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1.
I
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RO
D
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I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
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as
b
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m
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a
k
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p
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m
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k
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to
n
av
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ate
th
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d
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g
ital
wo
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ld
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
a
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in
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d
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to
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eso
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s
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[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
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e
ch
allen
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f
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liter
ac
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[
5
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,
[
6
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an
d
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d
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liter
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[
7
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–
[
9
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as
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,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
ar
r
o
ws
its
f
o
cu
s
to
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
r
elate
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
d
a
ta
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
a
n
d
eth
ical
d
ig
ital
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
t
u
n
i
q
u
ely
s
y
n
t
h
esizes
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
i
tem
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
m
eth
o
d
,
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
,
e.
g
.
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ci
tizen
s
(
Dig
C
o
m
p
)
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
So
ciety
f
o
r
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
STE
)
,
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
T
ea
ch
er
T
r
ain
i
n
g
(
I
NT
E
F),
an
d
ca
t
eg
o
r
izes
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
o
b
jecti
v
es
ac
r
o
s
s
3
0
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
i
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
a
n
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
to
ass
e
s
s
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
r
ev
iew
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
ills
a
g
ap
in
ex
is
tin
g
lit
er
atu
r
e
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
aim
in
g
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
liter
ac
y
a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
.
Secu
r
ity
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t w
ith
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
,
as a
ll e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
S
ec
u
r
ity
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
co
n
tex
t
i
n
v
o
lv
es
p
r
o
tectin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
u
n
au
th
o
r
ize
d
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
,
wh
ile
s
af
ety
m
ea
n
s
b
ein
g
an
eth
ical
u
s
er
in
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
ese
f
a
c
e
t
s
o
f
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
p
o
s
s
ess
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
d
o
m
a
i
n
s
t
o
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
th
e
m
s
elv
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
i
s
i
n
g
c
a
s
es
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
-
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
b
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
in
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
s
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
t
h
i
s
is
s
u
e
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
U
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
c
o
l
le
g
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
a
r
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
f
o
r
c
y
b
e
r
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
ls
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
u
s
e
r
s
an
d
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
d
at
a
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
t
is
c
r
u
c
ia
l
t
o
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
a
n
d
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
e
r
is
k
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
s
ti
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
at
a
b
u
t
al
s
o
f
o
r
a
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
p
la
y
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
p
ar
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
it
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
a
r
e
s
e
e
n
as
k
e
y
f
ac
t
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
c
c
es
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
n
e
e
d
t
o
e
q
u
i
p
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
wi
t
h
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
ac
y
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
g
u
id
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
G
r
a
n
d
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
p
l
ay
a
p
i
v
o
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
i
n
to
a
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
Y
e
t
,
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
es
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
i
n
s
e
cu
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
is
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
n
e
g
l
e
c
t
e
d
[
2
3
]
.
A
s
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
d
ig
ital
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
e
m
e
r
g
es
a
s
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
,
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
a
n
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
i
t
is
a
d
v
is
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
t
o
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
tl
y
en
h
an
ce
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
with
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
s
e
cu
r
i
t
y
t
o
f
o
s
ter
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
.
V
a
r
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
tea
ch
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
ex
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
p
r
esen
t
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
to
f
o
s
ter
a
s
ec
u
r
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
u
p
ils
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
s
ee
k
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
ci
n
g
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
h
an
d
le
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
s
er
v
e
as a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
r
e
v
iew:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
in
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
with
in
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tex
t?
ii)
W
h
at
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
tu
d
ies o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
with
in
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
te
x
t?
iii)
W
h
at
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
c
o
n
tex
t?
iv
)
W
h
at
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
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[
2
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[
2
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.
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e
a
c
h
e
r
*
”
O
R
“
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
*
”
O
R
“
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
*
”
O
R
“
p
r
o
f
e
sso
r
*
”
O
R
“
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
o
r
*
”
O
R
“
c
o
a
c
h
*
”
))
TS=
(
(
“
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
”
)
A
N
D
(
“
p
r
i
mary
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
O
R
“
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
O
R
“
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
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o
o
d
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O
R
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i
g
h
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c
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t
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t
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p
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O
R
“
c
o
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c
h
*
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))
2
.
2
.
2
.
Scre
ening
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
elem
en
t
o
f
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
cr
e
en
in
g
,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
ess
en
tial
s
tag
es
:
f
ir
s
t
is
d
ata
m
er
g
i
n
g
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
d
u
p
licate
r
em
o
v
al,
a
n
d
l
astl
y
is
d
ata
r
elev
an
c
y
ass
ess
m
en
t.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
R
[
2
7
]
p
ac
k
ag
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
e
r
g
e
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
o
S
a
n
d
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
b
ases
an
d
to
elim
in
ate
d
u
p
licate
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
we
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
cy
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
u
s
in
g
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
th
at
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ar
ticles
’
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
c
u
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
t
io
n
cr
iter
ia
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
in
v
o
lv
ed
ev
alu
atin
g
ar
ticles
b
ased
o
n
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
th
eir
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
d
ig
ita
l
liter
ac
y
with
in
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tex
t,
p
u
b
licatio
n
d
ates
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
t
o
2
0
2
4
,
an
d
a
r
estrictio
n
to
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
n
ly
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
o
r
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
o
f
th
e
d
atab
ases
g
r
ea
tly
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
o
n
l
y
p
ap
er
s
r
elev
an
t
to
teac
h
er
s
’
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iew.
Fo
llo
win
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
t
o
tal
o
f
1
6
7
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
f
u
lf
illed
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
I
n
d
e
x
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
(
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
)
N
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
,
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
,
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
i
n
b
o
o
k
,
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
4
<
2
0
1
9
2
.
2
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
elig
ib
ilit
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
cl
u
d
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
in
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
h
ase,
we
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
ea
c
h
ar
ticle
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
t
h
eir
titl
es,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
a
tio
n
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
1
3
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
f
u
lf
il
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia,
as
th
ese
ar
ticles
eith
er
lack
ed
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
d
id
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
in
r
elatio
n
to
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
3
0
p
ap
er
s
f
u
lf
illed
all
th
e
cr
iter
ia
an
d
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
ar
ticles
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
iew
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
at
u
r
ity
c
o
n
ce
p
t
b
y
Kr
au
s
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
th
at
ar
e
s
till
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
r
n
o
t
wid
ely
ex
p
lo
r
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
u
s
u
ally
h
av
e
f
ewe
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
ie
s
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
e
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
a
r
t
i
c
le
s
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
b
e
l
o
w
e
r
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
,
R
o
b
i
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
L
o
w
e
[
3
0
]
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
m
a
n
y
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
(
SLR)
in
clu
d
e
f
ewe
r
th
an
5
0
ar
ticles,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ev
en
h
a
v
e
f
ewe
r
th
an
1
0
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
av
ailab
i
lity
o
f
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
ir
d
,
o
th
er
SL
R
o
n
s
im
ilar
to
p
ics
h
av
e
also
u
s
ed
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ticles.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
r
e
v
iewe
d
o
n
ly
3
1
an
d
1
4
a
r
ticles
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
es
e
ex
am
p
les
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
elec
tin
g
3
0
ar
ticles
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
s
till
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
ev
iew
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
ar
e
d
elin
ea
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ic
h
d
e
p
icts
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
bs
t
ra
ct
io
n
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
3
0
ar
ticles is
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
en
q
u
ir
ies.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
ce
ts
o
f
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies ar
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
d
etailed
in
T
ab
les 3
a
n
d
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
7
6
-
4
2
9
4
4280
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
DC
I
N
TEF
I
S
TE
OA
NM
D
C
E
N
LT
TPB
U
TA
U
T
P
TM
T
TPA
C
K
TM
I
[
3
3
]
/
[
3
4
]
/
[
3
5
]
/
[
3
6
]
/
[
3
7
]
/
[
3
8
]
/
[
3
9
]
/
[
4
0
]
/
/
[
4
1
]
/
[
4
2
]
/
[
4
3
]
/
[
4
4
]
/
[
4
5
]
/
[
4
6
]
/
[
4
7
]
/
[
4
8
]
/
[
4
9
]
/
[
5
0
]
/
[
5
1
]
/
[
5
2
]
/
[
5
3
]
/
/
[
5
4
]
/
[
5
5
]
/
/
[
5
6
]
/
[
5
7
]
/
[
5
8
]
/
[
5
9
]
/
[
6
0
]
/
[
6
1
]
/
[
6
2
]
/
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
:
D
C
=
D
i
g
C
o
m
p
;
O
A
=
o
t
h
e
r
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
;
N
M
=
n
o
t
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
;
D
C
E
=
D
i
g
C
o
m
p
E
d
u
;
N
L
T
=
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
;
TP
B
=
t
h
e
o
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
;
U
T
A
U
T
=
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
;
P
T
M
T
=
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
/
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
y
;
TPA
C
K
=
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
;
T
M
I
=
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
s
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
M
e
t
h
o
d
(
s)
QN
QL
MX
Q
FG
IN
ON
D
SY
D
IS
FA
S
EM
CA
P
C
A
C
N
A
DR
TM
[
3
3
]
/
/
/
/
/
[
3
4
]
/
/
/
/
[
3
5
]
/
/
/
[
3
6
]
/
/
/
/
[
3
7
]
/
/
/
[
3
8
]
/
/
/
/
[
3
9
]
/
/
/
/
[
4
0
]
/
/
/
[
4
1
]
/
/
/
[
4
2
]
/
/
/
[
4
3
]
/
/
/
/
[
4
4
]
/
/
/
[
4
5
]
/
/
/
/
/
/
[
4
6
]
/
/
/
/
[
4
7
]
/
/
/
[
4
8
]
/
/
/
[
4
9
]
/
/
/
[
5
0
]
/
/
/
[
5
1
]
/
/
/
/
/
[
5
2
]
/
/
/
/
[
5
3
]
/
/
/
/
/
[
5
4
]
/
/
/
/
[
5
5
]
/
/
/
/
[
5
6
]
/
/
/
/
/
[
5
7
]
/
/
/
[
5
8
]
/
/
/
/
[
5
9
]
/
/
/
[
6
0
]
/
/
/
/
[
6
1
]
/
/
/
[
6
2
]
/
/
/
/
/
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
:
Q
N
=
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
;
Q
L
=
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
;
a
n
d
M
X
=
mi
x
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
I
n
st
r
u
m
e
n
t
:
Q
=
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
;
F
G
=
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
;
IN
=
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
;
O
B
=
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
;
D
=
d
i
a
r
y
/
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
)
;
a
n
d
S
Y
=
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
M
e
t
h
o
d
:
C
A
=
c
l
u
st
e
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s;
P
C
A
=
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
;
D
R
=
d
a
t
a
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
;
a
n
d
T
M
=
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
tea
c
h
ers
’
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
fo
r
s
ec
u
r
ity:
a
s
ystema
ti
c
r
ev
iew
o
f fra
mewo
r
ks
…
(
N
a
d
ir
a
h
Oth
ma
n
)
4281
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
y
an
aly
zi
n
g
3
0
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
SLR
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
th
e
s
am
e
o
r
d
er
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
d
etailed
s
tu
d
y
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
with
in
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tex
t.
B
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
3
.
1
.
Wha
t
a
r
e
t
he
co
mm
o
n
r
ese
a
r
ch
o
bje
ct
iv
es
in
t
he
s
t
ud
i
es
o
n
t
ea
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l
lite
ra
cy
wit
hin
t
he
s
ec
urit
y
co
nte
x
t
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
teg
o
r
izes
3
0
o
b
je
ctiv
es
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
e
r
s
’
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
te
x
ts
in
to
f
iv
e
d
is
tin
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e:
i
)
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
v
i
ews
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
ii
)
elem
en
ts
th
at
af
f
ec
t
d
ig
it
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
iii
)
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
i
g
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
n
lear
n
in
g
r
e
s
u
lts
;
iv
)
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
an
d
v
)
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
o
ls
.
T
ab
le
5
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
c
en
tr
ate
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
r
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
3
3
%
(
n
=1
0
)
.
T
h
e
ei
g
h
t
s
tu
d
ies
(
2
7
%)
clo
s
ely
ex
am
in
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
o
f
t
h
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
(
1
0
%)
ass
ess
th
e
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
wh
er
ea
s
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
1
3
%
(
n
=4
)
f
o
cu
s
o
n
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
aim
ed
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
f
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
(
1
7
%)
ass
e
s
s
th
e
v
alid
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
d
i
g
ital secu
r
ity
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
ateg
o
r
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
r
e
sea
r
c
h
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
s(
s)
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
R
O
1
:
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
[
3
3
]
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
o
f
EF
L
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
.
[
3
7
]
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
a
mo
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
S
p
a
i
n
.
[
4
1
]
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
r
e
mo
t
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
[
5
3
]
S
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s,
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
mo
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
.
[
6
0
]
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
-
ser
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
sel
f
-
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
[
4
6
]
A
ssessi
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
b
y
n
a
n
o
-
M
O
O
C
c
o
u
r
ses
.
[
5
6
]
A
ssessi
n
g
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
.
[
5
7
]
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
a
sp
e
c
t
s
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
si
b
l
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
d
b
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
.
[
5
8
]
A
ssessi
n
g
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
sk
i
l
l
s re
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
o
f
e
-
t
h
r
e
a
t
s
.
[
5
9
]
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
s i
n
a
r
e
a
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
e
-
t
h
r
e
a
t
s a
n
d
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
sk
i
l
l
s
.
R
O
2
:
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
sec
u
r
i
t
y
[
3
4
]
Ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
.
[
4
3
]
Ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
S
TEM
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
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d
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sec
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4
2
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I
n
v
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[
5
9
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mp
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6
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3
6
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[
3
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[
3
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V
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T
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5
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5
2
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C
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
8
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14
,
No
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6
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Dec
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er
20
25
:
4
2
7
6
-
4
2
9
4
4282
3
.
2
.
Wha
t
f
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m
ewo
r
k
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a
re
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A
r
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ac
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d
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ity
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o
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r
k
in
estab
lis
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ed
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eo
r
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m
o
d
els.
lack
in
g
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f
o
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n
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r
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1
5
s
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tili
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d
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r
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k
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o
f
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to
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l f
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Dig
C
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g
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e
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am
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o
r
k
,
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
in
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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t
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ity
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o
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.
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v
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u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
8
]
u
s
ed
Dig
C
o
m
p
to
v
alid
ate
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m
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s
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th
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d
y
[
5
4
]
u
s
e
d
it
to
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g
ate
teac
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e
r
s
’
a
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.
Sit
o
y
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a
l
.
[
5
3
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to
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k
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n
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ap
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Dig
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d
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was
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s
ed
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d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
with
th
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
5
5
]
co
m
b
i
n
in
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it
with
I
NT
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to
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a
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le
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An
d
r
ad
e
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
,
to
ass
ess
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tic
es,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
an
d
eth
ical
is
s
u
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
I
STE
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
u
s
ed
in
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
th
em
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
af
ety
am
o
n
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
s
af
ety
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
es
tab
lis
h
ed
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
d
ig
ital
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
y
by
Ma
r
ti
n
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
co
m
b
in
es
I
STE
with
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
o
th
e
r
au
th
o
r
s
(
OA)
to
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
I
STE
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
9
]
,
[
6
1
]
also
em
p
lo
y
ed
OA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es.
Nu
r
zh
an
o
v
a
et
a
l.
[
6
1
]
em
p
lo
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
au
th
o
r
s
th
at
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
estab
lis
h
es
h
y
p
o
th
eses
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
teac
h
er
-
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
Ko
r
u
k
lu
o
ğ
lu
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
is
b
ased
o
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
R
u
b
ac
h
a
n
d
L
az
ar
id
es
[
52
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
‘
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
b
asic
I
C
T
co
m
p
eten
c
e
b
elief
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
also
s
h
o
wed
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
I
n
Ma
jo
la
a
n
d
M
u
d
a
u
[
4
8
]
,
th
e
NL
T
was
ap
p
lied
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
lectu
r
er
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
lin
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
n
d
i
g
ital
p
r
ac
tices.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
th
eo
r
y
p
lan
n
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
(
T
PB
)
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Dem
ir
d
a
ğ
an
d
T
aşg
ın
[
3
3
]
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
th
eir
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
u
n
if
ied
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
W
an
g
an
d
C
h
u
[
4
5
]
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
l
in
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
ac
tices,
th
e
p
ar
e
n
tal/teac
h
e
r
m
ed
iatio
n
th
eo
r
y
(
PTM
T
)
was
u
s
ed
in
Ma
r
tin
ez
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
e
PTM
T
,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
t
o
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
h
r
e
a
ts
,
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
il
i
ti
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
(
T
P
AC
K
)
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
e
r
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
R
a
m
l
i
a
n
d
A
r
s
a
d
[
4
3
]
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
a
th
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
an
s
wer
co
m
p
licate
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Sit
o
y
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
co
m
b
in
ed
Dig
C
o
m
p
an
d
T
MI
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
ty
p
es.
Stu
d
y
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
u
s
ed
I
STE
an
d
OA
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ig
ital
s
af
ety
th
em
es
am
o
n
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
,
wh
er
ea
s
B
ar
r
ag
án
-
Sán
ch
ez
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
Dig
C
o
m
p
E
d
u
an
d
I
NT
E
F to
c
r
ea
te
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
ca
le
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e.
3
.
3
.
Wha
t
dim
ens
io
ns
a
re
us
e
d t
o
ev
a
lua
t
e
t
ea
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l c
o
m
pet
ence
in s
ec
urit
y
co
nte
x
t
?
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
all
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
E
x
am
in
in
g
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
allo
ws u
s
to
cla
s
s
if
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies in
to
two
d
is
tin
ct
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t is
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
asp
ec
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Seco
n
d
ly
ar
e
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
r
s
af
ety
in
an
in
d
i
r
ec
t
m
an
n
er
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
ese
el
em
en
ts
as
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
with
in
wid
er
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
les 6
an
d
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
tea
c
h
ers
’
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
fo
r
s
ec
u
r
ity:
a
s
ystema
ti
c
r
ev
iew
o
f fra
mewo
r
ks
…
(
N
a
d
ir
a
h
Oth
ma
n
)
4283
T
ab
le
6
.
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
af
ety
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
[
4
0
]
I
ssu
e
s
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
;
i
ss
u
e
s
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
;
i
ss
u
e
s
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
;
i
ss
u
e
s
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
s;
i
ss
u
e
s
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
h
o
me
.
[
4
4
]
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s s
u
c
h
a
s sa
f
e
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
,
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
i
n
f
o
r
mi
n
g
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s,
sc
h
o
o
l
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
s,
a
n
d
su
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
a
d
v
i
si
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s,
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
p
o
s
a
l
s
.
[
5
1
]
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
;
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
I
C
T
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
saf
e
t
y
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s,
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
r
i
g
h
t
s,
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
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c
o
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t
,
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
,
a
n
d
mal
w
a
r
e
d
e
f
e
n
se
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s.
[
5
0
]
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
,
safe
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
,
ma
n
a
g
e
men
t
o
f
p
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i
v
a
c
y
,
l
i
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n
s
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
a
w
a
r
e
n
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ss
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
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i
c
a
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i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s.
[
5
8
]
Ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
o
f
I
C
T
u
s
a
g
e
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
se
c
u
r
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
e
ser
v
i
n
g
a
n
o
n
y
m
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
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d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
a
l
m,
i
m
p
l
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me
n
t
i
n
g
safe
l
o
g
i
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p
r
a
c
t
i
c
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s,
u
n
d
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r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
.
[
5
9
]
P
r
o
g
r
a
ms
a
i
me
d
a
t
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
f
a
c
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v
a
r
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o
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s
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m
p
l
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me
n
t
a
t
i
o
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c
h
a
l
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n
g
e
s,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
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d
f
o
r
t
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a
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
a
r
e
a
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
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a
r
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si
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f
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f
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a
b
o
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a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
.
[
6
0
]
En
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
a
f
e
t
y
w
h
i
l
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
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t
i
n
g
w
i
t
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o
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r
o
n
l
i
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s
e
r
s,
p
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c
t
i
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g
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s
sh
a
r
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d
o
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t
h
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t
,
u
n
d
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r
s
t
a
n
d
i
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g
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
l
a
w
s,
a
ssess
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
r
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d
i
b
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l
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t
y
o
f
o
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l
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f
o
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m
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t
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o
n
,
a
d
d
r
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ssi
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g
c
y
b
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r
b
u
l
l
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i
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g
,
m
a
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a
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f
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n
a
n
c
i
a
l
t
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s s
e
c
u
r
e
l
y
.
[
6
1
]
Te
a
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
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n
c
e
,
i
mp
l
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me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
ssu
e
s,
s
t
u
d
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n
t
n
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d
s
a
n
d
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x
p
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c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s,
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms,
so
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
me
d
i
a
;
so
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
l
e
g
a
l
r
e
p
e
r
c
u
ssi
o
n
s
,
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
,
sc
h
o
o
l
p
o
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c
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s
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
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d
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r
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,
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c
h
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o
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o
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i
c
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d
v
a
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c
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m
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t
s,
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
a
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s.
[
6
2
]
U
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
o
n
l
i
n
e
h
a
r
a
ssm
e
n
t
,
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
n
l
i
n
e
e
t
i
q
u
e
t
t
e
,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
c
e
,
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
,
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Dim
en
s
io
n
th
at
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
ies th
at
in
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
r
s
af
ety
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
[
3
3
]
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s’
b
e
l
i
e
f
:
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
,
n
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
b
e
l
i
e
f
s,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
e
l
i
e
f
s;
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
-
saf
e
t
y
.
[
3
4
]
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
l
e
g
a
l
;
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
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t
e
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c
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s
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n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
v
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r
i
o
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s
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ss
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n
t
i
a
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k
i
l
l
s,
i
n
c
l
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d
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n
g
i
n
f
o
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ma
t
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a
n
d
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n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
e
f
f
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c
t
i
v
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c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
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o
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a
n
d
c
o
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l
a
b
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a
t
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o
n
,
d
i
g
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t
a
l
c
o
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n
t
c
r
e
a
t
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o
n
,
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
w
a
r
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n
e
ss
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s.
[
3
5
]
Th
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
o
n
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
set
t
i
n
g
s
,
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
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h
u
r
d
l
e
s,
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s,
t
e
c
h
n
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c
a
l
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ss
u
e
s,
s
o
c
i
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s,
d
i
g
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t
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s,
a
n
d
c
o
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c
e
r
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
safe
t
y
a
n
d
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
A
ssessme
n
t
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
[
3
6
]
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
e
a
mw
o
r
k
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
safe
t
y
mea
s
u
r
e
s,
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
.
[
3
7
]
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
me
n
t
;
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
e
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d
b
a
c
k
,
e
mp
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
[
3
8
]
S
a
f
e
t
y
;
d
a
t
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
so
l
v
i
n
g
,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
t
h
i
c
s.
[
3
9
]
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
;
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
;
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
;
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
;
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
;
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
a
n
d
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
[
4
2
]
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
’
s
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
m
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t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
;
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
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[
4
1
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4
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[
4
5
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[
4
6
]
I
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y
;
p
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b
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m
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v
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g
.
[
4
7
]
D
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p
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;
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[
4
8
]
S
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;
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[
4
9
]
U
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[
5
2
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D
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[
5
3
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D
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t
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[
5
5
]
Te
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[
5
6
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D
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c
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;
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[
5
7
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S
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safe
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
5
8
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a
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[
6
0
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f
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b
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lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
ti
o
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
an
d
s
af
ety
in
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
7
0
%
(
n
=2
1
)
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
r
s
af
ety
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
in
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
Dem
ir
d
ağ
a
n
d
T
aşg
ı
n
[
3
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
teac
h
er
s
’
b
elief
s
an
d
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
b
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
e
-
s
af
ety
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
5
3
]
in
cl
u
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
ig
ital
co
n
te
n
t
cr
e
atio
n
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
as
a
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
th
at
g
iv
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
n
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
ig
ital
s
af
ety
in
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
3
.
4
.
Wha
t
re
s
ea
rc
h
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
a
r
e
co
mm
o
nly
us
ed
in
s
t
u
dies
o
n
t
ea
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l lit
er
a
cy
wit
hin
t
he
s
ec
urit
y
co
nte
x
t
?
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
3
0
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
n
o
ta
b
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
e
d
esig
n
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
u
tili
ze
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
em
p
lo
y
e
d
i
n
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
(
n
=1
8
)
,
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
as
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
g
ath
e
r
d
ata
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
u
s
ed
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
n
in
e
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
q
u
al
itativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
as
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
o
ls
to
g
ain
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
e
d
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ad
v
an
ce
th
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
with
in
a
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tex
t,
aim
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
a
n
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
n
u
an
ce
s
.
Mo
v
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
,
th
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
u
tili
ze
d
in
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
e
s
ig
n
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
elied
o
n
d
escr
i
p
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
tial
s
tatis
tics
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
tili
ze
d
en
co
m
p
ass
t
-
test
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
,
an
d
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
to
d
is
ce
r
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
SEM
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
is
o
f
ten
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
q
u
alitativ
e
d
esig
n
to
id
en
tify
th
em
es,
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
p
atter
n
s
in
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
least
u
tili
ze
d
d
esig
n
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
m
i
x
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
E
l
m
ali
et
a
l.
[
5
6
]
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
W
ha
t
a
re
t
he
co
m
m
o
n
re
s
ea
rc
h
o
bje
ct
iv
es
in
s
t
u
dies
o
n
t
ea
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l
lite
ra
cy
wit
hin
t
he
s
ec
urit
y
co
nte
x
t
?
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
es
e
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
iv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
i
)
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
ii
)
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
ac
tin
g
d
ig
it
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
iii
)
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esu
lts
;
iv
)
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
;
an
d
v
)
th
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
n
d
i
g
ital secu
r
ity
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
(
1
0
o
u
t
o
f
3
0
)
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
an
al
y
z
in
g
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
d
e
n
tify
in
g
g
a
p
s
in
teac
h
e
r
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
e
cu
r
ity
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
a
n
d
ass
es
s
in
g
b
elief
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
6
0
]
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
lo
o
k
at
g
en
er
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
d
ea
l
with
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
in
th
eir
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
m
a
n
y
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
ath
e
r
th
an
ev
alu
ativ
e,
o
f
ten
f
ailin
g
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
h
o
w
to
b
r
id
g
e
i
d
en
t
if
ied
g
ap
s
in
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
is
g
ap
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tar
g
ete
d
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
[
6
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
eig
h
t
s
tu
d
ies,
lo
o
k
s
in
to
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
af
f
ec
tin
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
o
p
t
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
4
]
,
[
4
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
’
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
lite
r
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
[
6
4
]
an
d
f
ac
ilit
at
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
6
5
]
in
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
p
r
ac
tices.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
tea
c
h
ers
’
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
fo
r
s
ec
u
r
ity:
a
s
ystema
ti
c
r
ev
iew
o
f fra
mewo
r
ks
…
(
N
a
d
ir
a
h
Oth
ma
n
)
4285
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
is
s
u
es
lik
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
8
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
is
s
u
es
th
at
wer
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
s
u
ch
as
in
ad
e
q
u
at
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
o
n
li
n
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ef
icien
cies
in
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
f
er
v
alu
a
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
’
s
less
o
n
s
co
u
ld
in
f
lu
en
ce
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
p
lan
s
[
6
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
t
h
ir
d
c
ateg
o
r
y
(
3
o
u
t
o
f
3
0
)
ex
am
in
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
af
ety
an
d
te
ac
h
er
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
ex
am
in
e
n
ew
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
im
u
lated
s
o
cial
n
et
wo
r
k
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
id
e
o
g
am
es,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
s
h
o
w
p
r
o
m
is
e,
b
u
t
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
g
r
o
win
g
an
d
wo
r
k
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
h
as
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
[
6
7
]
,
[
6
8
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
teac
h
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t le
ar
n
in
g
.
Fo
u
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
to
r
aise
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
all
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
o
en
g
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
2
]
,
[
5
9
]
,
[
6
1
]
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
in
c
lu
d
in
g
a
u
g
m
en
te
d
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
an
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
at
in
clu
d
e
s
n
o
t ju
s
t te
ch
n
ical
s
k
ills
b
u
t a
ls
o
eth
ical
v
alu
es a
n
d
s
o
cial
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
[
6
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
o
m
etim
es
o
v
er
lo
o
k
s
ev
e
r
al
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
wh
i
ch
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Haw
am
d
eh
[
6
2
]
ex
am
in
es
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
,
it
n
eg
lects
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
o
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
e
v
iews.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
m
ig
h
t
b
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
to
tack
le
t
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
is
s
u
es e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
f
if
th
ca
teg
o
r
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
f
iv
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices.
Stu
d
ies
in
clu
d
in
g
[
3
6
]
,
[
5
2
]
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ex
am
in
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
ettin
g
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
s
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
ev
er
al
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
tech
n
ical
v
alid
atio
n
with
o
u
t
clo
s
ely
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
ese
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
ac
tu
al
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
v
alid
ated
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
8
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
m
ak
i
n
g
th
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
y
wo
r
k
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
n
tex
t
s
[
7
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
lies
in
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lack
s
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
is
s
u
es
in
th
is
f
ield
[
7
1
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
in
teg
r
ated
with
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
o
n
n
e
ctin
g
th
ese
ar
ea
s
ca
n
h
elp
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
to
eq
u
ip
teac
h
e
r
s
with
t
h
e
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
cr
ea
te
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ev
al
u
ativ
e
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
f
iv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
is
r
ev
iew
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
co
h
esiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Su
ch
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ad
v
an
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
tr
iv
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
ig
ital liter
a
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices in
s
c
h
o
o
ls
.
4
.
2
.
W
ha
t
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
s
a
re
co
mm
o
nly
us
ed
in
s
t
u
dies
o
n
t
e
a
cher
s
’
dig
it
a
l
lite
ra
cy
wit
hin
t
he
s
ec
urit
y
co
nte
x
t
?
T
h
e
r
e
v
iew
o
f
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
u
s
ed
in
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
h
o
ws
s
o
m
e
k
ey
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
o
f
f
er
a
clea
r
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
with
ea
ch
p
r
esen
tin
g
its
o
wn
d
is
tin
ct
id
ea
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
cr
itically
ev
alu
ates
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
r
esp
ec
t
to
ea
c
h
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
eir
u
s
e
an
d
co
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Dig
C
o
m
p
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
b
r
o
ad
l
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
Dig
C
o
m
p
is
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
ical,
co
g
n
itiv
e,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
[
7
2
]
.
I
ts
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
m
ee
tin
g
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
n
ee
d
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
H
o
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
a
t
Dig
C
o
m
p
’
s
b
r
o
ad
ap
p
licatio
n
m
a
y
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
r
elate
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
s
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