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14
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3
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4308
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ated
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tic
es,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tr
ac
k
th
eir
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
wo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
t
ar
g
eted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
10
].
W
ell
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
u
b
r
ics
ar
e
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
i
n
tr
icate
s
k
ills
lik
e
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
a
n
d
c
r
e
ativ
ity
,
as
th
ey
o
f
f
er
clea
r
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
b
jectiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
b
y
alig
n
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
wit
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Nav
ar
r
ete
[
11
]
d
esig
n
ed
r
u
b
r
ics
f
o
r
ca
p
s
to
n
e
p
r
o
jects
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
alig
n
e
d
with
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
e
v
alu
ate
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
A
s
tu
d
y
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
f
iv
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
with
2
5
e
lem
en
ts
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
i
n
v
o
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
12
]
.
R
u
b
r
ics
ca
n
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
jectiv
e
s
elf
-
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
b
y
ar
tic
u
latin
g
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
g
ap
s
in
ass
ess
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t o
f
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
u
b
r
ic
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
o
r
r
u
b
r
ic
t
h
at
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
m
ea
n
s
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
p
o
ten
tial.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
is
a
co
m
p
lex
s
k
ill
[
13
]
th
at
in
clu
d
es
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
o
r
ig
in
al
way
s
.
T
h
is
r
u
b
r
ic
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
b
jectiv
ely
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
in
clu
d
es
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
way
to
ass
ess
th
ese
q
u
alities
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ay
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
id
e
n
tify
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
e
th
e
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
p
o
ten
tial
with
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
u
b
r
ic
will
allo
w
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
ey
em
p
lo
y
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
o
r
ig
i
n
a
l
th
o
u
g
h
t,
p
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
B
y
co
n
c
en
tr
atin
g
o
n
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
g
ain
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
id
ea
s
.
T
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
will
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
v
o
lv
in
g
ex
p
er
t
r
e
v
iews
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
it
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
l
y
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
is
t
h
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
el
y
r
e
f
l
ec
ts
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
.
I
t
ai
m
s
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
l
e
m
en
t
i
n
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
v
al
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
r
e
li
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
wi
l
l
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
o
li
c
i
ti
n
g
f
e
ed
b
a
c
k
f
r
o
m
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
a
l
s
t
o
a
l
i
g
n
t
h
e
r
u
b
r
i
c
wi
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
c
t
ati
o
n
s
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
As
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
e
d
i
n
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
l
i
te
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
is
c
r
u
c
ia
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
li
a
b
i
li
t
y
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
ts
[
1
4
]
,
[
15
]
.
I
n
d
e
e
d
,
F
e
r
r
a
z
a
n
d
P
e
r
e
i
r
a
-
G
u
i
zz
o
[
16
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ass
ess
m
en
t
item
s
ar
e
r
elev
a
n
t
an
d
r
e
p
r
ese
n
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
ta
r
g
et
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
l
e
s
k
ills
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
u
b
r
ic
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
p
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
aim
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
th
at
ar
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
v
ital in
t
o
d
ay
’
s
d
y
n
am
ic
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
lack
o
f
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
at
in
g
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
tailo
r
ed
r
u
b
r
ic
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Un
lik
e
ex
i
s
tin
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
,
th
is
r
u
b
r
ic
is
u
n
iq
u
ely
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
ele
v
an
t
to
tech
n
ical
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
it
s
in
teg
r
ated
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ic
h
co
m
b
in
es
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iews
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
em
p
ir
ical
test
in
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
is
r
ar
ely
ap
p
lied
in
s
im
ilar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
a
p
r
ac
tical,
ac
ad
em
ically
s
o
u
n
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
a
d
o
p
t
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ate
d
r
u
b
r
ic
o
f
f
er
s
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
k
il
ls
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices in
lin
e
with
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
m
ain
ly
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
it
y
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
u
b
r
ic
,
wh
ic
h
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Fo
llo
win
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
e
x
p
er
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
all
ac
ce
p
ted
item
s
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
u
b
r
ic
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
item
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
es
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews,
co
n
s
u
ltin
g
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
n
ten
t v
a
lid
ity
o
f a
n
in
n
o
va
ti
ve
b
eh
a
vio
r
r
u
b
r
ic
fo
r
p
o
lytec
h
n
ic
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
…
(
N
o
r
A
is
ya
h
C
h
e
Dera
s
id
)
4309
m
etad
ata,
as
well
a
s
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
u
n
d
er
p
in
th
eir
d
esig
n
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lity
,
f
all
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
ese
asp
e
cts
wo
u
ld
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
s
ep
ar
ate
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
g
i
v
en
th
eir
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
item
s
in
q
u
esti
o
n
.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
e
ar
ticle
s
ee
k
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
cr
ea
ted
is
b
o
t
h
v
alid
an
d
r
elia
b
le,
with
o
u
t
elab
o
r
atin
g
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics o
f
h
o
w
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
wer
e
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
he
inn
o
v
a
t
iv
e
beha
v
io
r
ins
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
lev
els
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
p
o
ly
tech
n
ics
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
u
b
r
ic
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
an
a
ly
tical
r
u
b
r
ic.
T
h
is
s
co
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
lectu
r
er
s
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wo
r
k
ag
ain
s
t
d
ef
in
ed
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
is
to
o
l
was
b
ased
o
n
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
il
atio
n
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
tax
o
n
o
m
y
(
J
PP
KK,
2
0
1
9
)
,
ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
ian
Po
ly
t
ec
h
n
ic
Stan
d
a
r
d
s
(
My
POLY
Stan
d
ar
d
s
)
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
DPE)
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
E
)
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
p
ast
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
wa
s
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
’
s
co
n
ten
t
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
et
ad
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
th
eo
r
y
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
p
in
p
o
in
ted
th
r
ee
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
:
p
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
it
io
n
,
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
id
e
a
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws h
o
w
item
s
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
E
x
p
er
t
p
an
els
wer
e
co
n
s
u
lted
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
v
e
r
ag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
it
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
b
y
r
e
v
iewin
g
th
e
lis
t
o
f
item
s
.
E
x
p
er
ts
ar
e
task
ed
with
ass
ess
in
g
4
6
item
s
u
s
in
g
a
r
elev
an
ce
s
ca
le
t
h
at
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
to
4
(
1
in
d
icate
s
n
o
t
r
el
ev
an
t,
2
s
ig
n
if
ies
s
o
m
ewh
at
r
elev
an
t,
3
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
q
u
ite
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
4
d
e
n
o
tes
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
ese
item
s
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
t
h
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
p
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
id
ea
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
P
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
em
p
h
asizes
a
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
id
en
tify
an
d
ar
ticu
late
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
d
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
ev
alu
ates
a
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
cr
ea
tiv
ity
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
v
ia
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ile
id
ea
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
o
w
well
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
co
n
v
er
t id
ea
s
in
to
ac
tio
n
ab
le
p
lan
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
is
t o
f
item
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
S
u
b
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
To
t
a
l
o
f
i
t
e
ms
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
b
l
e
m f
i
n
d
i
n
g
6
F
a
c
t
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
5
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
5
I
d
e
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
I
d
e
a
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
8
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
8
I
d
e
a
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
7
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
i
n
g
7
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
46
2
.
2
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n o
f
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n pa
nels
E
x
p
er
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
an
d
s
k
illed
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
ls
wh
o
h
a
v
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
e
x
p
e
r
tis
e
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
ield
,
allo
win
g
th
e
m
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
in
th
at
d
o
m
ain
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
.
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
o
r
p
an
el
s
tu
d
ies
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
r
ef
lectin
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
c
o
n
tex
t
u
al
n
ee
d
s
.
Am
ir
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
15
]
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eliab
le
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
iv
e
r
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
b
ias.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
t
h
at
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
m
ay
b
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
to
p
ics
[
19
]
,
[
20
]
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
e
L
awsh
e
co
n
ten
t v
alid
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
ju
s
t n
ee
d
s
f
o
u
r
ex
p
e
r
ts
at
th
e
v
er
y
least.
R
esear
ch
b
y
[
21
]
,
[
22
]
s
u
g
g
est
a
f
lex
ib
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
to
10
ex
p
er
ts
p
er
ca
teg
o
r
y
to
b
ala
n
ce
in
clu
s
iv
ity
with
m
an
ag
ea
b
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
id
ea
l
ex
p
er
t
p
a
n
el
s
ize
is
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
b
y
t
o
p
ic
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
ex
p
er
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es,
g
en
er
ally
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
at
least
6
an
d
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
10
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ei
g
h
t
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
f
ield
ex
p
er
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
ty
p
ically
h
av
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
jo
b
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
as
well
as
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
ield
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
an
d
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
at
n
atio
n
al
o
r
wo
r
ld
wid
e
s
em
in
ar
s
[
23
]
–
[
25
]
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ts
ass
is
t
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
to
wh
ich
th
e
in
s
tr
u
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1
2
3
4
P
r
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b
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m
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c
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g
n
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t
i
o
n
P
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l
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m
f
i
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d
i
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g
1.
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
e
mp
a
t
h
y
(
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
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d
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e
l
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g
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a
n
o
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h
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r
)
o
n
u
s
e
r
s
’
n
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e
d
s
2.
S
e
l
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c
t
p
r
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mi
s
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n
g
p
r
o
sp
e
c
t
s wi
t
h
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l
e
v
a
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t
j
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t
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f
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c
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t
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n
3.
R
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c
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g
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4.
D
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p
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c
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ses
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5.
I
d
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ssu
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r
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6.
S
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F
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S
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1
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.
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1
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2
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2
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.
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4
1
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3
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5
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s fr
o
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y
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6
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sca
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s
2
.
3
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Sa
m
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pert
pa
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y
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[
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[
29
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x
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C
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Ex
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.
18
E2
A
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
:
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n
t
l
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c
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,
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p
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d
a
ssess
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s
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t
s’
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n
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t
s
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D
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M
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h
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E
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g
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g
,
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p
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c
h
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.
17
E3
A
l
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c
t
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r
:
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n
t
l
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t
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a
c
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M
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E
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.
16
E4
A
l
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c
t
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r
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r
:
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n
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l
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t
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a
c
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s’
f
i
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y
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.
D
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p
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El
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En
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.
15
E5
A
l
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c
t
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r
:
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t
l
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a
c
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,
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ssess
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t
u
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n
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s’
f
i
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a
l
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y
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r
p
r
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j
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c
t
s
.
D
e
p
a
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t
me
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t
o
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C
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v
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l
En
g
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e
e
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p
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h
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c
.
15
E6
A
d
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t
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a
t
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h
o
l
d
e
r
a
n
d
l
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c
t
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r
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r
:
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.
18
E7
A
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
:
p
sy
c
h
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w
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me
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t
.
S
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t
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r
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r
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n
p
u
b
l
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si
t
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.
18
E8
A
c
i
v
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l
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n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
l
e
c
t
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x
p
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p
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n
t
a
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d
st
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d
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n
t
a
ssessm
e
n
t
.
H
e
a
d
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s,
u
n
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,
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v
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,
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n
p
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e
c
h
n
i
c
.
18
2
.
4
.
Q
ua
ntif
ic
a
t
io
n o
f
co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
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o
u
tlin
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e
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e
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u
s
ed
to
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an
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te
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v
alid
ity
f
o
r
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
u
b
r
ic
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
p
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
two
k
ey
m
etr
ics:
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
an
d
k
ap
p
a
s
tat
is
tics
,
wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
item
r
elev
a
n
ce
a
n
d
ex
p
er
t a
g
r
ee
m
en
t.
2
.
4
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
ind
ex
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
n
s
u
ltin
g
a
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
C
VI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
to
ass
es
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
o
s
e
in
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
1
]
–
[3
3
].
C
VI
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ts
o
n
item
s
’
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
e
C
VI
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ate
d
eith
er
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
item
-
lev
el
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(I
-
C
VI
)
o
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
tire
s
ca
le
-
lev
el
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(S
-
C
VI
)
.
T
h
e
I
-
C
VI
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
wh
o
co
n
s
id
er
a
n
item
r
elev
an
t,
wh
ile
th
e
S
-
C
VI
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
av
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
all
th
e
I
-
C
VI
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
item
s
in
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
e
C
VI
is
to
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ass
ess
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
item
s
,
as
a
g
r
o
u
p
,
c
ap
tu
r
e
th
e
in
ten
d
e
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
o
elim
in
ate
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
n
eu
tr
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
is
u
til
ized
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
r
atin
g
s
:
1
=n
o
t
r
ele
v
an
t,
2
=so
m
ewh
at
r
elev
an
t,
3
=q
u
ite
r
ele
v
an
t,
an
d
4
=h
i
g
h
ly
r
ele
v
an
t.
B
ef
o
r
e
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
C
VI
,
it
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
r
ef
o
r
m
at
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
r
atin
g
s
b
y
ass
ig
n
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
t
o
s
co
r
es
o
f
3
o
r
4
,
a
n
d
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
to
s
co
r
es
o
f
1
o
r
2
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
C
VI
in
d
ices,
as
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
4
,
is
e
x
em
p
lifie
d
b
y
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
T
a
b
le
5
(
r
esu
lts
)
.
A
C
VI
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
with
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
d
en
o
tin
g
b
etter
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
S
-
C
VI
is
an
y
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
8
0
to
0
.
9
0
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
[3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
ju
d
g
es
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
at
least
an
8
0
%
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
o
r
n
ewly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ea
ch
ite
m
ar
e
as:
an
I
-
C
VI
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
7
9
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
th
e
item
i
s
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
itab
le.
Sh
o
u
ld
th
e
I
-
C
VI
f
all
with
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
7
0
t
o
0
.
7
9
,
t
h
e
item
n
ec
ess
itates
r
e
v
is
io
n
.
An
I
-
C
VI
b
elo
w
0
.
7
0
lead
s
to
th
e
item
b
ein
g
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
s
ettin
g
th
e
I
-
C
VI
at
1
.
0
0
f
o
r
ca
s
es
in
v
o
lv
in
g
f
iv
e
o
r
f
ewe
r
ju
d
g
es.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
I
-
C
VI
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
f
all
b
elo
w
0
.
7
8
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
with
6
o
r
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
I
-
C
VI
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
least
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
0
7
-
4
3
1
9
4312
0
.
7
8
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
ix
o
r
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
ig
o
r
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
lay
s
o
u
t a
d
ef
in
itiv
e
g
u
i
d
e
f
o
r
r
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ex
p
er
t c
r
itiq
u
es.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
VI
c
alcu
latio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
6
]
C
V
I
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
F
o
r
mu
l
a
I
-
C
V
I
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
a
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
3
o
r
4
.
I
-
C
V
I
=
(
a
g
r
e
e
d
i
t
e
m)
/
(
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
)
S
-
C
V
I
/
A
v
e
(
sca
l
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
me
t
h
o
d
)
Th
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
-
C
V
I
sco
r
e
s
f
o
r
a
l
l
i
t
e
ms
o
n
t
h
e
sca
l
e
o
r
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
j
u
d
g
e
d
b
y
a
l
l
e
x
p
e
r
t
s.
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
i
s
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
b
y
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
t
.
S
-
C
V
I
/
A
v
e
=
(
su
m
o
f
I
-
C
V
I
sco
r
e
s)
/
(
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
m)
S
-
C
V
I
/
A
v
e
=
(
su
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
)
/
(
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
)
T
ab
le
5
.
I
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
k
ap
p
a
s
tatis
tic
co
ef
f
icien
t
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
6
]
K
a
p
p
a
v
a
l
u
e
s
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
7
4
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
0
.
6
t
o
0
.
7
4
G
o
o
d
0
.
4
0
t
o
0
.
5
9
F
a
i
r
2
.
4
.
2
.
K
a
pp
a
T
h
e
C
VI
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
c
o
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
ch
a
n
ce
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
it i
s
a
d
v
is
ab
le
to
em
p
lo
y
b
o
th
t
h
e
C
VI
a
n
d
th
e
m
u
lti
-
r
a
ter
k
ap
p
a
s
tatis
tic
in
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
r
esear
ch
[
39
]
.
T
h
e
k
a
p
p
a
s
tatis
tic,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
C
VI
,
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
ch
a
n
ce
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t,
a
p
o
in
t
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
40
]
,
[
41
]
.
As
an
in
d
ex
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t a
m
o
n
g
r
ater
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
f
o
r
ch
a
n
ce
,
th
e
k
a
p
p
a
s
tatis
tic
o
f
f
er
s
cr
u
cial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ex
ten
t o
f
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t th
at
s
u
r
p
ass
es m
er
e
ch
an
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
it a
n
ess
en
tial c
o
m
p
lem
en
t to
th
e
C
VI
.
First,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
a
n
d
o
m
co
n
co
r
d
an
ce
f
o
r
ev
er
y
item
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
k
ap
p
a
s
tatis
tic.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
1
)
:
PC
=
[
N
!
/
A
!
(
N
−
A
)
!
]
∗
5N
(
1
)
h
er
e
,
N
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
p
a
n
e
l,
wh
ile
A
d
en
o
tes
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
n
elis
ts
wh
o
b
eliev
e
th
e
item
is
r
elev
an
t.
A
f
ter
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
I
-
C
VI
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
t
h
e
k
ap
p
a
v
alu
e
was
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
2
)
:
K
=
(
I
−
C
VI
−
Pc
)
/
(
1
−
Pc
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
,
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ch
an
ce
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t (
Pc
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
Pc
an
d
I
-
C
VI
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
C
VI
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
.
T
h
e
k
a
p
p
a
ev
alu
atio
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T
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E3
E4
E5
E6
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.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
37
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
8
5
0
.
6
3
0
.
2
1
8
7
5
0
0
.
5
2
38
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
39
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
8
7
0
.
8
8
0
.
0
3
1
2
5
0
0
.
8
7
40
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
41
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
42
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
8
5
0
.
6
3
0
.
2
1
8
7
5
0
0
.
5
2
43
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
7
0
.
8
8
0
.
0
3
1
2
5
0
0
.
8
7
44
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
45
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
46
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
3
9
0
6
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
S
-
C
V
I
(
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
0
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
.
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
P
c
=
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
.
T
h
e
I
-
C
VI
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
item
r
ele
v
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
wh
ile
k
ap
p
a
s
co
r
es e
v
alu
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
at
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
b
ey
o
n
d
ch
an
ce
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t [
42
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
m
etr
ics
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
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8
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14
,
No
.
6
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Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
4
3
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3
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4314
g
u
id
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r
esear
c
h
er
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in
m
ak
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f
o
r
m
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d
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io
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a
b
o
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t
w
h
ich
item
s
to
r
etain
,
r
ev
is
e,
o
r
r
em
o
v
e,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
v
alid
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d
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eliab
le
ass
es
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m
ea
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o
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ativ
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am
o
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p
o
ly
tech
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ic
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ee
r
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g
s
tu
d
en
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h
is
r
ig
o
r
o
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s
r
ef
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em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
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tial
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o
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en
s
u
r
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g
th
at
th
e
r
u
b
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ic
ac
c
u
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atel
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tu
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th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
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atu
r
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jecti
v
es
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
3
]
,
[
44
].
I
tem
s
with
an
I
-
C
VI
o
f
1
.
0
0
(
item
s
1
,
4
,
9
,
an
d
1
4
)
also
h
av
e
a
k
ap
p
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
p
er
f
ec
t
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
b
ey
o
n
d
ch
an
ce
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
i
tem
6
h
as
a
v
er
y
l
o
w
k
a
p
p
a
v
alu
e
(
0
.
2
0
)
d
u
e
to
b
o
th
its
lo
w
I
-
C
VI
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ch
an
ce
ag
r
e
em
en
t.
T
h
e
k
ap
p
a
s
tatis
tic
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
item
s
was
with
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
.
2
0
to
1
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
r
ev
ea
l
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
s
ig
h
ts
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
its
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
Ou
t
o
f
1
6
item
s
ass
ess
ed
,
1
0
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em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
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elev
an
ce
with
I
-
C
VI
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
9
a
n
d
f
av
o
r
ab
le
k
a
p
p
a
s
tati
s
tics
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
6
item
s
(
1
7
,
1
8
,
2
2
,
2
3
,
2
8
,
an
d
2
9
)
ex
h
i
b
ited
lo
wer
I
-
C
VI
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
8
to
0
.
7
5
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
f
u
r
th
er
r
ev
is
io
n
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
3
o
f
th
ese
item
s
h
ad
k
ap
p
a
s
tatis
tics
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
elo
w
0
.
4
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
t
h
eir
in
clu
s
io
n
co
u
l
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic.
T
h
e
S
-
C
VI
f
o
r
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
u
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
p
o
ten
tial
is
s
u
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
ev
er
al
lo
w
-
s
co
r
in
g
item
s
.
A
h
ig
h
er
S
-
C
VI
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
in
ten
d
e
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
;
h
o
wev
er
,
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
item
s
ca
n
d
etr
ac
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
o
v
er
all
m
ea
s
u
r
e
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
item
in
clu
s
io
n
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
r
e
m
ain
s
a
r
eliab
le
to
o
l f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
also
r
e
v
ea
led
th
a
t
item
s
with
h
ig
h
I
-
C
VI
s
co
r
e
s
,
b
u
t
lo
w
k
ap
p
a
v
alu
es
war
r
a
n
t
f
u
r
th
er
s
cr
u
tin
y
.
Su
ch
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wh
ile
th
er
e
m
a
y
b
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
an
item
’
s
r
elev
an
ce
am
o
n
g
ex
p
er
ts
,
th
is
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
g
en
u
in
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
e
asu
r
ed
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
by
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
I
-
C
VI
an
d
k
a
p
p
a
s
tatis
tics
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
ef
in
in
g
t
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
it a
cc
u
r
ately
r
ef
lects in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
9
ite
m
s
(
2
,
6,
1
1
,
2
2
,
2
3
,
2
8
,
2
9
,
3
7
,
an
d
4
2
)
wer
e
u
ltima
tely
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
ex
p
e
r
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
less
th
an
8
0
%
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
)
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
is
cr
itical
b
ec
au
s
e
r
etain
in
g
item
s
lac
k
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
v
alid
atio
n
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t
an
d
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
to
en
h
an
ce
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
eir
r
em
o
v
al
is
th
at
item
s
lack
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
at
least
8
0
%
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
o
r
ir
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
its
o
v
er
all
co
n
te
n
t v
alid
ity
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
8
].
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
s
ev
er
al
item
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
clar
ity
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
cy
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
L
o
r
en
zo
-
Sev
a
a
n
d
Fer
r
an
d
o
[
49
]
e
m
p
h
asized
th
at
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
m
in
im
ize
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
I
za
h
et
a
l.
[5
0
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
item
an
aly
s
is
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ca
n
m
in
im
i
ze
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
test
s
ar
e
b
o
th
r
eliab
le
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
item
1
7
(
g
e
n
er
ates
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
u
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
id
ea
s
b
ef
o
r
e
n
ar
r
o
win
g
d
o
wn
th
e
o
p
ti
o
n
s
)
an
d
item
1
8
(
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
k
ill
in
s
elec
t
in
g
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t)
wer
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
af
ter
ex
p
er
ts
n
o
ted
th
eir
s
im
ilar
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
ea
c
h
item
d
i
s
tin
ctly
ass
es
s
es
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
as
p
ec
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
w
ith
o
u
t
o
v
e
r
lap
[
5
1
]
.
Desp
ite
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
C
VI
s
co
r
e,
item
3
3
(
e
x
p
lain
cl
ea
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
g
o
als in
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
s
tep
s
)
was f
lag
g
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
t f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
item
m
ay
n
o
t a
lig
n
w
ell
with
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t w
ith
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t to
o
l.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
item
r
e
f
in
em
en
t
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
3
5
-
item
r
u
b
r
ic
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ately
ass
ess
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
am
o
n
g
p
o
ly
t
ec
h
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
9
.
B
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
b
o
th
I
-
C
VI
an
d
k
ap
p
a
an
aly
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
n
o
t
o
n
ly
alig
n
s
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
b
u
t
al
s
o
m
ee
ts
p
r
ac
tical
v
alid
atio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tex
ts
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
].
T
ab
le
9.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
item
am
en
d
m
en
ts
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
I
t
e
m
n
u
mb
e
r
To
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
i
t
e
ms
R
e
ma
i
n
R
e
v
i
s
e
(
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
)
R
e
m
o
v
e
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
1,
3,
4,
6,
7,
8,
9,
1
0
,
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
5
,
16
2,
5,
11
13
I
d
e
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
9
,
2
0
,
2
1
,
2
4
,
2
5
,
2
6
,
2
7
,
3
0
,
3
1
,
32
1
7
a
n
d
18
2
2
,
2
3
,
2
8
,
29
11
I
d
e
a
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
3
4
,
3
5
,
3
6
,
3
8
,
3
9
,
4
0
,
4
1
,
4
3
,
4
4
,
4
5
,
46
3
3
,
3
7
,
42
11
To
t
a
l
r
e
ma
i
n
i
n
g
i
t
e
ms
35
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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8
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2
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C
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r
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(
N
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is
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C
h
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Dera
s
id
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4315
C
o
n
tex
tu
ally
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
u
b
r
ics in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es c
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
iases
,
u
n
d
er
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
s
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
B
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
5
6
]
;
in
v
o
lv
in
g
ex
p
er
t
r
e
v
iew
an
d
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
e
d
u
c
at
o
r
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
Fo
r
e
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
th
e
v
al
id
at
ed
r
u
b
r
ic
s
e
r
v
es
as
a
r
el
iab
le
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
e
v
al
u
at
in
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
f
o
s
te
r
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
t
o
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
a
li
g
n
s
wit
h
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
g
o
a
ls
.
I
t
all
o
ws
i
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
tar
g
ete
d
f
e
e
d
b
ac
k
b
ase
d
o
n
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
c
r
it
er
ia
,
u
lti
m
a
tel
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
te
ac
h
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tic
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
lea
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
F
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
th
ei
r
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
c
a
p
a
b
il
iti
es
ar
e
ass
ess
e
d
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
elf
-
r
e
f
le
cti
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
l
y
w
ith
t
h
ei
r
le
ar
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
es
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
lit
er
at
u
r
e
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
s
t
h
ese
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
,
Y
u
s
o
p
et
a
l
.
[5
7
]
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
a
t
c
l
ea
r
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
c
r
it
er
ia
ar
e
ess
en
t
ial
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
lea
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
es.
T
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
e
v
al
u
at
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
a
b
ili
ties
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
t
h
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
in
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
l
ea
r
n
in
g
.
F
u
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
B
r
o
o
k
h
a
r
t
et
a
l.
[5
8
]
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
at
u
s
i
n
g
r
u
b
r
i
cs
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
b
o
o
s
ts
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
an
d
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
I
t
als
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
ases
in
te
r
est
i
n
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
li
te
r
at
u
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
item
s
with
lo
w
I
-
C
VI
s
co
r
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
b
u
t
also
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
at
it
s
tay
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
d
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
p
er
tin
en
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
p
h
o
ld
in
g
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
m
ak
i
n
g
ce
r
tain
th
at
th
ey
tr
u
ly
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
il
ities
[
59
]
.
T
o
s
u
m
u
p
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
v
alid
ated
to
o
l
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es
b
o
th
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
As
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
s
ee
k
g
r
ad
u
ates
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
cr
e
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
licat
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ass
ess
m
e
n
t r
u
b
r
ic
will b
e
ess
en
tial in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
u
p
c
o
m
in
g
ch
allen
g
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
in
ass
ess
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
u
b
r
ic
is
a
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
k
e
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
—
p
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
id
ea
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
an
d
id
ea
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
e
x
p
er
t
r
e
v
ie
ws
an
d
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
-
C
VI
an
d
k
ap
p
a
s
tat
is
tics
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
e
x
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
m
o
s
t
item
s
,
with
an
o
v
er
all
S
-
C
VI
o
f
0
.
8
5
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
B
y
em
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
v
ali
d
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
S
-
C
VI
,
I
-
C
VI
,
an
d
k
ap
p
a
a
n
aly
s
is
,
we
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
at
th
e
item
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
alig
n
with
e
x
p
e
r
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
a
n
d
r
ef
lect
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
wi
th
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
s
et
f
o
r
th
in
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
u
b
r
ics
in
en
h
an
cin
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
q
u
ality
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
b
iases
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
B
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
ll
y
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
clea
r
cr
iter
ia,
th
is
r
u
b
r
ic
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
ten
tial
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
s
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
cr
ea
tiv
ity
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ef
in
in
g
item
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
to
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
n
in
e
item
s
th
a
t
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
ed
v
alid
ity
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
in
al
r
u
b
r
ic
r
em
ain
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
ca
r
ef
u
l
cu
r
atio
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
t
h
er
eb
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
its
p
r
a
ctica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Mo
v
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
,
o
n
ce
th
is
r
u
b
r
ic
is
f
in
alize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
h
ases
lik
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
atio
n
,
cr
iter
io
n
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
test
in
g
,
it
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
a
clea
r
,
f
o
c
u
s
ed
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
to
o
l.
T
h
is
to
o
l
will
b
e
v
ital
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
is
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
a
lig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
a
ls
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
a
h
ea
d
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
t
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
its
u
s
e
to
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
b
ey
o
n
d
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
s
ettin
g
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
Firstl
y
,
r
ely
in
g
o
n
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
u
b
jectiv
e
b
ias.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
e
f
f
o
r
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
d
iv
er
s
e
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
,
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
v
alu
ato
r
s
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
e
all
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
ile
th
e
S
-
C
VI
,
I
-
C
VI
,
an
d
k
a
p
p
a
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
s
tatis
t
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
ad
d
r
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o
th
er
asp
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ts
o
f
v
alid
ity
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s
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ch
as
cr
iter
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-
r
elate
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v
alid
ity
,
f
ac
e
v
alid
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,
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
lim
ited
to
c
o
n
ten
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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Vo
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14
,
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.
6
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
4
3
0
7
-
4
3
1
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4316
v
alid
atio
n
,
s
o
th
e
to
o
l
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
test
ed
f
o
r
h
o
w
well
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
in
p
r
ac
tice.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
to
o
l
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
p
o
ly
t
ec
h
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
to
o
th
e
r
d
is
ci
p
lin
es
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
—
p
r
o
b
lem
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
id
ea
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
an
d
id
ea
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
m
a
y
m
an
if
est
d
if
f
er
e
n
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
f
ield
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
th
e
to
o
l
’
s
co
n
ten
t
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
c
er
tain
item
s
,
wh
ile
s
tatis
t
ically
ju
s
tifie
d
,
m
ig
h
t
r
esu
lt
in
o
m
itti
n
g
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t c
ap
tu
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
etain
e
d
it
em
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
t
o
o
l
in
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
s
ettin
g
s
to
ass
ess
it
s
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
t
h
e
to
o
l
in
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
b
o
th
with
in
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
co
n
tex
ts
,
will
h
elp
d
eter
m
in
e
its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
r
if
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
r
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
to
o
l.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
alo
n
g
s
id
e
ex
is
tin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
eir
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
an
aly
zin
g
h
o
w
well
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
r
elativ
e
to
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
ea
tiv
ity
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Gath
er
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
’
s
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
im
p
ac
t is en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
to
ass
ess
its
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
clar
ity
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
it
as
a
class
r
o
o
m
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
l.
B
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
ese
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
p
ap
er
ca
n
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
a
clea
r
p
ath
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
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