
co
n
d
u
cted
to
allo
w
f
o
r
d
ee
p
e
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
c
o
llectiv
e
r
ef
lectio
n
.
All
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
eth
ical
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
B
r
au
n
an
d
C
lar
k
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
[
21
]
was
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
in
ter
v
iew
tr
an
s
cr
ip
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
ed
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
with
t
h
e
d
ata,
g
en
er
atin
g
in
itial
co
d
es,
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
es,
r
ev
iewin
g
th
em
es,
d
e
f
in
in
g
a
n
d
n
am
in
g
th
em
es,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t.
NViv
o
s
o
f
t
war
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
es
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
in
d
u
ctiv
ely
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
au
th
en
ticity
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
n
ar
r
ativ
es,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t statem
en
ts
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t e
ac
h
th
e
m
e.
3
.
5
.
T
rus
t
wo
rt
hin
ess
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
,
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
a
b
ilit
y
[
22
]
.
C
r
ed
ib
ilit
y
was
en
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
em
b
e
r
ch
ec
k
in
g
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
s
tatem
en
ts
.
T
r
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
ic
k
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tex
t
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
De
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
a
b
ilit
y
wer
e
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
d
it tr
a
ils
an
d
p
ee
r
d
e
b
r
ief
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
h
a
n
g
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
emp
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
t a
r
eg
io
n
a
l
…
(
R
o
y
F
.
F
ied
a
ca
n
)
4907
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
1
2
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
R
SU
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
at
ed
in
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
ical
in
q
u
ir
y
.
Var
iatio
n
is
ev
id
en
t
in
g
en
d
er
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
ac
ad
em
ic
r
an
k
,
an
d
ca
m
p
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
m
ale
(
1
0
o
f
1
2
)
,
a
tr
en
d
th
at
m
ay
s
h
ap
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
e.
Gr
an
b
er
g
et
a
l.
[
17
]
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
at
g
en
d
er
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
n
o
r
m
s
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
r
e
f
o
r
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
wh
ile
R
eb
ek
a
an
d
I
n
d
r
ad
ev
i
[
6
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
g
en
d
er
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ten
f
o
s
ter
s
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
G
e
n
d
e
r
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
i
n
R
S
U
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
r
a
n
k
C
a
m
p
u
s
P1
M
a
l
e
30
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
I
V
K
a
b
o
l
u
t
a
n
P2
M
a
l
e
8
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
I
I
K
a
b
o
l
u
t
a
n
P3
M
a
l
e
14
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
V
K
a
b
o
l
u
t
a
n
P4
F
e
mal
e
8
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
o
r
I
I
I
C
a
l
a
t
r
a
v
a
P5
M
a
l
e
7
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
I
I
I
M
a
i
n
C
a
mp
u
s
P6
M
a
l
e
10
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
V
M
a
i
n
C
a
mp
u
s
P7
F
e
mal
e
25
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
V
M
a
i
n
C
a
mp
u
s
P8
M
a
l
e
8
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
I
I
Ex
t
r
a
mu
r
a
l
P9
M
a
l
e
15
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
I
Ex
t
r
a
mu
r
a
l
P
1
0
M
a
l
e
30
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
V
S
a
n
A
n
d
r
e
s
P
1
1
M
a
l
e
18
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
I
V
S
a
n
F
e
r
n
a
n
d
o
P
1
2
M
a
l
e
22
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
o
r
I
I
I
S
a
n
A
n
d
r
e
s
Yea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
7
to
3
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
d
if
f
er
i
n
g
lev
els
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e.
K
h
aw
et
a
l.
[
5
]
n
o
te
th
at
lo
n
g
-
s
er
v
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
b
r
i
n
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
alth
o
u
g
h
ex
te
n
d
ed
ten
u
r
e
ca
n
also
lead
t
o
r
ef
o
r
m
f
atig
u
e
wh
e
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
o
als
d
iv
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
g
o
al
th
eo
r
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
B
alo
g
u
n
an
d
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
[
9
]
co
n
ten
d
th
at
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
f
ac
u
lty
,
wh
en
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
d
,
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
r
id
g
es
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
ec
u
tio
n
.
Aca
d
em
ic
r
an
k
s
s
p
an
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
I
I
I
to
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
V,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
lev
els.
T
h
is
d
i
v
er
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
L
ewin
’
s
ch
an
g
e
th
eo
r
y
,
w
h
ich
h
o
ld
s
th
at
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e
is
en
h
an
ce
d
wh
e
n
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
le
v
els
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
u
n
f
r
ee
zin
g
s
tag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
W
o
o
ld
r
id
g
e
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
ca
u
ti
o
n
th
at
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
r
an
k
d
o
es
n
o
t
au
to
m
atica
lly
tr
an
s
lat
e
in
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
if
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t is m
er
ely
s
y
m
b
o
lic.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
r
esen
ted
s
ix
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
d
is
p
er
s
ed
ca
m
p
u
s
es,
r
ef
lectin
g
v
ar
ied
lo
c
al
cu
ltu
r
es,
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
aila
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
.
Mu
s
ai
g
wa
[
1
6
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
at
m
u
lti
-
ca
m
p
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
tailo
r
ed
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
ts
.
Su
c
h
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
,
as
R
av
itch
an
d
C
ar
l
[
2
3
]
af
f
ir
m
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
ab
le
2
s
y
n
th
esizes
p
ar
ticip
an
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
e
n
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
ac
e
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
R
SU.
Par
ticip
an
ts
g
en
er
ally
v
iewe
d
ch
an
g
e
as
a
r
o
u
tin
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
an
d
o
f
ten
alig
n
ed
with
s
tr
at
eg
ic
p
lan
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
alig
n
s
with
E
d
m
o
n
d
s
[
2
4
]
,
wh
o
ass
er
ts
th
at
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
e
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e.
Ma
b
asa
an
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
s
im
ilar
ly
em
p
h
asize
th
at
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t a
r
e
cr
u
cial
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t to
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
I
SO
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
b
o
t
h
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
r
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
r
ap
id
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
ch
alle
n
g
es.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
Ko
v
o
o
r
-
Misra
[
2
5
]
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
ab
r
u
p
t
ch
an
g
e,
e
v
en
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
if
n
o
t
p
ac
ed
with
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
t
h
eo
r
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
in
tellectu
a
l
s
tim
u
latio
n
with
r
ea
lis
tic
tim
elin
es to
m
ain
tain
s
taf
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
n
ee
d
f
o
r
clea
r
e
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ab
o
u
t
ch
a
n
g
e
r
atio
n
ale
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
of
Hak
r
o
an
d
Ma
th
ew
[
2
6
]
th
at
lead
e
r
s
wh
o
a
r
ticu
late
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
b
u
ild
g
r
ea
ter
tr
u
s
t
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
E
s
s
el
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
ca
u
tio
n
th
at
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
alo
n
e,
with
o
u
t
m
atch
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
m
ay
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
t
o
s
u
s
tain
m
o
r
ale.
T
h
e
v
ar
y
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
with
in
t
h
is
th
em
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
L
ewin
’
s
ass
er
tio
n
th
at
th
e
m
o
v
in
g
s
tag
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
r
e
q
u
ir
es b
o
th
s
tr
ateg
ic
clar
ity
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
lea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
en
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
f
ac
u
lty
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
at
R
SU.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
s
h
ar
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
s
er
v
e
as
p
r
im
ar
y
en
ab
ler
s
o
f
r
e
f
o
r
m
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
with
s
tr
o
n
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
f
ac
u
lty
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
Ma
b
as
a
an
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
s
h
o
ws a
s
im
ilar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t a
s
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
h
a
n
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
0
3
-
4
9
1
5
4908
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
n
v
iews o
n
ch
an
g
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
Th
e
m
e
S
u
b
-
t
h
e
me
D
i
r
e
c
t
t
r
a
n
s
c
r
i
p
t
s
V
i
e
w
s
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
C
h
a
n
g
e
a
s r
o
u
t
i
n
e
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
o
f
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
p
l
a
n
“
I
t
’
s
r
e
a
l
l
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
,
S
i
r,
t
h
a
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
,
t
h
e
sys
t
e
m
a
l
s
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.”
(P1
)
“
We
a
l
s
o
n
e
e
d
t
h
e
se
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
so
y
o
u
c
a
n
see
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
d
j
u
st
m
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
p
a
rt
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
’
s s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
p
l
a
n
.”
(
P
1
)
A
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
w
i
t
h
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
a
l
s
“
T
h
a
t
’
s
w
h
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
c
e
n
a
ri
o
o
r
g
o
a
l
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
g
i
v
e
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
.
I
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
f
n
o
t
,
i
t
’
s
m
e
r
e
l
y
a
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
n
o
t
r
e
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
.”
(
P
3
)
R
a
d
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
f
a
s
t
-
p
a
c
e
d
I
S
O
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
“
Fo
r
m
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s b
ro
u
g
h
t
u
p
o
n
b
y
t
h
e
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
ra
t
i
o
n
i
s
ra
t
h
e
r
r
a
d
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
so
m
e
w
h
a
t
f
a
st
-
p
a
c
e
d
,
b
u
t
I
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
a
rg
u
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
n
e
e
d
e
d
.”
(
P
6
)
C
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
o
n
w
o
r
k
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
b
u
r
e
a
u
c
r
a
c
y
d
u
e
t
o
I
S
O
“
U
n
l
i
k
e
n
o
w
,
t
h
e
y
re
q
u
i
re
u
s
t
o
s
t
ri
c
t
l
y
f
o
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss..
.
i
t
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
,
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
i
t
c
o
u
l
d
a
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
b
e
d
o
n
e
i
n
a
sh
o
rt
e
r
p
e
ri
o
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
.”
(
P
2
)
C
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
“
S
i
n
c
e
w
e
h
a
v
e
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
I
S
O
,
e
v
e
ry
t
h
i
n
g
w
e
d
o
m
u
s
t
c
o
m
p
l
y
w
i
t
h
I
S
O
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
.”
(
P
1
)
“
Be
c
a
u
se
o
f
I
S
O
w
e
re
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
p
u
rsu
e
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
.”
(
P
1
0
)
“
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
o
f
I
S
O
i
s
g
o
o
d
b
e
c
a
u
se
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
ses
h
a
v
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
c
l
e
a
rer
a
n
d
e
a
s
i
e
r
t
o
f
o
l
l
o
w
.”
(
P
1
2
)
N
e
e
d
f
o
r
c
l
e
a
r
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
“
T
h
e
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
p
l
a
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
s
u
b
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s…
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
m
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
so
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
u
n
d
e
rst
a
n
d
.”
(
P
8
)
A
r
e
a
s
n
e
e
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
g
e
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
,
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms,
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
serv
i
c
e
s
,
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
“
RS
U
m
a
y
n
e
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
sp
o
n
se
t
o
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
re
n
d
s
.
.
.
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
.
.
.
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
rt
se
rvi
c
e
s..
.
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
c
u
rr
i
c
u
l
a
…
.”
(
P
8
)
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
m
atr
ix
o
n
e
n
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
b
a
r
r
ier
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t th
eir
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
Th
e
m
e
S
u
b
-
t
h
e
me
S
a
mp
l
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
En
a
b
l
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
“
T
h
e
Pr
e
si
d
e
n
t
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
e
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.”
(
P
4
)
“
O
u
r
l
e
a
d
e
rs r
e
c
o
g
n
i
ze
o
u
r
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
a
n
d
re
w
a
rd
o
u
r
c
o
n
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
.”
(
P
6
)
S
h
a
r
e
d
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
“
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
i
n
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
.”
(
P
8
)
“
We
f
e
e
l
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
w
h
e
n
w
e
a
r
e
i
n
f
o
rm
e
d
a
n
d
h
e
a
r
d
.”
(
P
9
)
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
o
w
n
e
r
sh
i
p
“
I
n
st
e
a
d
o
f
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
,
w
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
e
f
f
o
rt
s t
o
s
o
l
v
e
i
ssu
e
s
i
n
o
u
r
c
a
m
p
u
ses
.”
(
P
9
)
“
Fa
c
u
l
t
y
t
o
o
k
st
e
p
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
ser
v
i
c
e
s
e
v
e
n
b
e
f
o
re
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
rve
n
e
d
.”
(
P
5
)
B
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
“
We
l
a
c
k
e
d
w
a
t
e
r,
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rn
e
t
a
c
c
e
ss
a
t
t
h
e
n
e
w
c
a
m
p
u
s
.”
(
P
9
)
“
T
h
e
s
e
b
a
si
c
i
ss
u
e
s a
f
f
e
c
t
o
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
r
e
f
o
rm
.”
(
P
7
)
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
“
S
o
m
e
c
o
l
l
e
a
g
u
e
s
st
i
l
l
p
ref
e
r
t
h
e
o
l
d
w
a
y
s
a
n
d
r
e
si
s
t
n
e
w
s
y
st
e
m
s
.”
(
P
2
)
“
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
d
i
s
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
i
n
l
e
a
v
i
n
g
o
u
r
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
z
o
n
e
s
.”
(
P
8
)
Li
mi
t
e
d
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
“
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
a
re
m
a
d
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
t
h
o
se
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
.”
(
P
6
)
“
We
a
r
e
n
o
t
a
l
w
a
y
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
e
a
rl
y
i
n
t
h
e
re
f
o
rm
p
r
o
c
e
ss
.”
(
P
3
)
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
B
r
in
k
m
a
n
n
an
d
Kv
ale
[
28
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
c
o
n
tex
tu
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
an
d
in
clu
s
i
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
also
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Yo
u
s
af
et
a
l.
[
29
]
wh
o
s
tate
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
wh
en
lea
d
e
r
s
clea
r
ly
ar
ticu
late
g
o
als
an
d
ac
tiv
ely
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
ef
o
r
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Par
ticip
an
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
wh
e
n
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
ee
l
h
ea
r
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
th
ey
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
t
o
ex
h
i
b
it
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
in
itiativ
e
in
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
Ma
b
asa
a
n
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
id
e
a
th
at
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t a
r
e
ess
en
tial to
cu
ltiv
atin
g
s
u
s
tain
ed
f
ac
u
lty
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
also
id
en
tifie
s
s
ev
er
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
t
o
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e,
an
d
lim
ited
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
.
Statem
en
ts
r
elat
ed
to
p
o
o
r
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
d
ef
icien
cies
in
b
a
s
ic
f
ac
ilit
ies
r
ef
lect
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
lim
itatio
n
s
n
o
ted
b
y
E
s
s
el
et
a
l
.
[
27
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
u
r
al
ca
m
p
u
s
es
f
ac
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
R
e
s
is
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e,
r
o
o
ted
in
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
h
ab
itu
al
p
r
ac
tices,
is
well
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
in
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
B
r
in
k
m
an
n
a
n
d
Kv
ale
[
28
]
,
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
in
e
r
tia
th
at
ca
n
s
lo
w
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
m
in
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lim
ited
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
in
r
ef
o
r
m
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
u
n
d
er
m
in
es
f
ac
u
lty
m
o
r
ale,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
Vlac
h
o
p
o
u
lo
s
an
d
Ma
k
r
i
[
30
]
,
[
31
]
,
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
tr
u
s
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
y
b
r
id
o
r
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
d
is
p
er
s
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l settin
g
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
R
SU m
u
s
t stre
n
g
th
en
its
in
ter
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
e
q
u
it
ab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ex
p
an
d
in
g
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
a
n
d
in
v
esti
n
g
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
-
b
u
ild
in
g
.
Do
in
g
s
o
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
lt
u
r
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
u
t
also
m
itig
ate
p
ass
iv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
en
ab
le
m
o
r
e
f
a
c
u
lt
y
t
o
ass
u
m
e
a
cti
v
e
r
o
les
i
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
As
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
f
ac
e
r
a
p
id
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
h
a
n
g
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
emp
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
t a
r
eg
io
n
a
l
…
(
R
o
y
F
.
F
ied
a
ca
n
)
4909
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lan
d
s
c
ap
e,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
v
estme
n
t w
ill b
e
es
s
en
tial to
s
u
s
tain
in
g
r
ef
o
r
m
m
o
m
e
n
tu
m
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
c
h
allen
g
es
.
T
ab
le
4
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
at
R
SU.
Par
ticip
an
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
clar
ity
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
m
i
n
im
ize
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
.
W
h
en
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lack
s
s
p
ec
if
icity
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
it c
r
ea
tes u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
m
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
m
atr
ix
o
n
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
v
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Th
e
m
e
S
u
b
-
t
h
e
me
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
c
r
i
p
t
/
i
l
l
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
“
Fo
r
m
e
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
sse
n
t
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
a
l
e
a
d
e
r
m
u
st
h
a
v
e
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
e
f
f
o
rt
s
i
n
R
S
U
.”
(
P
6
)
“
U
n
c
l
e
a
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
rea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
c
a
n
e
x
a
c
e
r
b
a
t
e
res
i
st
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
t
o
c
o
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
rs
.”
(
P
7
)
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
“
I
m
p
ro
v
e
f
i
rst
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
w
o
rkf
o
r
c
e
b
y
se
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
i
r
i
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
h
e
r
e
i
n
Ro
m
b
l
o
n
.”
(
P
5
)
“
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
so
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
l
i
s
t
e
n
;
i
m
a
g
i
n
e
b
e
i
n
g
h
u
r
t
b
e
c
a
u
se
y
o
u
w
e
re
t
ra
n
s
f
e
rr
e
d
—
y
o
u
’
re
g
o
i
n
g
h
o
m
e
t
o
a
p
l
a
c
e
t
h
a
t
i
s
n
’
t
e
v
e
n
y
o
u
r
o
w
n
.”
(
P
1
)
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
v
i
s
i
o
n
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
“
Fo
r
e
si
g
h
t
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
o
t
h
e
rw
i
se
st
a
t
u
s
q
u
o
.
T
h
e
l
e
a
d
e
r m
u
st
a
l
so
b
e
v
i
si
o
n
a
r
y
.”
(
P
3
)
“
T
h
e
v
i
si
o
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
l
e
a
r,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
st
r
o
n
g
w
i
l
l
t
o
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
t
h
a
t
v
i
si
o
n
.”
(
P
8
)
I
n
sp
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
“
T
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
h
a
s
a
w
o
n
d
e
r
f
u
l
a
m
a
z
i
n
g
d
re
a
m
i
n
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
e
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
.”
(
P
5
)
“
T
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
st
y
l
e
i
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
si
v
e
.”
(
P
9
)
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
su
p
p
o
r
t
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
“
I
c
a
n
se
e
t
h
a
t
i
n
h
i
m
,
S
i
r.
T
h
a
t
’
s
w
h
y
,
i
f
y
o
u
d
o
n
’
t
g
e
t
p
ro
m
o
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
N
B
C
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
y
o
u
s
t
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
a
c
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
ro
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
rn
a
l
p
ro
m
o
t
i
o
n
.”
(
P
4
)
“
Pre
s
i
d
e
n
t
’
s r
o
l
e
i
s t
o
a
ss
e
ss t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
e
v
e
ry
o
n
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
.”
(
P
9
)
Emp
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
“
T
h
e
e
sse
n
c
e
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
,
S
i
r,
i
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
j
o
r
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
m
a
d
e
b
y
m
e
a
l
o
n
e
b
u
t
b
y
a
l
l
o
f
u
s
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
.”
(
P
9
)
“
I
t
’
s g
o
o
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
d
e
a
s,
b
u
t
w
e
w
i
l
l
f
o
l
l
o
w
w
h
a
t
e
v
e
r i
s b
e
s
t
f
o
r
u
s
a
n
d
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
ri
t
y
a
g
re
e
s
u
p
o
n
.”
(
P
9
)
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
wi
th
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Gr
o
g
a
n
[
32
]
,
wh
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
lead
er
s
to
ac
tiv
ely
lis
ten
to
em
p
lo
y
ee
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
s
ter
s
an
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
o
f
tr
u
s
t
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
alig
n
s
with
Ho
y
an
d
Misk
el
[
33
]
,
wh
o
e
m
p
h
asize
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
a
s
h
ar
ed
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
Ma
b
asa
an
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
s
h
o
ws
a
s
im
ilar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
a
n
d
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t a
s
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
h
an
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
v
i
s
io
n
o
n
s
h
ap
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
ap
p
r
ec
iated
lead
er
s
wh
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
ateg
ic
f
o
r
esig
h
t,
ar
ticu
lated
a
c
lear
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
th
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
y
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
u
ch
q
u
alities
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
a
u
n
if
ied
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
eso
n
ate
with
He
an
d
Ox
en
d
in
e
[
34
]
,
wh
o
ar
g
u
e
th
at
a
well
-
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
an
d
asp
ir
atio
n
al
v
is
io
n
en
h
an
ce
s
f
ac
u
lty
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
o
f
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ata
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
at
o
r
y
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
o
s
ter
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
willin
g
n
ess
to
ad
ap
t
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
e.
Gr
o
g
an
[
32
]
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
b
y
s
tatin
g
th
at
v
is
io
n
ar
y
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
n
in
s
p
ir
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
Ma
b
asa
an
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
v
iew
th
at
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
d
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
s
u
s
tain
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
at
R
SU
m
u
s
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
r
i
o
r
itize
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
h
ar
e
d
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
Stre
n
g
th
en
i
n
g
t
h
ese
ar
ea
s
ca
n
d
ee
p
e
n
em
p
lo
y
ee
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
in
i
m
ize
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e
,
an
d
alig
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
als
with
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
As
r
ef
o
r
m
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
em
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
cu
ltiv
ate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
v
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
an
ag
em
en
t
to
o
ls
b
u
t
also
s
t
r
ateg
ic
im
p
er
ativ
es
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
A
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
Ma
b
asa
an
d
Flo
tm
an
[
3
]
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
ese
elem
e
n
ts
in
d
r
iv
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fin
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
le
5
em
p
h
asize
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e.
Par
ticip
an
ts
n
o
ted
th
at
th
ese
elem
en
ts
alig
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
asp
ir
atio
n
s
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
als,
with
clea
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
to
r
ef
o
r
m
.
J
en
s
en
[
35
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
in
clu
s
iv
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
o
th
v
alu
e
cr
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
il
ity
,
wh
ile
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
d
escr
i
b
ed
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
a
s
a
d
r
iv
e
r
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
d
u
r
in
g
t
r
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Mu
tu
al
tr
u
s
t,
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
em
er
g
ed
as
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
cr
itical.
E
m
p
o
wer
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
tak
e
i
n
itiativ
e
cu
ltiv
ate
s
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
0
3
-
4
9
1
5
4910
in
s
titu
tio
n
’
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
T
ay
lo
r
et
a
l.
[
36
]
af
f
ir
m
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
co
ac
h
in
g
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
ed
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
ch
an
g
e,
wh
ile
Kem
p
a
n
d
L
o
w
[
37
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
ec
ed
e
m
ajo
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Geo
r
g
alis
et
a
l.
[
2
]
ca
u
tio
n
th
at
wh
ile
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
th
ey
ca
n
s
lo
w
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
i
n
u
r
g
en
t
r
e
f
o
r
m
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ma
a
n
d
T
a
n
g
[
38
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
e
f
in
e
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
in
clu
s
iv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
f
o
l
lo
ws
a
cu
r
v
ilin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
o
u
tco
m
es.
Mo
d
er
ate
in
clu
s
iv
ity
o
p
tim
iz
es
team
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
b
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
clu
s
iv
ity
m
ay
d
ilu
te
a
cc
o
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
s
lo
w
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
r
e
f
o
r
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
wh
ile
R
S
U
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
tin
u
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
u
s
t
also
estab
lis
h
clea
r
au
th
o
r
ity
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
r
ef
o
r
m
s
tag
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
R
SU
is
th
at
r
ea
d
in
ess
will
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
wh
en
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
b
alan
ce
s
in
clu
s
iv
ity
with
d
ec
is
iv
en
ess
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
o
n
o
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
tim
elin
ess
.
B
u
ild
in
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
an
d
s
h
ar
e
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
o
h
er
e
n
ce
,
wh
ile
a
lo
ca
lized
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
r
ef
lects
b
o
th
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
ten
t
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
ee
in
s
ig
h
t c
an
g
u
i
d
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
m
atr
ix
o
n
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es sh
ap
in
g
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
e
Th
e
m
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
q
u
o
t
e
s
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
s
b
o
t
h
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
h
a
r
e
d
v
i
s
i
o
n
t
o
f
o
st
e
r
u
n
i
t
y
a
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
b
y
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
a
l
s.
“
T
h
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
m
u
st
b
e
d
i
ssem
i
n
a
t
e
d
c
l
e
a
rl
y
.
E
v
e
n
t
h
o
se
w
h
o
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
l
y
o
p
p
o
s
e
w
i
l
l
u
n
d
e
rs
t
a
n
d
o
n
c
e
t
h
e
y
s
e
e
t
h
e
b
i
g
g
e
r
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
.”
(
P8
)
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
A
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
t
y
l
e
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
i
t
e
s
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
f
r
o
m
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
s
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
u
st
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
r
e
f
o
r
ms
.
“
Ev
e
ry
o
n
e
sh
o
u
l
d
v
o
i
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
u
g
g
e
st
i
o
n
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
res
p
e
c
t
e
d
.
T
h
a
t
’
s
w
h
a
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
m
e
a
n
s
.”
(
P9
)
M
u
t
u
a
l
t
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
e
mp
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
Tr
u
st
i
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
men
t
o
f
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
t
o
l
e
a
d
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
l
e
v
e
l
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
o
f
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
o
w
n
e
r
sh
i
p
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss.
“
Be
f
o
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
,
n
e
e
d
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
d
.
L
e
a
d
e
rs
m
u
st
a
ss
e
ss
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
sh
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
p
ra
c
t
i
c
a
l
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
.”
(
P5
)
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
O
p
e
n
l
i
n
e
s
o
f
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
b
o
t
h
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
a
n
d
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
s a
r
e
w
e
l
l
-
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
,
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
f
o
r
ms.
“
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
u
st
b
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
d
c
l
e
a
r.
Pro
b
l
e
m
s a
r
i
se
w
h
e
n
l
e
a
d
e
rs
d
o
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
p
ro
p
e
r
l
y
.”
(
P8
)
R
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
’
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
p
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
c
l
e
a
r
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
-
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
i
n
e
q
u
i
p
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
“
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
e
f
i
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
w
i
l
l
f
o
l
l
o
w
.
W
e
m
u
s
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
t
e
o
u
r
p
e
o
p
l
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.”
(
P5
)
4
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ins
t
it
utio
na
l c
ha
ng
e
m
a
na
g
em
ent
:
t
he
RAVER
m
o
del
T
ab
le
6
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
t
th
e
R
AVE
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
m
o
d
el
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
at
R
SU
.
Sy
n
th
esizin
g
th
e
th
em
atic
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
it
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
g
u
id
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
an
ag
in
g
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
ee
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
lead
er
s
h
i
p
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
K
e
y
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
I
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
R
–
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
,
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
,
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
o
e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
e
d
u
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
max
i
mi
z
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
s
;
p
o
o
l
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
se
;
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
d
e
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
.
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
su
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
A
–
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
En
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
st
a
f
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
b
u
i
l
d
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
;
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
e
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
;
e
st
a
b
l
i
s
h
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
mec
h
a
n
i
sms
.
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
b
u
y
-
i
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
V
–
V
i
si
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
f
o
r
ms
a
r
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
.
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
sh
a
r
e
d
v
i
si
o
n
;
mai
n
t
a
i
n
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
;
a
d
d
r
e
ss s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
p
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
t
r
u
s
t
,
sh
a
r
e
d
g
o
a
l
s,
a
n
d
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
E
–
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
s
i
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
U
p
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
s
t
o
mee
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
n
e
e
d
s
.
I
n
v
e
st
i
n
I
C
T
t
o
o
l
s
;
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
u
p
d
a
t
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
;
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
-
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
s
k
i
l
l
s.
M
o
d
e
r
n
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
su
p
p
o
r
t
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
.
R
–
R
o
l
e
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
D
e
mo
n
st
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
,
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
a
b
l
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
P
r
o
mo
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
t
a
l
e
n
t
;
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
;
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
;
m
o
d
e
l
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
.
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
d
m
o
r
a
l
e
,
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
o
r
m s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
h
a
n
g
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
emp
lo
y
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
t a
r
eg
io
n
a
l
…
(
R
o
y
F
.
F
ied
a
ca
n
)
4911
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
AV
E
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
4
.
2
.
Appl
ica
bil
it
y
bey
o
nd
RSU
T
h
e
R
AVE
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
tr
an
s
f
er
a
b
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
o
th
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
b
y
a
d
ap
tin
g
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
ts
:
i)
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
r
ich
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
m
ay
s
h
if
t
to
w
ar
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
an
s
io
n
r
ath
er
th
an
r
atio
n
al
izatio
n
;
ii)
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
ca
n
h
el
p
m
ain
tain
r
ef
o
r
m
m
o
m
en
tu
m
d
esp
ite
lim
itatio
n
s
;
iii)
in
m
u
lti
-
ca
m
p
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
p
lan
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial,
alig
n
in
g
with
Mu
s
aig
wa
[
1
6
]
ca
ll
f
o
r
lo
ca
lized
lead
er
s
h
ip
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es;
an
d
iv
)
in
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
th
e
“e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
”
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ca
n
em
p
h
asize
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
d
ata
an
a
ly
tics
,
an
d
d
i
g
ital
lear
n
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
.
4
.
3
.
Study
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
v
alu
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
in
a
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
y
et
it
is
n
o
t
with
o
u
t
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
in
ter
v
iews
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
u
b
jectiv
ity
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
B
r
in
k
m
an
n
a
n
d
K
v
ale
[
2
8
]
,
q
u
alitativ
e
in
ter
v
iewin
g
,
wh
ile
p
o
wer
f
u
l
f
o
r
u
n
c
o
v
er
i
n
g
liv
e
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
in
ter
v
iewe
r
p
r
esen
ce
,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
b
ia
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
f
er
d
ep
th
,
th
ey
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
o
b
jec
tiv
e
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
all
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
lay
er
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
with
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
th
at
p
r
io
r
itize
d
ep
th
o
v
er
b
r
ea
d
th
[
2
0
]
,
it
lim
its
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Yo
u
s
af
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
e
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
co
n
te
x
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
h
is
to
r
y
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le,
an
d
lo
ca
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
es
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as st
u
d
en
ts
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
wh
o
also
p
la
y
cr
u
cial
r
o
les in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
0
3
-
4
9
1
5
4912
L
astl
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ch
an
g
e
in
itiativ
es,
n
o
r
d
id
it
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
m
a
n
d
ates,
f
u
n
d
in
g
p
o
licies,
o
r
p
o
liti
ca
l
d
y
n
am
ic
s
.
As
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
E
s
s
el
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
,
th
ese
ex
te
r
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
s
h
ap
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
r
f
ail
u
r
e
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
r
u
r
al
s
etti
n
g
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
ad
o
p
tin
g
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
r
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
d
esig
n
s
to
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
b
r
o
ad
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
-
d
r
iv
e
n
ch
an
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
s
h
ap
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e
i
n
a
s
tate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
.
I
t
id
en
tifie
d
th
em
es
s
u
c
h
as
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ch
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
R
ea
d
in
ess
im
p
r
o
v
es
wh
en
lead
er
s
s
h
ar
e
a
clea
r
v
is
io
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
clu
s
iv
ely
,
b
u
t
is
h
in
d
er
ed
b
y
lim
ited
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e,
an
d
lo
w
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
R
AVE
R
ch
an
g
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
-
b
ased
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
,
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
Fro
m
a
p
o
licy
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
g
u
id
e
r
ef
o
r
m
p
lan
n
in
g
,
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
ca
p
a
city
-
b
u
ild
in
g
in
itiativ
es,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
ass
i
s
t
in
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
in
v
estme
n
ts
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
taf
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
clu
d
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t o
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Mix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es c
an
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
q
u
alitativ
e
n
ar
r
ativ
es
f
r
o
m
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
tu
d
ies ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
ca
n
r
e
f
in
e
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
ex
p
an
d
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
e
R
AVE
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
g
u
i
d
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
e
i
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
p
o
ten
tial t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
R
SU
an
d
o
th
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
av
ig
ati
n
g
co
m
p
lex
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
f
ac
u
lty
,
an
d
s
taf
f
o
f
R
o
m
b
lo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
th
ei
r
s
tea
d
f
ast
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ou
r
h
ea
r
tf
elt
th
an
k
s
also
g
o
to
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wh
o
willin
g
ly
s
h
ar
ed
th
eir
tim
e,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
a
n
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
.
W
e
ar
e
eq
u
ally
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
o
u
r
m
en
to
r
s
,
co
lleag
u
es,
an
d
r
ese
ar
ch
p
an
el
f
o
r
th
eir
in
v
alu
ab
le
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Fu
n
d
1
0
1
o
f
th
e
Gen
e
r
al
Ap
p
r
o
p
r
iatio
n
s
Act
(
GAA)
,
al
lo
ca
ted
to
R
o
m
b
lo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
as
p
ar
t
o
f
its
r
eg
u
lar
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
b
s
id
y
f
o
r
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es.
No
ex
ter
n
al
g
r
a
n
ts
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
f
u
n
d
in
g
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
R
o
y
F.
Fied
ac
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ph
ilip
R
.
B
ald
er
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
m
ely
n
R
.
Villan
u
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
ey
n
ald
o
P.
R
am
o
s
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
m
elia
B
.
R
am
o
s
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.