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s sc
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K
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T
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C
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Dep
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Sc
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Ar
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an
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Scien
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s
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Natio
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Un
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s
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Ma
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p
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Scien
tific
r
esear
ch
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as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
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o
le
in
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v
an
cin
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k
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d
in
d
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i
v
in
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tec
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n
o
lo
g
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in
n
o
v
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s
[
1
]
.
Scien
tific
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s
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lts
p
r
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v
id
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m
ea
n
in
g
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tio
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to
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[
2
]
.
T
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ap
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licatio
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s
tem
atic
an
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ig
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if
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m
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tal
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[
3
]
.
Scien
tific
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v
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lv
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s
tu
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ies
in
n
atu
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s
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th
at
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s
tu
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f
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wh
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ly
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ex
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in
ter
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s
an
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d
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[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t
J
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
1
7
-
4
5
2
7
4518
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es,
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
h
as
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Stu
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[
5
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San
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So
liv
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[
6
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icate
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at
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ates stu
d
en
ts
to
u
tili
ze
tech
n
iq
u
es in
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
b
io
l
o
g
ical
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
f
iel
d
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ield
wo
r
k
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jects.
T
o
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
task
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
an
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
q
u
ality
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
es
s
en
tial
in
g
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
as
it
p
r
o
m
o
tes
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
u
cc
ess
in
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
lin
k
ed
to
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
[
9
]
.
Stu
d
y
b
y
Dio
co
s
[
1
0
]
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
u
r
d
les
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
,
with
n
o
tab
le
is
s
u
es
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
n
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
aster
y
o
f
ess
en
tial
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
d
a
ta
an
aly
s
is
s
k
ill
s
—
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
—
th
u
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
to
b
etter
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Par
k
an
d
Ha
[
1
1
]
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
wer
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
ad
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
clu
d
in
g
s
cien
tific
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
tech
n
ical
s
k
i
lls
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es in
s
cien
tific
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
wer
e
also
id
en
tifie
d
in
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fer
n
án
d
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
h
av
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
k
ills
in
id
en
tify
in
g
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
an
d
d
r
awin
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
T
o
n
zo
n
[
1
3
]
w
h
o
also
tar
g
eted
t
o
id
en
tif
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
was
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
k
ills
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ca
u
s
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
an
d
in
g
en
er
atin
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
al
s
o
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
er
ately
s
k
illed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
te
r
p
r
etin
g
d
ata,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
v
ar
iab
les
,
an
d
in
an
aly
zin
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
ar
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
to
war
d
m
aster
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
eir
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
also
in
d
ica
ted
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
th
at
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el
is
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
ad
v
an
cin
g
to
a
h
ig
h
er
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
d
o
es
n
o
t
eq
u
ate
to
a
m
o
r
e
en
h
an
ce
d
s
cien
tific
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
k
ill
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
k
ills
in
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
s
er
v
e
as
a
b
asis
o
f
m
o
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ills
i
n
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
two
c
r
itical
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
p
o
i
n
t
o
u
t
th
at
a
r
esear
ch
g
ap
ex
is
ts
in
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
er
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
b
i
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
wh
er
e
t
h
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
in
t
eg
r
al
to
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
.
T
h
e
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
war
r
an
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
b
jectiv
ely
est
ab
lis
h
if
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ar
e
al
s
o
lack
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
t
er
tiar
y
lev
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
g
ap
in
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
ese
ar
ch
s
k
ills
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
also
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
a
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
cien
tific
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
k
ills
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
l
ev
el.
San
tiag
o
an
d
Valto
r
ib
io
[
1
5
]
,
as
cited
b
y
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
to
o
l
in
g
au
g
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
cl
u
d
e
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
m
an
ag
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
s
ca
le
i
s
in
ten
d
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
a
lid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
g
ap
.
T
o
attain
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
with
th
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
eo
r
y
o
f
B
an
d
u
r
a.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
h
ati
an
d
Seth
y
[1
6
]
,
t
h
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
eo
r
y
o
f
B
an
d
u
r
a
h
as
g
ain
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
was
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
h
asized
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
ic
ac
y
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
d
if
f
icu
lt
task
s
an
d
ch
all
en
g
es
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
wer
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
[1
6
]
.
T
h
e
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
I
s
o
-
Ah
o
lo
f
u
r
t
h
er
ju
s
tifie
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as
th
e
th
eo
r
y
p
o
s
its
th
at
s
k
ills
s
er
v
e
as
m
e
n
tal
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
to
o
ls
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
o
m
ain
s
[1
7
]
.
T
h
e
th
e
o
r
y
p
u
t
em
p
h
asis
th
at
th
e
e
x
ten
t
o
f
s
k
ills
ca
n
en
ab
le
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
at
a
ce
r
tain
lev
el
[1
7
]
.
T
h
ese
th
eo
r
ies
o
f
f
e
r
r
ati
o
n
ale
f
o
r
th
e
attain
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
ce
s
k
ills
ar
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
ass
ess
ed
,
s
tep
s
c
an
b
e
tak
en
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
em
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
s
in
ts
ad
ze
et
a
l
.
[1
8
]
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
th
at
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
w
ea
k
n
ess
es lea
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
co
m
p
l
etin
g
task
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
leve
l o
f scien
tifi
c
r
esea
r
c
h
s
kills
o
f th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
P
h
ilip
p
i
n
es
(
C
h
illet G.
C
r
ed
o
)
4519
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s’
lev
els
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
cr
u
cial
in
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
a
r
ea
s
th
at
n
ee
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
Su
c
h
ev
al
u
at
io
n
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
ita
b
le
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
en
h
a
n
c
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
esear
ch
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
b
i
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
an
s
wer
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
e
if
th
e
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
th
at
i
n
clu
d
es
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
n
am
ely
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
k
ill,
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
in
g
s
k
ill,
an
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ill
is
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
L
astl
y
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
is
to
d
escr
ib
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
,
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
r
e
v
en
ts
with
o
u
t
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
les.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
is
d
esig
n
also
r
ef
lects
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
alo
n
g
wi
th
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
tr
en
d
s
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
e
x
is
t
with
in
a
u
n
it
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
3
3
o
f
f
icially
en
r
o
lled
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
ac
h
e
lo
r
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
at
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
.
All th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
v
o
lu
n
tar
il
y
ag
r
ee
d
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
elf
-
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
San
tiag
o
an
d
Valto
r
ib
i
o
[
1
5
]
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
in
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
2
0
-
item
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
5
f
o
r
s
cie
n
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
k
ills
,
8
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
i
n
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
7
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
te
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
3
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
c
ien
tific
r
esear
ch
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
,
ad
e
q
u
aten
ess
,
o
b
jectiv
ity
,
r
elev
an
c
e,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
b
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
h
at
u
tili
ze
d
a
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
b
je
cted
to
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
J
AM
OVI
s
o
f
twar
e
.
C
FA
i
s
a
s
tat
is
tical
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
h
o
w
well
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
f
its
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata
[
20
]
.
I
t
aid
s
in
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
is
p
r
esu
m
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
tar
g
eted
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
[
20
]
.
Usi
n
g
g
p
o
wer
,
an
in
itial
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
n
=
1
0
5
is
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
with
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
f
2
=0
.
3
5
)
,
α
=0
.
0
5
,
9
5
%
p
o
wer
,
with
2
0
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
v
ar
iab
les.
W
e
o
b
tain
ed
n
=1
3
5
s
am
p
le
wh
ic
h
y
ield
s
9
9
%
s
tati
s
tical
p
o
wer
u
s
in
g
α
=0
.
0
5
with
lar
g
e
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
(
f
2
=0
.
3
5
)
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
an
aly
s
is
[
21
]
.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
w
er
e
estab
lis
h
ed
with
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
co
n
v
er
g
en
t,
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
C
FA
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
with
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ar
e
d
v
ar
ian
ce
(
MSV)
,
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
t
er
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
b
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
a
s
tate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
t
-
test
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
k
ills
(
t(
1
3
1
)
=
-
1
.
7
1
,
p
=0
9
)
,
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
in
g
s
k
ills
(
t(
1
3
1
)
=
0
.
4
1
,
p
=
6
8
)
,
a
n
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
t(
1
3
1
)
=
-
0
.
3
8
,
p
=
7
0
)
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
at
b
ir
th
(
i.e
.
,
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale)
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Facto
r
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
T
df
p
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
k
i
l
l
s
-
1
.
7
1
1
3
1
0
.
0
9
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
-
0
.
4
1
1
3
1
0
.
6
8
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
-
0
.
3
8
1
3
1
0
.
7
0
N
o
t
e
:
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
t
e
s
t
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
m
is
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
in
th
e
d
ata
s
et.
J
AM
OV
I
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
v
alid
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
a
b
le
2
in
clu
d
es
C
FA
u
s
ed
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
T
ab
le
3
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
e
C
R
,
A
VE
,
an
d
MS
V
to
estab
li
s
h
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
T
a
b
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
T
a
b
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
an
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
o
f
th
e
item
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
1
7
-
4
5
2
7
4520
T
ab
le
2
.
Facto
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
C
F
I
TLI
S
R
M
R
R
M
S
EA
9
0
%
C
I
X
2
Df
P
Lo
w
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
Th
e
3
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
0
.
8
4
0
.
8
2
0
.
0
7
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
2
4
2
7
1
6
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
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o
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.
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5
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r
0
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0
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5
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0
<
0
.
0
0
1
N
o
t
e
:
C
F
I
=
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
;
TLI
=
Tu
c
k
e
r
-
Le
w
i
s
i
n
d
e
x
;
S
R
M
R
=
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
r
o
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t
m
e
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
r
e
si
d
u
a
l
;
R
M
S
EA
=
r
o
o
t
me
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
e
r
r
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
i
o
n
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t a
n
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
CR
AVE
M
S
V
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
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n
f
o
r
m
a
t
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l
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m
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n
t
s
k
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l
l
s
0
.
9
6
1
.
3
7
0
.
5
2
5
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
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c
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e
s
e
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r
c
h
m
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n
a
g
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n
g
sk
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l
l
0
.
9
2
1
.
7
1
0
.
5
2
5
S
c
i
e
n
t
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f
i
c
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s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
0
.
9
5
4
.
1
1
0
.
6
3
8
T
ab
le
4
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
,
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
a
n
d
in
te
r
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
N
o
.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
1
2
3
M
SD
Α
VD
1.
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
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l
o
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m
e
n
t
s
k
i
l
l
s
-
4
.
4
3
0
.
9
4
0
.
8
7
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2.
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
0
.
7
2
-
4
.
1
7
0
.
9
9
0
.
8
9
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
3.
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
0
.
7
2
0
.
8
0
-
4
.
3
8
0
.
9
8
0
.
8
6
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
N
o
t
e
:
1
-
1
.
9
=
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y
n
o
mas
t
e
r
y
;
1
.
9
1
-
2
.
8
1
=
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
;
2
.
8
2
-
3
.
7
1
=
l
o
w
;
3
.
7
2
-
4
.
6
1
=
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
;
4
.
6
2
-
5
.
5
1
=
m
o
v
i
n
g
t
o
w
a
r
d
s m
a
st
e
r
y
;
5
.
5
2
-
6
.
4
1
=
c
l
o
s
e
l
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
i
n
g
mas
t
e
r
y
;
6
.
4
2
-
7
=
m
a
st
e
r
e
d
T
ab
le
5
.
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
I
t
e
ms
Β
SE
M
SD
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
sk
i
l
l
s
1.
I
c
a
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
my
o
w
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
o
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
a
t
a
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
h
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
s
c
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n
t
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f
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c
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l
l
y
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o
r
r
e
c
t
.
0
.
7
4
0
.
0
9
3
.
9
9
1
.
2
0
2.
I
c
a
n
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
a
n
a
b
st
r
a
c
t
o
f
a
r
e
sea
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c
h
t
o
p
i
c
.
0
.
9
4
0
.
0
9
4
.
4
0
1
.
3
1
3.
I
c
a
n
b
r
i
n
g
my
i
d
e
a
s i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
r
e
sea
r
c
h
t
o
p
i
c
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
1
1
4
.
7
1
1
.
2
5
4.
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c
a
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
m
y
o
w
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h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s.
0
.
9
4
0
.
0
9
4
.
3
8
1
.
3
0
5.
I
c
a
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
m
y
o
w
n
st
u
d
y
.
0
.
9
7
0
.
0
9
4
.
5
3
1
.
2
5
6.
I
c
a
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
r
a
t
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o
n
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l
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o
f
m
y
s
t
u
d
y
.
0
.
8
7
0
.
0
9
4
.
1
4
1
.
1
9
7.
I
c
a
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
c
r
e
a
t
e
my
o
w
n
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s.
0
.
7
9
0
.
1
0
4
.
8
3
1
.
2
9
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
sea
r
c
h
man
a
g
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
8.
I
c
a
n
ma
n
a
g
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
o
f
a
t
h
e
me
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s,
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
b
a
se
s.
0
.
8
6
0
.
1
0
4
.
1
9
1
.
3
3
9.
I
c
a
n
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
a
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
p
a
p
e
r
i
n
r
e
p
u
t
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
1
.
0
9
0
.
0
9
4
.
2
2
1
.
3
7
1
0
.
I
c
a
n
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
o
r
a
l
l
y
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
r
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t
t
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n
t
h
e
r
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su
l
t
s
o
f
a
r
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v
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e
w
o
f
s
c
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e
n
t
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f
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c
l
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t
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a
t
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r
e
.
0
.
7
9
0
.
0
9
4
.
2
1
1
.
2
7
1
1
.
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c
a
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
g
a
p
s i
n
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s I
r
e
a
d
f
r
o
m
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
r
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l
a
t
e
d
st
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d
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e
s
.
0
.
9
7
0
.
0
9
4
.
1
5
1
.
4
0
1
2
.
I
c
a
n
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
p
l
a
n
r
e
sea
r
c
h
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
u
l
e
s
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
1
1
4
.
0
5
1
.
2
3
1
3
.
I
c
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
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o
f
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
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c
r
u
l
e
s
.
0
.
8
4
0
.
0
9
4
.
0
7
1
.
1
8
1
4
.
I
c
a
n
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
ma
n
a
g
e
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
0
.
8
4
0
.
0
9
4
.
1
6
1
.
3
2
1
5
.
I
c
a
n
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
ma
n
a
g
e
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
r
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se
a
r
c
h
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
.
1
.
0
3
0
.
0
9
4
.
2
9
1
.
2
8
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
sea
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
1
6
.
I
c
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
m
a
i
n
i
d
e
a
s o
f
a
v
a
r
i
e
d
d
a
t
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
my
o
w
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
.
0
.
9
1
0
.
1
0
4
.
3
2
1
.
1
6
1
7
.
I
c
a
n
d
i
s
c
u
ss
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
so
u
r
c
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
my
o
w
n
e
x
p
e
r
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m
e
n
t
.
0
.
8
9
0
.
1
0
4
.
2
3
1
.
1
7
1
8
.
I
c
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
u
se
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
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l
p
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e
d
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r
e
s
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n
m
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s.
0
.
8
6
0
.
0
9
4
.
0
5
1
.
3
0
1
9
.
I
c
a
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m v
a
r
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e
d
d
a
t
a
so
u
r
c
e
s.
0
.
8
8
0
.
0
9
4
.
9
4
1
.
3
2
2
0
.
I
c
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
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se
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
p
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o
c
e
d
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r
e
s
i
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
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n
g
e
x
p
e
r
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m
e
n
t
s.
0
.
9
8
0
.
0
9
4
.
3
5
1
.
2
0
3
.
1
.
1
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
f
a
ct
o
r
s
t
r
uct
ure
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
re
s
ea
rc
h sk
ills
s
ca
le
T
h
e
th
r
ee
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
test
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
m
o
d
els
o
f
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
c
h
s
c
ale:
i
)
th
e
3
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
all
2
0
item
s
;
ii
)
m
o
d
if
ie
d
3
-
f
ac
to
r
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
with
co
v
ar
ied
item
s
o
f
all
2
0
item
s
;
an
d
iii
)
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
with
al
l
2
0
item
s
.
Hu
an
d
B
en
tler
g
u
id
e
[
2
2
]
was u
s
ed
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
m
o
d
el
-
f
it in
d
e
x
.
R
o
o
t m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A
)
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR
)
o
f
less
th
an
0
.
0
7
a
n
d
0
.
0
0
in
d
icate
an
ex
ce
llen
t
an
d
p
e
r
f
ec
t
f
it
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
els.
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
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2
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Th
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i.e
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,
s
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o
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m
atio
n
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m
en
t
s
k
ills
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ch
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g
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g
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ills
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u
r
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1
r
e
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lects
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e
3
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f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
tific
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ch
s
k
ills
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I
tem
s
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m
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tem
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o
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d
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ate
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it
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t
h
e
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atio
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e
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en
t
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ills
;
item
8
to
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1
5
with
th
e
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tific
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esear
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an
ag
e
m
en
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k
ills
;
an
d
item
1
6
to
item
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0
with
th
e
s
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tific
r
esear
ch
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r
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s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
.
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astl
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h
e
ad
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ate
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o
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g
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ests
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at
s
cien
tific
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s
k
ill
s
ar
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m
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ed
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g
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d
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in
g
s
k
ills
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o
n
estab
lis
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in
g
th
e
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,
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e
co
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e
r
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t
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n
d
d
is
cr
im
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an
t
v
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ef
lecte
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in
T
ab
le
3
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C
R
wa
s
u
s
ed
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estab
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h
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th
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b
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ts
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ills
o
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tain
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C
R
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ig
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er
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n
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g
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g
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ce
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h
e
AVE
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ld
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e
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ig
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o
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ig
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n
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5
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astl
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e
MSV
o
f
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o
m
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th
e
AVE
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r
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o
d
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im
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n
t v
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
3
-
f
ac
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tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
m
ax
im
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m
lik
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d
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m
atio
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3.
1
.
2
.
T
he
lev
el
o
f
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cient
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ic
re
s
ea
rc
h
s
k
ills
T
ab
le
4
r
ef
lects
t
h
e
o
v
er
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n
s
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r
e
o
f
4
.
4
3
f
o
r
f
ac
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o
r
1
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4
.
1
7
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
2
,
a
n
d
4
.
3
8
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
3
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
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at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
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esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
lev
el
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
f
a
cto
r
s
.
T
ab
le
5
f
u
r
th
er
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
u
n
d
e
r
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
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er
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tifi
c
in
q
u
ir
y
,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
cr
ea
tin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
r
atio
n
ale
,
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
least
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ill
in
th
is
ar
ea
is
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
1
7
-
4
5
2
7
4522
s
k
ill
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
with
a
t
o
tal
m
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n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
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9
9
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
T
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le
4
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
av
er
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izi
n
g
s
cien
tific
p
ap
er
s
f
r
o
m
cr
ed
i
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le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
id
en
t
if
y
in
g
g
ap
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
o
th
o
r
ally
a
n
d
in
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
in
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
in
g
s
cien
tific
-
b
ased
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
an
d
in
ac
tu
al
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
least
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
k
ill
s
is
th
e
s
k
ill
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
also
r
ef
lecte
d
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
av
er
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
an
aly
zin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
ter
p
r
et
in
g
d
ata,
u
tili
zin
g
s
tatis
tica
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
T
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
least d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
k
ill is
th
e
s
k
ill in
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
s
cient
if
ic
re
s
ea
rc
h
s
k
ill s
ca
le
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
co
m
p
ell
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
to
o
l
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
wh
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
its
r
elev
an
ce
f
o
r
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
eo
r
y
o
f
B
an
d
u
r
a,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
v
alid
ated
a
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
ca
le
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Vasileiad
o
u
a
n
d
Kar
ad
im
itrio
u
[2
4
]
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
w
ith
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
th
e
to
o
l
ca
n
h
elp
in
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
e
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
in
ce
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
t
o
o
l
is
alr
ea
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
b
io
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
is
h
as
o
p
e
n
ed
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
estab
lis
h
its
s
u
itab
ili
ty
to
o
th
er
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
C
r
itically
,
th
e
v
alid
ated
to
o
l
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
v
alid
ated
to
o
l.
E
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
k
ey
ar
ea
s
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
:
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
k
ills
,
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
s
k
ill
th
at
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
in
g
its
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ea
co
v
er
s
th
e
s
k
ills
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
in
q
u
ir
y
f
r
o
m
s
cien
tific
ally
co
r
r
ec
t
d
ata
an
d
s
k
ills
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
r
atio
n
ale
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic,
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ati
o
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
s
s
ein
i
et
a
l
.
[2
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
clea
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as
a
cr
itical
s
tep
in
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
wh
ich
em
p
h
a
s
ize
th
at
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
q
u
est
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tatem
en
ts
an
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
k
ey
s
tep
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
k
ills
d
ef
in
ed
in
f
ac
to
r
1
(
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
k
ills
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
k
il
l
is
r
elev
an
t
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
as
it
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
ad
d
r
ess
r
elev
an
t
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
s
k
ill
alig
n
s
with
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
cien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
ag
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
is
an
o
th
er
ess
en
tia
l
s
k
ill
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
ac
q
u
ir
e.
Scien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
a
n
ag
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ea
r
ch
,
m
an
ag
e
,
o
r
g
an
ize,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ar
r
an
g
e
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ar
ea
co
v
er
s
th
e
s
k
ill
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
s
cien
tific
p
ap
er
s
f
r
o
m
cr
e
d
ib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
s
k
ill
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
o
th
o
r
ally
an
d
in
wr
itin
g
,
th
e
s
k
ill
in
id
en
tify
in
g
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
k
ill
in
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
an
ag
i
n
g
s
cien
tific
-
b
ased
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
4
]
.
B
ir
n
ey
et
a
l.
[2
6
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
ata
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
r
io
r
ity
as
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
ee
k
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
r
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
is
is
also
an
ch
o
r
ed
in
th
e
b
io
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e
as st
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
k
ills
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
ts
b
o
th
o
r
all
y
an
d
in
wr
itin
g
.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
to
b
e
em
p
h
asized
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tifi
c
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
th
at
co
v
er
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
an
a
ly
ze
s
cien
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
s
k
ill
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
an
aly
ze
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
ap
e
r
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
an
aly
ze
d
ata
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
al
r
esu
lts
,
as
wel
l
as
th
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
[
20
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
o
f
d
ata
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
ied
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
in
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
lar
g
e
d
atasets
[2
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Olaitan
[2
8
]
,
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
f
ac
ts
th
at
b
ec
o
m
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
wh
e
n
th
ese
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
co
r
r
ec
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
m
eth
o
d
is
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
th
e
c
o
llectio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
d
ata
to
v
alid
ate
th
eo
r
ies an
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
an
d
to
d
r
aw
em
p
ir
ical
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
[
29
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
leve
l o
f scien
tifi
c
r
esea
r
c
h
s
kills
o
f th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
P
h
ilip
p
i
n
es
(
C
h
illet G.
C
r
ed
o
)
4523
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
lev
el
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
re
s
ea
rc
h sk
ills
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
b
r
id
g
ed
th
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
r
esear
ch
g
ap
an
d
attain
ed
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
i
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
v
alid
ated
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
it
was
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
an
av
er
a
g
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
a
co
n
tin
u
in
g
ch
allen
g
e
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
e
v
i
d
en
t
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ills
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
clea
r
n
ee
d
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
k
ill
lev
el
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
th
e
b
i
o
lo
g
y
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
em
a
n
d
s
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
r
o
le
s
in
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
with
c
o
m
p
e
ten
cies
r
elev
an
t
to
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ma
s
ter
in
g
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
an
d
r
em
ain
s
v
alu
a
b
le
in
th
eir
f
u
t
u
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
[
8
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
o
n
m
o
v
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
m
aster
y
lev
el
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
claim
o
f
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
,
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el
is
n
o
t
a
g
u
ar
an
tee
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
d
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
k
ills
.
I
t
is
also
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
to
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
a
r
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
STE
M
an
d
n
on
-
STE
M
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
th
eir
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
s
as
th
e
C
HE
D
p
er
m
its
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
e
s
(
SU
C
s
)
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
to
ad
m
it
s
tu
d
en
ts
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
tr
ac
k
o
r
s
tr
an
d
th
ey
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
leted
,
as
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
C
MO
1
0
5
,
s
er
ies
o
f
2
0
1
7
[
30
]
.
T
h
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tr
an
d
is
a
f
ac
to
r
to
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
ir
n
ey
et
a
l.
[
26
]
,
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
ev
elo
p
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
en
t
h
u
s
iasm
to
war
d
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
s
er
v
es
as
an
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
h
e
n
ce
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tr
an
d
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
r
e
e
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
r
e
v
ea
l
ed
th
at
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
k
ill
in
d
e
v
el
o
p
in
g
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
i
c
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
a
v
e
r
ag
e
s
k
il
ls
i
n
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
s
cie
n
t
if
i
c
in
q
u
i
r
y
,
a
b
s
t
r
a
ct,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
r
at
io
n
a
le
,
an
d
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
,
d
if
f
i
c
u
lti
es
w
er
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
am
o
n
g
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
p
e
r
t
ai
n
i
n
g
t
o
s
k
i
lls
in
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
an
d
i
n
est
a
b
lis
h
i
n
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
e
an
s
t
h
at
d
if
f
i
cu
lti
es
in
s
ci
e
n
ti
f
ic
r
es
ea
r
c
h
m
a
y
a
ls
o
b
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
i
n
t
er
tia
r
y
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
as
m
ast
er
y
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
i
c
r
ese
ar
c
h
s
k
ills
was
n
o
t
a
ch
ie
v
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
As s
t
ate
d
b
y
H
ash
m
i
[
31
]
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
e
w
it
h
r
es
ea
r
c
h
wr
i
ti
n
g
d
u
e
t
o
l
o
w
l
ev
el
o
f
w
r
it
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Hen
ce
,
th
ese
av
er
ag
e
s
k
ills
m
ay
lead
to
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
l
ea
s
t
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ill
in
th
is
a
r
ea
is
th
e
s
k
ill
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
i
s
b
en
ef
icial
as
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
o
u
n
ter
s
th
e
ten
d
en
c
y
to
tr
ea
t
s
cien
ce
as
a
f
ix
ed
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
32
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Z
o
m
p
er
o
et
a
l
.
[
33
]
e
m
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
e
q
u
ip
p
i
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
q
u
ir
y
p
r
ac
tices f
o
r
t
h
em
to
b
u
ild
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
all
ar
ea
s
u
n
d
er
s
cien
tific
r
esea
r
ch
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
ar
e
at
an
av
e
r
ag
e
lev
el,
with
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
e
in
g
th
e
least
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
s
k
ill.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
alig
n
s
with
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
th
at
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
least
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
m
an
ag
in
g
s
k
ill
o
f
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
s
k
ill
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
a
v
e
av
er
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
an
aly
zin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
d
ata,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
with
th
e
s
k
il
l
in
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
t
ical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
as
th
e
least
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ill.
Fer
n
án
d
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
also
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
with
th
e
s
k
ill
in
d
esig
n
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Pro
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
k
ills
in
u
tili
zin
g
p
r
o
p
er
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
am
o
n
g
s
en
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
wer
e
also
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ser
v
ad
o
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
icu
lties
ex
ten
d
in
to
th
e
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
at
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
i
n
th
e
k
e
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
34
]
.
T
h
is
is
alar
m
in
g
g
iv
e
n
th
e
f
ac
t th
at
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
k
ills
ex
ten
d
to
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
a
d
u
a
te
lev
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
o
f
d
ata
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
ee
n
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
lex
p
h
ase
in
a
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
th
at
d
em
a
n
d
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
an
aly
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
d
a
ta
is
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
llectio
n
t
o
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
tag
e
[
35
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Hash
m
i
[
31
]
r
ev
e
aled
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
f
ac
ed
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
an
aly
zi
n
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
r
esear
ch
d
ata
an
d
clam
o
r
e
d
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
t
h
at
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
e
ab
ilit
ies.
Giv
en
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
ese
s
k
ills
is
well
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Actio
n
s
ar
e
war
r
an
te
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
is
f
ield
a
n
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
r
esear
c
h
o
u
tp
u
t.
M
aster
in
g
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
is
es
s
en
ti
al
f
o
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
v
an
ce
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
s
o
ciety
[
36
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
h
ig
h
e
r
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
a
g
r
ea
ter
ch
a
n
ce
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
g
o
als
[
37
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
B
an
d
u
r
a
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
af
e
y
e
t
ch
allen
g
in
g
task
s
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
m
aster
y
a
n
d
lead
t
o
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t o
f
s
k
ills
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
tar
g
eted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies to
d
ev
elo
p
th
es
e
ess
en
tial c
o
m
p
eten
cies in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
is
h
ig
h
ly
b
en
e
f
icial
as
it
o
p
en
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
b
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
an
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
s
p
ar
k
s
s
tu
d
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’
in
ter
est
an
d
en
h
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ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
an
d
p
r
ac
t
ical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
38
]
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tif
ic
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
clo
s
ely
tied
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
.
T
o
n
zo
n
[
1
3
]
em
p
h
asized
th
a
t
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ar
e
b
est
ac
q
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ir
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en
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co
r
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o
r
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ted
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jects
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g
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e
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y
th
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tu
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en
ts
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
1
7
-
4
5
2
7
4524
is
o
lated
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
tar
g
et
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
u
n
li
k
ely
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
E
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
esear
ch
in
itiativ
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ca
n
y
ield
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
to
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
n
o
tab
ly
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
39
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
b
r
id
g
e
d
id
en
tifie
d
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
th
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
e
o
r
y
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
g
a
p
was
ad
d
r
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s
ed
th
r
o
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g
h
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
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s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
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t
to
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l
th
at
g
a
u
g
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th
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
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ch
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k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
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p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
ee
k
ey
s
k
ills
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
v
alu
ab
le
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
n
clu
d
e
s
cie
n
tific
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
k
ills
,
s
cien
tific
r
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ch
m
an
ag
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
id
en
tify
if
th
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
also
r
elev
an
t
t
o
o
th
er
s
cien
ce
-
r
elate
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
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ch
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
lar
g
e
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
in
ce
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
wer
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
k
ill
lev
el
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
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er
s
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ass
ess
an
d
r
ev
is
it
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
en
g
ag
e
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
is
in
teg
r
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
jects
as
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
ed
wh
en
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
s
u
b
jects.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
also
f
o
cu
s
o
n
id
en
tify
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
at
tar
g
et
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Fu
tu
r
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
ay
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
an
d
m
ay
also
i
n
clu
d
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
ee
k
ey
a
r
ea
s
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
th
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
b
io
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
ex
h
ib
it
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
g
a
th
er
ed
b
y
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
lim
itatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tr
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ay
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
f
o
cu
s
o
n
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tr
an
d
s
an
d
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
cien
ce
-
r
elate
d
co
u
r
s
e
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
te
n
d
g
r
atitu
d
e
t
o
Do
n
Ho
n
o
r
io
Ven
tu
r
a
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
t
o
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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M
A
T
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h
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th
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s
tate
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o
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n
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g
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v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
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NS ST
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h
e
ch
ar
t
p
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th
e
co
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tr
ib
u
tio
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o
f
all
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e
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s
.
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h
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ch
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k
m
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k
in
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icate
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p
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ch
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th
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r
.
Na
m
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o
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Aut
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u
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ey
M.
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J
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d
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R
ich
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Ma
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R
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I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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2
2
Th
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leve
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f scien
tifi
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r
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r
c
h
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kills
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f th
e
b
io
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g
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s
tu
d
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ts
in
th
e
P
h
ilip
p
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n
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(
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C
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)
4525
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
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ter
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
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h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
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p
p
o
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o
m
th
e
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o
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r
esp
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in
g
au
th
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r
[
C
G
C
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
G.
C.
d
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
“
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
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e
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
(
I
J
S
R)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
6
3
5
–
6
4
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
2
7
5
/
S
R
2
2
9
1
4
0
2
1
6
1
7
.
[
2
]
S
.
T
a
k
a
h
a
sh
i
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
sc
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e
n
t
i
f
i
c
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e
s
u
l
t
s
t
o
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
:
C
a
se
st
u
d
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e
s
o
f
U
A
r
c
t
i
c
a
c
t
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v
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t
y
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n
G
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e
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l
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n
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y
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p
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n
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n
Ja
p
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n
,
”
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S
c
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e
,
v
o
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.
2
9
,
p.
1
0
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8
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
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6
/
j
.
p
o
l
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
6
8
7
.
[
3
]
A
.
R
a
y
h
a
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29
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[
35
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[
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[
38
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[
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