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7
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su
lt
s
sh
o
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d
st
a
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n
ifi
c
a
n
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c
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lati
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s
b
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twe
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th
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sc
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’
s
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ime
n
sio
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s:
g
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ra
l
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a
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AF),
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tem
Ara
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f
th
e
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sh
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rt
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a
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m
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tri
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d
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ra
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in
g
fro
m
0
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3
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1
to
0
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8
2
5
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T
h
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st
u
d
y
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o
n
si
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e
re
d
a
n
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o
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n
t
ste
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i
n
d
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v
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e
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m
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t
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o
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rs
in
th
e
Ara
b
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
tex
t.
It
p
r
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v
i
d
e
s
a
sta
n
d
a
rd
iz
e
d
sc
a
le
to
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
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ro
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e
ss
,
wh
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h
e
l
p
s
e
n
a
b
le
tea
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e
rs
to
a
c
c
u
ra
tely
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g
n
o
se
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
d
iffi
c
u
lt
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a
n
d
p
ro
v
id
e
targ
e
ted
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s.
Th
e
se
i
n
terv
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n
ti
o
n
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
imp
ro
v
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n
g
lea
rn
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fo
c
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s
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n
d
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t,
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ss
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d
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c
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ti
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l
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ss
.
K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
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tio
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Fo
cu
s
in
g
Ps
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m
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R
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Sh
if
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T
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c
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a
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d
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CC B
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.
C
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A
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Kh
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s
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Me
k
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th
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co
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t
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AC
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p
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g
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s
[
1
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.
Desp
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wid
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litt
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is
k
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s
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m
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p
r
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p
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T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
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c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
was
to
in
v
esti
g
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th
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p
s
y
ch
o
m
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c
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p
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le.
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h
e
AC
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co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
2
0
item
s
th
at
in
itially
ap
p
ea
r
ed
as
two
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
atten
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
in
g
(
AF)
an
d
atten
tio
n
s
h
if
tin
g
(
AS)
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
D
er
r
y
b
er
r
y
an
d
R
o
th
b
ar
t
[
2
]
,
th
ey
d
ef
i
n
ed
atten
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
in
g
as
“
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
atten
tio
n
al
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
an
n
els
an
d
r
esis
t
in
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
s
h
if
tin
g
to
ir
r
elev
an
t
o
r
d
is
tr
ac
tin
g
ch
an
n
els,
”
an
d
atten
tio
n
s
h
if
tin
g
as
“
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
elib
er
at
ely
s
h
if
t
atten
tio
n
al
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I
n
r
ec
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t
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r
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ea
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r
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ee
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m
b
in
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u
n
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th
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o
f
th
e
AC
S
u
s
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g
th
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tal
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ea
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r
e
o
f
in
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iv
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ab
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n
tr
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l
atten
tio
n
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ich
we
r
e
f
er
to
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
g
en
er
al
atten
tio
n
(
GA=
AF+AS
).
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Der
r
y
b
er
r
y
[
3
]
,
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
es
o
f
th
e
AC
S
in
d
icate
th
at
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
“
I
n
ter
r
elate
d
s
u
b
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
AF
(
I
tem
1
=
it
i
s
v
er
y
h
ar
d
f
o
r
m
e
t
o
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
a
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
task
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
is
es
ar
o
u
n
d
)
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
r
elate
d
to
AS
b
etwe
en
task
s
(
I
tem
1
4
=
i
t
is
ea
s
y
f
o
r
m
e
to
r
ea
d
o
r
w
r
ite
wh
ile
I
’
m
also
talk
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
n
e)
.
”
T
o
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
n
o
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AC
S
am
o
n
g
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
lear
n
er
s
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
o
r
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
it
i
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
f
it
s
k
in
d
to
tr
an
s
late
th
e
AC
S
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
to
Ar
ab
ic
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
ict
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
“
b
ac
k
war
d
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
”
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e,
a
n
d
th
e
n
to
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
its
s
h
o
r
t
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AC
S
was
ev
alu
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
lear
n
er
s
ag
ed
1
3
t
o
1
8
y
ea
r
s
(
N=
2
1
0
)
.
W
e
n
o
te
in
th
i
s
r
eg
ar
d
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
r
elate
d
to
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
i
n
ter
ac
t
wi
th
th
e
two
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
am
ely
AF
an
d
AS
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
was
(
α
=
0
.
8
8
)
,
(
th
e
Sp
ea
r
m
an
-
B
r
o
wn
co
ef
f
icien
t=
0
.
8
2
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
v
alu
e
was a
ch
iev
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
af
ter
s
u
b
jectin
g
th
e
s
ca
le
to
th
e
Gu
ttm
an
Sp
lit
-
Half
co
ef
f
icien
t te
s
t.
T
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it a
p
p
ea
r
s
th
at
th
e
AC
S
en
jo
y
s
a
h
ig
h
an
d
r
ea
s
s
u
r
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
m
e
asu
r
in
g
atten
tio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
al
o
n
e
b
u
t
e
x
ten
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
atten
tio
n
t
o
em
o
ti
o
n
al,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
les.
Ov
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
ac
cu
m
u
late
d
ab
o
u
t
its
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
AC
S
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
s
ev
er
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
au
t
o
m
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
ad
u
lts
[
4
]
.
Ov
er
all
,
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ex
am
in
e
an
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
th
e
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
AC
S
af
ter
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
ict
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
ely
in
g
o
n
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
s
u
ch
as
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
eg
a
,
an
d
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
s
in
g
AF
an
d
C
FA
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
s
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
(
PC
A)
,
wh
ich
is
r
ar
ely
u
s
ed
i
n
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
d
i
v
er
s
if
y
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
iv
er
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
,
u
ltima
tely
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
o
p
tim
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
(
s
h
o
r
t
v
er
s
io
n
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
f
its
k
in
d
to
tr
an
s
late
th
e
AC
S
in
to
Ar
ab
ic
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
v
alid
at
e
its
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
PC
A
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ar
ely
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ad
o
p
ted
a
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e,
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
an
d
b
ac
k
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
f
id
elity
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ex
p
er
t
an
d
r
e
v
iewe
r
ev
alu
atio
n
s
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
ed
in
to
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
a
r
e
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
r
esear
ch
th
at
ty
p
ically
p
r
io
r
itizes
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
v
er
q
u
alitativ
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
i
q
u
ely
c
o
m
b
in
es
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
h
el
p
s
e
n
ab
le
teac
h
e
r
s
to
ac
cu
r
ately
d
iag
n
o
s
e
atten
tio
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
tar
g
eted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lea
r
n
er
s
’
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
1
0
l
ea
r
n
er
s
(
N=
2
1
0
)
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
(
n
(F)
=8
0
)
f
em
ales
a
n
d
(
n
(M)
=1
3
0
)
m
ales,
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
p
r
ep
a
r
ato
r
y
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
lev
els
(
f
ir
s
t,
s
ec
o
n
d
,
an
d
th
ir
d
p
r
e
p
ar
ato
r
y
lev
els),
with
ag
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
3
to
1
8
y
ea
r
s
.
I
t
is
a
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
s
am
p
le
s
ize
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
r
u
le
th
at
s
tates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
5
to
1
0
lear
n
er
s
p
er
item
,
wh
ich
we
h
av
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
ad
h
er
ed
to
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia
(
ag
e
,
lev
el)
to
en
s
u
r
e
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
Ab
d
elk
h
ale
q
Al
-
T
o
u
r
is
s
s
ch
o
o
l o
n
th
e
o
u
t
s
k
ir
ts
o
f
T
eto
u
an
city
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
I
t is im
p
o
r
tan
t to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
was in
ten
tio
n
ally
s
elec
ted
to
tar
g
et
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
ato
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
:
o
bta
ini
ng
a
utho
riza
t
io
n
a
nd
a
pp
ro
v
a
l f
o
r
t
he
s
t
ud
y
a
nd
et
hics
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
a
t
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
u
ld
r
em
ai
n
co
n
f
id
en
tial
a
n
d
n
o
t
b
e
d
is
clo
s
ed
to
th
ir
d
p
a
r
ties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
y
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
at
th
ey
c
o
u
ld
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
ju
s
tific
atio
n
[
6
]
.
All
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
Helsin
k
i
d
ec
lar
atio
n
[
7
]
,
f
ir
s
t
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
1
9
7
5
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
in
2
0
0
0
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
tai
n
ed
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
co
m
m
ittee
o
f
th
e
Hig
h
er
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
T
ea
ch
er
s
(
E
NS)
,
Mo
u
la
y
I
s
m
a
il Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Me
k
n
es,
Mo
r
o
c
co
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
5
6
-
4
4
6
7
4458
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
2
:
t
r
a
ns
la
t
io
n o
f
ACS
“
ba
ck
wa
rd
a
nd
f
o
rwa
rd
”
t
ra
ns
la
t
io
n pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
AC
S,
was
tr
an
s
lated
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
in
to
Ar
ab
ic
u
s
in
g
th
e
class
ical
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
“
b
ac
k
war
d
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
”
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
two
b
ilin
g
u
al
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
,
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
was
Ar
ab
ic,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
tr
an
s
lated
th
e
AC
S
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
to
Ar
ab
ic
(
f
o
r
war
d
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
)
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
two
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
,
alo
n
g
with
a
th
ir
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
wh
o
s
er
v
ed
as
a
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
an
d
u
n
if
ied
th
eir
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
in
g
le
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
(
in
ter
im
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
)
.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
an
d
f
in
al
s
tag
e,
th
is
in
ter
im
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
was
tr
an
s
lated
b
ac
k
in
t
o
E
n
g
lis
h
b
y
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
(
b
a
ck
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
)
[
8
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
n
o
te
th
a
t
all
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wer
e
n
o
t
awa
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
E
n
g
lis
h
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
d
id
n
o
t p
o
s
s
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
:
c
o
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tep
,
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
(
B
Z
,
HC
,
MB)
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
(
AR
,
SZ,
AR
)
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
v
a
lid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
a
n
d
its
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
th
e
f
ield
.
F
o
llo
win
g
th
eir
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ev
is
ed
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
th
e
in
itial
Ar
a
b
ic
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
So
m
e
item
s
wer
e
ad
ju
s
ted
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
as
well
as
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
a
n
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Af
ter
th
ese
ad
ju
s
t
m
en
ts
,
th
e
s
ca
le
r
etain
ed
its
f
u
ll
s
et
o
f
2
0
item
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
AF
,
AS
,
an
d
GA
,
as a
g
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
b
y
th
e
e
x
p
er
t r
e
v
iewe
r
s
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ass
ess
e
d
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
AC
S
b
ased
o
n
ev
alu
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
an
ex
p
er
t
p
a
n
el,
u
s
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
an
d
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
χ²)
m
eth
o
d
s
[
9
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
elab
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
ju
d
g
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
ca
le
item
s
,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
it
is
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
th
e
c
r
itical
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e
(
χ
²=
3
.
8
4
)
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
≤
0
.
0
5
with
1
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
All
s
ca
le
item
s
wer
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
≤
0
.
0
5
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
lev
el,
as
th
e
co
m
p
u
ted
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
e
cr
itical
v
alu
e
(
6
≥
3
.
8
4
)
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
lcu
lated
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
an
d
ju
d
g
es.
An
a
g
r
e
em
en
t
r
ate
o
f
8
0
%
was
ad
o
p
ted
as
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
tin
g
an
item
.
All
item
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
f
u
ll
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
1
0
0
%,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
wh
eth
er
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ec
i
d
ed
to
r
etain
all
t
h
e
s
ca
le
item
s
,
as
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
ed
u
n
an
i
m
o
u
s
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
ju
d
g
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
b
o
th
th
e
s
u
p
er
f
icial
an
d
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
in
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
an
co
n
tex
t
u
s
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
an
d
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
χ²)
I
t
e
ms
A
g
r
e
e
i
n
g
D
i
sag
r
e
e
i
n
g
x
2
F
%
F
%
CV
TV
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
6
1
0
0
0
0
6
3
.
8
4
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
6
1
0
0
0
0
6
3
.
8
4
1
5
,
1
6
,
1
7
,
1
8
,
1
9
,
2
0
6
1
0
0
0
0
6
3
.
8
4
p≤
0
.
0
5
,
F=
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
C
V
=
c
o
mp
u
t
e
d
v
al
u
e
,
TV
=
t
a
b
u
l
a
r
v
a
l
u
e
2
.
2
.
4
.
P
ha
s
e
4
:
f
irst
r
o
un
d o
f
pil
o
t
t
esting
At
th
e
o
u
ts
et,
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
an
d
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
taf
f
o
f
Ab
d
el
Kh
alek
Al
-
T
ar
iess
Sch
o
o
l
[
1
1
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le,
w
e
u
n
d
er
to
o
k
s
ev
e
r
al
p
r
e
p
ar
ato
r
y
s
tep
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
a
n
aly
s
es.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
in
clu
d
ed
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
test
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
b
asic
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
es,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
et
wee
n
th
e
item
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
v
alid
ity
test
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
α
)
,
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
e
g
a
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
(
Ʊ
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
(
ρ
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
FA)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
an
d
PC
A
,
w
er
e
also
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
as
d
etaile
d
later
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
was
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
f
in
al,
s
tab
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icity
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
an
c
o
n
tex
t,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
l
an
g
u
ag
e
,
co
n
te
n
t,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
P
ha
s
e
5
:
f
irst
r
o
un
d o
f
pil
o
t
t
esting
Af
ter
an
aly
zin
g
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
o
n
ly
th
e
s
tati
s
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
item
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
item
s
,
wh
ich
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
an
d
C
FA
in
d
icate
d
wer
e
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
ca
le,
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
f
i
n
al
v
er
s
io
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
1
2
item
s
(
AF=
item
s
1
,
2
,
4
,
5
,
7
,
8
,
9
)
,
(
AS=
item
s
1
0
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
9
,
2
0
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
s
yc
h
o
metric v
a
lid
a
tio
n
o
f A
r
a
b
ic
a
tten
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l sca
le:
r
elia
b
ilit
y,
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
… (
A
min
e
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h
a
d
r
a
o
u
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)
4459
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ures
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
0
ite
m
s
th
at
ar
e
a
n
s
wer
ed
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
c
h
o
ices
(
1
=a
l
m
o
s
t
n
ev
er
,
2
=so
m
etim
es,
3
=o
f
ten
,
4
=
al
way
s
)
with
h
i
g
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
b
etter
atten
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
11
item
s
(
1
,
2
,
3
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
1
1
,
1
2
,
1
5
,
1
6
,
2
0
)
h
av
e
t
o
b
e
r
ev
er
s
e
-
co
d
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
s
co
r
in
g
.
Als
o
,
th
e
s
ca
le
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
two
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
AF
(
AF=
item
s
1
-
9
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
AS
(
AS=
item
s
10
-
2
0
)
.
2
.
4
.
St
a
t
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Similar
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b
etwe
en
item
1
an
d
1
3
,
with
a
co
r
r
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n
co
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
(
C
o
s
2
=
0
.
8
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
two
item
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
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d
h
av
e
a
s
im
ilar
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
lear
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r
'
s
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d
itio
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y
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th
er
e
is
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co
r
r
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n
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en
item
s
8
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1
6
,
9
,
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d
2
0
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with
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r
r
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n
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ef
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icie
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f
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o
s
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6
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,
m
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n
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g
th
e
s
e
item
s
h
av
e
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
im
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ac
t.
Similar
ly
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s
1
9
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7
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an
d
1
8
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e
a
c
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n
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o
f
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o
s
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,
in
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a
s
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ilar
im
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t.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
last
th
r
ee
q
u
esti
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s
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6
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3
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an
d
1
1
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h
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wea
k
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
lear
n
er
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s
atten
tio
n
[
2
2
]
,
as
also
s
h
o
wn
b
y
t
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
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n
(
T
ab
les 5
an
d
6
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an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
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ec
tio
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
5
.
Co
nfir
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a
t
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f
a
ct
o
r
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n
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ly
s
is
T
h
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g
o
al
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f
C
FA
is
to
ass
ess
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o
w
well
th
e
co
llected
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ata
f
i
t
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
e
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
p
ar
ticu
la
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ly
u
s
ef
u
l
in
v
alid
atin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
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s
ca
les
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
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en
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ar
ia
b
les
b
ased
o
n
a
p
r
io
r
i
h
y
p
o
th
eses
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
al
e
q
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
item
s
lo
ad
o
n
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ac
to
r
(
all
ab
o
v
e
0
.
3
0
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.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
C
F
A
in
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icate
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at
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o
llo
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icato
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s
ar
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if
ican
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d
f
it
well
[
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,
lar
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el
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n
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o
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th
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lis
h
ed
cr
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ia
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Kaiser
-
Me
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Olk
in
(
KM
O)
=0
.
6
7
2
)
[
2
7
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
,
an
d
(
χ²=
1
6
8
9
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8
,
d
f
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6
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0
0
1
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,
as
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ee
n
in
T
ab
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9
.
T
h
e
r
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o
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g
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ip
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AF
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d
AS
d
im
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io
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s
f
ac
to
r
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v
ar
ian
ce
’
s
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FC
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,
with
an
esti
m
ate
v
alu
e
o
f
0
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8
0
6
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
0
.
0
5
2
.
T
h
e
z
-
v
alu
e
was
1
5
.
4
4
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
r
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s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
im
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io
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is
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ig
h
ly
s
tatis
tically
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ig
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ican
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0
0
1
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m
in
=
0
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3
1
1
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ax
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8
2
5
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,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
a
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le
1
0
.
Desp
ite
th
is
[
2
8
]
,
we
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
t
h
e
T
u
ck
e
r
-
L
e
wis
in
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T
L
I
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an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
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ex
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C
FI)
v
alu
es
wer
e
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lig
h
tly
b
elo
w
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
at
0
.
9
2
an
d
0
.
9
3
[
2
9
]
.
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I
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J
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4463
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u
r
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R
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C
FA
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R
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test
K
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tu
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s
am
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t
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lo
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o
f
s
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d
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r
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s
h
o
w
s
im
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o
f
v
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ity
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.
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r
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s
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s
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ch
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th
o
s
e
b
y
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e
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g
u
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
u
s
ed
t
o
o
ls
with
h
ig
h
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
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y
in
d
if
f
er
en
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cu
ltu
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a
n
d
f
o
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n
d
th
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to
o
ls
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f
ec
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ely
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e
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ed
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n
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o
l.
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e
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r
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ir
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ed
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AC
S
s
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ig
h
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s
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Dec
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er
20
25
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4
4
5
6
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4
4
6
7
4464
alig
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m
en
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r
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in
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3
1
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cr
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s
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Qu
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a
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[
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2
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d
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tr
ated
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w
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ir
m
th
e
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o
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s
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y
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r
ee
m
en
t
in
FA
[
3
3
]
,
alth
o
u
g
h
T
L
I
an
d
C
FI
r
esu
lts
wer
e
less
th
an
id
ea
l
[
3
4
]
,
w
h
ich
m
ay
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
am
p
le
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
s
im
ilar
d
if
f
icu
ltie
s
[
3
5
]
.
we
o
b
s
er
v
e
b
o
th
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
atten
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
ls
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
y
by
Ólaf
s
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
u
s
ed
a
s
im
ilar
s
ca
le
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
att
en
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
I
ce
lan
d
ic
co
n
tex
t
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
i
g
h
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
wh
i
ch
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t stu
d
y
.
Stu
d
ies
th
at
m
o
d
if
ied
th
eir
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
b
y
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
o
f
te
n
s
h
o
wed
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
ca
le
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
dy
by
Atalay
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
1
7
item
s
in
th
eir
s
ca
le
to
en
h
an
ce
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
1
2
in
t
h
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
s
ca
le’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
alig
n
in
g
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies th
at
s
h
o
wed
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
item
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
th
e
to
o
l.
Fin
ally
,
Al
-
B
alh
an
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
to
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
t
r
an
s
latio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
“
b
ac
k
war
d
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
”
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lts
an
d
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
tr
an
s
latio
n
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
lated
to
o
ls
lik
e
th
e
s
ca
les.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
alig
n
m
en
t
with
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
atten
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
[
3
9
]
,
with
s
o
m
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
p
o
ten
tially
att
r
ib
u
ted
to
s
am
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
s
in
g
FA
a
n
d
s
tatis
tical
test
s
in
ev
alu
atin
g
to
o
ls
an
d
em
p
h
asiz
e
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ca
le
ef
f
icien
cy
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
atten
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
ls
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
h
elp
in
g
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
er
v
e
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
g
u
id
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
atten
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
ese
a
b
ilit
ies
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cu
ltu
r
e,
ag
e
,
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
atten
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
k
i
lls
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
o
th
e
r
s
ca
le
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
atten
tio
n
with
o
th
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
em
o
r
y
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
also
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
en
h
an
cin
g
lear
n
er
s
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
u
tlin
e
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
t
h
e
AC
S
with
in
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
a
n
co
n
tex
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
with
u
n
an
im
o
u
s
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
at
a
r
at
e
o
f
1
0
0
%
an
d
(
χ²=
3
.
8
4
:
≤
0
.
0
5
)
with
1
df
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
h
er
ed
to
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
“b
ac
k
war
d
a
n
d
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es”.
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ca
le
item
s
an
d
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
t
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
AF
↔
AS)
,
with
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
(
r
=0
.
6
3
5
)
,
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
at
*
p
<
.
0
0
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
AC
S
.
R
el
iab
ilit
y
test
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
it
em
s
th
at
n
eg
ativ
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
it.
FA
an
d
P
C
A
,
t
h
is
led
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
le
b
ased
o
n
PC
A
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
,
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
d
esp
ite
less
th
an
id
ea
l
T
L
I
an
d
C
FI
r
esu
lts
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
t
o
s
am
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
C
FA
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
ated
t
h
e
m
o
d
el,
wi
th
all
item
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
ab
o
v
e
0
.
3
0
,
(
KM
O=
0
.
6
7
2
)
,
an
d
(
χ²=
1
6
8
9
.
3
9
8
,
with
6
6
df
at
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
,
with
t
h
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
2
(
s
h
o
r
t
v
e
r
s
io
n
)
item
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
2
0
(
AF=
item
s
1
,
2
,
4
,
5
,
7
,
8
,
9
)
,
(
AS=
item
s
1
0
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
9
,
2
0
)
,
as
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ite
m
s
eith
er
n
eg
ativ
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
s
ca
le
o
r
we
r
e
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
o
m
e
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
in
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
n
o
v
elty
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
em
p
lo
y
in
g
PC
A
in
s
tead
o
f
E
FA
,
d
iv
er
s
if
y
in
g
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
r
r
elati
o
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
th
at
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
ea
c
h
o
th
er
,
it
is
,
to
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tu
d
y
o
f
its
k
in
d
th
at
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
e
AC
S
test
in
to
Ar
ab
ic.
Desp
ite
all
th
is
,
it
is
n
o
t
with
o
u
t
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t.
Per
h
ap
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
is
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
b
e
en
m
o
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
if
it we
r
e
lar
g
er
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
th
e
test
-
r
etest
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
ese
lim
it
atio
n
s
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
to
o
th
er
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
d
ev
elo
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