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[
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4
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1
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[
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B
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lity
tr
aits
in
f
lu
en
ce
E
FD
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
asp
ir
in
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
?
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
aler
tn
ess
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es p
ass
io
n
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
te
n
d
s
to
f
ill
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
t
o
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
as
it
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
in
an
ce
th
eo
r
ies
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ased
o
n
p
u
r
el
y
r
ati
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
q
u
a
n
titativ
e,
th
at
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
a
n
y
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
wh
o
id
en
tifie
s
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
th
e
r
ea
f
ter
s
ec
u
r
es
f
in
an
cin
g
t
o
r
ea
lize
t
h
em
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
u
an
ce
d
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ics
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
in
to
h
o
w
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ar
e
p
o
ten
tially
co
m
p
le
x
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
u
al
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
aler
tn
es
s
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
p
ass
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
en
h
an
ce
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
u
cc
ess
ar
e:
i)
i
n
teg
r
ate
p
er
s
o
n
alit
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
tr
ain
in
g
in
to
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
;
ii)
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
to
r
s
h
i
p
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
tr
ait
wea
k
n
ess
es;
iii)
r
eth
in
k
f
u
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
cr
iter
ia
to
p
r
io
r
itize
q
u
alitativ
e
tr
aits
lik
e
p
ass
io
n
a
n
d
aler
tn
ess
;
iv
)
i
m
p
lem
en
t
ea
r
ly
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
eq
u
ip
asp
ir
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
;
an
d
v
)
a
d
d
r
es
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
u
cc
ess
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
E
ntr
epre
neuria
l
f
ina
nci
ng
decisi
o
n
T
h
e
E
FD
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
n
ew
v
en
tu
r
es
as
th
ey
d
eter
m
in
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
in
itiativ
e
s
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ap
p
ly
to
a
wid
e
ar
r
a
y
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
’
s
r
is
k
ap
p
etite
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
to
m
a
r
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics
[
2
8
]
an
d
th
e
ex
ac
t
f
in
an
cin
g
n
e
ed
s
o
f
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Per
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
lik
e
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
(
C
S)
an
d
o
p
e
n
n
ess
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
OE
)
,
af
f
ec
t
th
ese
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
as
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
’
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
itio
n
to
r
is
k
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
ased
o
n
em
p
ir
ical
f
ac
ts
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
eliev
es
th
at
wis
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
elatin
g
to
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
f
in
an
cin
g
m
a
y
f
ac
ilit
ate
ac
ce
s
s
to
ca
p
ital,
b
u
ild
b
r
id
g
es
with
b
u
y
er
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
th
e
en
ter
p
r
is
e
’
s
f
u
tu
r
e
.
T
h
is
m
ak
e
s
it o
n
e
o
f
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
illar
ar
ea
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
2
.
2
.
B
ig
F
iv
e
perso
na
lity
t
ra
it
s
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
—
OE
,
CS
,
ex
t
r
av
er
s
io
n
(
E
V)
,
ag
r
ee
a
b
len
ess
(
AG)
,
a
n
d
n
eu
r
o
ticis
m
(
NE
)
—
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
E
ac
h
tr
ait
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
h
o
w
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
,
m
an
a
g
e
r
is
k
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
in
v
esto
r
s
.
B
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
ese
tr
aits
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
et
ter
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
’
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
f
in
a
n
cin
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
th
eir
v
en
tu
r
es
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
th
ese
tr
aits
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
O
penn
ess
t
o
ex
perienc
e
(
O
E
)
T
h
e
OE
r
ef
er
s
to
h
o
w
cu
r
io
u
s
,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
willin
g
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
is
to
tr
y
n
ew
id
ea
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
3
6
]
–
[
39
]
.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
h
ig
h
in
th
is
tr
ait
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
A
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
o
p
e
n
n
ess
am
o
n
g
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
u
n
o
r
th
o
d
o
x
m
ea
n
s
o
f
f
in
an
ci
n
g
(
e.
g
.
,
cr
o
wd
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
v
en
tu
r
e
ca
p
ital)
an
d
an
a
b
ilit
y
to
em
b
r
ac
e
all
ty
p
es
o
f
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
its
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ev
alu
ate
n
ew
p
r
ac
tice
m
eth
o
d
s
with
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
o
p
en
n
ess
.
T
h
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
en
ab
les
th
em
to
ass
es
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
in
a
n
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
f
u
n
d
th
eir
v
en
tu
r
es e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Co
ns
cient
io
us
ne
s
s
(
CS
)
T
h
e
C
S
is
a
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
o
f
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
[
4
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Awwa
d
an
d
Al
-
Aseer
[
4
3
]
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
atien
ce
,
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
an
d
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
g
o
als.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
d
r
awn
to
ca
r
ee
r
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
an
d
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
e
n
g
ag
e
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
CS
ar
e
h
ar
d
wo
r
k
in
g
,
am
b
itio
u
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
4
4
-
4
7
5
7
4746
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
t,
f
u
ele
d
b
y
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
eliev
ed
CS
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
alu
ab
le
in
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
wh
er
e
m
ak
i
n
g
s
o
u
n
d
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
ilig
en
ce
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
o
als.
Do
n
n
elly
e
a
l.
[4
4
]
b
eliev
ed
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
r
es
o
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
also
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etailed
b
u
s
in
ess
p
lan
s
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asts
wh
en
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
eir
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
.
T
h
is
tr
ait
ap
p
ea
ls
to
p
o
ten
tial
in
v
esto
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
u
s
u
ally
p
r
ep
ar
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
lan
s
an
d
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
.
Su
ch
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
also
ten
d
to
m
ak
e
r
ea
s
o
n
e
d
a
n
d
ca
lcu
lated
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
lead
in
g
t
o
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
ac
tices.
2
.
2
.
3
.
E
x
t
ra
v
er
s
io
n
(
E
V)
T
h
e
E
V
is
a
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
v
ar
iatio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
o
ciab
ilit
y
,
ass
er
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
ality
[
4
5
]
.
I
t
is
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
e
x
tr
o
v
e
r
ts
to
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
t
h
eir
m
ess
ag
e
wh
ile
s
till
g
ettin
g
alo
n
g
wit
h
an
y
o
n
e
[
4
6
]
.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
with
ex
tr
av
er
ted
ten
d
en
cies
ar
e
ad
e
p
t
at
b
u
ild
i
n
g
ties
o
f
f
r
ien
d
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
with
p
o
te
n
tial
in
v
esto
r
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
eir
g
o
o
d
co
m
p
an
y
-
lo
v
in
g
n
atu
r
e
e
n
ab
les
th
em
to
co
n
v
ey
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
id
ea
s
p
er
s
u
asiv
ely
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
f
in
an
cin
g
[
4
7
]
.
Ad
d
i
n
g
to
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
th
is
way
wo
u
ld
g
iv
e
th
em
m
o
r
e
m
o
n
e
y
to
s
p
en
d
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
p
r
o
jects.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
with
ex
tr
o
v
e
r
ted
ten
d
en
cies
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
m
ain
tain
ad
eq
u
ate
f
in
a
n
cial
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
cc
ess
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
].
2
.
2
.
4
.
Ag
re
ea
blenes
s
(
AG
)
T
h
e
AG
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ten
d
en
c
y
to
co
n
cu
r
with
o
t
h
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
o
th
er
s
h
ig
h
in
au
t
h
o
r
ity
[
49
].
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
J
ian
g
et
a
l.
[5
0
]
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
AG
d
o
m
in
ates
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
wh
ich
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
a
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ait
u
s
ed
wh
e
n
m
ak
in
g
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Sin
g
h
an
d
B
asri
[
5
1
]
s
tated
th
at
AG
s
ee
m
s
to
h
av
e
c
o
m
p
lex
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
cc
ess
,
with
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
in
ce
r
tain
ar
ea
s
.
I
t
d
o
es
h
elp
in
b
u
ild
in
g
team
wo
r
k
[
5
1
]
,
b
u
t
t
o
o
m
u
ch
AG
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
in
co
m
p
etitio
n
.
AG
en
h
an
ce
s
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
jo
in
t
f
in
an
ci
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
b
u
t
to
o
m
u
ch
AG
am
o
n
g
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
m
ay
lead
to
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
elie
v
ed
th
at
th
is
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
th
e
m
to
m
is
s
o
u
t
o
n
lu
cr
ativ
e
ter
m
s
f
r
o
m
in
v
esto
r
s
o
r
len
d
er
s
,
s
in
ce
b
ein
g
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
is
o
f
ten
th
e
n
a
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
am
e.
T
h
u
s
,
a
m
o
d
er
ate
AG
lev
el
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
tr
av
er
s
e
f
in
an
cin
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
es
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
Neuro
t
icis
m
(
NE
)
T
h
e
NE
r
ef
er
s
to
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
war
d
s
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
a
n
x
iety
.
NE
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
m
o
d
er
atin
g
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
s
tar
tu
p
’
s
s
u
cc
ess
th
an
CS
,
AG
,
o
r
OE
[5
1
]
.
Fach
r
u
d
in
an
d
L
atif
ah
[
5
2
]
s
tated
th
at
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
NE
ten
d
to
r
esp
o
n
d
p
o
o
r
ly
to
s
t
r
ess
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
NE
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
en
d
m
ak
es
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
in
s
ec
u
r
e,
in
d
ec
is
iv
e,
an
d
f
ea
r
f
u
l
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
wh
en
m
ak
in
g
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Neu
r
o
tic
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
will
lik
ely
m
i
s
s
f
u
n
d
r
aisi
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
f
ea
r
tak
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
is
k
s
.
Fach
r
u
d
in
an
d
L
atif
ah
[
5
2
]
al
s
o
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
n
eu
r
o
tic
tr
aits
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
f
in
an
cial
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
a
n
ag
in
g
n
e
u
r
o
tic
ten
d
en
cies
ca
n
lead
to
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
r
esu
lts
.
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
illu
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
a
cto
r
s
af
f
ec
t
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
tr
aits
ca
n
m
ak
e
f
in
an
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ea
s
ier
,
s
u
ch
as
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
o
p
e
n
n
ess
an
d
CS
,
s
o
m
e
tr
ait
s
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
l
ev
els
o
f
NE
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
eir
wea
k
n
ess
es,
g
ettin
g
th
em
o
n
with
s
ee
k
in
g
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
eir
s
u
cc
ess
.
2
.
3
.
E
ntr
epre
neuria
l
a
lert
nes
s
R
o
u
n
d
y
et
a
l.
[5
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
aler
tn
es
s
(
E
A)
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
to
p
ic
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
r
esear
ch
,
as
it
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
b
u
s
in
ess
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
.
R
o
u
n
d
y
et
a
l.
[5
3
]
also
b
elie
v
ed
th
at
EA
ca
n
b
e
v
ital
in
i
d
en
tify
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
v
o
lv
in
g
ea
r
ly
-
s
tag
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
T
h
e
b
r
o
ad
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
EA
d
escr
i
b
es
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
an
d
d
is
ce
r
n
p
o
ten
tial
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
in
a
m
ar
k
et
co
n
tex
t,
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
v
er
y
b
asis
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
I
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
’
s
s
k
ill
in
s
ee
k
in
g
an
d
g
ath
e
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
n
r
elate
d
d
ata,
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
itab
le
b
u
s
in
ess
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
en
tal
in
clin
atio
n
in
clu
d
es
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
m
ar
k
et
v
o
id
s
,
an
aly
zin
g
em
er
g
in
g
p
a
tter
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
is
p
ar
a
te
d
ata
to
g
en
er
ate
n
o
v
el
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
A
h
y
p
er
v
ig
ilan
t
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
ju
s
t
q
u
ick
ly
id
en
tify
an
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
;
th
ey
ass
es
s
it
s
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
eli
ev
ed
th
at
EA
,
if
h
ar
n
ess
ed
,
en
ab
les
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
to
m
ak
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
c
h
an
ce
s
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
cc
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
ig
F
ive
p
ers
o
n
a
lity tra
its
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l fin
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
mo
n
g
Ma
la
ysia
n
…
(
Yin
g
Yin
g
Lim
)
4747
2
.
4
.
E
ntr
epre
neuria
l
p
a
s
s
io
n
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
(
E
P)
p
lay
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
b
o
th
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
an
em
o
tio
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t
f
o
r
an
e
x
u
b
e
r
an
t
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
u
r
s
u
it
[
5
6
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
is
o
f
ten
d
r
iv
en
b
y
p
ass
io
n
,
cr
u
ci
al
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
tar
tin
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
,
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
’
s
r
eso
lv
e
an
d
s
tick
-
to
-
it
-
iv
en
ess
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
o
r
u
n
p
lan
n
e
d
tim
es
[
59
]
–
[
6
1
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
p
ass
io
n
ate
ab
o
u
t
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
will
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
tim
e
a
n
d
m
o
n
e
y
o
n
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
Usu
ally
,
wh
en
a
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
is
p
ar
tn
er
e
d
with
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
it
lead
s
t
o
in
v
en
tio
n
a
n
d
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
o
l
v
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
[
59
]
,
[
60
].
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ex
citem
e
n
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
ar
ticu
late
th
eir
v
is
io
n
s
t
o
p
o
ten
tial
in
v
esto
r
s
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
n
d
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
o
u
g
h
t
o
u
t
[
6
2
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
p
ass
io
n
with
EA
h
elp
s
in
well
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ass
io
n
ate
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
an
t
with
em
e
r
g
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
m
a
r
k
et
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
EP
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
cc
ess
,
as
th
is
ca
taly
ze
s
th
e
ex
er
cise o
f
th
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lev
els o
f
d
e
d
icatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
2
.
5
.
Co
ncept
ua
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
(
OE
,
CS
,
EV
,
AG
,
an
d
NE
)
o
n
E
FD
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
k
ey
p
r
em
is
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
is
m
ed
iated
b
y
EA
,
wh
ic
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
to
d
is
co
v
e
r
an
d
s
eize
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
B
esid
es,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
u
g
g
ests
EP
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
u
s
b
etwe
en
EA
an
d
E
FD
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
t
h
esizes
th
at
EP
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
aler
tn
ess
an
d
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
with
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
p
ass
io
n
will
b
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
ey
d
is
co
v
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
aler
tn
es
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t f
in
a
n
ci
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
2
.
6
.
H
y
po
t
hes
es
dev
elo
pm
ent
B
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
:
t
h
e
B
ig
F
iv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
E
FD
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
asp
ir
in
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
2
:
E
A
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
asp
ir
in
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
−
Hy
p
o
th
esis
3
:
p
ass
io
n
m
o
d
er
a
tes
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
asp
ir
in
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
with
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
4
8
5
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
asp
ir
e
to
b
ec
o
m
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
Ma
r
ch
an
d
Ma
y
2
0
2
3
,
an
d
th
e
u
n
it
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
wa
s
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
an
d
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
m
et
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
ite
r
ia.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
i
)
th
ey
wer
e
in
th
eir
f
in
al
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
;
ii
)
th
ey
p
lan
n
e
d
to
s
tar
t
u
p
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
v
en
tu
r
es;
iii
)
th
e
y
wer
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates,
g
r
a
d
u
at
ed
o
r
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
o
r
a
g
r
ad
u
ate
(
e.
g
.
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
f
in
a
n
ce
,
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
o
r
l
aw)
in
a
b
u
s
in
ess
-
r
elate
d
f
iel
d
;
iv
)
t
h
ey
h
ad
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
r
u
n
n
in
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
o
r
s
tar
tu
p
p
r
o
ject
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
elem
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
;
an
d
v
)
th
e
y
wer
e
awa
r
e
o
f
e
q
u
ity
cr
o
wd
f
u
n
d
in
g
(
E
C
F)
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial/v
en
t
u
r
e
f
in
a
n
cin
g
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
en
a
b
led
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
s
elec
t
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
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M
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r
a
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g
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
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P
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r
so
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t
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r
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t
s
O
p
e
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t
o
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p
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r
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n
c
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C
o
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sc
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t
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Ex
t
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v
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A
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r
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En
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r
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r
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assi
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F
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D
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M
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v
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r
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p
r
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r
i
a
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l
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r
t
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e
ss
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
4
4
-
4
7
5
7
4748
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
attr
ib
u
tes,
h
o
n
i
n
g
in
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
en
u
in
ely
in
ter
ested
i
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ate
g
y
g
a
v
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
asp
ir
in
g
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
’
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
aler
tn
ess
lev
els.
I
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
o
f
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
o
f
th
eir
r
ig
h
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
o
r
with
d
r
aw
as
th
ey
s
aw
f
it,
u
s
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
o
th
er
s
wh
o
m
et
th
e
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
u
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
a
wid
er
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ice
s
f
r
o
m
with
in
th
is
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
was a
ls
o
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize.
As
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
to
o
ls
wer
e
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ec
tio
n
u
s
ed
a
n
o
m
in
al
s
ca
le
with
clo
s
e
-
en
d
ed
an
d
o
p
en
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
ed
a
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
2
=d
is
ag
r
ee
,
3
=so
m
ewh
at
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
4
=n
eith
e
r
ag
r
ee
n
o
r
d
is
ag
r
e
e,
5
=so
m
ew
h
at
ag
r
ee
,
6
=a
g
r
ee
,
an
d
7
=str
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
I
B
M
SP
SS
was
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
tial
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
Sm
ar
tPLS
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
was
ap
p
lied
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
ize
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
/
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
[6
3
]
–
[6
6
]
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
B
B
i
g
F
i
v
e
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
t
y
t
r
a
i
t
s:
OE
(
6
i
t
e
ms)
,
CS
(
5
i
t
e
ms)
,
EV
(
5
i
t
e
ms)
,
AG
(
5
i
t
e
m
s)
,
a
n
d
NE
(
5
i
t
e
ms)
[6
7
]
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
EA
(
6
i
t
e
ms)
[6
8
]
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
D
EP
(
4
i
t
e
ms)
[
69
]
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
E
EFD
(
8
i
t
e
ms)
[6
5
]
T
h
e
f
u
ll
c
o
llin
ea
r
ity
test
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
am
o
n
g
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
as
Ma
l
ek
n
ia
[
7
0
]
an
d
L
ian
g
et
a
l.
[
7
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
Sev
er
al
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
7
2
]
–
[
7
4
]
also
co
n
d
u
cted
th
is
test
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
f
o
r
all
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
well
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
5
[
7
1
]
,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
VI
F
b
ein
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
E
A
(
E
A=
3
.
5
0
3
)
.
So
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
all
th
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
co
r
r
elate
d
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
is
n
o
t
a
p
r
o
b
lem
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
at
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
s
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
,
a
n
d
th
at
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
esti
m
ated
.
T
h
u
s
,
as
p
e
r
th
e
test
r
esu
lts
,
n
o
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
a
n
d
all
v
ar
iab
les we
r
e
r
etain
ed
wh
en
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
u
r
th
er
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
aly
s
es in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fu
ll c
o
llin
ea
r
ity
test
in
g
AG
CS
EA
EP
EV
NE
OE
2
.
3
2
3
1
.
0
1
0
3
.
5
0
3
1
.
0
4
3
2
.
0
1
0
1
.
0
1
7
2
.
1
5
0
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
is
alm
o
s
t
b
alan
ce
d
in
g
en
d
er
,
with
5
0
.
7
%
(
n
=2
4
6
)
i
d
en
tify
in
g
as
m
ale
an
d
4
6
.
6
%
(
n
=2
2
6
)
as
f
em
ale.
A
m
in
o
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
.
7
%,
n
=1
3
)
ch
o
s
e
n
o
t
to
r
e
p
o
r
t
th
eir
g
en
d
er
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lack
ed
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
th
e
n
ea
r
-
eq
u
al
g
e
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
er
s
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
3
.
7
%,
n
=2
1
2
)
wer
e
2
3
to
2
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
e
d
2
0
to
2
2
(
2
4
.
3
%,
n
=1
1
8
)
ca
m
e
s
ec
o
n
d
.
A
lo
wer
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
2
6
-
3
0
y
e
ar
s
(
1
5
.
3
%,
n
=7
4
)
,
1
8
-
1
9
y
e
ar
s
(
1
2
.
0
%,
n
=5
8
)
,
an
d
>
3
0
y
ea
r
s
(
4
.
7
%,
n
=
2
3
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
t
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
asp
ir
e
to
b
e
co
m
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
in
th
eir
ea
r
ly
to
m
id
-
twe
n
ties
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
,
m
an
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
8
4
.
7
%,
n
=
4
1
1
)
wer
e
s
in
g
le.
7
.
2
%
(
n
=3
5
)
wer
e
in
a
n
o
n
m
ar
ital
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
th
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
m
ar
r
ied
,
an
d
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
e
r
wer
e
m
ar
r
ied
(
4
.
7
%,
n
=
2
3
)
.
A
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
3
.
3
%,
n
=1
6
)
ch
o
s
e
n
o
t
to
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
o
u
t
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ain
ly
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
cu
r
r
en
tly
m
ar
r
ied
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
m
o
s
t
s
u
b
jects
(
4
0
.
2
%,
n
=1
9
5
)
h
a
d
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
q
u
alif
icatio
n
w
as
a
d
ip
lo
m
a
(
2
6
.
8
%,
n
=
1
3
0
)
.
Ab
o
u
t
1
4
.
6
%
(
n
=7
1
)
h
el
d
a
m
aster
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
,
an
d
1
3
.
8
%
(
n
=
6
7
)
h
ad
c
o
m
p
leted
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
ies.
Fewer
,
ju
s
t
4
.
5
%
(
n
=2
2
)
,
h
a
d
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
Ph
.
D
.
o
r
d
o
cto
r
ate.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ts
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
o
f
ter
tiar
y
-
ed
u
ca
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
als with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
at
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
lev
el.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
k
ey
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
All
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
7
-
p
o
i
n
t
s
ca
les,
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
ea
ch
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ar
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le
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8
5
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
E
P,
h
ig
h
est
with
(
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4
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1
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.
4
9
)
,
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ten
d
to
h
av
e
in
tr
in
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ic
m
o
tiv
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n
an
d
en
th
u
s
iasm
in
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ac
tiv
ities
,
as
alig
n
ed
with
a
f
ew
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
[
7
5
]
–
[
7
8
]
.
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4
8
5
1
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
1
5
4
2
1
.
7
0
9
9
EP
4
8
5
1
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
7
1
4
9
1
.
4
8
7
0
EV
4
8
5
1
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
0
9
5
3
1
.
7
5
1
3
NE
4
8
5
1
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
3
.
9
4
0
2
1
.
6
3
6
0
OE
4
8
5
1
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
1
4
7
1
1
.
7
7
9
4
EFD
4
8
5
1
.
4
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
2
3
1
8
1
.
4
3
1
2
T
h
e
m
ea
n
was
4
.
1
7
(
SD=1
.
7
9
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
co
n
c
er
n
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
h
ar
m
o
n
y
o
n
th
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ay
s
h
o
w
th
at
ev
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
ar
e
ass
er
tiv
e,
th
ey
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
f
o
r
E
A
was
4
.
1
5
(
SD=1
.
7
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
c
ap
ac
ity
to
d
is
co
v
e
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
in
th
e
m
a
r
k
etp
lace
.
Op
e
n
t
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
also
h
ad
a
m
ea
n
o
f
4
.
1
5
(
SD=1
.
7
8
)
,
r
ef
lecti
n
g
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
o
p
en
to
lear
n
in
g
[
8
1
]
–
[
8
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
lev
el
o
f
E
V
was 4
.
1
0
(
SD=1
.
7
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
war
d
s
o
ciab
ilit
y
an
d
o
u
tg
o
in
g
n
ess
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
wid
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
w
h
ich
f
ac
ilit
ate
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
o
n
NE
(
M=
3
.
9
4
,
SD=1
.
6
4
)
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
r
elativ
ely
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
an
x
i
ety
p
r
o
n
en
ess
[
8
4
]
,
[
8
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
u
n
ter
i
n
tu
itiv
e,
lo
wer
NE
co
u
ld
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
wer
e
a
h
ar
d
y
class
o
r
in
d
ee
d
c
o
u
ld
b
e
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias ar
tifa
ct.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
’
v
al
id
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
All
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
h
ib
ited
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
h
ig
h
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
an
d
R
ay
k
o
v
’
s
r
h
o
_
c
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
7
0
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
v
a
lu
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
.
T
h
e
h
eter
o
tr
ait
-
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
r
atio
s
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Hen
s
eler
et
a
l.
[8
6
]
an
d
u
p
d
ated
b
y
Fra
n
k
e
an
d
Sar
s
ted
t
[
8
7
]
,
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
HT
MT
r
atio
s
f
u
lf
ill
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
s
in
ce
,
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
v
alu
es
ar
e
b
el
o
w
th
e
c
o
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
8
5
[
88
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ath
an
aly
s
is
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
b
iv
a
r
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
AG
an
d
EA
(
β=0
.
3
8
4
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
b
etwe
en
EA
a
n
d
E
FD
(
β=0
.
5
5
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
b
etwe
en
EV
an
d
EA
(
β=0
.
3
2
6
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
b
etwe
en
OE
an
d
EA
(
β=0
.
2
8
5
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
EA
ten
d
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ar
e
lo
wer
in
AG
,
EV
,
an
d
OE
,
a
n
d
th
a
t
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
EA
lead
to
b
etter
E
FD
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
CS
→
EA
(
β=0
.
0
1
2
,
p
=0
.
3
0
7
)
an
d
NE
→
EA
(
β=
-
0
.
0
1
6
,
p
=0
.
2
7
0
)
h
ad
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
4
4
-
4
7
5
7
4750
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
C
FA
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
s
r
h
o
_
c
AVE
AG
AG1
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
9
3
5
0
.
7
4
3
AG2
0
.
8
6
3
AG3
0
.
8
5
6
AG4
0
.
8
5
9
AG5
0
.
8
7
7
CS
C
S
1
0
.
7
1
4
0
.
8
8
9
0
.
6
1
7
C
S
2
0
.
8
1
1
C
S
3
0
.
8
3
3
C
S
4
0
.
8
3
8
C
S
5
0
.
7
2
4
EA
EA
1
0
.
8
4
2
0
.
9
2
6
0
.
7
1
5
EA
2
0
.
8
5
2
EA
4
0
.
8
4
9
EA
5
0
.
8
2
8
EA
6
0
.
8
5
5
EFD
EFD
1
0
.
7
7
9
0
.
8
8
4
0
.
6
0
4
EFD
2
0
.
7
9
6
EFD
4
0
.
7
7
2
EFD
6
0
.
7
6
6
EFD
7
0
.
7
7
1
EP
EP1
0
.
8
2
2
0
.
8
8
9
0
.
6
6
7
EP2
0
.
8
1
3
EP3
0
.
8
3
2
EP4
0
.
7
9
9
EV
EV
1
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
9
3
0
0
.
7
2
5
EV
2
0
.
8
3
6
EV
3
0
.
8
4
6
EV
4
0
.
8
5
3
EV
5
0
.
8
6
7
NE
N
E3
0
.
8
8
8
0
.
8
8
0
0
.
7
1
0
N
E4
0
.
8
3
1
N
E5
0
.
8
0
7
OE
O
E1
0
.
8
4
8
0
.
9
4
1
0
.
7
2
7
O
E2
0
.
8
4
6
O
E3
0
.
8
6
5
O
E4
0
.
8
4
7
O
E5
0
.
8
4
5
O
E6
0
.
8
6
5
N
o
t
e
:
f
e
w
i
t
e
ms w
e
r
e
d
e
l
e
t
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
l
o
w
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s (EA
3
,
EFD
3
,
EFD
5
,
EFD
8
,
N
E1
,
N
E
2
)
T
ab
le
6
.
HT
MT
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
AG
CS
EA
EFD
EP
EV
NE
OE
AG
CS
0
.
1
0
9
EA
0
.
8
1
5
0
.
1
0
6
EFD
0
.
5
6
5
0
.
2
0
6
0
.
7
1
8
EP
0
.
0
9
5
0
.
0
4
8
0
.
1
4
0
0
.
3
8
1
EV
0
.
5
9
6
0
.
0
8
4
0
.
7
7
1
0
.
6
2
0
0
.
2
0
7
NE
0
.
0
3
9
0
.
0
3
9
0
.
0
7
6
0
.
0
5
9
0
.
1
1
3
0
.
0
7
6
OE
0
.
6
7
8
0
.
0
8
3
0
.
7
7
7
0
.
5
9
1
0
.
1
4
8
0
.
6
1
5
0
.
0
9
6
T
ab
le
7
.
Path
an
al
y
s
is
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
B
e
t
a
M
e
a
n
SD
T
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
LL
UL
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
R
2
f
2
VIF
D
i
r
e
c
t
p
a
t
h
s
AG
-
>
EA
0
.
3
8
4
0
.
3
8
4
0
.
0
3
5
1
0
.
8
7
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
3
2
6
0
.
4
4
2
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
7
1
6
0
.
2
8
8
1
.
8
0
7
CS
-
>
EA
0
.
0
1
2
0
.
0
1
7
0
.
0
2
4
0
.
5
0
4
0
.
3
0
7
-
0
.
0
2
2
0
.
0
5
6
U
n
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
1
EA
-
>
EFD
0
.
5
5
2
0
.
5
5
3
0
.
0
3
0
1
8
.
6
1
8
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
5
0
3
0
.
6
0
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
4
9
7
0
.
5
7
9
1
.
0
4
9
EV
-
>
EA
0
.
3
2
6
0
.
3
2
7
0
.
0
3
0
1
1
.
0
5
3
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
2
7
7
0
.
3
7
4
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
2
3
3
1
.
6
0
7
NE
-
>
EA
-
0
.
0
1
6
-
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
2
6
0
.
6
1
4
0
.
2
7
0
-
0
.
0
6
2
0
.
0
2
6
U
n
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
0
1
0
OE
-
>
EA
0
.
2
8
5
0
.
2
8
3
0
.
0
3
6
7
.
9
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
2
2
4
0
.
3
4
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
1
5
3
1
.
8
6
9
M
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
s
AG
-
>
EA
-
>
EFD
0
.
2
1
2
0
.
2
1
3
0
.
0
2
3
9
.
3
7
4
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
1
7
6
0
.
2
5
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
CS
-
>
EA
-
>
EFD
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
0
9
0
.
0
1
3
0
.
5
0
2
0
.
3
0
8
-
0
.
0
1
2
0
.
0
3
1
U
n
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
EV
-
>
EA
-
>
EFD
0
.
1
8
0
0
.
1
8
1
0
.
0
2
0
9
.
1
4
7
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
1
4
9
0
.
2
1
4
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
NE
-
>
EA
-
>
EFD
-
0
.
0
0
9
-
0
.
0
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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d
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
ig
F
ive
p
ers
o
n
a
lity tra
its
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l fin
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
mo
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Ma
la
ysia
n
…
(
Yin
g
Yin
g
Lim
)
4751
As ap
p
lied
to
m
ed
iatio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
ir
ec
t r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
AG,
E
V,
a
n
d
OE
an
d
E
FD
wh
en
aler
tn
ess
i
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
t
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
AG
was
0
.
2
1
2
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
;
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5
%
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
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ter
v
al
(
C
I
)
[
0
.
1
7
6
,
0
.
2
5
0
]
)
,
t
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
V
was
0
.
1
8
0
(
p
<
0
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0
0
1
;
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
1
4
9
,
0
.
2
1
4
]
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
OE
was
0
.
1
5
7
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
;
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
1
2
2
,
0
.
1
9
2
]
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
with
h
ig
h
er
AG,
E
V,
an
d
OE
m
ak
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
FD
as
th
ey
ex
h
ib
it
g
r
ea
ter
E
A.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
C
S
an
d
NE
o
n
E
FD
v
ia
E
A
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
f
o
r
C
S:
0
.
0
0
7
,
p
=0
.
3
0
8
;
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
NE
was
(
-
0
.
0
0
9
,
p
=0
.
2
7
0
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
E
A
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ed
iate
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
ese
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ai
ts
an
d
E
FD.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
ai
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
lin
k
e
d
to
d
is
cip
lin
e
an
d
ca
u
tio
u
s
th
in
k
in
g
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
S
in
E
FD
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
lized
th
r
o
u
g
h
aler
tn
ess
.
I
f
th
ey
r
ely
o
n
in
tu
itio
n
o
r
h
av
e
estab
lis
h
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
wh
ic
h
th
ey
ca
n
d
r
aw
to
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
ca
n
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
aler
t,
e
v
en
if
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
ein
g
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
a
lo
w
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
is
k
an
d
av
o
id
a
n
ce
o
f
n
o
v
el
f
i
n
an
cial
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
y
c
o
u
ld
atten
u
ate
a
n
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t it
m
ay
h
a
v
e
h
a
d
o
n
ar
o
u
s
al.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
aly
s
is
also
in
d
icate
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
P
o
n
E
A
an
d
E
FD
(
β=0
.
2
4
9
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
;
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
1
8
5
,
0
.
3
0
9
]
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
A
an
d
E
FD is in
cr
ea
s
ed
wh
en
E
P is
h
ig
h
.
T
ab
le
8
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
p
r
ed
ict
(
PLS
-
p
r
e
d
ict)
an
aly
s
is
,
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
o
u
t
-
of
-
s
am
p
le
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
an
d
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les.
As
p
er
th
e
g
u
id
elin
e
o
f
Sh
m
u
eli
et
a
l
.
[
89
]
,
th
e
Q²
p
r
ed
ict
s
tatis
tic
m
u
s
t
f
ir
s
t
b
e
c
h
ec
k
ed
.
Q²
p
r
e
d
ict
>0
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
h
as
ad
eq
u
ate
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
o
f
s
am
p
le
[
90
]
.
T
h
e
Q²
p
r
ed
ict
f
o
r
E
A
at
th
e
in
d
icato
r
lev
el
r
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
7
4
an
d
0
.
5
3
0
.
Similar
ly
,
E
FD
Q²
at
t
h
e
in
d
icato
r
lev
el
v
ar
y
b
etwe
en
0
.
2
3
4
a
n
d
0
.
2
8
5
.
T
h
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
Q²
p
r
e
d
ict
v
alu
es
wer
e
0
.
7
1
0
f
o
r
E
A
an
d
0
.
4
4
1
f
o
r
E
FD,
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
d
ata
i
n
th
e
s
am
p
le.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
P
L
S
-
SEM
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
an
d
th
e
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
L
M)
R
MSE
r
em
ain
n
eg
ativ
e
ac
r
o
s
s
all
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
L
M
in
ev
er
y
ca
s
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
’
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
v
alid
ity
,
s
h
o
win
g
it
g
en
er
alize
s
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
s
am
p
le
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
E
A
an
d
f
in
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
P
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
A
an
d
E
FD
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
A
o
n
E
FD
is
am
p
lifie
d
w
h
en
E
P
is
h
ig
h
.
Hig
h
ly
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial,
p
ass
io
n
ate
p
e
o
p
le
h
av
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
E
A
an
d
E
FD
th
an
p
eo
p
le
with
lo
w
E
P.
Pas
s
io
n
ate
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
m
o
r
e
m
in
d
f
u
l
o
f
E
A
wh
e
n
m
ak
in
g
E
FD.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
ar
e
lik
ely
to
m
a
k
e
s
o
u
n
d
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
ale
r
t
to
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
an
d
p
ass
io
n
ate
a
b
o
u
t
th
eir
asp
ir
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
cr
u
cial
as
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
e
d
s
lig
h
t
o
n
E
P
’
s
r
o
le
as
an
ac
tiv
ato
r
th
at
c
o
n
v
er
ts
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
e
u
r
ial
v
ig
ilan
ce
in
to
ac
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
8
.
PLS
-
p
r
e
d
ict
r
esu
lts
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
P
LS R
M
S
E
Q
²_
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
La
t
e
n
t
Q
²
_
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
LM
R
M
S
E
P
LS
-
LM
EA
1
1
.
4
1
1
0
.
5
0
5
0
.
7
1
0
1
.
4
3
7
-
0
.
0
2
5
EA
2
1
.
4
4
1
0
.
5
0
2
1
.
4
5
8
-
0
.
0
1
7
EA
4
1
.
4
2
9
0
.
5
3
0
1
.
4
5
1
-
0
.
0
2
2
EA
5
1
.
3
7
4
0
.
5
1
9
1
.
3
9
7
-
0
.
0
2
3
EA
6
1
.
4
5
8
0
.
4
7
4
1
.
4
9
6
-
0
.
0
3
8
EFD
1
1
.
4
8
6
0
.
2
8
5
1
.
5
6
6
-
0
.
0
8
0
EFD
2
1
.
6
6
8
0
.
2
3
4
0
.
4
4
1
1
.
6
7
5
-
0
.
0
0
8
EFD
4
1
.
5
8
3
0
.
2
7
1
1
.
6
4
7
-
0
.
0
6
4
EFD
6
1
.
5
5
6
0
.
2
8
5
1
.
5
8
8
-
0
.
0
3
2
EFD
7
1
.
6
0
8
0
.
2
5
5
1
.
6
3
4
-
0
.
0
2
6
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
B
ig
Fi
v
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
E
FD
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
cr
itical
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
to
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
T
PB
)
an
d
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
al
f
in
an
ce
th
eo
r
y
(
B
FT)
.
Fro
m
th
e
T
PB
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
f
ac
t
o
r
s
m
ay
also
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
o
n
e
ce
n
tr
al
elem
e
n
t
o
f
T
PB
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
AG,
E
V,
an
d
o
p
en
n
ess
to
n
ew
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ca
n
s
tim
u
late
E
A
an
d
m
ig
h
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
lead
s
o
n
e
to
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
at
p
eo
p
le
with
th
ese
f
ac
u
lties
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
to
m
ak
e
ed
u
ca
ted
f
i
n
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ass
io
n
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
aler
tn
ess
an
d
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
af
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
s
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ac
tio
n
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
ass
io
n
with
in
th
e
T
PB
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
v
ar
iab
les
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
ten
tio
n
s
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
to
war
d
s
f
i
n
an
cin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
4
4
-
4
7
5
7
4752
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
p
lo
t
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ad
d
to
B
FT
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
e
ct
f
in
an
cial
ju
d
g
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
ad
v
e
n
tu
r
o
u
s
n
ess
,
C
S,
an
d
aler
tn
ess
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ca
n
p
er
u
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
i
s
k
-
r
ewa
r
d
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
in
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
is
id
ea
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
f
B
FT
o
n
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
r
iv
e
f
in
an
cial
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
NE
d
id
n
o
t
ev
en
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
co
n
tr
ad
icts
alleg
ian
ce
,
aler
tin
g
to
th
e
b
elief
th
at
n
o
t
all
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
v
iew
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
at
k
in
d
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
tr
aits
ar
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
ited
to
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
f
in
an
ce
to
b
e
tr
ea
ted
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
ar
ticle
co
m
p
le
m
en
ts
T
PB
an
d
B
FT
in
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
in
tr
icate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
al
ity
tr
aits
an
d
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
I
t
em
p
h
asize
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
ese
tr
aits
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
atten
tio
n
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
in
a
f
in
an
cial
co
n
t
ex
t,
ex
ten
d
in
g
o
u
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
ese
m
o
d
els
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
u
lt
ip
le
p
er
s
o
n
ality
t
r
aits
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
EA
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
af
f
ec
ted
E
FD
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
co
r
ed
h
ig
h
er
o
n
AG
,
EV
,
an
d
OE
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
aler
tn
ess
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
ese
tr
aits
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
g
r
ea
ter
f
ac
ilit
y
at
s
p
o
ttin
g
an
d
s
eizin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
CS
o
r
NE
on
EA
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
t
h
er
e
was
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
EA
on
E
FD
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
wh
en
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
aler
t,
th
is
g
o
es
alo
n
g
s
id
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
i
n
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
ey
m
a
k
e.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
v
ia
its
ef
f
e
ct
o
n
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
aler
tn
ess
o
f
an
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
s
u
b
s
tan
tiat
e
th
at
EA
m
ed
iates th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elec
t p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
E
FD
.
EA
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
ed
iates
AG
,
EV
,
an
d
OE
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
’
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
o
n
f
in
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
is
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iated
b
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
EA
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als h
ig
h
o
n
AG
,
EV
,
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
n
ess
ar
e
m
o
r
e
aler
t,
w
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
eir
f
i
n
an
cin
g
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
Fo
r
EA
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
o
n
ly
CS
an
d
NE
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
a
f
f
ec
t
E
FD
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
aler
tn
ess
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
(
o
r
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
it)
b
etwe
en
t
h
ese
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
as
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
a
r
g
u
m
en
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
im
p
ly
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ca
n
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
f
in
an
ce
,
b
u
t
th
at
EA
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ed
iate
th
is
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
al
s
o
i
n
d
icate
th
at
EP
is
a
k
ey
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
EA
an
d
E
FD
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
an
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
’
s
ale
r
tn
ess
to
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
an
d
f
o
ll
o
w
-
o
n
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
is
co
n
d
itio
n
al
o
n
th
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
’
s
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
en
tu
r
e.
Pu
t
an
o
th
e
r
way
,
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
ass
io
n
m
a
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
aler
tn
ess
o
n
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
s
ee
k
f
in
an
cin
g
.
As
th
o
s
e
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
b
u
ild
a
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
an
d
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
m
p
an
y
an
d
its
m
is
s
io
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
ig
F
ive
p
ers
o
n
a
lity tra
its
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l fin
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
mo
n
g
Ma
la
ysia
n
…
(
Yin
g
Yin
g
Lim
)
4753
th
ey
also
tr
an
s
late
th
at
aler
t
n
ess
to
f
in
an
cial
ac
tio
n
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
ch
ar
g
ed
with
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
v
en
tu
r
e
f
in
an
cin
g
o
f
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
o
n
EA
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
.
Per
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
lik
e
AG
,
EV
,
an
d
OE
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
id
en
tif
y
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
(
an
u
n
d
er
a
p
p
r
ec
iated
in
p
u
t
to
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
in
an
ce
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
ten
s
if
ied
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
EP
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
v
en
tu
r
es
b
ased
o
n
ac
tu
al
v
alu
e
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
lin
k
b
etwe
en
aler
tn
ess
an
d
th
e
f
in
an
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
.
Hen
ce
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
n
ee
d
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
r
ig
h
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
ten
tial
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
E
ar
ly
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
a
n
d
ex
e
r
cise
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
b
r
in
g
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
r
ec
o
g
n
i
tio
n
tr
ain
in
g
i
n
lin
e
with
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
asic
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
k
ills
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
n
etwo
r
k
s
c
o
u
ld
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
o
f
f
s
et
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
wea
k
n
ess
es
in
tr
aits
,
an
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
weig
h
t
q
u
alitativ
e
tr
aits
lik
e
p
ass
io
n
an
d
aler
tn
ess
alo
n
g
s
id
e
f
in
an
c
ial
n
u
m
er
ic.
T
h
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
m
ay
h
elp
a
d
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
d
iv
id
u
al
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
o
th
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
s
u
ch
a
s
g
r
it
o
r
r
is
k
-
tak
in
g
p
r
o
p
en
s
ity
,
m
ay
n
o
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
p
tu
r
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
aits
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
p
ictu
r
e.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
EA
is
th
e
o
n
ly
m
ed
iato
r
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
f
in
a
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
m
ay
a
ls
o
b
e
m
ed
iated
b
y
o
th
er
v
ar
ia
b
les
lik
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
co
n
s
id
er
.
L
astl
y
,
r
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
o
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
asp
i
r
e
to
b
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
.
Usi
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
an
d
s
n
o
wb
all
s
a
m
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
lim
itatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
s
am
p
le
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
,
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
d
r
a
wn
f
r
o
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
n
a
r
r
o
w
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
g
en
er
aliz
e
r
esu
lts
to
o
th
er
co
n
tex
ts
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
g
ain
ed
m
ay
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
to
asp
ir
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
ies o
r
s
tag
es o
f
v
e
n
tu
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ally
a
p
p
licab
le.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
ex
p
er
t
p
a
n
el,
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
ass
is
ted
in
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
d
ata
c
o
l
lectio
n
an
d
v
alid
ati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
au
th
o
r
wis
h
es to
ex
ten
d
ap
p
r
e
ciatio
n
to
T
ay
lo
r
’
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
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T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
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in
v
o
lv
e
d
.
AUTHO
R
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B
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M
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h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
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n
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t
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C
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n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
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les
T
ax
o
n
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m
y
(
C
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ed
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Na
m
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f
Aut
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r
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Yin
g
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g
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im
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Ma
r
y
L
ee
Siew
C
h
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g
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C
:
C
o
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c
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a
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M
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ter
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