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[
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3
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[
5
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,
[
6
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.
I
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co
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.
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I
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14
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s
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
9
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ir
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
m
ig
r
an
ts
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
h
a
v
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
with
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
o
f
s
k
illed
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
“b
r
ain
d
r
ain
”
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
o
r
ig
in
a
n
d
,
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
an
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
is
m
ig
r
atio
n
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
s
k
illed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
wh
o
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
ce
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
th
e
ar
ts
[
6
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
k
ills
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
d
eg
r
ee
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
f
a
cilitate
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
ca
n
b
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tal
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
r
esear
ch
,
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices in
g
e
n
er
al
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
asic
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
ts
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
n
e
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
lv
e
s
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
s
tan
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
lack
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
i
es
[
1
3
]
.
Als
o
,
s
o
cial
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
eju
d
ices
cr
ea
te
a
h
o
s
tile
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
at
tim
es.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
Per
u
,
s
o
m
e
p
ar
en
ts
s
h
o
w
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
with
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
e
ch
ild
r
en
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
it
is
es
s
en
ti
al
th
at
th
e
Per
u
v
ian
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
laws
in
its
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
ex
is
ten
ce
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
as
a
r
ic
h
n
ess
th
at
en
r
ich
es
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
is
s
u
e
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
lead
s
th
em
to
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
t
h
eir
d
e
g
r
ee
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
e
x
em
p
lar
y
ca
s
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
v
alid
atio
n
in
s
ev
er
al
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
in
Ar
g
en
tin
a,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
e
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
cr
ed
e
n
tials
o
f
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
lack
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
g
r
ee
m
en
ts
b
etwe
e
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at,
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
licies,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
in
teg
r
ate
m
ig
r
an
ts
in
to
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
an
d
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t o
f
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
[
1
7
]
.
A
co
m
m
o
n
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
Per
u
an
d
E
c
u
ad
o
r
is
th
at
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lack
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
v
alid
atio
n
,
af
f
ec
ts
m
ig
r
an
ts
d
if
f
er
e
n
tly
,
esp
ec
iall
y
wo
m
en
,
wh
o
f
ac
e
h
ig
h
er
r
at
es
o
f
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
jo
b
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
atio
n
b
r
in
g
s
a
s
k
illed
lab
o
r
f
o
r
ce
th
a
t,
with
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
co
u
ld
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
i
n
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
h
o
u
ld
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
v
alu
es
o
f
eq
u
ality
an
d
ju
s
tice
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e,
s
o
th
at
f
u
t
u
r
e
citizen
s
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ju
s
t
s
o
ciety
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
o
th
b
asic
an
d
h
ig
h
er
,
p
lay
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
ts
to
war
d
s
b
etter
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
is
a
to
o
l
th
at
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
th
ese
p
eo
p
le
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
co
h
esiv
e
an
d
eq
u
i
tab
le
s
o
ciety
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
cl
u
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
ad
eq
u
ate
jo
b
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
tak
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
’
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
f
o
s
ter
co
ex
is
ten
ce
b
ased
o
n
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t,
s
o
lid
ar
ity
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
ies,
b
o
th
i
n
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
As
well
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
o
th
e
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ar
is
in
g
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
atio
n
,
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
ar
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
h
ea
l
th
p
o
licies.
As
th
e
r
eg
io
n
f
ac
es
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
a
s
ca
r
city
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
it
is
p
r
e
d
icted
th
at
clim
ate
f
lo
ws
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
g
r
o
w,
esp
ec
ially
in
L
atin
Am
er
ica,
wh
er
e
it
is
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
co
u
ld
r
ea
ch
2
.
1
m
illi
o
n
b
y
2
0
5
0
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
ar
e
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
wellb
ein
g
;
al
m
o
s
t
h
alf
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
i
g
r
an
ts
in
Per
u
a
n
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
d
o
n
o
t
s
ee
k
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices w
h
en
th
ey
n
ee
d
th
em
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
lo
w
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
s
er
v
ices [
2
3
]
.
I
n
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
as
it
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
i
n
ter
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
ts
an
d
th
eir
ca
p
a
city
to
ad
ap
t
in
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
liv
in
g
,
wo
r
k
in
g
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
a
d
o
r
.
T
h
is
s
p
e
cif
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
an
d
u
p
d
atin
g
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e,
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
o
li
d
em
p
ir
ical
b
asis
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
la
n
s
,
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
lan
s
an
d
p
u
b
li
c
p
o
licies
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
lab
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
with
o
u
t
h
ar
m
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
is
r
elev
an
t b
ec
au
s
e
it m
ak
es v
is
ib
le
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
a
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
is
o
f
t
en
s
tig
m
atize
d
an
d
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ated
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
k
ey
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
in
th
e
m
ig
r
ato
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
lev
el
in
th
e
ad
ap
tati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
T
o
th
i
s
en
d
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e:
i)
to
id
en
tify
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
tio
n
o
f
V
en
ezu
ela
n
mig
r
a
n
ts
fr
o
m
a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
ers
p
ec
tive
in
…
(
Yo
ya
F
lo
r
es
–
P
érez
)
4657
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
el
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
an
d
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
;
an
d
ii)
to
id
en
tify
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
wi
th
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
a
n
aly
ze
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
ad
o
p
ted
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
with
cl
o
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as
th
e
m
ain
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
d
ata
co
lle
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
allo
wed
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e,
n
o
n
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
2
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
m
en
an
d
w
o
m
en
b
etwe
en
1
8
a
n
d
7
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e,
f
r
o
m
E
cu
a
d
o
r
a
n
d
Per
u
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
i
n
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
liv
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
its
v
alid
ity
,
an
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
it
was
s
u
b
m
itted
to
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
f
iv
e
s
p
e
cialist
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
,
o
b
tain
in
g
a
v
alid
ity
in
d
e
x
o
f
9
5
%
b
y
ca
lc
u
latin
g
Aik
e
n
’
s
V
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le
was
d
ich
o
t
o
m
o
u
s
:
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
was a
s
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
an
s
wer
“No
”
an
d
1
f
o
r
th
e
an
s
wer
“Y
es”.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
a
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
ed
n
u
m
er
ical
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ev
alu
ated
,
allo
win
g
an
o
b
jectiv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
as:
l
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ca
r
e
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
good
(
7
t
o
9
p
o
i
n
ts
)
;
r
eg
u
lar
(
5
to
6
p
o
in
ts
)
;
an
d
d
ef
icien
t
(
0
to
4
p
o
in
ts
)
.
I
n
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
,
t
h
e
s
ca
le
was
as
:
g
o
o
d
(
2
p
o
in
ts
)
,
r
eg
u
lar
(
1
p
o
i
n
t
),
an
d
p
o
o
r
(
0
p
o
in
ts
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
in
th
e
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
ca
le
was
:
g
o
o
d
(
0
p
o
i
n
ts
)
,
r
e
g
u
lar
(
1
t
o
2
p
o
in
ts
),
a
n
d
p
o
o
r
(
3
to
4
p
o
i
n
ts
)
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
clea
r
ly
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
f
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t f
o
r
eth
ics an
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es wa
s
g
u
ar
an
teed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
pro
f
ile
o
f
re
s
po
nd
ent
s
Prio
r
to
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t
was
d
u
ly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
,
1
2
0
m
ig
r
an
ts
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
n
atio
n
ality
v
o
l
u
n
tar
ily
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
d
escr
ib
es
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
m
ale
(
6
1
.
6
7
%)
an
d
th
e
r
est
wer
e
f
e
m
ale
(
3
8
.
3
3
%).
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
o
r
ig
in
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
,
3
7
.
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
Gu
ay
aq
u
il
-
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
3
0
%
in
Qu
ito
-
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
2
7
.
5
%
in
T
u
m
b
es
-
Per
u
,
an
d
5
%
in
L
o
ja
-
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
h
a
d
h
ig
h
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
r
tec
h
n
ical
ed
u
c
atio
n
(
6
6
.
6
7
%)
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
3
3
.
3
3
%
wh
o
o
n
l
y
h
ad
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
n
o
r
eg
u
lar
ed
u
c
atio
n
at
all.
T
h
e
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
was
m
o
s
tly
s
ep
ar
ated
(
5
7
.
5
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
h
ab
itan
t
(
3
0
%),
m
ar
r
ied
(
1
1
.
6
7
%)
,
an
d
wid
o
wed
(
0
.
8
3
%
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
a
g
e
r
an
g
e
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
was
b
etwe
en
2
1
an
d
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
(
4
0
%)
a
n
d
b
etwe
en
3
1
a
n
d
4
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
(
3
0
.
8
3
%).
Fin
ally
,
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
th
e
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
ig
r
atio
n
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
s
tated
e
co
n
o
m
ic
n
ec
ess
ity
(
8
0
.
8
3
%),
o
t
h
er
s
p
o
i
n
ted
to
t
h
e
p
o
liti
ca
l,
s
o
cial
a
n
d
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
itu
atio
n
f
ac
in
g
t
h
eir
co
u
n
tr
y
(
1
2
.
5
%)
,
a
n
d
6
.
6
7
% st
ated
o
th
er
m
o
tiv
es su
ch
as f
am
ily
r
eu
n
if
icatio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
n
=
1
2
0
)
I
t
e
m
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
46
3
8
.
3
3
M
a
l
e
74
6
1
.
6
7
O
r
i
g
i
n
Tu
m
b
e
s
-
PE
33
2
7
.
5
0
Q
u
i
t
o
-
EC
36
3
0
.
0
0
G
u
a
y
a
q
u
i
l
-
EC
45
3
7
.
5
0
Lo
j
a
-
EC
6
5
.
0
0
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
a
n
d
/
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
80
6
6
.
6
7
B
a
si
c
o
r
n
o
n
e
40
3
3
.
3
3
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
14
1
1
.
6
7
C
o
h
a
b
i
t
a
n
t
36
3
0
.
0
0
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
69
5
7
.
5
0
W
i
d
o
w
e
d
1
0
.
8
3
A
g
e
18
-
20
5
4
.
1
7
21
-
30
48
4
0
.
0
0
31
-
40
37
3
0
.
8
3
41
-
50
14
1
1
.
6
7
51
-
60
11
9
.
1
7
61
-
70
4
3
.
3
3
>
7
0
1
0
.
8
3
M
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
Ec
o
n
o
my
97
8
0
.
8
3
Ec
o
n
o
my
+
f
a
c
t
o
r
*
15
1
2
.
5
0
O
t
h
e
r
8
6
.
6
7
*
F
a
c
t
o
r
:
i
n
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
5
5
-
4
6
6
2
4658
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
5
0
%
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
h
av
e
a
r
eg
u
lar
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tatu
s
,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
a
n
t
an
d
t
h
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
m
i
n
o
r
s
wh
o
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
h
im
o
r
h
er
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
3
5
%
with
a
p
o
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tatu
s
an
d
o
n
l
y
1
5
%
with
a
g
o
o
d
lev
el.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
ast
m
ajo
r
ity
(
5
6
.
6
7
%)
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
ts
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
i
n
g
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
3
3
.
3
3
%
in
r
e
g
u
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
o
n
l
y
1
0
%
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
f
liv
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
was
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
’
s
f
o
r
m
al
d
o
c
u
m
en
tati
o
n
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
eir
c
u
r
r
en
t
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
s
o
cial
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
wh
ich
th
ey
p
ar
ticip
ate,
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
asic ser
v
ices,
an
d
in
itiativ
es to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
i
g
r
an
ts
in
th
e
cities
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
.
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g
o
o
d
lev
el
o
f
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
r
ep
o
r
te
d
b
y
9
6
.
6
7
%
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d
o
n
ly
3
.
3
3
%
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ep
o
r
ted
a
r
eg
u
lar
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el,
with
th
e
p
o
o
r
lev
el
ca
teg
o
r
y
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ein
g
ab
s
en
t.
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h
e
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teg
o
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izatio
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
e
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
wo
r
k
s
an
d
liv
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
ain
tin
g
o
f
walls,
waste
d
is
p
o
s
al
,
an
d
ca
r
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
ar
ea
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
(
5
7
.
5
%)
h
a
v
e
p
o
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
4
0
.
8
3
%
in
r
e
g
u
lar
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
an
d
1
.
6
7
%
with
g
o
o
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
u
r
s
wo
r
k
ed
d
aily
an
d
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
in
co
m
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
th
e
m
i
g
r
an
t
wer
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
r
esid
es.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
b
etwe
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
an
d
th
e
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
is
ass
o
ciatio
n
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
in
th
e
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
e/sh
e
h
as
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
an
d
th
e
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t t
h
at
th
e
m
ig
r
a
n
t h
as in
th
e
city
wh
er
e
h
e/sh
e
r
esid
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
im
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
in
Per
u
an
d
E
c
u
ad
o
r
,
2
0
2
4
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stan
d
a
r
d
o
f
liv
in
g
o
f
im
m
ig
r
an
ts
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
a
d
o
r
,
2
0
2
4
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
im
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
2
0
2
4
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
L
a
b
o
r
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
in
Per
u
a
n
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
2
0
2
4
T
ab
le
2
.
T
est o
f
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
e
twee
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
,
Pe
r
u
an
d
E
cu
ad
o
r
,
2
0
2
4
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u
c
a
t
i
o
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a
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l
e
v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
tio
n
o
f
V
en
ezu
ela
n
mig
r
a
n
ts
fr
o
m
a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
ers
p
ec
tive
in
…
(
Yo
ya
F
lo
r
es
–
P
érez
)
4659
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
m
i
g
r
an
t'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
n
h
is
o
r
h
er
a
d
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as
in
T
ab
le
2
;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ig
r
a
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
o
r
h
ig
h
er
tech
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ea
ch
ed
6
6
.
6
7
%
,
in
t
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
6
5
%
with
5
0
%
in
r
eg
u
lar
lev
el
an
d
o
n
ly
1
5
%
in
g
o
o
d
lev
el,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
w
h
o
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
an
u
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ate
r
ea
lity
in
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
a
n
d
is
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
eir
ch
il
d
r
en
a
r
e
n
o
t
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
th
ey
d
id
r
ec
eiv
e
in
th
eir
c
o
u
n
tr
y
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
;
s
o
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
ts
'
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
is
to
war
d
s
a
lo
wer
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
a
s
im
ilar
s
itu
atio
n
with
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
(
5
6
.
6
7
%)
h
av
e
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
liv
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
p
o
o
r
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
lev
el
was
m
o
s
tly
r
eg
u
lar
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
n
o
t
all
m
ig
r
an
ts
with
a
g
o
o
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
h
av
e
t
h
e
p
er
m
its
to
wo
r
k
f
o
r
m
ally
in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
s
o
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
h
as
an
in
f
o
r
m
al
ten
d
en
cy
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
b
asic
s
er
v
ices
th
ey
ac
q
u
i
r
e
ar
e
n
o
t
id
ea
l.
A
s
ep
ar
ate
r
ea
lity
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e,
wh
er
e
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
9
6
.
6
7
%
o
f
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
s
p
e
cial
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t;
m
a
n
y
b
y
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
o
th
er
s
b
y
o
b
lig
atio
n
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
city
with
th
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
o
f
g
ar
b
ag
e,
clea
n
l
in
ess
,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
ar
ea
s
.
L
ab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
escap
e
a
m
i
g
r
an
t
r
ea
lity
,
5
7
.
5
%
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
in
c
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
th
e
d
ec
is
iv
e
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el.
Kn
o
win
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
aly
ze
d
s
o
f
ar
is
ess
en
tial to
f
o
r
esee
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
n
o
t d
esire
d
b
u
t
s
tatis
tically
p
r
o
b
ab
le,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
m
ig
r
atio
n
s
in
o
u
r
So
u
th
Am
er
ican
co
n
tex
t;
wh
er
e
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
an
d
u
r
g
en
t
to
b
u
ild
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
clu
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
wh
ich
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
So
u
th
Am
er
ican
b
r
o
th
er
h
o
o
d
th
at
we
m
u
s
t h
av
e
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
ig
h
ts
in
all
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
a
n
d
h
is
/
h
er
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
in
cid
e
with
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
at
a
m
i
g
r
an
t'
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es liv
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
o
n
l
y
h
av
e
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
wh
ich
allo
ws
u
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
at
th
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
ted
m
ig
r
an
t
is
b
r
o
ad
er
in
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
o
th
e
r
asp
ec
ts
th
at
allo
w
h
im
/h
er
to
ad
ap
t
b
etter
in
an
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
y
.
C
ab
ieses
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at
f
o
r
m
ig
r
an
ts
with
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
asic
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
h
o
u
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
wh
ich
is
wh
y
th
ey
in
teg
r
ate
q
u
ick
ly
in
to
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
;
th
ey
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
b
etter
ed
u
ca
ted
m
ig
r
an
t
ca
n
ac
c
ess
m
o
r
e
q
u
ali
f
ied
an
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
b
etter
p
aid
j
o
b
s
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
an
d
th
e
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
;
wh
ich
co
in
cid
es
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
,
wh
o
p
o
in
t
o
u
t th
at
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
n
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
in
s
er
tio
n
is
n
o
tab
le,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
d
e
g
r
ee
with
a
b
etter
p
aid
ty
p
e
o
f
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es.
I
n
2
0
2
3
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
t
,
it
s
tat
ed
th
at
b
etter
ed
u
ca
ted
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
estab
li
s
h
lab
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
em
to
ac
ce
s
s
b
etter
jo
b
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
tr
in
s
ically
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
lab
o
r
s
tatu
s
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
o
cial
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
i
g
r
an
t in
th
e
h
o
s
t c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
in
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
aly
z
ed
,
b
o
th
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
a
d
o
r
,
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
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ca
r
e
f
o
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n
v
ir
o
n
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en
t
th
at
th
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m
ig
r
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ev
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s
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I
n
ad
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itio
n
,
th
e
r
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lts
s
h
o
w
a
m
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s
tly
g
o
o
d
b
eh
av
io
r
(
9
6
.
6
7
%).
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
o
p
p
o
s
e
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
R
4
V
r
ep
o
r
t
[
2
9
]
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
a
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
a
n
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ield
,
it
was
ev
id
en
t
th
at
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
ts
d
e
d
icate
d
to
th
e
s
ale
o
f
c
an
d
y
an
d
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
n
an
am
b
u
lato
r
y
b
asis
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
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d
u
ca
tio
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lev
el,
wer
e
v
er
y
ca
r
ef
u
l
with
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
an
d
waste
th
ey
g
en
er
ate
d
;
b
e
h
av
io
r
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
d
id
n
o
t r
ejec
t th
ei
r
ac
t
iv
ity
an
d
p
r
esen
ce
; th
e
s
am
e
was sh
o
wn
in
th
e
ca
r
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
ar
ea
s
.
I
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
e
n
i
ed
t
h
at
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
l
ev
el
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
o
u
r
b
eh
av
i
o
r
a
n
d
l
iv
in
g
h
ab
its
.
Pi
n
at
e
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
s
tate
th
at
m
ig
r
an
ts
with
a
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lev
el
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
g
et
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
jects
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
ca
r
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
ar
ea
s
an
d
th
e
o
r
n
am
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
city
,
d
ev
elo
p
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
th
e
b
etter
e
d
u
ca
ted
m
ig
r
a
n
t
h
as
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
th
at
cities
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
b
y
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
’
s
ten
d
en
cy
to
tak
e
ca
r
e
o
f
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
ea
r
th
at
b
y
n
o
t
d
o
in
g
s
o
th
ey
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
co
m
p
lain
ts
,
ac
cu
s
atio
n
s
an
d
d
e
p
o
r
tati
o
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
Ven
ez
u
e
lan
m
ig
r
an
ts
in
Per
u
a
n
d
E
c
u
a
d
o
r
in
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
m
an
n
er
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
tim
e
it
d
em
an
d
s
.
V
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
u
n
d
er
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
clu
d
e
in
a
s
im
ilar
m
an
n
e
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
a
n
ag
es
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
a
m
ig
r
an
t
m
ay
f
ac
e
in
h
is
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
a
city
o
th
er
th
an
h
is
o
wn
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
o
ciety
,
s
in
ce
a
n
ed
u
ca
ted
m
ig
r
an
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
p
ar
ticip
ates in
th
e
civ
ic
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l lif
e
o
f
h
is
o
r
h
er
n
ew
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
5
5
-
4
6
6
2
4660
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
by
R
o
an
d
Go
ld
b
er
g
[
3
4
]
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
n
m
ig
r
an
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
in
all
its
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
ig
r
atio
n
s
itu
atio
n
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
as
a
k
ey
ax
is
.
Pu
b
lic
p
o
licy
in
itiativ
es
o
n
m
ig
r
atio
n
in
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tio
n
p
lan
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
will
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
eir
v
ia
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
atu
m
b
ef
o
r
e
h
an
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
b
etter
r
esu
lt
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
a
n
d
n
o
v
el,
s
in
ce
we
ca
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ig
r
a
n
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
v
ar
i
ab
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ain
tain
ed
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
ad
a
p
t
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
.
B
o
th
Per
u
an
d
Ven
ez
u
ela
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
u
t
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
tin
u
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ates
o
f
m
ig
r
an
ts
in
th
e
n
ex
t
5
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
p
d
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
wea
p
o
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lack
o
f
i
n
clu
s
io
n
,
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
o
r
d
er
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
n
o
t h
av
i
n
g
p
la
n
s
an
d
p
o
licies ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
m
i
g
r
an
t p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
in
th
e
L
atin
Am
er
ican
R
eg
io
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
is
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
b
etter
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
a
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
Per
u
an
d
E
cu
a
d
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
co
n
clu
d
e
s
tatis
tically
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
el
with
th
e
lev
el
o
f
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
lab
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
Ven
ez
u
elan
m
ig
r
an
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
Per
u
an
d
E
c
u
ad
o
r
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
(
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6
.
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7
%),
a
r
eg
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lar
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
5
0
%),
u
n
d
esira
b
le
liv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
5
6
.
6
7
%
)
,
a
g
o
o
d
lev
el
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
(
9
6
.
6
7
%)
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
5
7
.
5
0
%).
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
m
ig
r
atio
n
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
f
r
o
m
a
r
eg
io
n
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
th
at
will
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
ar
ticu
lar
b
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
m
ig
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
f
o
lk
lo
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t a
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
th
at
r
ec
eiv
es h
im
/h
er
,
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
o
n
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
asp
ec
ts
.
L
i
k
ewise,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
av
e
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
t
h
e
m
ig
r
an
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
ea
ch
ag
e,
w
h
ich
allo
ws
o
b
tai
n
in
g
co
m
p
lete
an
d
s
in
ce
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
;
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
,
to
b
e
ab
le
to
o
b
tain
co
r
r
ec
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
allo
w
u
s
to
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
m
ig
r
an
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
y
g
en
er
atio
n
s
an
d
ag
e
r
an
g
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
th
e
f
ac
ilit
ies an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
th
ey
h
ad
in
th
eir
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Fu
n
d
in
g
was
VI
I
C
all
f
o
r
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Pr
o
jects
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
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er
s
ity
o
f
T
r
u
jill
o
with
p
u
b
lic
r
eso
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r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
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C
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.
AUTHO
R
CO
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B
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NS ST
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M
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N
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h
is
jo
u
r
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s
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th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
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ed
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)
to
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g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
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al
au
th
o
r
co
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tr
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tio
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s
,
r
ed
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ce
au
th
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
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.
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ter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
-
8
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RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
4
V
,
“
R
e
f
u
g
e
e
s
a
n
d
M
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
V
e
n
e
z
u
e
l
a
,
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I
n
t
e
r
a
g
e
n
c
y
C
o
o
r
d
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n
a
t
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P
l
a
t
f
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f
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f
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g
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d
M
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g
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f
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m
V
e
n
e
z
u
e
l
a
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
M
a
y
0
5
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
r
4
v
.
i
n
f
o
/
e
n
/
r
e
f
u
g
e
e
a
n
d
m
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
[
2
]
P
.
E.
V
.
D
e
l
z
o
,
“
C
H
A
P
TER
I
I
:
Tr
a
n
sn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
C
r
i
m
e
,
”
i
n
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s a
n
d
T
h
r
e
a
t
s t
o
S
e
c
u
ri
t
y
i
n
L
a
t
i
n
Am
e
ri
c
a
,
P
.
E.
V
.
D
e
l
z
o
,
E
d
.
Li
m
a
:
C
E
EEP,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
–
1
7
9
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
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p
s
:
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/
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.
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l
.
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s/
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La
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p
d
f
[
3
]
A
.
P
a
t
t
,
J
.
R
u
h
o
s
e
,
S
.
W
i
e
d
e
r
h
o
l
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
l
o
r
e
s,
“
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
mi
g
r
a
n
t
S
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e
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
O
c
c
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p
a
t
i
o
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l
S
k
i
l
l
s
,
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J
o
u
rn
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l
o
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t
h
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Eu
r
o
p
e
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n
Ec
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n
o
m
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c
As
so
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t
i
o
n
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l
.
1
9
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o
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2
,
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p
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1
2
4
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8
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1
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o
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1
0
9
3
/
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e
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a
/
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v
a
a
0
3
2
.
[
4
]
J.
C
a
r
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
K
.
S
c
h
e
w
e
l
,
“
R
e
v
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si
t
i
n
g
a
sp
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r
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t
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o
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a
n
d
a
b
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t
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o
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Et
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c
a
n
d
M
i
g
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t
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o
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t
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e
s
,
v
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l
.
4
4
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
4
5
–
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6
3
,
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p
r
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0
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8
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3
6
9
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8
3
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.
2
0
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7
.
1
3
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4
1
4
6
.
[
5
]
E.
D
o
ç
i
,
B
.
B
.
B
o
t
u
sh
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
H
y
se
n
sh
a
h
a
j
,
“
C
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
M
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
d
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s
c
i
p
l
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n
a
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y
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o
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r
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f
R
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se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
D
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v
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p
m
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t
,
v
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l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
–
2
4
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
6
3
4
5
/
i
j
r
d
v
1
1
n
3
3
0
.
[
6
]
G
.
Lo
t
e
r
o
-
Ec
h
e
v
e
r
r
i
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
R
o
d
r
í
g
u
e
z
,
“
M
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
:
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
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n
m
i
g
r
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o
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
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l
o
p
me
n
t
,
”
Re
t
o
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
–
1
5
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
1
6
3
/
r
e
t
.
n
1
7
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
9
.
[
7
]
M
.
C
a
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