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teac
h
e
r
t
r
ain
in
g
,
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
i
d
er
atio
n
s
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
em
er
g
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
E
m
p
h
asizin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
to
v
ib
r
an
t,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ko
lb
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
5
]
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
6
]
ar
e
two
ex
am
p
les
o
f
r
esear
ch
th
at
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
en
,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
m
o
d
els
ar
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
g
r
o
wth
.
B
y
em
b
r
ac
in
g
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
lear
n
er
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
g
lo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es
with
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
in
g
e
n
u
ity
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
a
n
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l le
ar
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
c
es.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
h
if
t
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
esear
ch
,
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies,
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
m
ap
s
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
b
r
id
g
e
t
h
is
g
a
p
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
9
0
1
Sco
p
u
s
-
in
d
ex
e
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
4
)
,
u
n
co
v
er
in
g
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
r
esear
ch
t
h
em
es,
in
f
lu
en
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
p
atter
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
q
u
alitativ
e
r
ev
iews
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
n
ew
in
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
th
e
f
ield
.
Sco
p
u
s
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
co
v
e
r
ag
e
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
an
d
cr
e
d
ib
le
ac
ad
em
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
J
er
o
en
et
a
l.
[
7
]
af
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
Sco
p
u
s
is
a
c
u
r
ated
,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
in
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
ch
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Mo
e
d
et
a
l.
[
8
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
th
at
Sco
p
u
s
’
s
citatio
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
f
e
atu
r
es
m
ak
e
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
an
aly
ze
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
eir
f
ield
.
Sco
p
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
,
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
au
th
o
r
s
,
an
d
k
ey
th
em
atic
ar
ea
s
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
I
ts
ad
v
an
ce
d
cit
atio
n
m
etr
ics
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
VOSv
iewe
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
allo
w
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
m
a
p
p
in
g
o
f
in
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
an
id
ea
l
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
tr
en
d
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
−
Q1
:
W
h
at
is
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t ty
p
es p
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
?
−
Q2
:
W
h
o
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t in
f
lu
en
t
ial
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
t
o
r
ese
ar
ch
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
?
−
Q3
:
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t f
r
e
q
u
e
n
tly
cited
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
s
u
b
je
ct
ar
ea
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
?
−
Q4
:
W
h
o
ar
e
th
e
to
p
1
0
au
th
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
citatio
n
m
etr
ics in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
?
−
Q5
:
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
e
v
alen
t k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
esear
ch
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
?
−
Q6
:
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t c
o
u
n
tr
ies co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
r
ef
lects
an
o
n
g
o
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
em
p
h
asizin
g
cr
ea
tiv
it
y
,
in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
er
s
an
d
ev
o
l
v
in
g
s
o
cieta
l
d
em
an
d
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
en
d
in
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
es
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices.
Sch
o
l
ar
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
h
av
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
ed
v
a
r
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
th
at
ch
allen
g
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
f
av
o
r
in
g
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies
s
u
ch
as
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
PB
L
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
em
p
h
asize
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
lea
r
n
er
s
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
c
o
m
p
lex
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
s
o
cieties
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
,
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ma
p
p
in
g
r
esea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
in
i
n
n
o
va
tive
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ies:
a
b
ib
li
o
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
(
N
u
r
u
l E
effa
h
A
w
a
n
g
)
4569
A
cr
itical
tr
en
d
in
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
a
d
o
p
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
w
o
r
ld
wid
e.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
te
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Sch
m
id
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
ject
c
o
n
ten
t
in
ter
ac
t
to
cr
ea
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
at
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ig
ital
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
1
2
]
.
Platf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
,
E
d
m
o
d
o
,
an
d
Mo
o
d
le
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
ess
en
tial
to
o
ls
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
in
g
b
len
d
e
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
cr
ea
te
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
a
n
aly
tics
an
d
AI
-
d
r
i
v
en
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
s
y
s
tem
s
allo
w
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ath
wa
y
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
tar
g
eted
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
m
o
d
el
h
as
g
ain
ed
tr
ac
tio
n
as
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
er
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lectu
r
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
p
r
e
-
class
v
id
eo
lectu
r
es
a
n
d
in
-
c
lass
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
M
o
k
h
ele
-
R
am
u
lu
m
o
et
a
l.
[
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
lip
p
e
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
h
y
s
ical
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esu
lted
in
h
ig
h
er
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eg
io
n
s
with
lim
ited
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
ar
ities
[
1
5
]
.
Stu
d
ies
also
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
w
h
ile
f
lip
p
e
d
lear
n
in
g
f
o
s
ter
s
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
h
ab
its
,
it
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
to
en
s
u
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
i
d
e
in
f
lip
p
e
d
lear
n
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
p
o
lic
y
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
Gam
if
icatio
n
an
d
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
also
g
ain
ed
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
g
ag
in
g
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Fre
em
an
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
g
am
i
f
ied
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
clin
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
Similar
ly
,
Z
h
a
n
g
[
1
9
]
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
g
am
if
icatio
n
m
o
d
els
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
f
i
n
d
in
g
th
at
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
s
ter
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
a
n
d
e
n
jo
y
ab
le
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
s
e
o
f
AI
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
C
h
atGPT
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
tu
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
as
f
u
r
t
h
er
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
a
u
to
m
ated
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
b
ias
in
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
eth
ical
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
o
f
AI
-
d
r
i
v
en
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
ca
r
ef
u
l c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
PB
L
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ex
t
en
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
m
ed
ical
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Pap
ak
o
s
tas
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
AR
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
in
a
r
is
k
-
f
r
ee
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
An
ato
m
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
h
as
b
en
e
f
itted
f
r
o
m
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
p
atial
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
2
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
AR
-
b
ased
weld
in
g
s
im
u
lato
r
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
i
g
h
er
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est th
at
ex
p
er
ien
tial le
ar
n
in
g
,
wh
en
in
teg
r
a
ted
with
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
s
k
ill m
aster
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
f
lip
p
e
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
2
4
]
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
[
2
5
]
,
a
n
d
AI
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
liter
atu
r
e
lack
s
s
y
s
tem
atic
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
citatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
in
t
h
is
f
ield
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
f
illi
n
g
t
h
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
th
at
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
ass
ess
e
s
r
esear
ch
im
p
ac
t.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
th
at
s
y
n
th
e
s
ize
f
in
d
in
g
s
q
u
alitativ
ely
,
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ev
ea
ls
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
esear
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
-
citatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
m
ap
p
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
i
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
o
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
n
te
x
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
No
r
th
Am
e
r
ica,
E
u
r
o
p
e)
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
g
r
o
win
g
g
l
o
b
al
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
I
n
d
ia,
C
h
in
a,
a
n
d
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
o
cr
atiza
tio
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
n
o
t a
d
eq
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
b
ib
li
o
m
et
r
ics
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
,
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
,
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
b
o
t
h
b
asic
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
etr
ics
—
s
u
ch
as
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
jo
u
r
n
als,
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
p
r
im
ar
y
a
u
th
o
r
class
if
icatio
n
s
—
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
c
o
-
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
[
2
8
]
.
R
elev
a
n
t
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
id
en
tifie
d
,
an
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
to
u
n
co
v
e
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
s
h
ap
i
n
g
th
e
f
ield
[
2
9
]
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
S
co
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
ac
ad
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
2
a
n
d
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
N
o
n
-
jo
u
r
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
lectu
r
e
n
o
tes
wer
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
to
m
ain
tai
n
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
[
3
3
]
.
Qu
a
n
titativ
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
in
d
icato
r
s
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d
n
etwo
r
k
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a
ly
s
is
m
eth
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d
s
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
ed
th
e
s
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d
y
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in
clu
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
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I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
4
5
6
7
-
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5
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atter
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aly
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o
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c
ted
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s
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th
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al
izatio
n
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f
b
ib
lio
m
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ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
e
x
am
in
atio
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o
f
t
h
e
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ata.
Alth
o
u
g
h
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
an
in
-
d
ep
th
o
v
er
v
iew,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
lim
i
tatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
elian
ce
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
d
atab
ase
a
n
d
e
x
clu
s
io
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o
f
n
o
n
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jo
u
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al
p
u
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n
s
.
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th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
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ad
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r
ess
ed
b
y
e
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s
iv
ely
u
s
in
g
p
u
b
licly
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ailab
le
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
d
ata.
T
o
g
u
id
e
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
l
o
w
—
f
r
o
m
id
en
tific
atio
n
to
s
o
u
r
ce
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
—
we
ap
p
lied
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA)
m
o
d
el
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
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s
t
u
d
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aim
s
to
d
eliv
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a
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
u
n
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e
r
s
tan
d
in
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cu
r
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e
n
t
tr
en
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s
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ig
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h
t
in
f
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tial
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tio
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a
n
d
s
ch
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s
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d
s
u
g
g
est
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e
r
e
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ch
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ir
ec
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s
in
th
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r
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p
id
l
y
ev
o
l
v
in
g
f
ield
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
ea
rc
h str
a
t
e
g
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
an
iter
ativ
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
r
ef
in
e
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
f
o
r
r
etr
iev
i
n
g
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles.
I
n
itially
,
a
q
u
er
y
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
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s
in
g
th
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s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
“
i
n
n
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v
ativ
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AND
“
p
ed
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g
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”
wh
ic
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ield
ed
5
,
0
2
9
ar
ticles.
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h
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
f
u
r
th
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r
e
f
in
ed
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s
in
g
a
d
d
itio
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a
l
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iter
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in
clu
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in
g
p
u
b
licatio
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r
s
2
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2
2
–
2
0
2
4
,
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esu
ltin
g
in
a
r
e
d
u
ce
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s
et
o
f
1
,
6
1
2
ar
ticles.
T
h
ese
p
ap
er
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
d
etailed
ex
am
in
atio
n
,
with
r
ev
iews
ex
clu
d
ed
an
d
o
n
ly
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
esear
ch
a
r
ticles
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fo
llo
win
g
t
h
is
r
ef
in
em
en
t,
9
0
1
ar
ticles
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
.
B
y
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
all
p
er
tin
en
t
ar
ticles
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
h
ad
b
ee
n
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
a
tab
ase
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
lim
ited
to
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
4
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
ele
v
an
ce
to
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
r
esear
ch
.
On
ly
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
r
ticles
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
an
d
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
wer
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
,
ex
cl
u
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
,
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
an
d
non
-
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
ain
tain
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
d
iag
r
am
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
VOSv
iewe
r
is
an
in
tu
itiv
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
at
L
ei
d
en
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
R
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
v
is
u
alizin
g
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
s
p
ec
ializes
in
g
en
er
atin
g
n
etwo
r
k
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
,
clu
s
ter
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g
r
elate
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en
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an
d
cr
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tin
g
d
e
n
s
ity
m
ap
s
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
co
-
au
th
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r
s
h
ip
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-
citatio
n
,
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d
k
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wo
r
d
c
o
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
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u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
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ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
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ts
in
te
r
ac
tiv
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in
ter
f
ac
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d
r
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u
p
d
ates
f
ac
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ate
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f
icien
t
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s
is
o
f
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e
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atasets
.
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ab
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e
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latin
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e
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to
m
izin
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aliza
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p
atib
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ak
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lex
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ain
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
u
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N:
2252
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Ma
p
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atasets
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Plain
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d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
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2
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
s
ets
wer
e
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aly
ze
d
u
s
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V
OSv
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er
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io
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1
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6
.
1
9
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B
y
em
p
lo
y
in
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VOS
clu
s
ter
in
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m
a
p
p
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tech
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th
e
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o
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ac
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aly
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cr
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ap
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Un
li
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ltid
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lin
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M
DS)
ap
p
r
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ac
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VOSv
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r
p
l
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d
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ac
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ch
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at
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p
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x
im
ity
r
ef
lects
r
elate
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n
ess
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d
s
im
ilar
ity
[
3
7
]
.
W
h
ile
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to
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S
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co
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p
t
[
3
7
]
,
VOSv
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r
d
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es b
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s
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o
ciatio
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tr
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f
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m
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cc
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r
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ce
f
r
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c
alcu
lated
as [
3
8
]:
=
As
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
v
a
n
E
c
k
a
n
d
W
altm
an
[3
8
]
,
th
is
in
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e
x
c
o
m
p
ar
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b
s
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p
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r
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ce
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er
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tical
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ep
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ce
.
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h
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n
o
r
m
aliza
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en
ab
les
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itio
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item
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m
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izin
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weig
h
ted
s
u
m
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f
s
q
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ar
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s
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in
L
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g
/m
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lar
ity
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m
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[
3
9
]
f
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r
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s
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p
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v
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tech
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lik
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c
itatio
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d
c
o
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al
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s
is
.
Key
wo
r
d
co
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o
cc
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r
r
en
ce
an
al
y
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is
is
v
alu
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le
f
o
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tr
ac
in
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th
e
ev
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tio
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o
f
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esear
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f
ield
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d
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en
tify
in
g
k
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y
to
p
ics
ac
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
ain
s
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
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ally
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citatio
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aly
s
is
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
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ted
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Allah
v
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iy
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et
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l.
[
4
1
]
h
el
p
s
u
n
co
v
e
r
cr
itical
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
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n
s
,
tr
en
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s
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an
d
m
eth
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d
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p
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ical
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p
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citatio
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,
a
s
tap
le
in
b
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lio
m
etr
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s
tu
d
ies
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
u
tili
ze
s
n
etwo
r
k
th
eo
r
y
to
m
ap
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
d
ata
[
4
2
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
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is
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
v
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im
en
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io
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s
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in
clu
d
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g
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m
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n
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ty
p
es,
s
o
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r
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ty
p
es,
p
u
b
licatio
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tr
en
d
s
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
p
atter
n
s
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
cita
tio
n
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
in
to
t
h
e
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lu
tio
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o
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ativ
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k
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to
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f
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p
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licatio
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s
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d
g
lo
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al
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esear
c
h
tr
e
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
b
o
th
s
tatis
t
ical
m
etr
ics
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
f
r
eq
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e
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cy
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p
e
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ce
n
tag
e,
g
r
a
p
h
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r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
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s
,
an
d
v
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aliza
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n
m
ap
s
,
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
4
.
1
.
Do
cu
m
ent
a
nd
s
o
urce
t
y
pe
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
t
ty
p
es
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
2
2
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
ac
r
o
s
s
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als
r
elev
an
t
t
o
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
k
ey
j
o
u
r
n
als:
“
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Scien
ce
s
”
,
“
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
Switzer
lan
d
”
,
“
Fro
n
tier
s
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
,
“
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
”
,
an
d
“
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
”
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Scien
ce
s
m
ain
tain
ed
a
s
tead
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
6
-
7
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
an
n
u
ally
,
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
2
0
to
2
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ea
ch
y
ea
r
.
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
Switzer
lan
d
s
h
o
wed
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
g
r
o
wth
,
s
tar
tin
g
wit
h
2
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
in
2
0
2
2
(
7
%),
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
to
4
in
2
0
2
3
(
1
3
%),
an
d
s
u
r
g
in
g
t
o
8
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in
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0
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4
(
2
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r
ef
l
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tin
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th
e
r
is
in
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ac
ad
em
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f
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s
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s
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ab
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to
p
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I
n
c
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n
tr
ast,
Fro
n
tier
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in
E
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u
ca
tio
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x
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ct
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at
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p
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b
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s
ts
o
f
ac
tiv
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d
r
iv
en
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
h
em
es o
r
p
r
o
jects.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
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J
o
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r
n
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E
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g
in
ee
r
in
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E
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T
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m
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s
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a
d
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in
g
tr
e
n
d
,
with
6
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
in
2
0
2
2
(
2
0
%)
,
5
in
2
0
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3
(
1
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%),
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d
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n
ly
2
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n
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4
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in
d
icatin
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a
p
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s
s
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s
h
if
t
in
its
th
em
atic
f
o
cu
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
ata
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ev
o
lv
in
g
p
r
io
r
ities
in
ac
ad
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p
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b
lis
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in
g
,
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th
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n
if
ican
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g
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wth
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s
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ab
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atin
g
o
r
d
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lin
in
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
o
th
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
k
ey
jo
u
r
n
als f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
6
7
-
4
5
7
9
4572
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Do
c
u
m
en
t ty
p
e
4.
2
.
Aut
ho
rsh
ip a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
e
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
b
y
au
t
h
o
r
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
to
p
co
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
s
to
th
e
an
aly
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d
r
esear
c
h
f
ield
b
a
s
ed
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata.
B
ae
k
,
S.
an
d
Dy
s
o
n
,
B
.
ar
e
t
h
e
lead
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
s
,
ea
c
h
with
4
d
o
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m
e
n
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
th
is
ar
ea
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
eir
h
ig
h
o
u
t
p
u
t
lik
ely
r
ef
lects
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
o
cu
s
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atte
r
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
em
as
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
f
ig
u
r
es
in
th
e
f
ield
.
Fo
llo
win
g
clo
s
ely
ar
e
Ho
wley
,
D.
,
A
n
ith
a,
D.
,
an
d
C
h
ar
ter
is
,
J
.
,
ea
ch
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
in
g
3
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
eir
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
an
d
n
o
ta
b
le
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
ese
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
r
m
a
cr
itical
co
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
d
r
iv
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
,
as in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
ir
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t p
r
esen
ce
in
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Oth
er
co
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
Fo
wler
,
J
.
,
Hick
ey
,
A.
,
Olelew
e,
C
.
J
.
,
Sh
en
,
Y.
,
an
d
Ath
a
n
ases
,
S.Z
.
,
h
av
e
ea
ch
a
u
th
o
r
e
d
2
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
b
u
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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cited
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Yan
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[
1
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,
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[
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4
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tech
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Similar
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Pap
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tech
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ield
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[
2
2
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in
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3
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4
4
]
i
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d
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ital
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
5
6
7
-
4
5
7
9
4574
lear
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I
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N:
2252
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I
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2
2
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14
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5.
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o
f
r
esear
ch
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
lar
g
ely
ce
n
ter
ed
on
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
an
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
co
-
citatio
n
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
,
r
esear
ch
clu
s
ter
s
,
an
d
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
s
th
at
we
r
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
w
h
ile
th
e
T
PAC
K
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
i
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
m
o
v
e
b
ey
o
n
d
T
PAC
K
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic,
AI
-
en
h
a
n
ce
d
a
d
ap
t
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
[
1
0
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
f
lip
p
e
d
class
r
o
o
m
m
o
d
el,
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e
,
is
n
o
w
ev
o
l
v
in
g
in
to
h
y
b
r
i
d
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
au
g
m
en
ted
a
n
d
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
-
p
o
wer
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
o
o
ls
p
r
esen
ts
b
o
th
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
W
h
ile
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
ab
le
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
th
ey
also
r
aise
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
,
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias,
an
d
e
q
u
itab
l
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
alik
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
s
f
ac
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
.
B
r
id
g
in
g
th
is
g
a
p
r
e
q
u
ir
es
p
o
licy
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
in
v
estme
n
t
in
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
b
en
ef
it a
ll lea
r
n
er
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e,
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
r
o
a
d
m
ap
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
B
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
m
ap
p
i
n
g
k
ey
co
n
tr
i
b
u
to
r
s
,
in
f
lu
en
tial
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
em
er
g
in
g
th
e
m
es,
it
o
f
f
er
s
q
u
an
titativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
im
p
ac
t
an
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
g
lo
b
a
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
q
u
alitativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
th
is
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ev
ea
ls
o
b
jectiv
e
p
at
ter
n
s
in
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
h
elp
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
alig
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
f
u
tu
r
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
eg
i
o
n
s
in
d
icate
a
s
h
if
t to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
g
lo
b
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
,
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
ata
b
ase
m
ay
h
av
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
e
x
ed
in
o
th
er
r
e
p
o
s
ito
r
ies,
s
u
ch
a
s
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
o
r
E
R
I
C
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
m
a
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
l
in
g
u
is
tic
b
ias,
p
o
ten
tially
o
v
er
lo
o
k
in
g
v
al
u
ab
le
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
is
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
its
elf
,
wh
ich
,
wh
ile
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
ap
p
in
g
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
,
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
th
ese
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
als
o
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
eth
ical
a
n
d
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
ar
e
eq
u
itab
ly
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
E
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
s
co
p
e
to
in
clu
d
e
cr
o
s
s
-
r
eg
io
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
es
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
c
u
ltu
r
al,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
p
o
licy
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
B
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
in
q
u
i
r
y
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
u
ild
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e,
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
u
s
s
er
v
es a
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
2
1
s
t c
en
t
u
r
y
.
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