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it
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e
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t,
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o
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g
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ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
risk
s
in
t
h
e
d
i
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a
l
la
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sc
a
p
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a
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ra
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s
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w
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m
a
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ll
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m
ic
li
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ra
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la
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h
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ir
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n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
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n
t
s’
d
i
g
it
a
l
li
tera
c
y
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
se
c
u
rit
y
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
;
w
h
a
t
a
re
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
re
late
d
to
li
b
ra
ry
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s
;
a
n
d
,
p
e
rh
a
p
s
m
o
st
imp
o
rta
n
tl
y
,
wh
a
t
a
re
t
h
e
st
ra
teg
ies
d
o
li
b
ra
rian
s
e
m
p
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o
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p
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it
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sin
g
a
q
u
a
li
tati
v
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se
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rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
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y
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d
a
ta
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o
ll
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ted
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ro
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rv
iew
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with
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a
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ic
li
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ra
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d
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n
a
ly
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e
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ly
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g
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re
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l
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t
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c
a
d
e
m
ic
li
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ra
rian
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p
lay
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rit
ica
l
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ste
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g
d
i
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n
d
c
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e
rs
e
c
u
rit
y
b
y
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h
in
g
i
n
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o
rm
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ti
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tera
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y
,
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ro
m
o
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n
g
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th
ica
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o
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li
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h
a
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a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
d
i
g
it
a
l
sa
fe
t
y
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s.
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
i
d
e
n
ti
f
ied
i
n
c
lu
d
e
li
m
it
e
d
re
so
u
rc
e
s,
d
iv
e
rse
d
i
g
it
a
l
sk
il
l
lev
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ls
a
m
o
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
d
iffi
c
u
lt
ies
in
m
a
in
tain
i
n
g
stu
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Li
b
ra
ria
n
s
a
d
d
re
ss
t
h
e
se
issu
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
stra
teg
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su
c
h
a
s
fa
c
u
lt
y
c
o
l
lab
o
r
a
ti
o
n
,
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
d
i
g
it
a
l
li
tera
c
y
p
ro
g
ra
m
s,
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
i
n
tera
c
ti
v
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
t
o
o
ls,
a
n
d
p
u
rsu
in
g
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
o
ffe
rs
a
c
ti
o
n
a
b
le
i
n
sig
h
ts
fo
r
in
te
g
ra
ti
n
g
d
ig
i
tal
li
tera
c
y
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
rse
c
u
rit
y
i
n
it
iativ
e
s
i
n
to
li
b
ra
ry
se
rv
ice
s,
i
m
p
ro
v
i
n
g
li
b
ra
rian
train
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
su
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
v
isi
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
li
b
ra
ries
with
i
n
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
stit
u
t
io
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Aca
d
em
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lib
r
ar
ian
s
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
Dig
ital liter
ac
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Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
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d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
m
ad
Fazli
B
ah
ar
u
d
d
in
Facu
lty
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Scien
c
e,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
Sh
ah
Alam
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
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E
m
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az
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1
1
@
u
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
b
lic
’
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
em
ar
k
a
b
ly
h
i
g
h
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Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
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d
e
ap
p
ea
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s
to
b
e
n
ar
r
o
win
g
in
s
o
m
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
h
if
t,
as
d
ig
ital
ad
v
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n
c
em
en
ts
co
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tin
u
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to
ac
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ler
ate.
W
ith
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ce
o
f
tech
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o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
a
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tific
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in
te
llig
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(
AI
)
,
t
h
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in
ter
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o
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s
(
I
o
T
)
,
b
lo
c
k
ch
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,
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e
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x
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o
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d
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t,
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e
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.
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an
d
lear
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in
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p
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ce
s
s
es
h
av
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also
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
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c
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ien
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with
m
an
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tr
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r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
i
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th
e
in
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r
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o
f
AI
in
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d
u
ca
tio
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.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
to
o
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lik
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C
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atGPT
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as
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v
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h
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f
ic
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f
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ed
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ca
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r
s
in
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m
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d
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les
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d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
co
m
p
letin
g
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
[
2
]
.
Ad
d
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n
all
y
,
d
ig
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co
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ten
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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2
2
Dig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
u
n
s
ee
n
p
o
w
er …
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
F
a
z
li B
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
)
4405
b
ein
g
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
r
ap
i
d
ly
,
lea
d
i
n
g
to
an
o
v
e
r
wh
elm
in
g
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et
.
T
h
e
s
h
ee
r
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
m
ad
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
.
T
h
is
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
r
ap
id
d
ig
ital
t
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h
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
m
o
s
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
lev
el,
r
e
f
er
to
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ev
en
u
tili
ze
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
r
ely
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
s
ca
m
s
p
er
p
etr
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
o
v
er
one
-
th
ir
d
h
a
d
f
allen
v
ictim
t
o
s
ca
m
s
o
n
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
ites
[
5
]
.
Facto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
i
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
lim
ited
u
s
e
o
f
d
ev
ices,
an
d
e
x
ten
d
ed
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
ag
e
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
r
is
k
s
[
6
]
.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
e
r
tile
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
s
ca
m
m
er
s
to
cr
ea
t
e
f
ak
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
o
f
ten
b
lu
r
r
in
g
th
e
lin
e
b
etwe
e
n
leg
itima
te
in
v
estme
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
f
r
au
d
u
len
t
s
ch
em
es
[
7
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
cy
b
er
cr
im
es
tar
g
etin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
cid
en
ts
o
f
k
id
n
ap
p
in
g
,
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
u
lly
in
g
,
cr
ed
it
ca
r
d
f
r
au
d
,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
r
ea
ts
[
8
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
p
r
e
v
en
tativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
p
ar
en
tal
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
Fac
eb
o
o
k
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
W
h
atsAp
p
[
9
]
.
A
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ca
m
s
tar
g
etin
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
h
a
v
e
r
aised
alar
m
,
with
h
ig
h
-
p
r
o
f
ile
ca
s
es
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
[
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
as
an
in
itial
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
cu
ltiv
ate
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ass
es
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
u
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital li
ter
ac
y
an
d
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
h
as
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
s
h
if
ted
f
r
o
m
b
asic
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
e
s
tab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
p
iv
o
t
al
ag
en
ts
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
n
a
v
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
th
e
d
ig
it
al
er
a,
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
m
u
s
t
en
h
a
n
c
e
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
b
y
a
d
o
p
ti
n
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
lev
er
ag
in
g
AI
an
d
d
ata
an
al
y
tics
,
cu
r
atin
g
r
eliab
l
e
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
teac
h
in
g
cr
it
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
eq
u
ita
b
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e.
W
h
ile
v
ar
io
u
s
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
r
e
m
ain
s
to
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
Ag
ain
s
t
th
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
s
tu
d
y
was
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
with
t
h
ese
aim
s
:
i)
to
ex
am
i
n
e
h
o
w
ac
ad
em
ic
li
b
r
ar
ian
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
i
p
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
;
ii)
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lib
r
ar
y
in
itiativ
es
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
;
an
d
iii)
to
id
en
tify
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as:
−
H
o
w
d
o
ac
a
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
p
lay
th
eir
r
o
les
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
?
(
R
Q1
)
−
W
h
at
a
r
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
r
el
ated
to
lib
r
ar
y
i
n
itiativ
es
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
(
R
Q2
)
−
W
h
at
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
o
lib
r
ar
ian
s
em
p
lo
y
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ig
ital
citi
ze
n
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
war
en
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
(
R
Q3
)
W
h
ile
m
u
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
l
it
er
at
u
r
e
em
p
h
asi
ze
s
t
h
e
r
o
l
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IT
)
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
als
in
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
d
ig
ita
l
lit
e
r
ac
y
an
d
o
n
li
n
e
s
af
et
y
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
p
e
r
s
p
e
cti
v
e
b
y
f
o
r
eg
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
ac
a
d
em
i
c
li
b
r
a
r
ia
n
s
as
k
ey
e
n
ab
le
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
m
p
et
en
cies
.
B
y
e
x
p
lic
it
ly
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
in
t
er
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
tal
lit
er
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
awa
r
e
n
ess
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
le
n
s
o
f
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
l
i
b
r
a
r
ia
n
s
h
i
p
,
a
n
ar
ea
th
a
t
r
em
ai
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
r
ed
i
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
ch
o
l
ar
s
h
i
p
,
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
a
d
d
r
ess
es
a
c
r
it
ica
l
g
a
p
i
n
th
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e.
I
t
ex
am
in
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
li
b
r
a
r
i
an
s
b
u
t
als
o
t
h
e
ch
all
en
g
es
t
h
e
y
en
co
u
n
t
er
a
n
d
th
e
s
t
r
at
e
g
ies
t
h
e
y
em
p
l
o
y
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
d
i
g
it
al
co
m
p
et
e
n
ci
es.
I
n
d
o
i
n
g
s
o
,
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
c
o
m
p
r
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n
s
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v
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d
c
o
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x
t
-
s
p
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f
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n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
li
b
r
a
r
ies
ca
n
e
v
o
lv
e
as
p
r
o
ac
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v
e
a
g
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n
ts
i
n
t
h
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d
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g
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l
e
d
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ca
ti
o
n
la
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d
s
c
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co
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f
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p
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ac
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g
h
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u
c
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o
n
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n
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Cy
bersecurit
y
a
wa
re
ne
s
s
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
v
ar
i
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
life
,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
.
Ov
er
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
th
e
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
0
4
-
4
4
1
7
4406
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
s
ea
m
less
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
eli
an
ce
o
n
d
i
g
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
r
esea
r
ch
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
ls
in
t
o
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
h
as
e
n
h
an
ce
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ed
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
.
C
y
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
id
en
tity
th
e
f
t,
an
d
r
an
s
o
m
war
e
attac
k
s
h
av
e
escalate
d
,
p
o
s
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
is
k
s
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
As
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
co
n
tin
u
e
to
em
b
r
ac
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
e
q
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
n
av
i
g
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
s
af
ely
.
T
h
is
n
ec
ess
ity
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
e
n
g
ag
e
in
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
ig
ital
er
a
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
th
ey
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ely
o
n
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
e
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
f
i
n
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
r
im
e
tar
g
ets
f
o
r
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
f
u
r
th
e
r
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
8
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
a
lack
o
f
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
ca
n
lead
to
s
ev
er
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
es,
f
in
an
cial
l
o
s
s
es,
an
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ev
alu
atin
g
o
n
lin
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
h
ar
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
h
a
n
d
lin
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata,
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
le
v
el
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
0
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticatio
n
o
f
c
y
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
m
u
s
t
in
teg
r
ate
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
awa
r
e
n
ess
in
itiativ
es
to
cu
ltiv
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital
b
eh
av
io
r
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
tects th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
liter
atu
r
e,
wi
th
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
I
n
itially
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
i
ze
d
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
cy
b
e
r
attac
k
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ov
er
tim
e,
th
is
d
ef
in
itio
n
ev
o
l
v
ed
to
en
co
m
p
ass
b
r
o
ad
er
asp
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
is
k
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
d
ig
ital
eth
ics,
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
m
p
lian
ce
[
2
2
]
.
M
o
r
e
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
e
f
in
ed
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
as
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ls
to
s
a
f
eg
u
ar
d
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
t
h
r
ea
ts
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ev
o
l
v
in
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
d
e
f
in
e
d
as
th
e
awa
r
en
ess
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
e
n
ab
le
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
d
ig
ital
ass
ets,
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
o
n
l
in
e
ac
tiv
ities
f
r
o
m
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
.
T
h
is
d
ef
in
itio
n
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
with
in
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
B
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
t
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
a
m
in
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
lev
els
an
d
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
tin
u
e
to
f
ac
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
r
elat
ed
ch
allen
g
es.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
is
s
u
es
is
th
e
lack
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
h
is
h
in
g
attac
k
s
,
wh
er
e
cy
b
er
c
r
im
in
als
u
s
e
d
ec
ep
tiv
e
em
ails
o
r
m
ess
ag
es
to
s
teal
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
i
ca
te
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
ten
f
all
v
ictim
to
p
h
is
h
in
g
s
ca
m
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
in
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
f
r
a
u
d
u
len
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
8
]
.
An
o
th
er
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
wea
k
p
ass
wo
r
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
as
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
ea
s
ily
g
u
ess
ab
le
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
o
r
r
eu
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
cr
ed
en
tials
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
to
c
y
b
er
att
ac
k
s
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
a
d
e
q
u
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
o
licies
an
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
p
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ex
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
i
s
k
s
s
u
ch
as id
en
tity
th
ef
t a
n
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
ew
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
au
th
o
r
iz
ed
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
is
h
o
n
e
s
ty
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
m
ea
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
e
x
ac
er
b
ates
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
as
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
u
n
awa
r
e
o
f
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
in
g
t
h
eir
d
e
v
ices
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
m
u
s
t
im
p
lem
en
t
tar
g
eted
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
awa
r
en
ess
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ed
u
ca
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
r
is
k
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
e
s
s
en
tial f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
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d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
.
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
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s
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eg
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a
r
d
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g
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iv
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ity
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tu
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en
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ain
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cy
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er
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ea
ts
th
at
m
ay
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m
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r
o
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is
e
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ig
ital
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ec
ess
itates
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
ed
u
ca
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
est
p
r
ac
tices.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
k
e
y
is
s
u
es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
o
te
n
tial
ch
allen
g
es,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
eq
u
i
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
s
af
ely
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
u
n
s
ee
n
p
o
w
er …
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
F
a
z
li B
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
)
4407
2
.
2
.
Dig
it
a
l
lite
ra
cy
s
k
ills
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
liter
ac
y
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite;
it
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
n
a
v
ig
ate,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
cr
ea
te
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
it
f
ac
i
litates
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
,
en
h
an
ce
s
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
p
ar
es
th
em
f
o
r
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
2
6
]
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
d
ev
e
lo
p
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
with
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
c
o
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
in
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
f
o
s
ter
s
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
ap
t
to
ev
o
lv
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ex
ten
d
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ics,
i
n
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ass
ess
o
n
lin
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
en
g
a
g
e
in
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
,
an
d
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital th
r
ea
ts
[
2
8
]
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ef
in
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
b
y
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
Gils
ter
[
2
8
]
i
n
itially
co
n
ce
p
t
u
alize
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
an
d
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
ital
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
e
n
t
d
e
f
in
itio
n
s
h
av
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
th
is
c
o
n
ce
p
t
to
in
clu
d
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ci
es
s
u
ch
as
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
i
g
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
Am
er
ican
L
ib
r
ar
y
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
AL
A)
d
ef
in
es
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
f
in
d
,
ev
alu
ate,
cr
ea
te,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
c
o
n
tex
t
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
em
p
h
asized
as
a
cr
u
cial
s
k
il
l
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
n
atio
n
al
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
o
als,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
d
ef
in
e
d
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
in
ter
ac
t
with
d
ig
ital c
o
n
ten
t,
u
tili
ze
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t saf
ely
an
d
et
h
ically
.
Glo
b
ally
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
lib
r
a
r
ies
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
i
ties
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
in
th
eir
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
,
o
n
lin
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ev
al
u
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
th
e
Un
ited
K
in
g
d
o
m
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
m
o
d
u
les
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
av
ig
ate
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
ata
b
a
s
es
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
g
ain
in
g
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
em
p
h
asized
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
p
ar
t
o
f
its
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ag
en
d
a,
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
lib
r
ar
ies
[
3
4
]
.
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lib
r
ar
ies
o
f
f
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
o
n
lin
e
tu
to
r
ials
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
in
itiativ
es
with
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
eq
u
i
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
ess
en
tial
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
a
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
cu
r
r
ic
u
la
an
d
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
r
em
ai
n
p
r
ev
a
len
t
[
3
4
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
v
estme
n
t
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tailo
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
m
ee
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
.
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
s
er
v
e
a
s
k
ey
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
a
in
in
g
in
to
lib
r
ar
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
lib
r
ar
ian
s
ca
n
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
lo
ca
te,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
6
]
.
On
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
m
o
d
u
les
in
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
c
u
r
r
icu
la,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
tr
ain
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
ca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
co
n
d
u
ct
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
co
n
s
u
lt
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
o
n
lin
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
5
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
en
ab
les
lib
r
ar
ian
s
to
em
b
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
i
n
to
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
u
r
s
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
t
eg
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
a
r
ian
s
ca
n
lev
e
r
ag
e
em
er
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
AI
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
,
to
cr
ea
te
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
o
m
ax
im
ize
im
p
ac
t,
lib
r
ar
ies
m
u
s
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
lib
r
a
r
ian
s
,
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
th
em
with
th
e
latest
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
tea
ch
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
ey
o
n
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
also
p
lay
a
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
in
r
aisi
n
g
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
As
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
with
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
d
ig
ital
id
en
titi
es,
s
ec
u
r
e
t
h
eir
o
n
lin
e
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
h
i
s
h
in
g
an
d
m
alwa
r
e
attac
k
s
[
3
6
]
.
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
a
r
ies
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
u
b
s
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
b
est
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices th
r
o
u
g
h
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
cr
ed
ib
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
n
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
in
h
er
e
n
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
as
b
o
th
in
v
o
lv
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ass
es
s
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t,
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
t
s
af
e
o
n
lin
e
p
r
ac
tices
[
3
3
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
d
ig
itally
liter
ate
ar
e
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
ed
t
o
id
en
tif
y
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
av
o
id
o
n
lin
e
s
ca
m
s
,
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
em
b
ed
d
in
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
v
er
all
d
ig
ital
r
esil
ien
ce
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
wh
er
e
lib
r
ar
ian
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
I
T
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
ts
to
d
eliv
er
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
ain
a
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
b
o
th
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
itiativ
es
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
war
en
ess
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
u
tili
ze
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
,
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es f
r
o
m
cy
b
e
r
th
r
ea
ts
,
an
d
th
r
iv
e
in
a
n
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
d
ig
italized
wo
r
ld
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
0
4
-
4
4
1
7
4408
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
q
u
alita
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
Al
-
Ku
m
ai
m
et
a
l.
[
4
]
.
Qu
alit
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
h
u
m
an
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
w
ith
in
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
8
]
.
B
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
n
o
n
-
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
i
n
ter
v
iews,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ac
ilit
ates a
n
in
-
d
ep
th
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
m
eth
o
d
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
n
u
an
c
ed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
,
a
m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
s
elec
ts
s
am
p
les
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia
t
h
at
r
elate
d
to
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
as
lib
r
ar
ian
s
f
r
o
m
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
y
(
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
)
a
n
d
lib
r
ar
ian
s
wh
o
i
n
v
o
lv
e
in
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
-
d
ep
t
h
in
ter
v
iews
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
ix
lib
r
a
r
ian
s
f
r
o
m
two
ac
a
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies,
p
u
b
lic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
Ma
lay
s
i
a.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
,
a
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
allo
w
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
elib
er
ately
ch
o
o
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
el
ev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
ject
iv
es.
E
ac
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
e
n
g
ag
ed
in
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
v
iews
last
in
g
b
etwe
en
2
an
d
3
h
o
u
r
s
,
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
ca
r
ef
u
l
atten
tio
n
to
d
etail.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
th
eir
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
eir
r
o
les,
ch
allen
g
es,
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
All
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
cr
ib
e
d
v
er
b
atim
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
s
ix
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
ep
th
r
ath
er
th
an
b
r
ea
d
t
h
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
C
r
eswell
an
d
Po
th
[
3
7
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
5
to
2
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies,
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic
an
d
th
e
p
o
in
t
at
wh
ich
d
ata
s
atu
r
atio
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
em
atic
s
atu
r
atio
n
was
r
ea
ch
ed
af
ter
th
e
6
th
in
ter
v
iew,
as n
o
n
ew
th
em
es e
m
er
g
ed
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
i
s
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
in
ter
v
iews
with
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
id
en
tify
in
g
,
an
aly
zin
g
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
p
atter
n
s
with
in
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
[
4
]
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
ad
v
an
tag
es
t
h
at
en
h
an
ce
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
q
u
al
itativ
e
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es a
s
y
s
tem
atic
y
et
f
lex
ib
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
id
en
tif
y
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
atter
n
s
in
d
ata,
allo
win
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
en
g
ag
e
with
th
e
r
ich
n
ess
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
a
d
ap
tab
il
ity
m
ak
es
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
an
d
s
u
b
ject
a
r
ea
s
.
I
t
f
ac
ilit
ates
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
an
aly
s
is
wh
ile
also
allo
win
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
wh
er
e
r
elev
an
t,
en
ab
lin
g
a
b
al
an
ce
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
h
elp
s
u
n
c
o
v
er
laten
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
b
y
m
o
v
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
d
ee
p
er
m
ea
n
in
g
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
ll
o
ws
a
6
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
i
)
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
with
th
e
d
ata
in
v
o
lv
es
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
r
e
v
i
ewin
g
in
ter
v
iew
tr
an
s
cr
ip
ts
t
o
g
ain
an
o
v
e
r
all
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
;
ii
)
g
en
er
atin
g
in
itial
co
d
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
d
in
g
k
e
y
d
ata
s
eg
m
en
ts
to
id
en
tify
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
;
iii
)
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
th
em
es
e
n
tails
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
co
d
e
d
d
ata
in
to
b
r
o
ad
er
th
em
es
th
a
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
atter
n
s
;
iv
)
r
ev
iewin
g
th
em
es
in
v
o
l
v
es
r
ef
in
in
g
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
h
e
r
en
ce
with
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
;
v
)
d
ef
in
in
g
an
d
n
a
m
in
g
th
em
es
p
r
o
v
id
es
clea
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
m
ea
n
i
n
g
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
;
an
d
v
i)
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
y
n
th
esizes
th
em
es
in
to
a
co
h
er
en
t
n
ar
r
ativ
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ex
ce
r
p
ts
an
d
lin
k
in
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
t
o
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
B
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
i
an
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
r
o
les,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
a
n
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
info
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
ix
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
f
r
o
m
two
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
lib
r
ar
ies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ev
en
ly
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
,
with
th
r
ee
lib
r
ar
ian
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
5
wer
e
f
em
ale
(
8
3
.
3
%)
an
d
1
was
m
ale
(
1
6
.
7
%),
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
en
d
er
tr
en
d
in
t
h
e
lib
r
a
r
y
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
2
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
h
eld
a
m
aster
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
(
3
3
.
3
%),
wh
ile
4
h
a
d
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
(
6
6
.
7
%).
T
h
is
m
ix
o
f
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
h
o
w
ac
ad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
eir
r
o
les
in
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
wo
r
k
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
5
to
2
3
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
h
ad
2
3
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
wh
ile
th
e
least
h
ad
5
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
h
ad
1
1
,
1
2
,
1
3
,
an
d
1
6
y
ea
r
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
h
o
w
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
im
p
ac
ts
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
an
d
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
u
n
s
ee
n
p
o
w
er …
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
F
a
z
li B
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
)
4409
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
ticip
an
t’
s
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
G
e
n
d
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
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le
v
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l
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p
e
r
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e
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c
e
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c
a
d
e
mi
c
l
i
b
r
a
r
y
1
Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
1
F
e
mal
e
M
a
s
t
e
r
1
3
y
e
a
r
s
Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
2
F
e
mal
e
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
1
2
y
e
a
r
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Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
3
F
e
mal
e
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
5
y
e
a
r
s
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
l
i
b
r
a
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y
2
Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
4
F
e
mal
e
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
2
3
y
e
a
r
s
Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
5
F
e
mal
e
M
a
s
t
e
r
1
6
y
e
a
r
s
Li
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
6
M
a
l
e
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
1
1
y
e
a
r
s
4
.
2
.
Aca
de
m
ic
lib
ra
ria
n’s
ini
t
ia
t
iv
es
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
in
itiate
s
ev
er
al
in
itiativ
es
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
e
n
ess
:
4
.
2
.
1
.
T
ea
ching
info
rm
a
t
io
n
lite
ra
cy
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
s
er
v
e
as
k
ey
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
a
cy
s
k
ills
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ca
n
ass
ess
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
o
n
lin
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
:
“
A
s
a
ca
d
emic
lib
r
a
r
ia
n
s
,
w
e
a
ctive
ly
tea
ch
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
o
w
to
ev
a
lu
a
te
o
n
lin
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
iffer
en
tia
te
cred
ib
le
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fr
o
m
mis
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
,
a
n
d
u
s
e
d
ig
it
a
l
to
o
ls
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
w
ith
id
en
tifyin
g
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
th
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
w
e
in
teg
r
a
te
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
liter
a
cy
s
es
s
i
o
n
s
in
to
lib
r
a
r
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
a
n
d
co
lla
b
o
r
a
te
w
ith
fa
cu
lty
to
r
e
in
fo
r
ce
t
h
ese
s
kill
s
.
F
o
r
ex
a
mp
le,
w
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
o
n
‘
effec
tive
o
n
lin
e
r
esea
r
ch
s
tr
a
teg
ies’
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
e
‘
fa
ct
-
ch
ec
kin
g
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
’
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
crit
ica
l e
va
lu
a
tio
n
a
b
ilit
ies.
”
T
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
em
p
o
wer
s
t
u
d
en
ts
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
cr
itically
as
s
es
s
d
ig
ital
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
eir
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
4
.
2
.
2
.
P
ro
m
o
t
ing
et
hica
l
o
nli
ne
beha
v
io
r
E
t
h
i
c
a
l
d
i
g
it
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
is
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
m
a
in
t
a
i
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
i
n
t
e
r
ac
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
ca
d
e
m
i
c
l
i
b
r
a
r
i
a
n
s
t
a
k
e
p
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
s
te
p
s
t
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
o
n
p
l
a
g
i
a
r
is
m
,
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
l
a
ws,
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
O
n
e
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
t
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
e
d
i
n
i
t
i
at
i
v
e
s
t
o
u
p
h
o
l
d
e
t
h
ic
a
l
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
r
a
c
ti
c
es
:
“
W
e
emp
h
a
s
iz
e
eth
ica
l
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
a
vio
r
b
y
e
d
u
ca
tin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
p
la
g
ia
r
is
m,
co
p
yrig
h
t
la
w
s
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
co
n
ten
t
s
h
a
r
in
g
.
Th
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
a
n
d
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
co
n
s
u
lta
tio
n
s
,
w
e
g
u
i
d
e
th
em
o
n
p
r
o
p
er
cita
tio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
a
n
d
th
e
imp
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
a
ca
d
emi
c
in
teg
r
ity
in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
a
g
e.
On
e
o
f
o
u
r
ke
y
in
itia
tives
is
th
e
‘
a
ca
d
emic
in
teg
r
ity
w
ee
k,
’
w
h
ere
w
e
h
o
ld
s
emin
a
r
s
o
n
a
vo
id
in
g
p
la
g
ia
r
is
m
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
cita
tio
n
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t to
o
ls
like
E
n
d
N
o
te
a
n
d
Men
d
ele
y.
”
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
h
o
n
esty
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
em
with
p
r
ac
tical
to
o
ls
t
o
m
an
ag
e
citatio
n
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
also
s
er
v
e
as
h
u
b
s
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
,
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
with
ess
en
tial
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
.
On
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t e
lab
o
r
ated
o
n
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
in
itiativ
es
:
“
To
fo
s
ter
d
ig
ita
l
liter
a
cy
,
w
e
o
r
g
a
n
iz
e
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
tr
a
in
in
g
w
h
ere
s
tu
d
en
ts
lea
r
n
t
o
n
a
vig
a
t
e
o
n
lin
e
d
a
ta
b
a
s
es,
u
s
e
r
eferen
ce
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
to
o
ls
,
a
n
d
crit
ica
lly
a
s
s
es
s
d
ig
ita
l
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Th
ese
s
kills
a
r
e
cru
cia
l
fo
r
th
eir
a
ca
d
emic
s
u
cc
ess
a
n
d
lifelo
n
g
lea
r
n
in
g
.
We
h
a
ve
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
‘
d
i
g
ita
l
liter
a
cy
ce
r
tifi
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m’
th
a
t
in
clu
d
es
s
elf
-
p
a
ce
d
o
n
lin
e
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
a
s
s
ess
men
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
cq
u
ir
e
ess
en
tia
l c
o
mp
eten
cies.
”
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
am
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
b
u
ild
th
eir
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
at
th
eir
o
wn
p
ac
e
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
E
nh
a
ncing
cy
bersecur
it
y
a
wa
re
nes
s
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
,
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
v
ital
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
awa
r
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ed
u
ca
ted
o
n
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
.
On
e
o
f
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
s
h
ar
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
0
4
-
4
4
1
7
4410
“
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
u
n
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
,
s
o
w
e
co
n
d
u
ct
a
w
a
r
en
ess
ca
mp
a
ig
n
s
o
n
to
p
ics
s
u
ch
a
s
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
d
a
t
a
p
r
iva
cy
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
p
a
s
s
w
o
r
d
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t.
We
a
ls
o
p
r
o
vid
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
p
r
o
tectin
g
p
ers
o
n
a
l
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
w
h
en
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
p
la
tfo
r
ms.
F
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
w
e
r
u
n
a
n
a
n
n
u
a
l
‘
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
a
w
a
r
en
ess
d
a
y’
fea
tu
r
in
g
g
u
est
s
p
ea
ke
r
s
f
r
o
m
I
T
s
ec
u
r
it
y
fir
m
s
,
live
d
emo
n
s
tr
a
tio
n
s
o
n
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
in
g
p
h
is
h
in
g
s
ca
ms,
a
n
d
i
n
tera
ctive
a
ctivities
o
n
s
a
fe
d
ig
ita
l
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
”
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ex
am
p
les
an
d
ex
p
e
r
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
ild
r
esil
ien
ce
ag
ain
s
t c
y
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
.
As
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
b
ec
o
m
e
i
n
teg
r
al
to
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
ed
u
c
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
etiq
u
ette.
On
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
s
till
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ital
b
eh
av
io
r
:
“
R
a
is
in
g
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
b
o
u
t
eth
ica
l
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
a
vio
r
is
a
p
r
io
r
ity.
We
d
is
cu
s
s
i
s
s
u
es
like
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
,
mis
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
s
o
cia
l
med
i
a
u
s
e.
O
u
r
g
o
a
l
is
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ig
ita
l
id
en
ti
ty
w
h
ile
ma
in
ta
in
in
g
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
o
th
ers
o
n
lin
e.
We
co
lla
b
o
r
a
te
w
ith
s
tu
d
en
t
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
s
to
h
o
s
t
p
a
n
el
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
‘
eth
ic
a
l
d
ig
ita
l
citiz
en
s
h
ip
’
a
n
d
r
o
le
-
p
la
yin
g
a
ctivities w
h
ere
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
a
vig
a
te
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
eth
ica
l d
ilem
ma
s
in
d
ig
ita
l sp
a
ce
s
.
”
T
h
ese
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
cr
ea
te
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ef
lect
o
n
t
h
eir
d
ig
ital b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
a
k
e
y
f
o
c
u
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
a
r
ies.
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
in
cip
les
ca
n
m
itig
ate
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
iti
es.
On
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
p
o
k
e
ab
o
u
t
h
is
p
er
s
o
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
n
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
i
n
g
with
in
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices
:
“
We
in
teg
r
a
te
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
a
w
a
r
en
ess
in
to
o
u
r
lib
r
a
r
y
o
r
ien
ta
tio
n
s
,
tea
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
o
w
to
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
e
o
n
lin
e
th
r
ea
ts
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
th
eir
d
ig
ita
l
p
r
esen
ce
.
S
imp
le
p
r
a
ctice
s
like
en
a
b
lin
g
tw
o
-
fa
cto
r
a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
a
n
d
a
vo
i
d
in
g
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
lin
ks
ca
n
s
ig
n
ifica
n
tly
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
vu
ln
era
b
ilit
y
to
cy
b
er
r
is
k
s
.
We
a
ls
o
r
u
n
a
‘
cy
b
er
h
yg
ien
e
ca
mp
a
ig
n
,
’
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
es
in
tera
ctive
q
u
iz
z
es
,
p
a
s
s
w
o
r
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
,
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
time
h
a
ck
in
g
d
emo
n
s
tr
a
tio
n
s
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
th
e
imp
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
d
ig
ita
l sa
fety
.
”
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
in
itiativ
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
ess
en
tial
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
k
ills
th
at
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
d
ig
ital
id
en
titi
es
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
y
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
ta
r
g
et
ed
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
aw
ar
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
in
to
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ic
es,
th
ey
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
s
ix
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
f
o
s
ter
a
d
i
g
itally
liter
ate
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
awa
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
eir
in
itiativ
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
en
h
a
n
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
i
tal
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
s
af
er
o
n
lin
e
p
r
ac
tices with
in
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
4
.
3
.
Ass
o
cia
t
ed
cha
lleng
es
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lib
r
ar
y
in
i
tiativ
es
in
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
a
n
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
e
n
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
4
.
3
.
1
.
L
im
it
ed
re
s
o
urce
s
M
a
n
y
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
l
i
b
r
a
r
ie
s
f
a
c
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
,
li
m
i
ti
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
li
m
i
ta
t
io
n
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
it
y
o
f
u
p
-
to
-
d
a
t
e
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
t
-
le
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
O
n
e
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
an
t
s
s
h
a
r
e
d
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
l
i
m
i
t
at
i
o
n
s
.
“
O
n
e
o
f
our
b
i
g
g
e
s
t
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
s
t
h
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
.
W
e
w
a
n
t
t
o
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
mo
r
e
hands
-
on
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
b
u
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
u
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
t
o
r
el
y
o
n
fr
ee
o
n
lin
e
to
o
ls
a
n
d
in
-
h
o
u
s
e
ex
p
erti
s
e.
Th
is
limi
ts
th
e
d
ep
th
a
n
d
r
ea
ch
o
f o
u
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
.
”
L
ib
r
ar
ian
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
d
if
f
ic
u
l
ties
in
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
n
ew
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
,
u
p
d
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
,
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
ess
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
f
in
an
cial
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
to
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
u
p
d
ated
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t a
lway
s
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
u
n
s
ee
n
p
o
w
er …
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
F
a
z
li B
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
)
4411
4
.
3
.
2
.
Div
er
s
e
dig
it
a
l sk
ill lev
els a
m
o
ng
s
t
ud
ent
s
Stu
d
en
ts
en
ter
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
h
av
e
v
ar
ied
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cie
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it c
h
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
lib
r
ar
ian
s
to
d
esig
n
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
On
e
o
f
lib
r
ar
ian
s
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
c
ater
in
g
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
ig
ital sk
ill lev
els.
“
S
o
me
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
ficien
t
in
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
,
w
h
ile
o
th
ers
s
tr
u
g
g
le
w
ith
b
a
s
ic
fu
n
ctio
n
s
like
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
fo
r
a
c
a
d
emic
a
r
ticles.
Th
is
g
a
p
ma
ke
s
it
d
iff
icu
lt
to
crea
te
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
iz
ed
tr
a
in
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
th
a
t b
en
efit e
ve
r
yo
n
e
eq
u
a
lly.
”
Me
an
wh
ile
,
o
th
er
lib
r
ar
ian
a
d
d
ed
:
“
We’
ve
h
a
d
ca
s
es
w
h
ere
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
e
d
p
ers
o
n
a
liz
ed
a
s
s
is
ta
n
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
fo
u
n
d
g
en
era
l
d
ig
ita
l
liter
a
cy
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
to
o
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
.
To
a
cc
o
mmo
d
a
te
d
iffer
en
t
s
kill
leve
ls
,
w
e
n
o
w
o
ffer
tier
ed
tr
a
in
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
b
eg
in
n
er,
i
n
termed
ia
te,
and
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
ev
ery
s
tu
d
en
t b
en
efits
.
”
T
h
e
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
d
ig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
a
k
e
s
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ca
ter
to
all
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
els.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ay
r
e
q
u
ir
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
g
u
id
an
ce
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
m
ay
f
in
d
b
asic
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t,
lead
in
g
to
a
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
4
.
3
.
3
.
Dif
f
icultie
s
in
m
a
inta
ini
ng
s
t
ud
e
nt
eng
a
g
em
ent
Desp
ite
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
tr
ain
in
g
,
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
attr
ac
t
an
d
r
etain
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
ay
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
ese
to
p
ics
a
s
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
to
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
,
lead
i
n
g
to
lo
w
atten
d
an
ce
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
On
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
:
“
S
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
o
ften
r
elu
cta
n
t
to
a
tten
d
lib
r
a
r
y
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
u
n
less
th
ey
a
r
e
lin
ke
d
t
o
th
eir
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k.
Th
ey
s
ee
cy
b
ers
e
cu
r
ity
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
s
s
o
meth
in
g
o
p
tio
n
a
l ra
th
er th
a
n
ess
en
tia
l.
”
Oth
er
p
ar
ticip
an
t e
m
p
h
asized
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
s
ess
io
n
s
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
:
“
Tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
a
n
d
l
ec
tu
r
es
d
o
n
’
t
a
lw
a
ys
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
teres
t.
Ma
n
y
p
r
efe
r
s
elf
-
p
a
ce
d
lea
r
n
in
g
o
r
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
erien
ce
s
r
a
th
er th
a
n
p
a
s
s
ive
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
”
An
o
th
er
p
a
r
ticip
an
t a
d
d
ed
an
o
th
er
is
s
u
e
:
“
We
n
o
tice
th
a
t
w
h
en
d
ig
it
a
l
liter
a
cy
tr
a
in
in
g
is
n
o
t
a
fo
r
ma
l
r
eq
u
ir
eme
n
t,
a
tten
d
a
n
ce
is
s
ig
n
ifica
n
tly
lo
w
er.
S
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
p
r
io
r
itiz
e
a
s
s
ig
n
men
ts
a
n
d
ex
a
ms o
ve
r
vo
lu
n
ta
r
y
s
ess
io
n
s
.
”
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itic
al
is
s
u
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
s
ee
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
clea
r
in
ce
n
tiv
e,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
lev
els
r
em
ain
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
m
ak
in
g
it c
h
allen
g
in
g
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cy
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4
.
4
.
Aca
de
m
ic
lib
ra
ria
n’s
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
em
p
lo
y
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tr
ateg
ies to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
i
g
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
e
n
ess
:
4
.
4
.
1
.
F
a
cult
y
c
o
lla
bo
r
a
t
io
n
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
is
a
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
y
to
e
m
b
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
p
ics in
to
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
c
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
.
B
y
wo
r
k
in
g
clo
s
ely
wit
h
lectu
r
er
s
,
lib
r
ar
ia
n
s
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
r
elev
an
t
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
th
ese
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
:
“
We
co
lla
b
o
r
a
te
w
ith
fa
cu
lty
to
in
teg
r
a
te
d
ig
ita
l
liter
a
cy
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
in
to
s
p
ec
ific
co
u
r
s
es.
Wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
th
ese
s
kills
a
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
eir
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k,
th
ey
a
r
e
mo
r
e
likely
to
ta
ke
th
em
s
e
r
io
u
s
ly
a
n
d
a
ctive
ly
p
a
r
ticip
a
te.
”
“
On
e
s
u
cc
ess
fu
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
in
vo
lved
emb
ed
d
in
g
a
lib
r
a
r
y
-
led
s
ess
io
n
o
n
o
n
lin
e
r
esea
r
ch
eth
ics
in
to
a
fir
s
t
-
ye
a
r
w
r
itin
g
co
u
r
s
e.
Th
is
en
s
u
r
ed
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eive
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ig
ita
l e
n
g
a
g
eme
n
t fro
m
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f th
eir a
ca
d
emic
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
0
4
-
4
4
1
7
4412
4
.
4
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
dig
it
a
l lit
e
ra
cy
pro
g
r
a
m
s
E
m
b
ed
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
in
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ice
s
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
ese
s
k
ill
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les.
On
e
o
f
lib
r
a
r
ian
s
h
ar
e
d
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
i
n
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
:
“
We
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
s
eries
o
f
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
th
a
t
a
lig
n
w
ith
t
h
e
u
n
ivers
ity’
s
a
ca
d
emic
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms.
S
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ta
ke
in
tr
o
d
u
ct
o
r
y
s
ess
io
n
s
o
n
b
a
s
ic
d
ig
ita
l
lite
r
a
cy
s
kill
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
a
d
va
n
ce
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
tr
a
in
in
g
.
”
Oth
er
lib
r
ar
ian
em
p
h
asized
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
:
“
We
o
ffer
ce
r
ti
fica
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
w
h
ere
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
mp
lete
a
s
et
n
u
mb
er
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
l
iter
a
cy
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
to
ea
r
n
a
ce
r
tifi
ca
te.
Th
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
mo
tiv
a
tes
p
a
r
ticip
a
tio
n
b
u
t
a
ls
o
en
h
a
n
c
es
th
eir
emp
lo
ya
b
ilit
y.
”
4
.
4
.
3
.
E
m
plo
y
ing
inte
ra
ct
iv
e
lea
rning
t
o
o
ls
T
o
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
lib
r
ar
ian
s
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
to
o
ls
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
t
h
at
m
ak
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic.
On
e
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
e
x
p
lain
e
d
h
o
w
g
am
if
icatio
n
h
elp
s
in
tr
ain
in
g
:
“
We
u
s
e
g
a
mified
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
like
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
esca
p
e
r
o
o
ms
w
h
ere
s
tu
d
en
ts
mu
s
t
s
o
lve
o
n
lin
e
s
a
fety
ch
a
llen
g
es.
Th
is
ma
k
es
lea
r
n
in
g
fu
n
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
ey
r
eme
mb
er
ke
y
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
”
An
o
th
er
p
a
r
ticip
an
t a
d
d
ed
:
“
I
n
tera
ctive
q
u
iz
z
es
a
n
d
s
ce
n
a
r
io
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
h
a
ve
b
ee
n
effec
tive.
S
tu
d
en
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
b
etter
w
h
en
th
ey
ca
n
test
th
eir kn
o
w
l
ed
g
e
in
r
ea
l
-
time
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
.
”
4
.
4
.
4
.
P
urs
uin
g
co
ntinuo
us
p
ro
f
ess
io
na
l dev
elo
pm
ent
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
to
k
ee
p
u
p
with
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
an
d
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
en
d
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
ey
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
L
i
b
r
ar
ian
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
o
n
g
o
in
g
t
r
ain
in
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
:
“
We
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
a
tten
d
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
a
n
d
w
eb
in
a
r
s
o
n
d
ig
ita
l
liter
a
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity.
S
ta
yin
g
u
p
d
a
te
d
h
elp
s
u
s
p
r
o
vid
e
r
elev
a
n
t a
n
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
a
te
tr
a
in
in
g
t
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
”
Oth
er
lib
r
ar
ian
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
:
“
E
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
w
ith
lib
r
a
r
ia
n
n
et
w
o
r
ks
a
llo
w
s
u
s
to
s
h
a
r
e
b
est
p
r
a
ctice
s
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
t
n
ew
s
tr
a
teg
ies
th
a
t h
a
ve
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
fu
l a
t o
t
h
er in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
”
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
lay
a
c
r
u
c
ial
r
o
le
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
n
a
v
ig
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital w
o
r
ld
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ely
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
as
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
u
tco
m
es,
o
r
g
a
n
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
5
.
1
.
F
ind
ing
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
re
s
e
a
rc
h o
bje
ct
iv
e
1
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
ac
a
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
p
la
y
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
e
n
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
itiativ
es,
th
e
y
e
q
u
ip
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ely
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ateg
ies:
teac
h
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
eth
ical
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
alig
n
with
s
ch
o
lar
ly
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
th
at
lib
r
ar
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
ag
en
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
0
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
itiativ
es
in
v
o
lv
es
teac
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
o
w
to
c
r
itically
ev
al
u
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
cr
ed
ib
le
an
d
f
alse
co
n
ten
t.
As
o
n
e
lib
r
ar
ian
n
o
te
d
,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
s
u
ch
as
“
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
lin
e
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ateg
ies
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
cy
b
ers
ec
u
r
ity
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
th
e
u
n
s
ee
n
p
o
w
er …
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
F
a
z
li B
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
)
4413
an
d
“
f
act
-
ch
ec
k
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
”
ar
e
k
ey
to
o
ls
.
T
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
b
r
o
a
d
er
tr
en
d
s
;
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
Hale
em
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
to
ev
alu
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ial
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
o
n
lin
e
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Pro
m
o
tin
g
eth
ical
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
is
a
n
o
th
e
r
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
itiativ
e.
Ma
n
y
lib
r
ar
ian
s
r
u
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
p
lag
iar
is
m
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
eth
ics.
A
n
o
tab
le
ex
a
m
p
le
is
“
a
ca
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
wee
k
,
”
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
atten
d
s
em
in
ar
s
o
n
av
o
id
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
is
h
o
n
esty
an
d
u
s
in
g
citatio
n
m
an
ag
er
s
lik
e
E
n
d
No
te.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sef
cik
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
,
s
u
ch
in
itiativ
es
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
in
s
ti
tu
tio
n
al
v
alu
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
g
ital
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
eth
ical
d
ig
ital
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
ig
ital
id
en
tity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
m
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ac
es
r
esp
ec
tf
u
lly
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
[
4
3
]
.
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
h
as
also
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ian
s
d
u
e
to
r
is
in
g
th
r
ea
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
es,
an
d
id
en
tity
th
ef
t.
On
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
escr
ib
ed
o
r
g
an
izin
g
an
an
n
u
al
“
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
d
ay
”
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
liv
e
h
ac
k
in
g
d
em
o
s
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
n
s
ec
u
r
e
p
ass
wo
r
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Similar
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
ar
e
g
r
o
win
g
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
g
lo
b
ally
.
R
ee
d
a
n
d
Miller
[
4
4
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
th
eir
d
ig
ital
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies,
m
ak
in
g
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
liter
ac
y
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices.
L
ib
r
a
r
ies
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
te
n
t
in
to
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
to
o
ls
lik
e
q
u
izze
s
an
d
g
am
es
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
at
en
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital saf
ety
p
r
ac
tices
[
4
4
]
.
5
.
2
.
F
ind
ing
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
re
s
e
a
rc
h o
bje
ct
iv
e
2
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es
is
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
B
u
d
g
et
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
r
estrict
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lib
r
ar
ies
to
h
o
s
t
ex
p
er
t
-
led
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
r
in
v
est
in
u
p
-
to
-
d
at
e
to
o
ls
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pag
a
n
elli
an
d
H
o
u
s
to
n
[
4
5
]
,
u
n
d
er
f
u
n
d
e
d
lib
r
ar
ies
o
f
te
n
d
ep
en
d
o
n
f
r
ee
ly
a
v
ailab
le
o
n
lin
e
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
m
ee
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
iv
er
s
e
n
ee
d
s
.
Staf
f
in
g
s
h
o
r
ta
g
es
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
lib
r
ar
ian
s
t
o
o
f
f
er
tailo
r
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
r
s
u
s
tain
n
ew
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
4
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
wid
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
So
m
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
r
iv
e
o
n
ca
m
p
u
s
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
lik
e
f
ile
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
r
d
atab
ase
n
av
ig
atio
n
.
Desig
n
in
g
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
is
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
ter
v
iewe
d
lib
r
ar
ian
s
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
th
is
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
tier
e
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
;
b
eg
in
n
e
r
,
i
n
ter
m
ed
i
ate,
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
u
ch
cu
s
to
m
izatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
tim
e
a
n
d
ef
f
o
r
t.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
h
en
g
[
4
7
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
co
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
“d
ig
ital
in
eq
u
ality
”
with
in
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
er
s
is
ten
t
b
ar
r
ier
to
lib
r
ar
y
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
is
also
a
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
th
ese
to
p
ic
s
as
p
er
ip
h
er
al
to
th
eir
co
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Atten
d
an
ce
at
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
ten
d
s
to
b
e
lo
w
u
n
less
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
is
tied
to
c
o
u
r
s
e
c
r
ed
it.
As
o
n
e
lib
r
ar
ian
p
u
t
it,
“
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
r
i
o
r
itize
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
an
d
ex
am
s
o
v
er
o
p
tio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
s
.
”
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
ec
h
o
es
th
is
s
en
tim
en
t.
Ma
war
d
i
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
n
o
tes
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
with
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
co
n
ten
t
wh
en
it
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
tied
to
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
5
.
3
.
F
ind
ing
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
re
s
e
a
rc
h o
bje
ct
iv
e
3
Am
o
n
g
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
f
ac
u
lty
to
e
m
b
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
t
o
p
ics
in
to
ac
ad
em
ic
co
u
r
s
es.
On
e
lib
r
ar
i
an
d
escr
ib
ed
co
-
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
o
n
lin
e
r
esear
ch
eth
ics
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
a
f
i
r
s
t
-
y
ea
r
wr
itin
g
class
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
v
alid
ated
b
y
R
af
i
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
u
ch
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
et
h
ical
is
s
u
es.
W
h
en
lib
r
ar
ian
s
wo
r
k
clo
s
ely
with
f
ac
u
lty
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
d
ig
ital sk
ills
n
o
t a
s
o
p
tio
n
al
ex
tr
as b
u
t a
s
in
teg
r
al
to
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
L
ib
r
ar
ian
s
also
en
h
a
n
ce
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
g
am
if
ie
d
to
o
ls
.
C
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
th
em
ed
escap
e
r
o
o
m
s
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
q
u
izze
s
,
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
i
n
to
m
em
o
r
ab
le
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
Hilliar
d
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
r
e
p
o
r
t
t
h
at
th
es
e
m
eth
o
d
s
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
k
ey
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
an
y
lib
r
ar
ies
o
f
f
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ce
r
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ea
r
n
cr
ed
en
tials
b
y
c
o
m
p
letin
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
wh
ich
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
o
tiv
ates p
ar
ticip
atio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
ad
d
s
v
alu
e
t
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
o
f
iles
.
An
o
th
er
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
y
in
v
o
lv
es
lib
r
ar
ian
s
’
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Stay
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
an
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
allo
ws
l
ib
r
ar
ian
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
elev
a
n
t,
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
g
u
id
an
ce
.
On
e
lib
r
ar
ian
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
atten
d
i
n
g
web
in
ar
s
o
n
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
ties
with
ca
m
p
u
s
I
T
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
Dis
eiy
e
et
a
l.
[
5
1
]
,
wh
o
ar
g
u
e
th
at
o
n
g
o
in
g
lib
r
a
r
ian
t
r
ain
in
g
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etw
o
r
k
in
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
also
en
ab
le
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
b
est p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
m
o
d
els.
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