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Resea
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a
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th
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i
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flu
e
n
c
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o
f
a
u
th
o
rit
a
ti
v
e
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
(P
AREN)
,
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
(COO
P
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,
sc
h
o
o
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
(ENVI)
,
p
o
siti
v
e
c
las
sro
o
m
c
li
m
a
te
(CLA
S
S
)
,
a
n
d
e
x
tro
v
e
rt
p
e
rso
n
a
li
t
y
(E
XTRO)
o
n
so
c
ial
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
rn
i
n
g
(S
EL
)
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
m
e
d
iatin
g
v
a
riab
le
r
o
les
li
n
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
se
fa
c
to
rs
.
Th
e
sa
m
p
le
c
o
n
sist
e
d
o
f
6
8
4
lo
we
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
f
ro
m
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
n
o
rt
h
e
rn
re
g
io
n
o
f
Th
a
il
a
n
d
.
Qu
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
we
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
u
sin
g
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(
P
LS
-
S
EM
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
fin
d
i
n
g
s
re
v
e
a
led
c
o
m
p
lex
stru
c
t
u
re
s
a
m
o
n
g
fa
c
to
rs
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
x
p
lain
i
n
g
6
7
.
37
%
of
S
EL
v
a
rian
c
e
.
P
AREN
e
m
e
rg
e
d
a
s
th
e
m
o
st
p
o
we
rfu
l
d
ri
v
in
g
fo
rc
e
fo
l
l
o
we
d
b
y
sc
h
o
o
l
fa
c
to
rs,
n
a
m
e
ly
COO
P
a
n
d
CLAS
S
,
w
h
ich
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
str
o
n
g
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
wh
il
e
ENV
I
sh
o
we
d
o
n
l
y
i
n
d
irec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
t
h
ro
u
g
h
E
XTRO
.
F
u
r
th
e
rm
o
re
,
CLAS
S
a
n
d
EXTRO
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
e
d
a
s
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
m
e
d
iati
n
g
v
a
riab
les
b
e
twe
e
n
c
las
sro
o
m
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
S
EL
.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
EXTRO
d
id
n
o
t
p
lay
a
m
e
d
iati
n
g
ro
le
in
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
a
n
d
S
EL
,
re
flec
ti
n
g
th
a
t
fa
m
il
y
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
re
m
a
in
s
th
e
p
rima
ry
fa
c
to
r
d
e
term
in
in
g
S
E
L
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
T
h
a
i
y
o
u
th
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
th
o
r
itativ
e
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
Me
d
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
Per
s
o
n
ality
PLS
-
SEM
So
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
n
to
n
r
ap
o
t D
am
r
o
n
g
p
a
n
it
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
E
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
R
esear
ch
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i U
n
iv
er
s
ity
2
3
9
,
Hu
a
y
Kae
w
R
o
ad
,
Mu
a
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail
:
s
u
n
to
n
r
ap
o
t
.
d
@
cm
u
.
ac
.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
cial
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
(
SEL
)
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
q
u
ality
y
o
u
th
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ap
id
ly
c
h
an
g
in
g
,
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
n
o
lo
n
g
er
b
e
lim
ited
to
ac
ad
em
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
b
u
t
m
u
s
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
s
ter
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
e
t
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
r
ap
id
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
3
]
.
Sig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
SEL
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
h
el
p
s
s
tu
d
en
t
s
d
ev
elo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
to
war
d
th
em
s
elv
es,
o
th
er
s
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
ag
ain
s
t
m
ajo
r
r
is
k
b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
b
u
lly
in
g
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
u
s
e
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
also
h
el
p
b
u
ild
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
m
u
n
ity
,
en
h
an
ce
r
esil
ien
ce
in
f
ac
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
wh
en
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
tin
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
[
6
]
,
w
h
ile
also
s
er
v
in
g
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t [
7
].
Desp
ite
th
e
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
SEL
,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
y
o
u
th
f
ac
es
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
wh
ich
s
ev
er
ely
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
a
d
o
lescen
ts
[
8
]
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a,
wh
er
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
teg
r
a
l
p
ar
t
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
d
aily
liv
es,
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
ec
lin
in
g
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
[
9
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
r
o
m
fa
mily
to
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m:
d
iffer
en
tia
l m
ed
ia
tin
g
r
o
les in
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
s
o
cia
l a
n
d
…
(
P
a
n
tip
a
Th
ia
mta
)
4917
co
n
tin
u
es
to
p
r
i
o
r
itize
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
h
as
d
im
in
is
h
e
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
SEL
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
lead
in
g
to
its
n
eg
lect
an
d
lac
k
o
f
s
er
io
u
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
to
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
l
ac
k
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
SEL
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
10
]
,
[
11
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
id
e
n
tify
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
SEL
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
s
ch
o
lar
ly
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
SEL
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
to
ex
p
r
ess
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
b
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
in
g
th
eir
o
w
n
em
o
ti
o
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
e
m
p
ath
y
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
,
b
u
ild
in
g
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
m
ak
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ec
is
io
n
s
with
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
[
12
]
–
[
14
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
m
a
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
ess
en
tial
life
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
n
o
t
o
v
er
lo
o
k
s
o
cial
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
th
ese
s
k
ills
,
es
p
ec
ially
in
E
aster
n
s
o
cieties
lik
e
T
h
ailan
d
,
wh
er
e
v
alu
es,
b
elief
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
in
t
h
e
W
est
.
Ad
ap
tin
g
SEL
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
alig
n
with
l
o
ca
l
co
n
te
x
ts
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
cr
u
cial
[
15
]
,
[
16
]
,
en
ab
lin
g
e
d
u
c
ato
r
s
to
d
esig
n
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
at
t
r
u
ly
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
n
e
ed
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
SEL
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
a
v
a
cu
u
m
b
u
t
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
a
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
f
am
ily
co
n
tex
t
,
s
ch
o
o
l,
class
r
o
o
m
,
an
d
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
a
m
ily
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
cu
b
ato
r
o
f
SEL
s
k
ills
;
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
s
ty
les
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
atte
n
tiv
e
ca
r
e
with
in
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
o
f
f
e
r
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
a
n
d
em
p
lo
y
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
em
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
an
d
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
17
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
e
r
s
o
n
alities
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
ex
tr
o
v
er
te
d
p
er
s
o
n
alities
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
b
io
lo
g
ical
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
w
h
ich
o
f
ten
f
ac
ilit
ate
SEL
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
SEL
s
k
ill
s
ca
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
all
ch
ild
r
en
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
eth
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lea
r
n
in
g
th
at
d
e
v
elo
p
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
[
20
]
,
cr
ea
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
s
[
21
]
,
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
r
o
m
o
te
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
-
wi
d
e
p
o
licies an
d
ac
tiv
ities
[
22
]
,
[
23
].
Alth
o
u
g
h
SEL
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
,
th
r
ee
cr
itical
g
ap
s
p
er
s
is
t
th
at
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
lim
it
th
eo
r
etica
l
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
n
o
n
-
W
este
r
n
co
n
tex
ts
f
ir
s
t
,
m
ec
h
an
is
tic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
s
.
M
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ev
alu
ati
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
SEL
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
r
ath
er
th
an
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
ee
p
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
d
r
iv
in
g
SE
L
[
4
]
,
[
7
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
eg
lect
in
g
h
o
w
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
cl
im
ate
m
ay
m
e
d
iate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
SEL
—
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
m
ay
o
p
er
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
tire
ly
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ath
wa
y
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
lim
itatio
n
s
.
M
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
o
cc
u
r
s
in
W
ester
n
co
n
te
x
ts
,
cr
ea
tin
g
g
ap
s
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
s
o
cial
v
alu
e
s
,
s
u
ch
as
T
h
ailan
d
[
15
]
,
[
24
]
,
[
25
]
,
g
en
er
atin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
lin
d
s
p
o
ts
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
f
am
ily
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
co
llectiv
is
t
v
alu
es,
an
d
au
th
o
r
ity
r
esp
ec
t
th
at
m
ay
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
alter
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
.
T
h
ir
d
,
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
L
o
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
a
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e
wit
h
u
n
iq
u
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
th
at
m
ay
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
an
th
o
s
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
26
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
a
n
d
ex
is
tin
g
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
m
ay
in
ad
eq
u
ately
ca
p
tu
r
e
t
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
c
h
allen
g
e
s
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
ea
r
ly
ad
o
lescen
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
f
ill
e
x
is
tin
g
r
ese
ar
ch
g
ap
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
SEL
am
o
n
g
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
n
o
v
elty
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ar
ea
s
:
f
ir
s
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
SEL
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
T
h
ai
co
n
tex
t,
m
o
v
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
m
er
ely
id
en
tify
i
n
g
in
f
l
u
en
tia
l
f
ac
to
r
s
to
u
n
co
v
er
“
h
o
w
”
an
d
“
wh
y
”
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
an
aly
s
is
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
ch
allen
g
es
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
W
ester
n
-
d
er
i
v
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
em
p
ir
ica
l
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
an
Asi
an
co
llectiv
is
t
co
n
tex
t,
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
e
v
ea
l
u
n
iq
u
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
T
h
ai
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
.
T
h
ir
d
,
b
y
tar
g
etin
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
p
er
io
d
o
f
ea
r
ly
a
d
o
l
escen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
eliv
er
s
n
u
an
ce
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
tar
g
eted
,
ag
e
-
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
v
id
en
ce
b
en
e
f
itin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
SEL
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
ab
le
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
p
a
r
en
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
SE
L
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
es
:
i
)
t
o
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
(
PAR
E
N)
,
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
(
C
OOP
)
,
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
E
NVI
)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
(
C
L
A
SS
)
,
an
d
ex
tr
o
v
er
t
p
er
s
o
n
ality
(
E
XT
R
O)
o
n
SEL
o
f
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
an
d
i
i
)
t
o
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
C
L
ASS
an
d
E
XT
R
O
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
SEL
th
r
o
u
g
h
PLS
-
SEM
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
with
n
in
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
as
:
−
H1
:
PAR
E
N
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H2
:
C
OOP
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
SEL
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
1
6
-
4
9
2
7
4918
−
H3
:
E
NVI
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H4
:
C
L
ASS
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H5
:
E
XT
R
O
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H6
:
E
XT
R
O
m
ed
iates th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PAR
E
N
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H7
:
E
XT
R
O
m
ed
iates th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
L
ASS
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
−
H8
:
C
L
ASS
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ip
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L
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an
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E
XT
R
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ip
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u
r
e
1
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ce
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r
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m
ewo
r
k
2
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nts
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2
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rc
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t
rum
ent
s
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ed
a
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t
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atin
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le
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=
m
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ate
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t
f
r
eq
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tly
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=
least
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r
ate
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n
ev
er
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r
ac
ticed
)
as
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
s
tr
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m
e
n
t
u
n
d
er
wen
t
c
o
n
ten
t
v
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ity
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es
s
m
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t
b
y
f
o
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r
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x
p
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ts
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ef
o
r
e
b
ei
n
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ilo
t
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test
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with
1
0
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s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
a
n
a
ly
ze
d
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
p
o
w
er
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s
in
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item
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t
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r
r
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n
th
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g
h
Pear
s
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n
co
r
r
elatio
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c
o
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f
icien
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(
r
xy
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ca
lcu
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an
d
r
eliab
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aly
s
is
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
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s
er
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b
le
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C
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b
ac
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’
s
a
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icien
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(
α
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
v
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clu
d
e
d
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PAR
E
N
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
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g
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ty
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in
wh
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m
th
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n
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atten
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e
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o
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d
ar
ies
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d
with
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s
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n
in
g
,
as
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g
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tu
d
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’
o
p
in
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n
s
an
d
ab
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.
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h
is
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class
if
ied
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er
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:
p
r
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v
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f
lo
v
e
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d
war
m
th
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PAR
E
N1
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atten
tiv
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c
ar
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with
in
b
o
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ar
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PAR
E
N2
)
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
o
p
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s
an
d
ab
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PAR
E
N3
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d
r
ea
s
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g
(
PAR
E
N4
)
.
T
h
is
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
1
2
i
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
“M
y
p
ar
en
ts
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iv
e
m
e
o
p
p
o
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tu
n
ities
to
th
in
k
an
d
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
m
y
o
wn
”,
“M
y
p
a
r
en
ts
en
co
u
r
ag
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
e
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
m
y
in
ter
ests
a
n
d
ab
ilit
ies”,
an
d
“
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
m
ak
es
m
e
f
ee
l
war
m
”
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
a
lu
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
426
-
0
.
7
2
6
,
with
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
881
.
C
OOP
r
ef
er
s
to
a
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
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g
p
r
o
c
ess
th
at
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o
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u
s
es
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
d
if
f
e
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en
t
a
b
i
liti
es
wh
o
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elp
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g
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d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
,
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
with
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
with
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
to
ac
h
iev
e
estab
lis
h
ed
g
o
als
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h
is
was
class
if
ied
in
to
f
iv
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
v
a
r
iab
les
:
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
r
o
m
fa
mily
to
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m:
d
iffer
en
tia
l m
ed
ia
tin
g
r
o
les in
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
s
o
cia
l a
n
d
…
(
P
a
n
tip
a
Th
ia
mta
)
4919
(
C
OOP1
)
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
(
C
OOP2
)
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
(
C
OOP3
)
,
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
wo
r
k
s
k
ills
(
C
OOP4
)
,
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
C
OOP5
)
.
T
h
is
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
1
5
item
s
,
s
u
ch
as
“I
lear
n
n
ew
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
with
f
r
ien
d
s
”,
“M
y
f
r
ien
d
s
an
d
I
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
alwa
y
s
h
av
e
clea
r
g
r
o
u
p
wo
r
k
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es”,
an
d
“
f
r
i
en
d
s
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
y
lear
n
in
g
an
d
wo
r
k
”
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
al
u
es r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
9
1
-
0
.
6
8
0
,
with
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
895
.
E
NVI
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
co
n
tex
t
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
.
T
h
is
was
class
if
ied
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les
:
s
h
ar
ed
s
p
ac
es
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
(
E
NVI
1
)
,
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
(
E
NVI
2
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
in
ter
est
(
E
NVI
3
)
,
a
n
d
ac
ce
p
t
an
ce
an
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
o
p
in
io
n
s
(
E
NVI
4
)
.
T
h
is
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
1
2
item
s
,
s
u
ch
as
“
t
ea
ch
er
s
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
m
atter
s
”,
“I
lear
n
s
o
c
ial
co
ex
is
ten
ce
s
k
ills
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
y
em
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
e
x
tr
ac
u
r
r
ic
u
lar
ac
tiv
ities
o
r
g
an
ized
b
y
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l”,
a
n
d
“
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
h
as
p
l
ac
es
f
o
r
s
h
ar
ed
leis
u
r
e
ac
tiv
iti
es,
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
ity
ar
ea
s
,
lib
r
ar
ies,
ca
f
eter
ias,
b
e
n
ch
es,
f
o
o
tb
all
f
ield
s
,
a
n
d
b
a
s
k
etb
all
co
u
r
ts
”
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
i
n
an
t
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
3
4
-
0
.
7
2
5
,
with
a
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
928
.
C
L
ASS
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
in
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
teac
h
e
r
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
teac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
p
ee
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
was
class
if
ied
in
to
f
iv
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les
:
war
m
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
(
C
L
ASS1
)
,
f
r
ee
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
(
C
L
ASS2
)
,
ch
allen
g
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
(
C
L
ASS3
)
,
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
atm
o
s
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n
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s
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cc
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h
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ea
s
u
r
ed
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s
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g
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5
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u
ch
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f
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at
I
r
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e
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m
u
c
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atten
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n
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r
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m
teac
h
er
s
as
o
t
h
er
f
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d
s
”,
“
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
o
f
ten
h
av
e
ac
tiv
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th
at
m
ak
e
m
e
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ch
allen
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i
n
m
y
a
b
ilit
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an
d
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f
ee
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at
m
y
class
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ates
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e
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r
ie
n
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ly
to
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d
s
m
e
”
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h
e
d
is
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im
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t v
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es r
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g
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m
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3
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r
ef
er
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ip
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n
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ew
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ie
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ce
s
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p
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d
a
d
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ti
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itu
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s
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h
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s
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les
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ad
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e
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ts
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m
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s
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ch
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r
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h
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ize
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s
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d
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te
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th
d
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h
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i
lit
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t
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el
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d
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ti
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t
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h
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m
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s
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h
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th
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d
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u
p
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r
t
r
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o
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s
.
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h
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was
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
1
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ite
m
s
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wit
h
d
is
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r
i
m
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n
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t
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6
6
.
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u
r
th
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r
elatio
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s
h
ip
s
k
ills
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E
S
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ea
s
u
r
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th
e
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ilit
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to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
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ild
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s
h
ip
s
,
m
a
n
ag
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co
n
f
licts
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d
p
r
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ass
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tan
ce
to
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th
er
s
.
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h
is
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
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5
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h
d
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cr
im
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t
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alu
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g
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g
f
r
o
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0
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0
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6
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d
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r
eliab
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o
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0
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astl
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ak
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g
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ea
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th
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ab
ilit
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te
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p
tio
n
s
,
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ak
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d
e
cisi
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n
s
b
ased
o
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eth
ics
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d
s
af
ety
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d
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t
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eq
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en
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s
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h
is
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r
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u
s
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is
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im
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an
t
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alu
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o
m
0
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6
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5
9
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n
d
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eliab
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f
0
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3
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2
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.
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t
a
c
o
llect
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n
Data
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llectio
n
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co
n
d
u
cte
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af
ter
t
h
e
r
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p
r
o
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ce
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h
u
m
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r
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ch
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p
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r
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m
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g
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i
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ity
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.
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er
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is
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io
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to
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llect
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ata
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h
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in
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en
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o
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ig
h
t
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o
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n
tar
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ar
ticip
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as
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en
s
u
r
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g
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co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
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f
p
e
r
s
o
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al
in
f
o
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m
atio
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.
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h
e
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ata
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llectio
n
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lted
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etu
r
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t
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te
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ith
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im
ately
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tes
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m
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p
atter
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s
u
ch
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ar
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am
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o
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tio
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th
r
o
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g
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t
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ak
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tem
atic
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iag
o
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ar
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n
d
wer
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f
o
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e
e
x
clu
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ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
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h
is
r
esu
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in
a
to
tal
o
f
6
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p
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Da
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T
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PLS
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ip
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ig
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n
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m
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o
u
s
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
[
31
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Par
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ith
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[
32
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,
wh
ich
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s
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p
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ically
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f
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ip
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ity
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r
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m
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cu
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ate
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n
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s
is
[
31
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
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ir
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t
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tep
b
eg
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n
with
a
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zin
g
th
e
n
ewly
cr
ea
te
d
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
late
n
t v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
was a
n
aly
ze
d
a
g
ain
[
3
3
].
Fo
r
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
r
ee
k
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
:
i
)
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
el
o
w
0
.
0
8
0
;
ii
)
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
f
ir
m
at
o
r
y
co
m
p
o
s
ite
an
aly
s
is
(
CCA
)
b
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
T
-
weig
h
t
v
alu
es
th
at
m
u
s
t
ex
ce
ed
1
.
96
(
o
r
i
f
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
c
h
ec
k
in
g
f
o
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
50
)
,
a
n
d
test
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
ex
ce
e
d
5
;
an
d
iii
)
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
b
y
ev
al
u
a
tin
g
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
th
ei
r
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R²
)
,
wh
er
e
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
2
5
,
0
.
5
0
,
a
n
d
0
.
7
5
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
l
o
w,
m
o
d
e
r
ate,
an
d
h
ig
h
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
f²
)
,
wh
er
e
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
0
2
,
0
.
1
5
,
an
d
0
.
3
5
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
ar
ia
b
le
h
as a
lo
w,
m
o
d
er
ate,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
le,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
31
].
Fo
r
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
a
n
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
in
-
d
ep
th
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les in
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lete
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
v
a
r
iab
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
3
4
]
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
p
r
o
ce
e
d
ed
b
y
in
t
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
e
d
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
les
in
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
p
ath
way
a
n
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
w
h
eth
er
th
ese
m
e
d
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
les alter
ed
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
ac
to
r
v
ar
i
ab
les an
d
SEL
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
b
eg
an
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
(
C
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
to
r
v
ar
iab
le
p
ath
way
to
SE
L
,
th
en
s
eq
u
en
tially
ad
d
in
g
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
les
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
(
H6
to
H9
)
a
n
d
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
:
i
)
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
af
ter
a
d
d
in
g
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le
(
C
’
)
an
d
ii
)
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
IE
)
.
I
n
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
I
E
0
an
d
C
’
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
th
is
in
d
i
ca
tes
a
f
u
ll
m
ed
iato
r
;
in
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
I
E
0
b
u
t
C
’
is
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t,
th
is
in
d
icate
s
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
o
th
er
laten
t
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
v
ar
iab
les
r
em
ain
;
an
d
in
ca
s
e
s
wh
er
e
I
E
=
0
,
th
is
in
d
icate
s
n
o
m
ed
iatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
(
VAF
)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
IE
to
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
er
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
f
VAF<0
.
2
0
,
t
h
is
in
d
icate
s
n
o
m
ed
iatio
n
;
if
VAF
is
b
etwe
en
0
.
20
-
0
.
8
0
,
t
h
is
in
d
icate
s
p
a
r
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
;
an
d
if
VAF>0
.
8
0
,
th
is
in
d
icate
s
f
u
ll m
ed
iatio
n
[
3
6
].
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
a
ll
m
o
del a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
v
alid
ity
,
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
b
ig
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
well
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
m
o
d
el
alig
n
s
with
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
S
R
MR
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
0
.
0
3
7
3
an
d
0
.
0
3
1
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
elo
w
th
e
0
.
0
8
0
0
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
m
atr
ix
o
f
th
e
esti
m
ated
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
m
atr
ix
ex
h
ib
it
g
o
o
d
f
it
.
T
h
is
ex
ce
llen
t
m
o
d
el
f
it
estab
lis
h
es
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
es a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
ia
b
les
.
3
.2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del pro
pert
ies
A
g
o
o
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
a
p
r
ec
is
e
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
ject
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
weig
h
t
v
alu
es
o
f
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
wer
e
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
t th
e
0
.
0
5
lev
el,
with
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
E
XT
R
O
3
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
i
n
g
v
alu
e,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
5
,
th
u
s
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ex
h
ib
ited
m
u
ltico
llin
e
ar
ity
is
s
u
es,
allo
win
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
weig
h
t
v
alu
es
o
f
all
i
n
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
0
.
0
5
lev
el,
an
d
n
o
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
is
o
f
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
an
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
an
al
y
s
is
,
t
h
e
d
etails
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del r
esu
lt
W
h
en
d
elv
in
g
d
ee
p
er
in
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les,
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
in
ter
esti
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
co
lle
ctiv
ely
ex
p
lain
ed
6
7
.
37
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
SEL
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
wer
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ex
p
lain
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
r
o
m
fa
mily
to
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m:
d
iffer
en
tia
l m
ed
ia
tin
g
r
o
les in
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
s
o
cia
l a
n
d
…
(
P
a
n
tip
a
Th
ia
mta
)
4921
W
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
t
o
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
,
all
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
SEL
,
as
h
y
p
o
th
esized
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
e
n
ex
am
in
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
s
e
p
ar
ately
,
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
em
er
g
ed
.
PAR
E
N
r
em
ain
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
o
n
SEL
(
DE
=
0
.
4
2
7
8
,
p
<0
.
01
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
C
OOP
(
DE
=
0
.
2
5
4
5
,
p
<0
.
01
)
an
d
C
L
ASS
(
DE
=0
.
1
4
9
8
,
p
<0
.
01
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
E
NVI
d
id
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
SEL
,
b
u
t a
n
IE
was o
b
s
er
v
e
d
(
I
E
=
0
.
0
3
6
6
,
p
<0
.
01
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
XT
R
O
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
r
ev
ea
led
in
ter
esti
n
g
d
y
n
am
ics,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
C
OOP,
wh
ich
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
C
L
ASS
(
DE
=0
.
6
4
7
2
,
p
<0
.
01
)
.
T
h
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1
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V
I
F
=
v
a
r
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a
n
c
e
i
n
f
l
a
t
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n
f
a
c
t
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r
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h
en
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e
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n
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ig
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,
wh
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n
s
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m
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ate
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t,
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ile
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er
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les
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ad
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t
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izes
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T
h
is
r
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lects
th
at
ev
e
n
in
ea
r
ly
a
d
o
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ce
,
wh
e
n
y
o
u
n
g
p
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p
le
ar
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
to
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ee
k
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
,
f
am
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
em
ai
n
s
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
an
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
in
s
h
ap
i
n
g
SEL
.
T
h
e
d
etails
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
1
6
-
4
9
2
7
4922
T
ab
le
2
.
Path
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y
s
is
r
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ir
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t
,
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t
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to
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th
e
s
tr
u
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m
o
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el
P
a
t
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f
e
c
t
C
o
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e
n
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s f²
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l
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l
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n
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(
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2
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j
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6
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3
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p
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→
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.
1
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9
8
*
*
0
.
0
2
9
1
*
*
0
.
1
7
8
9
*
*
0
.
0
3
5
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
4
EX
TR
O
→
S
EL
0
.
1
1
8
1
*
*
-
0
.
1
1
8
1
*
*
0
.
0
2
6
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
5
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
C
LA
S
S
(
R
2
a
d
j
=
0
.
4
1
8
0
)
C
O
O
P
→
C
LA
S
S
0
.
6
4
7
2
*
*
-
0
.
6
4
7
2
*
*
0
.
7
2
0
8
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
EX
TR
O
(
R
2
a
dj
=
0
.
3
6
2
3
)
EN
V
I
→
EX
TR
O
0
.
3
0
9
7
*
*
-
0
.
3
0
9
7
*
*
0
.
0
9
7
0
P
A
R
EN
→
EX
T
R
O
0
.
1
6
9
9
*
*
-
0
.
1
6
9
9
*
*
0
.
0
3
0
9
C
LA
S
S
→
EX
T
R
O
0
.
2
4
6
4
*
*
-
0
.
2
4
6
4
*
*
0
.
0
5
6
6
C
O
O
P
→
EX
TR
O
-
0
.
1
5
9
5
*
*
0
.
1
5
9
5
*
*
-
N
o
t
e
:
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
,
*
*
p
<0
.
01
;
DE
=
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
I
E
=
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
T
E
=
t
o
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Path
m
o
d
el
o
f
PAR
E
N,
C
OOP,
E
NVI
,
C
L
A
SS
,
an
d
E
XT
R
O
on
SEL
with
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
C
C
A
r
esu
lts
3
.
4
.
M
edia
t
io
n
ef
f
ec
t
s
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
i
ab
les h
elp
ed
r
ev
ea
l th
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
h
o
w
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
SEL
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ath
wa
y
s
.
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
s
in
g
le
m
ed
iatio
n
in
th
e
C
OOP
→
C
L
A
SS
→
SEL
p
ath
way
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
lig
h
tly
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
4
5
7
to
0
.
2
4
4
4
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
a
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
3
0
6
,
p
<
0
.
01
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
C
L
AS
S
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
C
OOP
an
d
SEL
,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
at
C
OOP
af
f
ec
ts
SEL
b
o
t
h
d
i
r
ec
tly
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
ea
tin
g
a
C
L
ASS
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
C
L
ASS
→
E
XT
R
O
→
SEL
p
ath
way
,
wh
e
r
e
E
XT
R
O
s
er
v
ed
as
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
C
L
ASS
an
d
SEL
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
co
ef
f
icien
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
7
8
3
to
0
.
1
5
3
8
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
a
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
4
7
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
,
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
th
e
p
ar
tial m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
.
An
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
th
e
PAR
E
N
→
E
XT
R
O
→
SEL
p
ath
way
,
wh
er
e
E
XT
R
O
d
id
n
o
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
m
e
d
iato
r
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PAR
E
N
an
d
SEL
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
co
e
f
f
icien
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
lig
h
tly
,
wh
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
3
2
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
,
w
h
ich
is
b
elo
w
0
.
2
0
,
it
ca
n
b
e
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r
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ia
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p
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4923
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
E
XT
R
O
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
lay
a
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
at
PAR
E
N
d
i
r
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
SEL
with
o
u
t n
ec
ess
ar
ily
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
ch
an
g
es in
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
a
lity
.
W
h
en
an
aly
zin
g
s
er
ial
m
ed
i
atio
n
in
th
e
C
OOP
→
C
L
ASS
→
E
XT
R
O
→
SEL
p
ath
way
,
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
r
esu
lts
em
er
g
ed
.
T
h
e
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
8
4
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
C
L
ASS
an
d
E
XT
R
O
as
s
er
ial
m
ed
i
ato
r
s
.
C
OOP
co
n
tin
u
ed
t
o
af
f
ec
t
SEL
ev
en
with
b
o
th
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
r
ef
lects
th
at
C
OOP
h
elp
s
cr
ea
te
a
C
L
ASS
,
wh
ich
en
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
E
XT
R
O
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
,
th
e
d
etails
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
s
im
p
le
an
d
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
C
L
ASS
an
d
E
XT
R
O
Ef
f
e
c
t
P
a
t
h
β
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
VAF
(
IE
/
TE
)
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
e
s
t
P
A
R
EN
→
S
EL
TE
0
.
4
1
8
9
10
.
9
5
9
0
**
0
.
1
3
2
7
No
me
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
6
P
A
R
EN
→
S
EL
DE
(
C
)
0
.
4
1
8
9
10
.
9
5
9
0
**
P
A
R
EN
→
S
EL
D
E
(
C
’
)
0
.
4
1
7
6
10
.
9
5
1
6
**
P
A
R
EN
→
EX
T
R
O
→
S
EL
IE
0
.
0
5
5
6
3
.
6
7
5
7
**
C
LA
S
S
→
S
EL
TE
0
.
1
7
8
3
5
.
0
7
7
1
**
0
.
3
4
7
7
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
7
C
LA
S
S
→
S
EL
D
E
(
C
)
0
.
1
7
8
3
5
.
0
7
7
1
**
C
LA
S
S
→
S
EL
D
E
(
C
’
)
0
.
1
5
3
8
4
.
1
5
2
8
**
C
LA
S
S
→
EX
T
R
O
→
S
EL
IE
0
.
0
6
2
0
3
.
5
8
6
8
**
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
TE
0
.
2
4
5
7
5
.
0
7
5
1
**
0
.
4
3
0
6
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
8
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
DE
(
C
)
0
.
2
4
5
7
5
.
0
7
5
1
**
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
D
E
(
C
’
)
0
.
2
4
4
4
5
.
1
4
7
8
**
C
O
O
P
→
C
LA
S
S
→
S
E
L
IE
0
.
1
0
5
8
4
.
3
6
0
9
**
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
TE
0
.
2
4
5
7
5
.
0
7
5
1
**
0
.
6
8
4
6
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
9
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
DE
(
C
)
0
.
2
4
5
7
5
.
0
7
5
1
**
C
O
O
P
→
S
EL
D
E
(
C
’
)
0
.
2
4
1
5
5
.
3
2
2
6
**
C
O
O
P
→
C
LA
S
S
→
EX
T
R
O
→
S
E
L
IE
0
.
1
6
8
2
5
.
6
4
7
3
**
N
o
t
e
:
**
p
<0
.
0
1
,
V
A
F
=
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
,
C
=
D
E
b
e
f
o
r
e
me
d
i
a
t
o
r
a
d
d
e
d
,
C
’
=
D
E
a
f
t
e
r
me
d
i
a
t
o
r
a
d
d
e
d
3
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
5
.
1
.
I
nfluence
o
f
f
a
ct
o
rs
o
n
s
o
cia
l a
nd
em
o
t
io
na
l le
a
rning
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
clea
r
ly
in
d
icate
th
at
PAR
E
N
r
em
ain
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
SEL
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
β
=
0
.
4
2
8
**
,
f²
=
0
.
3
1
7
)
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
37
]
s
o
cial
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
at
m
o
s
t
lear
n
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
m
o
d
els,
with
p
ar
en
ts
b
ein
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
els
wh
o
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[3
8
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
is
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
’
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
af
f
ec
t
p
ar
en
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
f
am
ily
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
SEL
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
39
]
.
Su
r
p
r
is
in
g
ly
,
th
is
f
am
ily
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
p
er
s
is
ts
ev
en
in
o
u
r
d
ig
ital
a
g
e,
wh
er
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
p
ee
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
d
im
in
is
h
p
ar
en
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
r
ev
ea
ls
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
t
h
at
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tally
ch
allen
g
es
W
ester
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
th
e
o
r
ies,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
T
h
ai
co
llectiv
is
t
cu
lt
u
r
e,
wh
ich
v
alu
es
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
m
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
th
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
alis
tic
s
o
cieties
wh
er
e
p
ee
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
ty
p
ically
b
ec
o
m
es
d
o
m
in
an
t
d
u
r
in
g
ad
o
lescen
ce
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
at
T
h
ai
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
cr
ea
te
wh
at
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
ter
m
ed
“su
s
tain
ed
f
am
ily
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
”
d
esp
ite
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
d
i
g
ital p
r
ess
u
r
es
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
PA
R
E
N
also
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
eq
u
ality
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
f
a
m
ilies
lack
in
g
PAR
E
N
m
ay
b
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
ed
i
n
SEL
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
ee
r
s
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
p
ec
if
i
c
s
u
p
p
o
r
t m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
T
h
ai
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
r
e
in
ten
s
iv
e
SEL
s
k
ill
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
r
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
h
elp
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
m
is
s
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
am
ily
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
em
p
h
asizin
g
f
am
ily
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
p
o
licies
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
SEL
is
an
is
s
u
e
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
e
d
in
th
e
T
h
ai
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
.
I
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
,
C
OOP
em
er
g
es
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
d
ir
ec
t
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
[
4
0
]
s
o
cial
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
th
eo
r
y
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
at
C
OOP
s
im
u
late
s
s
o
cial
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
h
elp
d
ev
elo
p
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
is
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
d
e
v
elo
p
s
b
o
th
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
Fo
r
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ea
r
ly
ad
o
lescen
ce
,
C
OOP
h
o
ld
s
s
p
ec
ial
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as
th
ey
ar
e
in
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
co
g
n
i
tiv
e,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
s
o
cial
g
r
o
wth
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
C
OOP
h
elp
s
s
o
c
ially
is
o
lated
ad
o
lescen
ts
f
o
r
m
n
ew
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
b
u
lly
in
g
a
n
d
v
ictim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
4
3
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
es
at
th
is
ag
e
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
OOP
an
d
C
L
ASS
(
β
=
0
.
647
**
)
r
ef
lects
th
at
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
s
ter
a
C
L
ASS
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
1
6
-
4
9
2
7
4924
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
C
OOP
in
to
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
a
ctiv
ities
[
14
]
,
[
22
]
,
[
4
4
].
A
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
th
at
E
NVI
d
o
es n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
SEL
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
a
d
icts
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
22
]
,
[
4
5
]
an
d
W
ester
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
s
th
at
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
E
NVI
.
T
h
is
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
SE
L
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
els
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
u
lly
e
x
p
lain
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
in
th
e
T
h
ai
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
ev
id
e
n
c
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eo
r
ies
m
o
r
e
alig
n
ed
with
Asi
an
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
E
NVI
s
till
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
as
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
th
at
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
p
e
r
s
o
n
alities
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
in
d
ir
ec
t p
ath
way
(
IE
=
0
.
0
3
6
6
*
*
,
p
<
0
.
01
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
alig
n
s
with
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
4
6
]
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
h
elp
d
ev
elo
p
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
SOA
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
SEL
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
in
T
h
ai
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
eq
u
ir
es
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
wo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
r
ath
er
t
h
an
d
ir
ec
t i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
M
edia
t
ing
ro
le
o
f
f
a
ct
o
rs
T
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
f
ascin
atin
g
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
C
L
ASS
an
d
E
XT
R
O
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
s
in
th
e
C
OOP
→
C
L
A
S
S
→
SEL
an
d
C
L
ASS
→
E
XT
R
O
→
SEL
p
ath
way
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
in
t
er
esti
n
g
is
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
th
e
“
class
r
o
o
m
as
m
ed
iato
r
”
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
C
L
ASS
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
s
elv
es,
in
ter
ac
t
o
p
e
n
ly
with
o
th
er
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
lly
d
ev
el
o
p
th
ei
r
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
[
22
]
.
T
h
is
a
lig
n
s
with
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
C
L
ASS
r
esu
lts
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
win
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
s
o
cial
ten
d
en
cies,
ex
h
i
b
itin
g
less
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
d
ar
in
g
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
id
ea
s
[
21
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
at
h
way
o
f
C
OOP
→
C
L
A
SS
→
E
XT
R
O
→
SEL
with
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
ig
h
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
8
4
6
,
u
n
co
v
e
r
in
g
a
s
p
ec
ial
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
in
th
e
T
h
ai
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
wh
er
e
C
L
ASS
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
er
v
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
C
OOP
b
u
t
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
“
ca
taly
s
t
”
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
m
o
r
e
ex
tr
o
v
er
ted
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
lead
in
g
to
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
C
OOP
cr
ea
tes
a
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
en
tire
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
,
in
d
icatin
g
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
th
at
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
-
b
ased
SEL
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
m
ay
b
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
c
r
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
f
a
cilitate
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
L
ASS
.
An
o
th
er
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
i
s
th
at
E
XT
R
O
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
m
e
d
iatin
g
v
ar
ia
b
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PAR
E
N
an
d
SEL
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
ec
r
e
ased
s
lig
h
tly
,
wh
e
n
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
3
2
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
,
wh
ich
is
b
el
o
w
0
.
2
0
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
t
h
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
lay
a
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
.
T
h
is
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
m
ay
r
ef
lect
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
“c
r
itical
p
e
r
io
d
”
in
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
u
g
g
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t
h
at
f
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lu
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ile,
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NVI
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e
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o
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ce
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x
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o
f
p
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s
o
n
ality
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T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
at
PAR
E
N
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
SEL
with
o
u
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
ch
ild
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s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
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A
n
o
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le
p
o
in
t
is
th
at
E
XT
R
O
p
lay
s
a
m
ed
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g
r
o
le
o
n
ly
in
p
ath
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r
elate
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to
s
ch
o
o
l
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lev
el
f
ac
to
r
s
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
in
f
am
ily
-
lev
el
p
ath
way
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
SEL
in
th
eir
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ild
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en
with
o
u
t
h
a
v
in
g
to
ch
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g
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
b
u
t
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
ex
is
tin
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
an
d
ad
d
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
,
th
ey
ca
n
h
elp
m
a
k
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
SEL
d
e
v
elo
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m
e
n
t
m
o
r
e
co
n
cr
ete
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
SE
L
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
ap
ted
to
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am
ily
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
ch
ild
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e
n
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s
s
p
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if
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
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d
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u
s
t
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av
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
f
o
r
m
s
th
at
m
atc
h
r
ea
l
co
n
te
x
ts
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
[
1
]
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
at
b
o
th
f
am
ily
an
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
t
SEL
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
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er
e
n
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
will
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elp
p
ar
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ts
an
d
teac
h
er
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estab
lis
h
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
em
p
ir
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s
tu
d
y
h
as u
n
v
e
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m
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le
x
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ter
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s
h
ip
s
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etwe
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am
ily
,
s
ch
o
o
l,
c
lass
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o
o
m
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
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r
s
th
at
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llectiv
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s
h
ap
e
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L
in
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wer
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ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
o
r
th
er
n
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
p
a
r
en
tin
g
r
e
m
ain
s
th
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s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
SE
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d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
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o
p
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ativ
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lear
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g
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
clim
ate,
an
d
ex
tr
o
v
er
t
p
er
s
o
n
ality
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wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
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x
p
lain
6
7
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3
7
%
o
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S
E
L
v
ar
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ce
.
I
m
p
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tan
tly
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th
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s
er
ial
m
ed
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al
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is
r
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a
“
s
eq
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en
tial
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m
o
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el
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wh
er
e
c
o
o
p
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ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
SEL
b
u
t
a
ls
o
cr
ea
tes
p
o
s
itiv
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class
r
o
o
m
clim
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en
co
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r
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es
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tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
r
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ex
tr
o
v
er
t
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
SEL
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
h
o
ws
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
SEL
b
u
t
o
p
er
ates
in
d
ir
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
tr
o
v
er
t
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ev
id
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n
ce
th
at
W
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SEL
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
els
m
ay
n
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f
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lly
ex
p
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p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
i
n
Asi
an
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ch
allen
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W
ester
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d
er
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ap
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r
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h
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d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
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co
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tex
t
-
s
p
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if
ic
SEL
p
r
o
m
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tio
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th
eo
r
ies th
at
r
ef
lect
T
h
ai
c
o
llectiv
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t c
u
ltu
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
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8
8
2
2
F
r
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d
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p
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(
P
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4925
T
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ased
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l
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s
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