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[
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Ac
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Qu
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les
[
2
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p
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in
ted
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teac
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s
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Per
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f
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[
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also
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ag
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co
m
p
eten
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tan
t
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all
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taf
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in
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in
g
teac
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r
s
[
5
]
,
teac
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g
ass
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tan
t
s
[
6
]
,
an
d
lectu
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at
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r
s
ities
[
7
]
.
C
h
an
n
a
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Sah
ito
[
8
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af
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
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teac
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i
n
g
co
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p
ete
n
ce
o
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lear
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.
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n
f
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s
with
g
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co
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a
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Ped
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ca
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s
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s
u
ch
as
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h
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co
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[
9
]
,
lo
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ter
m
co
u
r
s
es
[
1
0
]
,
s
elf
-
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
c
o
lleag
u
es
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
to
u
p
d
ate
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
,
ev
en
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
g
r
a
d
u
ated
f
r
o
m
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
teac
h
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
wi
th
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
is
also
a
m
atter
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
to
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
R
itch
ey
a
n
d
Sm
ith
[
1
2
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
teac
h
in
g
ass
is
tan
t
tr
ain
in
g
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
b
y
wh
ic
h
ass
is
tan
ts
lear
n
h
o
w
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
in
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
u
r
s
es.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
s
ee
n
as
h
av
in
g
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
t
ea
ch
in
g
ass
is
tan
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
a
co
u
r
s
e
to
h
elp
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lectu
r
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cy
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
af
ter
g
r
a
d
u
atin
g
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
a
n
d
en
te
r
in
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
m
an
y
teac
h
e
r
s
s
ettle
in
p
lace
s
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
r
f
r
o
m
wh
e
r
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
tr
ain
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
ar
e
h
eld
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
also
b
u
s
y
with
o
th
er
jo
b
s
r
elate
d
t
o
f
am
i
ly
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
p
ar
t
icip
atin
g
in
co
u
r
s
es
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
will
h
av
e
m
an
y
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
Ma
n
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
t
in
p
lace
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
c
y
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
E
x
am
p
les
ar
e
th
e
o
n
lin
e
co
u
r
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
b
asic
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Als
o
,
u
s
e
b
len
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
in
d
th
at
b
len
d
e
d
lear
n
i
n
g
h
as
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
teac
h
e
r
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lear
n
in
g
t
h
an
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
o
r
g
an
ize
teac
h
in
g
b
ased
o
n
less
o
n
r
esear
ch
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cy
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
,
n
am
el
y
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
teac
h
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
t
o
d
esig
n
a
less
o
n
s
tu
d
y
,
o
p
en
a
class
,
o
b
s
er
v
e,
a
n
d
r
ef
lect
o
n
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
s
lear
n
e
d
.
class
r
o
o
m
less
o
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
tr
ain
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
ca
n
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
a
f
ac
to
r
af
f
ec
tin
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ica
l c
o
m
p
eten
cy
in
r
ec
e
n
t tim
es.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
c
h
o
i
ce
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
r
n
o
t
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
n
til
n
o
w,
th
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
an
y
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
y
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cy
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
g
et
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
r
esear
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
w
h
ich
co
u
n
tr
y
,
wh
ich
au
th
o
r
,
an
d
w
h
ich
r
eso
u
r
ce
is
r
a
n
k
ed
as
th
e
to
p
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
is
is
s
u
e
s
o
t
h
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
ca
n
lear
n
f
r
o
m
an
d
r
ef
er
to
it
?
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
ics
ab
o
u
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
n
ee
d
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
b
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
ic
s
tu
d
ies
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
g
en
er
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lectu
r
er
s
[
1
9
]
o
r
d
ig
ital te
ac
h
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lectu
r
er
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
we
an
aly
ze
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
ataset
u
s
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
i
n
ts
o
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
o
n
teac
h
er
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
c
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
au
th
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
an
d
r
ef
e
r
to
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
As
n
o
s
im
i
lar
r
ev
iew
h
as
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
g
ap
.
T
o
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
t
h
is
g
o
al,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es f
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e,
g
r
o
wth
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
’
s
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
?
(
R
Q1
)
ii)
W
h
ich
ar
e
th
e
t
o
p
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
jo
u
r
n
als,
b
o
o
k
s
er
ies,
an
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
s
)
o
n
tr
ain
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
c
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
citatio
n
s
?
(
R
Q2
)
iii)
W
h
o
ar
e
th
e
to
p
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
tr
ain
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
citatio
n
s
?
(
R
Q3
)
iv
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
ta
n
t r
esear
ch
to
p
ics in
tr
ain
in
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
?
(
R
Q4
)
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
s
es
an
d
p
o
i
n
ts
o
u
t
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
in
s
c
ien
tific
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
elate
d
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
u
s
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
at
ab
ase.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
we
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
s
u
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
e
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
tea
ch
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
th
ese
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
elp
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
m
a
n
ag
er
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
d
ev
is
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
licies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ca
p
ac
ity
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
it
h
elp
s
lectu
r
er
s
f
in
d
tr
e
n
d
s
to
f
o
s
ter
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
o
wn
ex
p
e
r
tis
e.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
f
in
d
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
to
f
in
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
1
4
-
5
0
2
8
5016
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ea
r
ch
en
g
in
e
d
u
e
to
its
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
in
d
ex
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
[
2
1
]
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
d
a
tab
ases
s
u
ch
as
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
O
S),
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
is
(
PR
I
SMA)
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
s
ed
b
y
s
ch
o
lar
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ield
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
s
y
s
tem
atic
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
to
u
r
is
m
an
d
h
o
s
p
itality
[
2
5
]
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
cien
ce
[
2
6
]
,
cu
ltu
r
e
[
2
7
]
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
[
2
8
]
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ia
l
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
,
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
o
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
u
s
in
g
PR
I
SMA
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
y
s
tem
atic
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
u
s
e
d
in
th
is
ar
t
icle
w
e
r
e
c
o
l
lec
te
d
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
a
c
o
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
s
ea
r
c
h
es
r
el
ate
d
t
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
co
m
p
et
en
ce
a
n
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
.
W
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
f
o
s
te
r
i
n
g
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
al
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
f
o
r
a
l
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
t
ea
c
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
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o
n
,
r
e
g
a
r
d
less
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
o
r
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
h
e
y
te
ac
h
.
T
h
e
r
e
aso
n
is
b
e
ca
u
s
e
w
e
b
el
iev
e
th
at
,
i
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
wh
e
n
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
a
g
es
an
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
u
b
je
c
ts
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
t
ill
m
a
n
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
il
ar
s
k
i
lls
am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
At
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
we
w
a
n
t
t
o
o
v
er
v
ie
w
al
l
c
o
n
te
n
t
r
e
lat
ed
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
al
co
m
p
et
en
c
y
in
g
en
er
al
.
Ge
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
is
n
o
t
r
est
r
i
cte
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
ti
m
e
l
im
i
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
ati
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
a
w
d
a
ta
r
e
tr
i
ev
e
d
w
as
1
,
8
1
1
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
er
e
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
e
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
r
y
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
’
s
w
eb
s
ite
o
n
A
p
r
il
1
2
,
2
0
2
3
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
te
p
(
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
)
,
o
n
Sc
o
p
u
s
’
s
w
e
b
s
it
e,
th
e
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
a
r
e
li
m
it
ed
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
s
:
s
o
c
ial
s
cie
n
c
es,
a
r
ts
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
iti
es,
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
cie
n
c
es,
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
u
s
i
n
ess
,
ec
o
n
o
m
i
cs,
m
u
lt
i
d
is
c
ip
li
n
a
r
y
;
l
im
i
te
d
b
y
a
r
ti
cles
,
co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
p
a
p
er
s
,
an
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
er
s
;
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
is
s
et
t
o
“
E
n
g
l
is
h
”
.
S
o
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
7
5
1
r
eje
ct
ed
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
lea
v
i
n
g
1
,
0
6
0
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
d
at
a
was
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
e
ar
c
h
q
u
e
r
y
o
n
Sc
o
p
u
s
’
s
web
s
ite
o
n
A
p
r
i
l
1
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
as
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
:
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
K
E
Y
(
(
“
p
e
d
a
g
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g
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al
c
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m
p
ete
n
ce
”
OR
“
p
ed
a
g
o
g
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ca
l
s
k
i
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”
)
)
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T
I
T
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p
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p
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p
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(
L
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MI
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(
PUB
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f
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(
L
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R
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S
OC
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SUB
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AR
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SUB
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PS
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DOCTYP
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DOCT
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D
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L
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-
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O
(
L
A
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E
,
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.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
l
o
w
ch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t s
ele
cti
o
n
p
r
o
c
ess
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
-
b
ased
d
o
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u
m
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t selec
tio
n
p
r
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f
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ch
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u
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atab
as
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se
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in
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,
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
7
]
)
o
r
b
e
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u
s
e
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o
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s
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ly
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e.
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,
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
1
]
)
.
All
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th
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y
g
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th
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ch
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1
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o
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m
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ts
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T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
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al
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ase
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3
4
4
ar
ticles
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o
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al
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B
ib
lio
g
r
ap
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ata
(
a
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th
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s
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k
titl
es,
an
d
citatio
n
s
)
r
elate
d
to
3
4
4
d
o
cu
m
e
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ts
was
ex
p
o
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ted
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d
s
av
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f
o
r
s
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b
s
eq
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ata
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aly
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aly
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g
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ly
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s
in
g
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th
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ip
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d
k
ey
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o
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d
a
n
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s
is
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
VOSv
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r
s
o
f
twar
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[
4
4
]
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
p
r
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ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it is
th
e
m
o
s
t p
o
p
u
lar
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
[
4
5
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l
s
t
a
t
is
t
ica
l inf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
y
ea
r
f
r
o
m
1
9
8
1
to
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
n
th
e
v
er
t
ical
ax
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
b
ef
o
r
e
1
9
9
8
,
th
er
e
wer
e
o
n
ly
1
-
3
p
er
y
ea
r
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
;
th
is
n
u
m
b
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
4
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
th
e
n
r
etu
r
n
ed
to
th
e
o
ld
tr
en
d
.
I
n
2
0
0
6
,
it
g
r
ad
u
a
lly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
n
ea
r
ly
1
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
y
2
0
1
5
.
At
th
at
tim
e,
2
0
1
2
was
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
a
s
p
ik
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
o
n
war
d
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
o
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
esp
ec
ially
in
2
0
2
1
with
4
6
e
v
alu
atio
n
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
.
I
n
2
0
1
6
an
d
2
0
1
7
also
h
a
d
a
f
air
ly
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
with
3
7
an
d
2
4
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
y
ea
r
s
,
n
o
t
m
an
y
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
1
9
8
4
an
d
2
0
0
7
,
th
er
e
wer
e
a
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
th
an
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
y
ea
r
s
(
3
a
n
d
6
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
is
u
n
s
tab
le,
as
it
co
n
tin
u
es
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
th
e
n
d
ec
lin
e
s
h
ar
p
l
y
u
n
til
2
0
2
2
.
Ov
er
all,
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
o
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
h
as in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
in
ter
est
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
y
ea
r
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
ns
bet
wee
n c
o
un
t
ries
Fig
u
r
es
3
-
5
s
h
o
w
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
c
o
u
n
tr
i
es
with
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
f
r
o
m
7
4
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
at
le
ast
o
n
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject.
T
h
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
(
8
1
wo
r
k
s
)
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
(
2
8
wo
r
k
s
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
(
2
6
wo
r
k
s
)
,
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
B
esid
es
th
r
ee
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies,
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
(
2
1
wo
r
k
s
)
,
Fin
lan
d
(
1
8
wo
r
k
s
)
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
(
1
5
wo
r
k
s
)
also
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
e
ly
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic.
T
h
ese
s
ix
co
u
n
tr
ies h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
all
r
el
ev
an
t p
u
b
lis
h
ed
wo
r
k
s
.
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
20
20
20
30
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
lic
at
ion
s
Y
e
ar
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
l
ic
at
ion
s
Lin
e
ar
(N
u
m
b
e
r
of p
u
b
li
cation
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
1
4
-
5
0
2
8
5018
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
b
y
co
u
n
tr
ies in
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
2
(
o
f
th
e
7
4
co
u
n
tr
ies,
3
5
m
ee
t th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
s
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies with
th
e
h
i
g
h
est n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Tr
a
in
in
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
a
l c
o
mp
ete
n
ce
fo
r
tea
ch
ers
:
a
b
i
b
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
…
(
V
iet
N
g
a
Th
i Ng
u
ye
n
)
5019
3
.
3
.
Co
o
pera
t
io
n bet
wee
n c
o
un
t
ries
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
a
co
-
au
th
o
r
ed
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
t
o
id
en
tif
y
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
io
d
in
q
u
esti
o
n
.
Af
ter
s
elec
tin
g
au
th
o
r
s
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
co
-
au
th
o
r
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
y
ield
in
g
a
n
in
tu
itiv
e
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
r
elativ
e
to
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
U
n
ited
S
tates
(
US)
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
-
au
th
o
r
ed
w
o
r
k
s
(
8
1
)
,
b
u
t
r
an
k
s
th
ir
d
o
n
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
c
o
-
au
th
o
r
in
g
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
(
7
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
is
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
(
1
0
)
b
u
t
is
th
ir
d
in
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
(
2
6
)
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
in
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
ar
e
Au
s
tr
alia
(
8
)
,
th
e
US
(
7
)
,
C
an
ad
a
(
7
)
,
Po
r
tu
g
al
(
7
)
,
an
d
Ger
m
an
y
(
7
)
.
An
o
th
er
n
o
ta
b
l
e
p
o
in
t
is
th
at
t
h
e
co
-
au
th
o
r
in
g
r
esear
ch
co
o
p
er
a
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
a
n
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
a
n
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
US
an
d
C
an
ad
a
is
s
aid
to
b
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est,
with
th
r
ee
co
-
au
th
o
r
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
b
u
tto
n
co
l
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
(
o
f
all
s
elec
ted
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
s
)
f
o
r
a
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
th
e
lig
h
ter
th
e
c
o
lo
r
o
f
th
e
b
u
tto
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esia
(
2
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
a
v
er
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
:
2
0
1
9
.
7
5
)
,
C
h
i
n
a
(
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
av
er
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
:
2
0
2
1
.
0
0
)
,
Po
r
tu
g
al
(
with
1
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
av
er
a
g
e
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
:
2
0
1
9
.
5
0
)
,
Uk
r
ain
e
(
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
av
er
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
:
2
0
2
0
.
5
7
)
,
an
d
No
r
way
(
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
av
er
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
:
2
0
2
0
.
0
0
)
a
r
e
r
elativ
ely
n
ew
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
r
esear
c
h
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
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ter
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u
b
lis
h
ed
th
e
ea
r
lies
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
1
0
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
is
“t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
:
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
r
o
wth
in
teac
h
in
g
”
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
ch
allen
g
es
n
eg
ativ
e
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es
ab
o
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t
tea
ch
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d
em
p
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k
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.
Sh
u
lm
an
[
4
6
]
ar
g
u
es
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at
teac
h
in
g
is
a
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
s
p
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iali
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p
r
o
f
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io
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eq
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ir
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n
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er
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g
o
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u
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p
ed
ag
o
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y
,
an
d
th
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n
iq
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e
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ee
d
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o
f
th
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le
ar
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er
.
He
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
teac
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s
ca
n
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
d
ev
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th
eir
k
n
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d
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x
p
er
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e
o
v
e
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tim
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h
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g
h
c
o
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tin
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o
u
s
p
r
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al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
co
llab
o
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atio
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with
p
ee
r
s
.
Sh
u
lm
an
[
4
6
]
also
ar
g
u
es
th
at
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
teac
h
er
t
r
ain
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g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
eim
a
g
in
ed
to
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
ar
ticle
em
p
h
asiz
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
in
g
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
teac
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s
’
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I
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ad
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itio
n
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f
r
o
m
T
ab
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4
,
it
ca
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at
T
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T
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E
d
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ic
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f
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s
ter
in
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ed
ag
o
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ical
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m
p
eten
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m
o
s
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
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&
R
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c
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Vo
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14
,
No
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6
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Dec
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er
20
25
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4
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wh
ich
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e
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ig
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m
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as in
T
a
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3
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
r
o
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s
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citatio
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ce
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in
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ield
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f
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:
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4
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1
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o
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t c
ited
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s
cien
tific
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ticles)
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1
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w
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st
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:
k
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8
6
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2
B
o
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p
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G
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4
M
a
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N
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1
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P
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6
R
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A
l
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a
n
d
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l
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w
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s)
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p
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a
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d
c
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n
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v
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b
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s:
D
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ma
k
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smar
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r
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2
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3
C
o
m
p
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t
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r
s &
Ed
u
c
a
t
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6
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A
r
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d
N
.
,
P
a
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s
T.
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:
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p
p
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h
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B
o
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r
M
.
Le
a
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w
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k
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s:
t
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u
c
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d
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a
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6
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M
o
s
t
p
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b
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c
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t
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s
a
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p
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d
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so
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t
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t
r
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k
h
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g
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c
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p
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t
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b
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.
3
.
7
.
K
ey
wo
rd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
m
o
s
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
o
s
e
p
u
b
licatio
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s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
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asp
ec
ts
an
d
p
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f
ess
io
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asp
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ts
.
s
u
b
ject.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
u
s
ed
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
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tr
u
ctu
r
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ies
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ed
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o
m
p
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u
ild
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.
C
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-
o
cc
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r
r
e
n
ce
k
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wo
r
d
s
p
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y
a
n
im
p
o
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tan
t
r
o
le
in
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
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aly
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
h
elp
s
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ly
d
etec
t
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m
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o
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ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Tr
a
in
in
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p
ed
a
g
o
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ic
a
l c
o
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:
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tific
f
ield
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cc
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to
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e.
W
ith
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d
ata
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Sco
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s
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VOSv
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th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
an
d
1
0
.
I
n
th
is
m
ap
,
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
tto
n
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
o
f
a
k
ey
wo
r
d
in
t
h
e
d
atab
ase
(
if
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
lar
g
e,
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
ap
p
ea
r
s
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
)
,
an
d
th
e
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
two
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
em
.
No
d
es
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
co
l
o
r
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
T
h
ey
m
ay
n
o
w
a
p
p
ea
r
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
o
p
1
5
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
with
th
e
m
o
s
t a
p
p
ea
r
an
ce
s
in
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
R
a
n
k
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
n
TLS
1
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
27
34
2
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
27
33
3
Te
a
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
21
16
4
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
18
22
5
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
17
16
6
Te
a
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
17
19
7
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
16
24
8
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
11
13
9
C
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
8
9
10
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
8
5
11
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
8
9
12
E
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
7
9
13
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
7
9
14
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
7
12
15
A
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
6
9
n
=
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
;
T
LS
=
t
o
t
a
l
l
i
n
k
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
A
to
tal
o
f
9
7
5
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
all
3
3
6
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
a
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
em
,
o
n
ly
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
at
least
th
r
ee
ti
m
es
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
cr
iter
io
n
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
6
1
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
at
m
ee
t
o
u
r
cr
i
ter
ia
an
d
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
m
ap
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ar
e
all
th
e
o
n
es
we
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
d
ata
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
wo
r
d
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
m
ar
e
as:
teac
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
(
1
7
)
,
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
(
2
1
)
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
(
2
7
)
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
2
7
)
,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
(
1
6
)
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
(
1
8
)
,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
1
7
)
.
W
h
at
i
s
in
ter
est
in
g
h
er
e
is
th
at
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
m
ea
n
th
e
s
am
e
th
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
t
ea
ch
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
tr
ain
in
g
;
o
r
o
n
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
is
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
th
e
ac
tio
n
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
o
th
er
k
ey
wo
r
d
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
an
d
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ap
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
(
N=
9
7
5
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
r
esh
o
ld
3
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
,
d
is
p
lay
6
1
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
)
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