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Vo
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Practice
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l dom
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a
n
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a
rly
eva
lua
tion stra
tegy
in
children
from
the
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f
Pun
o
Nelly
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a
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Th
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h
il
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n
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th
e
r
u
r
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l
a
re
a
o
f
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u
n
o
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e
ru
.
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ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
late
ra
l
d
o
m
in
a
n
c
e
is
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r
u
c
ial
fo
r
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n
d
e
rsta
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i
n
g
a
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h
il
d
’s
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o
g
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i
ti
v
e
a
n
d
m
o
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v
e
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t.
T
h
is
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y
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u
se
d
o
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il
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In
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In
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Ca
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with
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Un
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n
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q
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t
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ti
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s
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e
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n
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e
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s
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e
Ha
rris
tes
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h
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fin
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s
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e
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led
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h
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t
late
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l
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o
m
in
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n
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e
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b
o
th
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o
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n
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g
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s
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h
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ra
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teriz
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rl
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ffir
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se
s
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d
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ro
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d
late
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in
4
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.
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h
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su
g
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e
sts
t
h
a
t
a
t
th
e
a
g
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o
f
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rs
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th
e
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h
il
d
re
n
we
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stil
l
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
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n
tal
sta
g
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o
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li
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with
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lea
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m
in
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
left
o
r
ri
g
h
t
h
e
m
isp
h
e
re
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
re
su
lt
s,
it
wa
s
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
late
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l
d
o
m
i
n
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n
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e
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h
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se
c
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d
re
n
wa
s
n
o
t
y
e
t
fu
ll
y
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
.
F
u
r
th
e
rm
o
re
,
th
e
stu
d
y
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
d
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
p
sy
c
h
o
m
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t
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c
ti
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s
d
u
ri
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g
e
a
rly
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il
d
h
o
o
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d
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v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
t
o
p
ro
m
o
te
th
e
c
o
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
late
ra
li
ty
,
m
o
t
o
r
sk
il
ls,
a
n
d
sp
a
ti
a
l
o
rien
tati
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n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
Do
m
in
an
ce
Hem
is
p
h
er
e
L
ater
ality
Ps
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nelly
Olg
a
Z
ela
-
Pay
i
Facu
lty
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
d
el
Altip
lan
o
Pu
n
o
Pu
n
o
,
Per
u
E
m
ail:
n
elly
ze
lap
ay
i@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
is
a
cr
u
cial
b
r
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
en
a
b
les
th
e
b
o
d
y
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Qu
is
p
e
[
1
]
,
la
ter
al
d
o
m
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eq
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f
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ev
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p
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em
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T
h
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s
u
p
p
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t
is
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p
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m
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m
o
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.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Z
a
r
ei
an
d
Ma
zlo
u
m
i
[
2
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ch
allen
g
es
with
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
h
in
d
er
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lear
n
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o
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r
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d
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as
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th
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ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
r
ec
ep
tiv
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lan
g
u
ag
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k
ills
,
wh
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ar
e
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o
r
ex
p
r
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lan
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u
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o
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Ma
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T
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a
n
d
[
3
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ar
g
u
e
th
at
lat
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o
m
in
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ce
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
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ce
s
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ch
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’
s
m
o
to
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s
k
ills
;
w
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o
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t
it,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
ail
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
o
r
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ally
,
lea
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g
to
clu
m
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s
,
p
o
o
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co
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r
d
in
ate
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d
r
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s
,
a
n
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lin
g
u
is
tic
ab
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ies.
Similar
ly
,
Du
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te
-
Her
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án
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Pér
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-
Me
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d
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[
4
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h
ig
h
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th
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p
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b
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ar
is
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wh
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eith
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id
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ei
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itra
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,
wh
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in
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with
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T
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ac
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elp
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in
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wh
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r
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Har
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u
n
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les
th
e
b
o
d
y
t
o
d
ev
elo
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m
o
to
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s
k
ills
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d
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
p
atial
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d
tem
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o
r
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Qu
is
p
e
[
1
]
,
la
ter
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
in
ch
ild
r
en
is
n
o
t
f
u
lly
estab
lis
h
ed
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
r
ig
h
t
an
d
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
es.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
el
p
s
p
r
ev
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
s
p
atial
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
in
d
ec
is
io
n
in
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
m
o
to
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
im
p
air
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
B
ar
ab
ási
et
a
l.
[
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
with
later
a
l
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
h
in
d
e
r
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
itin
g
an
d
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Ma
ass
en
an
d
T
er
b
an
d
[
3
]
ar
g
u
e
t
h
at
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
a
ch
ild
's
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
;
with
o
u
t
it,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
n
o
r
m
ally
,
lead
in
g
to
clu
m
s
y
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
o
o
r
ly
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
d
r
awin
g
s
,
an
d
p
r
im
a
r
ily
af
f
ec
tin
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
ab
ilit
ies.
Similar
ly
,
Du
ar
te
-
Her
n
án
d
ez
an
d
Pér
ez
-
Me
n
d
o
za
[
4
]
n
o
te
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
is
e
wh
en
ch
ild
r
en
u
s
e
eith
er
s
id
e
o
f
th
eir
b
o
d
y
ar
b
itra
r
ily
,
th
er
eb
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
ce
r
eb
r
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
a
n
d
later
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
k
ills
th
at
h
elp
ch
ild
r
en
id
en
tify
th
eir
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
—
wh
eth
e
r
r
ig
h
t
o
r
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
e
r
e
—
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
b
r
ain
s
tim
u
li
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
eir
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
as
an
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
5
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
ch
ild
r
en
.
I
t
s
ee
k
s
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
g
u
id
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
to
war
d
s
m
aster
in
g
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
s
p
atial
o
r
ien
tati
o
n
b
u
t
also
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
ac
q
u
i
s
itio
n
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e.
Giv
en
th
at
s
p
atial
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
an
d
later
al
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
ar
e
cr
u
cial
b
r
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
s
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
e
d
5
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
E
I
-
C
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
ap
p
ly
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
later
a
l
d
o
m
in
an
ce
an
d
t
h
er
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
n
ew
s
k
i
lls
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
L
ater
aliza
tio
n
is
v
ital in
ch
ild
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
s
it g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
b
r
ain
'
s
d
iv
is
io
n
o
f
lab
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
lef
t
an
d
r
ig
h
t
h
em
is
p
h
e
r
es,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
7
]
.
C
lear
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
task
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
s
p
atial
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
later
aliza
tio
n
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
m
o
to
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
is
s
u
es.
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
later
aliza
tio
n
'
s
r
o
le
h
el
p
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
d
esig
n
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
n
e
u
r
o
lo
g
ical
g
r
o
wt
h
.
Du
ar
te
-
Her
n
án
d
ez
a
n
d
Pér
ez
-
Me
n
d
o
za
[
4
]
illu
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
ch
ild
r
en
d
is
p
lay
v
ar
y
in
g
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
later
al
d
ev
iatio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
2
-
y
ea
r
-
o
l
d
s
ex
h
ib
it
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
later
al
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
4
an
d
5
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ag
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
c
o
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
ch
ild
r
en
ex
h
ib
it
a
p
r
e
v
ailin
g
l
ater
aliza
tio
n
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Ma
r
tín
ez
et
a
l.
[
8
]
d
i
ag
n
o
s
ed
,
d
escr
ib
e
d
,
an
d
ev
alu
ated
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t p
atter
n
s
o
f
ac
tiv
e
ath
letes.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
c
r
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e
o
f
lef
t
-
h
an
d
ed
ath
letes,
th
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
u
s
ed
in
co
m
p
etitio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
ath
l
etes
'
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
p
o
r
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Villav
icen
cio
an
d
R
ío
s
[
9
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
later
aliza
tio
n
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
Har
r
is
test
.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
1
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
h
ad
p
o
o
r
l
y
estab
lis
h
ed
later
aliza
tio
n
,
wh
ich
led
to
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
c
o
n
s
o
lid
atin
g
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
an
d
wr
itten
co
d
e
co
m
p
eten
cies.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
T
ac
u
r
i
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
is
s
u
es
in
d
ef
in
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ly
u
s
in
g
later
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ten
s
tem
f
r
o
m
in
ad
eq
u
ate
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
ev
e
n
t
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
s
k
ills
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
aid
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
later
ali
za
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
c
tiv
ities
is
es
s
en
tial.
Milen
k
o
v
ić
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
d
ef
in
es
later
aliza
tio
n
as
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
o
r
e
y
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
th
e
lef
t
o
r
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e.
L
ef
t
-
h
an
d
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
h
ib
it
‘
lef
t
later
aliza
tio
n
,
’
wh
ile
r
ig
h
t
-
h
a
n
d
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
h
i
b
it
‘
r
ig
h
t
later
aliza
tio
n
’
.
Du
a
r
te
-
Her
n
án
d
ez
an
d
Pér
ez
-
Me
n
d
o
za
[
4
]
d
escr
ib
e
later
aliza
tio
n
as
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
ce
r
tain
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
in
th
e
b
r
ain
.
T
h
u
s
,
later
aliza
tio
n
r
ef
lects
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
eith
er
th
e
r
ig
h
t
o
r
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e,
allo
win
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ac
tiv
ities
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
tim
u
li.
C
h
er
u
k
u
n
n
ath
an
d
Sin
g
h
[
1
2
]
d
escr
ib
e
later
aliza
tio
n
as
a
s
en
s
o
r
im
o
to
r
ca
p
ac
ity
t
h
at
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
lan
g
u
ag
e,
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
s
p
atial,
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
s
k
ills
,
in
ter
wea
v
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
i
liti
es.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
C
o
r
r
ig
an
[
1
3
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
em
is
p
h
e
r
es
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
id
es
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
,
t
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
o
p
p
o
s
ites
b
u
t
as
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
,
with
n
eith
er
b
ein
g
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
an
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
.
Hen
ce
,
later
aliza
tio
n
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
wh
er
e
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
is
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
in
m
o
s
t
p
eo
p
le
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
9
4
-
5
1
0
4
5096
Me
d
v
ed
ev
a
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
ass
er
t
th
e
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
’
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
ce
f
o
r
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
asy
m
m
etr
ies
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
o
to
r
co
r
te
x
.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
,
n
o
tin
g
th
e
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
’
s
d
o
m
in
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
,
with
th
e
r
ig
h
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
in
an
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
eo
n
atal
p
e
r
io
d
,
later
aliza
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
b
r
a
in
co
n
tr
o
l i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
an
d
m
o
to
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Gaa
b
an
d
Du
g
g
an
[
1
6
]
ad
v
o
ca
te
th
at
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
s
h
o
u
ld
in
cl
u
d
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
b
o
ls
ter
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
later
aliza
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
e
n
g
ag
e
th
eir
d
o
m
in
an
t
s
id
e
an
d
b
o
d
y
p
ar
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
lef
t
o
r
r
ig
h
t
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
.
T
ea
ch
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e,
a
r
o
u
n
d
4
o
r
5
y
ea
r
s
,
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
t
ask
s
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
v
em
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
k
ills
an
d
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ate
m
o
to
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
v
ital
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
a
ch
ild
’
s
ag
e
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
e
r
later
a
lizatio
n
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
ea
r
l
y
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
esig
n
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
as
an
ea
r
ly
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
i
n
th
e
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
o
f
Pu
n
o
.
L
ate
r
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
—
eith
er
th
e
lef
t
o
r
r
ig
h
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
—
o
v
er
th
e
o
th
er
,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
il
ls
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
k
ey
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
el
ated
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
later
aliza
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
h
elp
ch
ild
r
en
d
e
v
elo
p
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
h
a
n
d
,
f
o
o
t,
ea
r
,
o
r
ey
e.
T
h
ese
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
en
h
an
ci
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
to
r
ab
ilit
ies,
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
lo
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
5
to
6
y
ea
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
P
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
Pu
n
o
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
th
e
Dis
tr
ict
o
f
Plater
ía.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
es
4
5
8
in
h
a
b
itan
ts
,
with
1
2
5
c
h
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
5
to
6
y
ea
r
s
,
as
in
p
r
esen
ted
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
ch
ild
r
en
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
1
7
]
s
am
p
le
s
ize
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tab
le,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
s
elec
tin
g
an
ad
eq
u
ate
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
a
f
in
ite
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
am
p
lin
g
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
s
tat
is
tical
ly
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
ch
ild
r
en
atten
d
th
e
I
E
I
-
C
an
d
t
h
e
I
n
itial E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
L
a
R
in
co
n
a
d
a
Salced
o
(
I
E
I
-
R)
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
Har
r
is
test
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
was
u
s
ed
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
test
ev
alu
ates
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
an
d
s
,
f
ee
t,
ey
es,
an
d
ea
r
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
em
i
s
p
h
er
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
.
T
h
e
test
’
s
v
alid
ity
h
as
b
ee
n
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
in
p
r
i
o
r
r
esear
ch
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ac
cu
r
a
tely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
as
it
r
elate
s
to
m
o
to
r
an
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
r
e
p
ea
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
in
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies,
with
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
v
e
r
if
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
p
ilo
t
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
1
0
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
s
am
p
le,
y
ield
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t o
u
tco
m
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
ar
ch
a
r
t
of
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
a
n
d
s
am
p
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
a
ctice
o
f la
tera
l d
o
min
a
n
ce
:
a
n
e
a
r
ly
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
in
ch
ild
r
en
fr
o
m
th
e
…
(
N
elly
Olg
a
Zela
-
P
a
yi
)
5097
2
.
4
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
2
.
4
.
1
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
Har
r
is
te
s
t,
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
with
p
r
io
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
th
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
of
th
e
IEI
-
C
.
T
h
e
test
ev
alu
ated
t
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
eir
h
an
d
s
,
f
ee
t,
ey
es,
an
d
ea
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
eir
la
ter
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
H
ar
r
is
t
est
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
p
r
a
ctice
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ac
tiv
ity
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
Har
r
is
test
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
o
l
t
o
ass
es
s
a
ch
ild
’
s
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
eir
b
o
d
y
o
v
er
th
e
o
t
h
er
.
I
t
ev
al
u
ates
h
o
w
ch
ild
r
en
u
s
e
th
eir
h
an
d
s
,
f
ee
t,
ey
es,
an
d
ea
r
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
task
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
.
B
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
o
b
jects
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
au
d
ito
r
y
cu
es,
t
h
e
test
id
en
tifie
s
wh
ich
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
is
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
elp
s
ass
es
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
a
ch
ild
’
s
o
v
er
all
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
n
eu
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
IEI
-
C
an
d
th
e
I
E
I
-
R
.
2
.
5
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
lim
itatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
its
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
c
h
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
to
all
ch
ild
r
en
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
with
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
am
p
les is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
v
alid
at
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
L
ater
al
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
in
v
o
l
v
es
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
f
o
o
t,
ey
e
,
o
r
e
ar
with
g
r
ea
ter
s
k
ill
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
cy
th
a
n
th
e
o
th
er
,
in
d
icatin
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
n
e
u
r
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
d
o
m
in
an
ce
af
f
ec
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
h
an
d
s
b
u
t
also
th
e
lo
wer
ex
tr
em
ities
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
y
o
r
g
an
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
h
u
m
an
s
ex
h
ib
it
th
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
h
em
is
p
h
er
e
o
f
th
e
b
r
ai
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
:
i)
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
test
ap
p
lied
to
b
o
y
s
an
d
g
ir
ls
ag
e
d
5
;
ii)
th
e
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
w
h
ich
h
an
d
s
h
o
wed
g
r
ea
te
r
d
o
m
in
an
ce
i
n
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
;
iii)
th
e
f
o
o
t
th
at
s
h
o
we
d
g
r
ea
ter
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
;
iv
)
th
e
e
y
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
o
p
u
latio
n
;
v)
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
n
ea
r
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
; a
n
d
v
i)
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was m
ad
e
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
later
ality
o
f
b
o
y
s
an
d
g
ir
ls
.
T
h
e
r
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lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
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o
wed
th
at
th
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u
m
b
er
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ch
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esti
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ated
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th
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m
th
e
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C
,
a
to
tal
o
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ts
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T
h
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o
r
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th
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tal
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p
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ts
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th
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th
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m
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o
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t
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y
d
eg
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d
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itio
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to
e
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alu
ated
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e
co
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itiv
e
d
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elo
p
m
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Har
r
is
test
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
ar
ch
a
r
t o
f
5
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ld
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o
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r
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I
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d
2
1
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,
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I
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2
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I
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t
J
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&
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c
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Vo
l
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14
,
No
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6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
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4
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1
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5098
3
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1
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H
a
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T
ab
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1
p
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th
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d
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tr
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u
tio
n
o
f
h
an
d
d
o
m
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ce
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ca
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d
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ild
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ality
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d
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ce
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o
t c
lear
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lis
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ed
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h
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llo
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e
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o
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ly
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ed
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s
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g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
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h
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d
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ce
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s
till
in
th
e
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r
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ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
6
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6
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%
(
1
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ch
ild
r
en
)
f
r
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m
I
E
I
-
R
wer
e
r
ig
h
t
-
h
an
d
ed
,
wh
ile
n
o
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
class
if
ied
as lef
t
-
h
an
d
e
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
I
E
I
-
C
,
3
5
%
(
1
4
c
h
ild
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en
)
e
x
h
ib
ited
c
r
o
s
s
later
ality
,
a
n
d
3
7
.
5
%
(
1
5
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h
ild
r
en
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
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ted
p
o
o
r
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
later
ality
.
2
7
.
5
%
(
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ild
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en
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we
r
e
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ig
h
t
-
h
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d
ed
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ile
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I
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o
c
h
ild
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en
in
I
E
I
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e
lef
t
-
h
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d
e
d
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as
in
T
ab
le
1
.
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er
all,
th
e
r
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lts
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d
icate
d
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
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o
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ild
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r
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in
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o
s
s
later
ality
o
r
p
o
o
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ly
estab
lis
h
ed
later
ality
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h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
m
a
n
y
ch
ild
r
e
n
h
ad
n
o
t
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et
f
u
lly
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
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r
h
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d
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
en
c
e
o
f
lef
t
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h
a
n
d
ed
n
ess
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
g
g
ested
a
p
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ed
o
m
i
n
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ce
o
f
r
ig
h
t
-
h
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d
ed
n
ess
,
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
v
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r
all
d
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m
in
an
ce
was
s
till
in
th
e
p
r
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ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
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t
f
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r
m
o
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t o
f
th
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c
h
ild
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at
th
is
s
tag
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
d
o
m
in
an
ce
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
I
E
I
-
R
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d
I
E
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-
C
C
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t
e
g
o
r
y
I
E
I
-
R
(
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
h
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l
d
r
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n
)
I
E
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R
(
%
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
)
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E
I
-
C
(
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
h
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l
d
r
e
n
)
I
E
I
-
C
(
%
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
)
To
t
a
l
(
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
)
To
t
a
l
(
%
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
)
R
i
g
h
t
-
h
a
n
d
e
d
16
2
6
.
6
7
11
2
7
.
5
27
27
C
r
o
ss
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
i
t
y
22
3
6
.
6
7
14
35
36
36
P
o
o
r
l
y
e
st
a
b
l
i
sh
e
d
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
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t
y
22
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.
6
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15
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7
.
5
37
37
Le
f
t
-
h
a
n
d
e
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
To
t
a
l
60
60
40
40
1
0
0
1
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
d
a
t
a
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
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m
t
h
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a
p
p
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c
a
t
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o
n
o
f
t
h
e
H
a
r
r
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t
e
st
,
a
c
c
o
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d
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t
o
h
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d
d
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r
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e
r
u
r
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a
r
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a
o
f
P
u
n
o
(
2
0
2
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)
.
3
.
2
.
F
o
o
t
do
m
ina
nce
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
o
o
t
d
o
m
in
an
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
am
o
n
g
1
0
0
ch
ild
r
en
,
with
6
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%
(
6
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ch
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d
r
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)
f
r
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m
IEI
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R
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d
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f
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ally
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2
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th
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ch
ild
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n
,
o
r
1
5
c
h
ild
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,
e
x
h
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ited
cr
o
s
s
later
ality
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
s
h
o
wed
a
m
ix
o
f
f
o
o
t
d
o
m
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an
ce
.
T
h
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lar
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est
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r
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p
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n
I
E
I
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,
m
ak
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p
4
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7
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h
ild
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en
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,
h
ad
p
o
o
r
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
later
ality
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
eir
f
o
o
t
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
was
n
o
t
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
e
d
.
I
n
I
E
I
-
C
,
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
,
as
in
T
ab
le
2
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
2
.
5
%
(
9
ch
ild
r
en
)
wer
e
co
m
p
lete
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ig
h
t
-
f
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o
ted
,
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ile
an
o
th
er
2
2
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5
%
(
9
ch
il
d
r
en
)
s
h
o
we
d
cr
o
s
s
later
ality
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
i
n
I
E
I
-
C
,
h
o
wev
er
,
h
ad
p
o
o
r
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
later
ality
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
5
5
%
(
2
2
c
h
ild
r
en
)
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at,
in
b
o
th
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
ex
h
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ited
p
o
o
r
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
later
ality
(
b
o
th
in
I
E
I
-
R
a
n
d
I
E
I
-
C
)
,
wh
ile
a
s
m
aller
p
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ce
n
ta
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e
d
is
p
lay
ed
m
o
r
e
d
ef
in
ite
f
o
o
t
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
eith
e
r
as
r
ig
h
t
-
f
o
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t
ed
o
r
s
h
o
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r
o
s
s
later
ality
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
em
p
h
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th
e
d
ev
elo
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m
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tal
n
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tu
r
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o
f
f
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o
t
d
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m
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a
n
ce
in
y
o
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n
g
ch
ild
r
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,
wh
er
e
clea
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t y
et
f
u
lly
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
f
o
o
t d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
I
E
I
-
R
an
d
I
E
I
-
C
F
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n
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(
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mb
e
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f
sa
mp
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s)
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(
%
o
f
t
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a
l
)
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(
N
u
mb
e
r
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f
sa
mp
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T
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h
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ed
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r
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d
p
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ce
s
at
th
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ag
e
.
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I
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2
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ates
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s
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ip
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n
h
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d
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ey
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d
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m
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ch
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en
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h
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m
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p
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v
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f
icien
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ir
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icate
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s
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ely
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p
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ativ
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with
b
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th
f
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t
d
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m
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a
n
ce
(
-
0
.
2
8
)
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d
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e
d
o
m
in
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ce
(
-
0
.
3
2
)
.
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h
is
im
p
li
es
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at
as
h
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to
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h
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h
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s
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t
p
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co
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with
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(
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,
th
o
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h
th
is
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s
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ip
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also
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k
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n
ly
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m
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im
al
ten
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o
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h
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d
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d
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m
in
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ce
to
in
cr
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s
e
to
g
eth
er
.
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o
t
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in
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s
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k
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o
s
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r
r
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with
ey
e
d
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m
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ce
(
0
.
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)
,
s
u
g
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esti
n
g
a
m
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ass
o
ciatio
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b
etwe
en
th
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2
,
th
o
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g
h
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
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e.
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o
wev
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,
f
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t
d
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m
in
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h
as
a
m
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er
ate
n
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ativ
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co
r
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with
ea
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m
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ce
(
-
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.
3
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)
,
in
d
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g
th
a
t
as
f
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t
d
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m
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m
es
m
o
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ef
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ed
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r
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m
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s
to
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it
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atter
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,
with
o
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e
in
cr
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s
in
g
as
th
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o
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d
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R
eg
ar
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e
d
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th
e
m
atr
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in
d
icate
s
a
wea
k
n
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ativ
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co
r
r
el
atio
n
with
ea
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d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
(
-
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.
1
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)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
lig
h
t
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
ty
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es
o
f
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o
m
in
an
ce
,
alth
o
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h
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e
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f
ec
t
is
m
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r
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s
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s
with
th
e
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t
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er
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m
in
an
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p
es,
with
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
b
ein
g
with
f
o
o
t d
o
m
in
an
ce
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
o
f
h
an
d
,
f
o
o
t,
ey
e,
an
d
ea
r
d
o
m
in
an
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in
c
h
ild
r
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
a
ctice
o
f la
tera
l d
o
min
a
n
ce
:
a
n
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ly
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tio
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5101
Ov
er
all,
th
e
co
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elatio
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m
atr
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x
s
u
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ests
th
at
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e
r
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s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
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d
if
f
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t
ty
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f
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h
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f
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a
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ally
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ly
p
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h
e
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ata
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ch
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e
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ay
d
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o
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e
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n
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s
tr
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h
ip
am
o
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th
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r
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is
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ad
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3
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7
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Dis
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ate
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f
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ati
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a
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o
m
a
n
ea
r
l
y
a
g
e
.
B
o
n
d
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
an
al
y
z
ed
la
ter
ali
ty
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
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f
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g
6
0
%
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f
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p
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cial
ize
d
[
1
9
]
.
C
r
o
s
s
late
r
a
lit
y
,
wh
e
r
e
d
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ai
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'
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a
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t
h
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es
ar
e
n
o
t
y
et
f
u
ll
y
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ate
d
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
im
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
il
d
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,
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cle
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ce
is
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r
u
ci
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f
o
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m
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ati
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.
I
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ed
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ca
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a
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ac
tic
es,
th
is
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ts
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
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ce
o
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l
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er
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t
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r
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ta
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g
ete
d
ac
ti
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ties
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f
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t
m
o
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tte
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s
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n
ess
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n
d
s
t
r
o
n
g
e
r
co
g
n
it
iv
e
a
b
il
iti
es
[
2
1
]
.
W
it
h
o
u
t
s
u
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
en
ti
o
n
s
,
ch
il
d
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n
m
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e
x
p
e
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i
f
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ic
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lt
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t
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k
s
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g
,
w
r
it
in
g
,
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d
m
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t
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d
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tio
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Du
a
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-
He
r
n
á
n
d
ez
a
n
d
P
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ez
-
Me
n
d
o
z
a
[
4
]
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
te
d
th
at
lat
e
r
al
d
e
v
ia
ti
o
n
v
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th
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h
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T
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ch
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n
,
a
li
g
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h
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o
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s
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f
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an
t
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d
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l
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y
o
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g
e
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ch
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.
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h
is
i
n
d
ic
ates
a
n
e
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f
o
r
tar
g
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d
ac
ti
v
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to
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p
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ter
ali
ty
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e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
O
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
a
ls
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
ate
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
est
ab
lis
h
i
n
g
cle
a
r
la
te
r
al
it
y
f
o
r
s
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c
ce
s
s
f
u
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p
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o
m
o
t
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o
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n
iti
v
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
O
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ec
h
o
es
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
t
h
at
p
o
o
r
l
y
d
e
f
i
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d
la
te
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al
it
y
is
p
r
e
v
a
le
n
t
,
n
e
ce
s
s
i
tati
n
g
e
ar
l
y
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d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
s
t
r
at
e
g
ies
t
o
f
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t
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d
e
f
i
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d
la
te
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it
y
a
n
d
r
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d
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ce
p
o
te
n
ti
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d
e
v
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o
p
m
e
n
ta
l
h
i
n
d
r
an
ce
s
.
R
i
n
al
d
i
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
h
e
m
is
p
h
e
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ic
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
i
n
b
r
ai
n
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
its
im
p
a
ct
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
ills
an
d
l
a
n
g
u
ag
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
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o
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d
t
h
a
t
5
-
y
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r
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ct
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ties
th
at
p
r
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m
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t
e
h
e
m
is
p
h
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ic
s
p
ec
ial
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
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t
co
g
n
it
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a
n
d
m
o
t
o
r
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
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y
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
ac
t
iv
iti
es
t
h
a
t
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
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f
cle
ar
la
te
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d
o
m
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c
e,
s
u
ch
as
tas
k
s
in
v
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v
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n
g
h
a
n
d
-
ey
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d
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ti
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o
r
f
o
o
t
p
la
ce
m
e
n
t
,
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
[
2
5
]
an
d
ca
r
e
g
i
v
er
s
ca
n
h
el
p
ch
il
d
r
en
esta
b
lis
h
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
h
e
m
is
p
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
cia
liz
ati
o
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
h
el
p
s
b
o
t
h
s
i
d
es
o
f
th
e
b
r
ai
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
el
y
,
l
ea
d
i
n
g
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
o
to
r
s
k
i
lls
,
b
ett
er
b
al
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
co
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
F
o
r
ex
am
p
l
e,
e
n
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
s
p
e
cif
ic
h
a
n
d
a
n
d
f
o
o
t
ac
ti
v
i
ties
c
a
n
h
e
lp
t
h
e
b
r
ai
n
“
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
e”
i
ts
co
o
r
d
i
n
at
io
n
,
w
h
i
ch
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
l
ate
r
le
ar
n
i
n
g
tas
k
s
li
k
e
w
r
iti
n
g
,
r
e
ad
in
g
,
an
d
e
v
e
n
s
o
cia
l
in
te
r
ac
ti
o
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asi
ze
s
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
t
h
a
t
t
ar
g
e
t
l
ate
r
ali
za
ti
o
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
il
ls
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
co
g
n
iti
v
e
g
r
o
w
th
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
d
ef
in
e
d
late
r
a
lit
y
in
s
p
o
r
ts
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
i
n
t
er
v
e
n
t
io
n
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
i
n
g
la
te
r
al
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
ea
r
l
y
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
ch
i
ld
r
en
’
s
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
i
lls
,
b
al
an
c
e,
an
d
s
p
atia
l
o
r
ie
n
t
ati
o
n
,
b
en
e
f
iti
n
g
t
h
ei
r
o
v
er
all
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
a
cti
v
it
ies
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
s
t
r
ess
e
d
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
u
n
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
l
at
er
alit
y
o
n
l
ea
r
n
in
g
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
ills
.
O
u
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
ali
g
n
w
it
h
t
h
es
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
s
tr
at
eg
ies
th
a
t
a
d
d
r
ess
l
at
er
alit
y
f
r
o
m
a
n
ea
r
l
y
a
g
e
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t c
h
il
d
r
en
’
s
la
n
g
u
ag
e,
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
co
g
n
it
iv
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
[
3
3
]
.
P
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
l
ate
r
a
l
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
an
e
ar
ly
a
g
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c
r
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ci
al
f
o
r
o
p
t
im
izi
n
g
p
s
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h
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m
o
to
r
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
d
e
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
.
E
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
t
o
h
el
p
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
c
le
ar
lat
er
al
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
,
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
ei
r
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
d
ai
ly
tas
k
s
e
f
f
ici
en
tl
y
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
t
h
ei
r
o
v
e
r
a
ll
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
H
ar
r
is
t
est
p
r
o
v
es to
b
e
a
v
al
u
a
b
le
to
o
l
i
n
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
t
r
en
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
l
ate
r
al
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
ch
il
d
r
e
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
lat
er
al
s
k
ills
as
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
t
o
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
aily
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
lin
e
t
h
at
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
ills
,
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
p
atial
-
tem
p
o
r
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
later
aliza
tio
n
,
ch
il
d
r
en
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
a
y
b
e
h
in
d
er
ed
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
eir
ab
ili
ty
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
th
eir
r
ig
h
t
o
r
lef
t
h
em
is
p
h
er
e.
L
ater
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
t
ask
s
with
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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2
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8
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2
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I
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t
J
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v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
9
4
-
5
1
0
4
5102
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
,
as
t
h
is
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
f
o
r
later
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
Har
r
is
test
p
r
o
v
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
ass
es
s
in
g
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
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d
g
u
id
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
aster
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
c
e
in
r
u
r
al
c
h
ild
r
en
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
cr
o
s
s
later
ality
:
5
5
%
f
o
r
h
an
d
d
o
m
in
an
c
e
an
d
7
0
%
f
o
r
f
o
o
t
d
o
m
in
an
ce
.
E
y
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
,
h
o
wev
er
,
is
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
r
i
g
h
t
-
h
an
d
ed
(
8
0
%),
a
n
d
ea
r
d
o
m
in
an
ce
s
h
o
ws
less
g
en
d
er
v
ar
iatio
n
(
4
5
%
r
ig
h
t
-
h
an
d
ed
n
ess
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
6
0
%
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
ex
h
ib
ited
p
o
o
r
l
y
d
ef
in
ed
later
ality
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
clea
r
later
aliza
tio
n
im
p
ed
es
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
task
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
wr
itin
g
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
later
al
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
,
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
o
m
in
an
t sid
e
,
wh
eth
er
lef
t o
r
r
i
g
h
t.
Fo
r
cin
g
ch
ild
r
en
to
u
s
e
th
e
non
-
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
s
id
e
ca
n
h
in
d
e
r
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
d
elay
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Sch
o
o
ls
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
tailo
r
ed
ac
tiv
i
ties
th
at
f
o
s
ter
b
o
th
h
an
d
an
d
f
o
o
t
d
o
m
in
an
ce
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
ch
ild
r
en
o
f
all
liter
alities
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
m
o
to
r
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
.
E
ar
ly
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
ac
ti
v
ities
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
an
d
h
em
is
p
h
e
r
ic
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
will
h
elp
ch
ild
r
en
m
ax
im
ize
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
later
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
e
s
s
an
d
o
v
er
all
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
B
y
p
r
i
o
r
itizin
g
later
al
s
k
ills
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
m
o
to
r
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
,
lead
in
g
t
o
b
etter
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
a
ily
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
d
ec
lar
e
d
th
at
n
o
g
r
an
ts
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
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M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
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th
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C
o
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r
ib
u
to
r
R
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les
T
a
x
o
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m
y
(
C
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to
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ize
in
d
iv
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d
u
al
au
th
o
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co
n
tr
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u
tio
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s
,
r
ed
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au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
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atio
n
.
Na
m
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o
f
Aut
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r
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So
Va
Fo
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nelly
Olg
a
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ela
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Pay
i
✓
✓
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Hay
d
ee
C
lad
y
T
ico
n
a
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ap
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
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a
t
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o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
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d
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y
So
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So
f
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Au
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est.
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c
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f
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ar
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f
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h
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t th
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s
tu
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
I
L
I
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Y
Der
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d
ata
s
u
p
p
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s
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av
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f
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esp
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au
th
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[
NOZ
-
P]
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e
q
u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
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v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
I
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N:
2252
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8
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2
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P
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a
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tera
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o
min
a
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:
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ly
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tr
a
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in
ch
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fr
o
m
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…
(
N
elly
Olg
a
Zela
-
P
a
yi
)
5103
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
Q
u
i
sp
e
,
“
La
t
e
r
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mi
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n
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.
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.
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r
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,
”
(
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sh
)
,
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
si
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
d
a
d
P
r
i
v
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d
a
Te
l
e
s
u
p
,
Li
ma,
P
e
r
ú
,
2
0
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0
.
[
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]
.
A
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Q
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.
p
d
f
[
2
]
M
.
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a
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a
n
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M
.
I
.
M
a
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4
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.
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5
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6
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[
9
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.
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T.
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1
1
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D
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3
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.
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[
1
4
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.
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.
M
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.
[
1
5
]
J.
L
i
,
H
.
K
e
a
n
,
E.
F
e
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o
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[
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]
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[
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8
]
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[
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9
]
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.
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o
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2
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.
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[
2
3
]
A
.
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[
2
4
]
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[
2
5
]
L.
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.
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.
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,
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[
2
6
]
G
.
F
.
M
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,
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H
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.
[
2
7
]
C
.
Tr
e
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