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nd
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I
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l.
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,
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.
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er
20
25
,
p
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4
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mersiv
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Ap
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p
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p
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a
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a
p
p
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a
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h
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t
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teg
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,
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d
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c
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ti
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a
l
tec
h
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y
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a
n
d
v
irt
u
a
l
re
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li
ty
(VR)
to
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h
a
n
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a
in
-
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ifi
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lan
g
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u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
st
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d
e
n
ts
i
n
a
g
ric
u
l
tu
ra
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
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n
.
Th
e
1
8
first
-
y
e
a
r
stu
d
e
n
ts
e
n
ro
ll
e
d
i
n
“
Ag
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
Bu
si
n
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t”
a
t
F
a
n
S
.
No
li
Un
iv
e
rsity
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ted
in
a
stu
d
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
imm
e
rsiv
e
v
irt
u
a
l
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s,
t
ra
n
sla
ti
o
n
tas
k
s,
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(AI)
t
o
o
ls.
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
u
se
d
p
latf
o
rm
s
li
k
e
G
o
o
g
le
Earth
VR
a
n
d
3
6
0
Cit
ies
to
d
e
sc
rib
e
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
in
Alb
a
n
ian
,
a
n
d
tran
sla
ted
th
e
se
te
x
ts
i
n
t
o
E
n
g
li
sh
u
si
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
tran
sla
ti
o
n
(G
o
o
g
le
Tran
sla
te).
Th
e
tran
sla
ted
tex
ts
we
re
th
e
n
v
isu
a
li
z
e
d
th
ro
u
g
h
DA
LL
·E
to
stim
u
late
re
flec
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
se
m
a
n
ti
c
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
rig
i
n
a
l
sc
e
n
e
s.
M
o
z
il
la
Hu
b
s
s
u
p
p
o
rte
d
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
tran
sla
ti
o
n
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
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e
d
b
a
c
k
.
S
tatisti
c
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
u
si
n
g
R
so
ftwa
re
(v
e
rsio
n
4
.
3
.
1
)
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
th
e
Welc
h
two
-
sa
m
p
le
t
-
tes
t
a
n
d
Wi
lco
x
o
n
sig
n
e
d
-
ra
n
k
tes
t
to
c
o
m
p
a
re
tra
n
sla
ti
o
n
o
u
tco
m
e
s.
T
h
e
r
e
su
l
ts
in
d
ica
ted
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
tec
h
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ica
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v
o
c
a
b
u
lary
re
ten
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
c
re
a
se
d
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
o
f
tran
sla
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
lex
it
ies
.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
stu
d
e
n
t
s
re
p
o
rted
h
e
ig
h
ten
e
d
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
sit
iv
e
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
v
a
lu
e
o
f
i
m
m
e
rsiv
e
,
in
terd
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
stra
teg
ies
in
En
g
li
s
h
fo
r
s
p
e
c
ifi
c
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
(ES
P
),
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
in
tec
h
n
ica
l
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
s li
k
e
a
g
ricu
lt
u
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
I
m
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
T
r
an
s
latio
n
Vir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
Vo
ca
b
u
lar
y
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Alm
a
Kar
asaliu
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Fo
r
eig
n
L
an
g
u
ag
es,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
Ph
ilo
lo
g
y
,
Fan
S
.
No
li Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ko
r
çë
,
Alb
an
ia
E
m
ail:
ak
ar
asaliu
@
u
n
k
o
r
ce
.
e
d
u
.
al
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
-
p
o
wer
ed
to
o
ls
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
E
SP
)
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
s
tak
es
o
f
lex
ical
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
r
eten
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
i
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
Stu
d
y
by
C
o
wie
an
d
Alizad
eh
[
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
th
at
im
m
er
s
iv
e
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
te
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ac
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an
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ex
p
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r
ien
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lear
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in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
wh
ile
Div
ek
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
AI
to
o
ls
ca
n
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
wh
en
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
tr
e
n
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ev
id
e
n
t
in
E
SP
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
m
aster
b
o
th
g
en
er
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
an
d
f
i
eld
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
a
d
is
cip
lin
e
wh
er
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
ter
s
ec
ts
with
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
en
s
u
r
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lo
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g
-
ter
m
v
o
ca
b
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lar
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eten
tio
n
,
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te
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a
l u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
lear
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e
r
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t [
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t
J
E
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&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
8
5
-
4
7
9
5
4786
Do
u
et
a
l.
[
5
]
cr
itiq
u
e
th
ese
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
eir
l
ac
k
o
f
co
n
tex
tu
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g
r
o
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n
d
in
g
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
L
aa
d
em
an
d
Ma
llah
i
[
6
]
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
m
u
ltimo
d
al,
lear
n
e
r
-
c
en
ter
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
v
is
u
al
in
p
u
ts
an
d
au
th
en
tic
task
s
to
f
o
s
ter
co
g
n
itiv
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en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
Su
p
u
r
an
et
a
l.
[
7
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
n
tex
tu
a
l
cu
es in
f
ac
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atin
g
s
p
ec
ialized
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
tech
n
ical
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
r
aws
o
n
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Sit
u
ated
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
8
]
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
b
est
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
a
u
th
en
tic,
c
o
n
tex
t
-
r
ich
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Mu
ltimo
d
al
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
[
9
]
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
is
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
v
is
u
al,
au
d
ito
r
y
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a
n
d
tex
tu
al
m
o
d
es
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
Kir
aly
[
1
0
]
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
co
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ativ
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p
r
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-
o
r
ien
te
d
lear
n
i
n
g
,
wh
ile
Sk
o
p
o
s
t
h
eo
r
y
[
1
1
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ce
n
tr
ality
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
s
h
ap
in
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
Py
m
[
1
2
]
n
o
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
lato
r
ag
en
cy
u
n
d
er
lin
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lear
n
er
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
-
lev
el
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
Hallid
ay
an
d
Hasan
[
1
3
]
r
eg
is
ter
th
eo
r
y
o
f
f
er
s
to
o
ls
f
o
r
an
aly
zi
n
g
c
o
n
tex
t
an
d
g
en
r
e.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
co
g
n
itiv
e
lin
g
u
is
tics
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
h
o
w
l
ea
r
n
er
s
m
ap
m
ea
n
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltimo
d
al
in
p
u
ts
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
m
o
d
el
wh
er
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
lin
g
u
is
tic
ex
er
cise
an
d
a
s
itu
ated
,
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l,
a
n
d
m
u
ltimo
d
al
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
VR
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
to
o
ls
.
VR
f
o
s
ter
s
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
lear
n
er
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
Kh
asawn
eh
[
1
6
]
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
VR
-
b
ased
s
itu
atio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
Ka
p
lan
-
R
ak
o
wsk
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
w
h
o
em
p
h
asize
VR
’
s
u
n
iq
u
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
em
b
o
d
ied
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
wie
an
d
Alizad
eh
[
1
]
n
o
te
d
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
v
al
u
e
o
f
VR
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
o
w
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
Similar
ly
,
L
o
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
th
at
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
h
elp
an
ch
o
r
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
tan
g
i
b
le,
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
I
ts
v
alu
e
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
er
e
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
h
elp
an
ch
o
r
ab
s
tr
ac
t te
r
m
in
o
lo
g
y
in
ta
n
g
ib
le,
v
is
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
ar
e
r
esh
ap
in
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
.
W
h
ile
R
ap
a
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
r
aise
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
ab
o
u
t
o
v
er
-
r
elian
ce
o
n
to
o
ls
lik
e
G
o
o
g
le
T
r
an
s
late
,
o
th
er
s
a
r
g
u
e
th
at
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
an
d
cr
itical
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
m
a
ch
in
e
-
g
e
n
er
ated
o
u
tp
u
ts
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
m
etalin
g
u
is
tic
awa
r
en
ess
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Kar
asaliu
[
2
2
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
AI
lies
n
o
t
in
au
to
m
atin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
u
t
in
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
lear
n
e
r
s
to
ev
al
u
ate
tr
an
s
latio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
le
x
ical
ch
o
ices,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
.
B
o
r
y
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
AI
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
d
u
e
to
s
em
an
tic
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cies.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
in
teg
r
ate
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Pap
ad
a
k
is
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
illu
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
clo
u
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
au
g
m
en
te
d
r
ea
lity
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tically
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
am
p
r
o
p
o
u
lo
s
a
n
d
Pap
ad
ak
is
[
2
6
]
r
e
p
o
r
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
wh
e
n
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
s
o
cial
r
o
b
o
ts
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
L
o
b
a
n
o
v
a
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
id
en
tify
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
as p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t A
I
to
o
l a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
E
S
P
co
n
tex
ts
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
R
izk
in
a
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
AR
-
en
h
an
ce
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
ical
ter
m
s
.
AI
ch
atb
o
ts
f
o
s
ter
lear
n
er
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
r
eten
tio
n
in
C
L
I
L
-
b
ased
E
S
P
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
9
]
.
Mu
m
taz
e
t
a
l.
[
3
0
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
AI
t
o
o
l
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
wh
ile
R
o
b
illo
s
an
d
B
u
s
to
s
[
3
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
e
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
,
task
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
t la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
am
o
n
g
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
.
Desp
ite
th
is
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
VR
an
d
AI
-
ass
is
te
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
in
E
SP
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
W
h
ile
Gu
[
3
2
]
an
d
E
s
co
b
ar
-
Álv
ar
ez
[
3
3
]
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
an
d
lex
ical
g
ain
s
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
ca
n
wo
r
k
s
y
n
er
g
is
tically
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
,
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
o
f
te
n
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
is
o
lat
ed
to
o
ls
r
ath
er
t
h
an
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e,
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
alizin
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
as
an
ep
is
tem
ic
(
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
g
en
er
atin
g
)
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
(
m
e
an
in
g
-
co
n
v
ey
in
g
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
co
m
b
in
es
VR
im
m
er
s
io
n
,
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
,
an
d
p
ee
r
r
ef
lect
io
n
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
E
SP
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
E
ar
th
VR
,
3
6
0
C
ities
,
Mo
zilla
Hu
b
s
,
Go
o
g
le
T
r
a
n
s
late,
DAL
L
·
E
,
an
d
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
ictio
n
a
r
ies
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
r
eten
tio
n
,
tr
an
s
latio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
lear
n
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
v
er
a
s
em
ester
-
lo
n
g
co
u
r
s
e.
W
h
ile
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
in
s
co
p
e
(
d
u
e
to
its
s
m
all,
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
am
p
le
an
d
lack
o
f
a
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
)
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
s
p
ec
ialized
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
ts
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
f
er
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
in
f
o
r
m
E
SP
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
an
d
r
elate
d
f
ield
s
,
an
d
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
is
u
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
AI
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
in
ter
ac
t to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
a
n
d
lear
n
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t in
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
u
ltiva
tin
g
w
o
r
d
s
:
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
immers
ive
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
la
tio
n
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l …
(
A
lma
K
a
r
a
s
a
liu
)
4787
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ped
a
g
o
g
ical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
s
em
ester
-
lo
n
g
m
i
x
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
AI
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
in
f
l
u
en
ce
E
SP
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
t
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
v
er
1
5
wee
k
s
an
d
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
t
o
two
p
r
im
ar
y
p
h
ases
:
i
)
ass
e
s
s
in
g
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
,
an
d
ii
)
an
aly
zin
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
th
em
atica
lly
o
r
g
an
ized
tas
k
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
g
u
id
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
:
2
.
1
.
1
.
Vo
ca
bu
la
ry
i
m
pro
v
ement
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t p
h
ase,
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial im
p
ac
t o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
task
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
r
eten
t
io
n
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
.
−
H₀
(
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
)
:
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
e
in
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
o
r
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
−
H
A
:
(
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
)
:
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
ta
s
k
s
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
q
u
alit
y
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
la
t
io
n g
ro
up
co
m
pa
riso
n
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase,
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ex
am
in
e
wh
et
h
er
m
a
ch
i
n
e
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
er
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
co
r
es c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
lat
io
n
.
−
H₀:
h
u
m
an
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
-
ass
is
t
ed
tr
an
s
latio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
s
co
r
es.
−
H
A
:
m
ac
h
in
e
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
lat
io
n
(
with
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
)
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
th
an
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
latio
n
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
s
elec
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
8
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
De
p
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
at
Fan
S
.
No
li
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Alb
a
n
ia.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
n
ativ
e
Alb
a
n
ian
s
p
ea
k
er
s
with
in
ter
m
ed
iate
to
ad
v
an
ce
d
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
p
r
io
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
eth
ical
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
Ph
ilo
lo
g
y
at
Fan
S.
No
li
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
p
er
ate
a
f
o
r
m
al
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
,
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was secu
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
tal
ac
ad
em
i
c
co
m
m
ittee
r
ev
iew
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
eth
ics
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
th
eir
r
ig
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
s
tag
e.
W
r
itt
en
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
An
o
n
y
m
it
y
was
p
r
eser
v
ed
b
y
ass
ig
n
in
g
co
d
ed
i
d
en
tifie
r
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
was lin
k
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
h
er
ed
to
in
te
r
n
atio
n
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
g
u
id
el
in
es
f
o
r
eth
ical
p
r
ac
tice,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
B
r
itis
h
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
R
esear
ch
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
B
E
R
A)
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
d
e
o
f
C
o
n
d
u
ct
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
I
n
teg
r
ity
,
an
d
th
e
2
0
1
3
r
ev
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i.
Giv
en
th
e
s
m
all,
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
s
am
p
le
(
N=
1
8
)
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
d
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
le
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
lo
g
is
tical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
m
ad
e
it
im
p
r
ac
tical
to
in
clu
d
e
a
p
ar
allel
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
s
tead
,
a
with
in
-
s
u
b
ject
p
r
e
/
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
esig
n
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
ch
a
n
g
es.
W
h
ile
th
is
d
esig
n
lim
its
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
,
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
r
o
p
e
r
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
with
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
h
o
r
t.
2
.
3
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l inf
ra
s
t
ru
ct
ure
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h t
o
o
ls
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
ed
with
s
ev
er
al
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Go
o
g
le
E
a
r
th
VR
a
n
d
3
6
0
C
ities
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
s
im
u
late
au
th
en
tic
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
la
n
d
s
ca
p
es,
en
a
b
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
,
d
escr
ib
e
,
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
co
n
tex
tu
ally
r
el
ev
an
t
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
8
5
-
4
7
9
5
4788
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
tex
ts
in
Alb
an
ian
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
i)
g
r
o
u
p
A
u
tili
ze
d
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
d
ictio
n
a
r
y
[
3
4
]
an
d
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
with
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
;
an
d
ii)
g
r
o
u
p
B
r
elied
o
n
Go
o
g
le
T
r
an
s
late
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
to
o
l,
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
,
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Mo
zilla
Hu
b
s
s
er
v
ed
as
a
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
p
ee
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
n
o
tated
t
r
an
s
lated
tex
ts
,
a
n
d
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
o
th
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
less
in
tim
id
atin
g
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
q
u
ieter
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
ely
th
a
n
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
DAL
L
·
E
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
a
v
is
u
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
o
o
l
t
o
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
s
em
an
tic
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
f
id
elity
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
im
ag
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
f
o
r
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
n
o
t a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
a
f
o
r
m
al
ass
ess
m
en
t.
2
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h wo
r
k
f
lo
w
T
h
e
1
5
-
wee
k
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
we
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
s
ch
ed
u
le:
i)
a
d
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
E
SP
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
t
est
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
e
VR
to
o
ls
(
wee
k
s
1
-
2
)
;
ii)
c
o
m
p
letin
g
5
tr
an
s
latio
n
ta
s
k
s
,
ea
ch
alig
n
e
d
with
a
th
em
atic
f
o
cu
s
:
o
r
g
an
ic
f
ar
m
in
g
,
g
en
etica
lly
m
o
d
if
ie
d
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
(
GM
Os),
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
s
m
ar
t
f
a
r
m
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
e
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
(
wee
k
s
3
-
12
)
;
iii)
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
E
SP
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
test
(
wee
k
1
3
)
;
an
d
iv
)
co
llectio
n
o
f
r
ef
lectiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
d
eliv
e
r
y
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
in
al
d
ata
co
llectio
n
(
wee
k
1
4
-
15
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cy
clica
l
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
I
t
in
te
g
r
at
es
im
m
er
s
iv
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
in
p
u
t,
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
s
,
p
ee
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
m
u
ltimo
d
a
l r
ev
is
io
n
,
an
d
o
u
tc
o
m
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
v
is
u
ally
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
im
m
er
s
iv
e
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
ia
VR
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
h
ase.
Gr
o
u
p
A
r
elied
o
n
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
d
ictio
n
ar
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
B
u
ti
lized
Go
o
g
le
T
r
an
s
late
with
g
u
id
ed
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
.
T
h
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
h
ase
en
ab
l
ed
p
ee
r
r
ev
iew
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
M
o
zilla
Hu
b
s
,
wh
ile
r
ef
lectiv
e
r
ev
is
io
n
ac
tiv
ities
(
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
DAL
L
·
E
im
ag
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
)
h
elp
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
is
u
alize
an
d
in
ter
r
o
g
ate
s
em
an
tic
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies.
T
h
e
cy
cle
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
with
an
o
u
tc
o
m
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
latio
n
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
cy
clica
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
i
ter
ativ
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
d
ee
p
e
r
lex
ical
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
th
em
atic
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
E
SP
co
u
r
s
e
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
v
a
lid
ated
b
y
two
s
u
b
ject
-
m
atter
e
x
p
er
ts
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
alig
n
m
en
t
with
in
ter
m
ed
iate
-
to
-
a
d
v
an
ce
d
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
els.
E
ac
h
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
was
as
s
es
s
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
2
0
-
p
o
in
t
r
u
b
r
ic,
ass
ess
in
g
f
iv
e
cr
it
er
ia:
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
g
r
am
m
ar
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
,
f
lu
en
cy
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
an
d
s
ty
lis
tic
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
2
.
5
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
v
o
ca
bu
la
r
y
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
Stu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
leted
id
en
tical
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
o
f
m
atch
in
g
,
f
ill
-
in
-
t
h
e
-
b
lan
k
,
a
n
d
m
u
lti
p
le
-
ch
o
ice
item
s
tar
g
etin
g
5
0
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
e
cif
ic
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
te
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
test
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
b
y
2
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
was
p
ilo
ted
f
o
r
clar
ity
an
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
s
tatis
t
ics
f
o
r
b
o
th
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
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8
8
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2
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u
ltiva
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g
w
o
r
d
s
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teg
r
a
tin
g
immers
ive
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
la
tio
n
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
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(
A
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K
a
r
a
s
a
liu
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T
h
e
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
4
4
.
1
to
6
7
.
9
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
n
o
tab
le
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
g
ain
s
o
v
er
th
e
s
em
ester
.
Ad
d
itio
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ally
,
th
e
m
ed
ian
s
co
r
e
r
o
s
e
f
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o
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4
3
to
6
7
.
5
,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
q
u
a
r
tile
r
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g
e
n
ar
r
o
wed
,
r
ef
lectin
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
g
en
er
al
u
p
war
d
s
h
if
t in
E
SP
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
E
SP
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
s
co
r
es
Te
st
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
N
M
i
n
M
a
x
M
e
d
i
a
n
I
q
r
M
e
a
n
SD
SE
CI
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
S
c
o
r
e
s
18
58
78
6
7
.
5
6
.
7
5
6
7
.
9
5
.
1
2
1
.
2
1
2
.
5
4
Pre
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
S
c
o
r
e
s
18
38
54
43
6
.
2
5
4
4
.
1
5
.
0
4
1
.
1
9
2
.
5
1
N
o
t
e
:
S
D
=
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
;
S
E=
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
;
C
I
=
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
2
.
6
.
T
ra
ns
la
t
io
n t
a
s
k a
na
ly
s
i
s
T
h
e
f
iv
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
s
wer
e
th
em
atica
lly
g
r
o
u
p
ed
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
o
n
a
b
i
-
wee
k
ly
b
asis
.
Stu
d
en
ts
co
llab
o
r
ate
d
in
team
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Fin
al
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
wer
e
e
v
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
u
b
r
ic,
a
n
d
s
co
r
es
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
ass
ess
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
E
SP
tr
an
s
latio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
v
alid
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
r
e
v
iew
b
y
2
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
f
am
iliar
with
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
I
t
i
n
clu
d
ed
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
g
r
am
m
ar
an
d
s
y
n
tax
,
f
lu
en
c
y
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
an
d
s
ty
lis
tic
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
co
r
in
g
s
ess
io
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ca
lib
r
ate
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
h
a
r
ed
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
co
r
in
g
cr
iter
ia
am
o
n
g
ev
alu
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
2
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
d
er
s
ex
a
m
in
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
t
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
p
e
er
-
r
ev
iew
lo
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
atic
co
d
in
g
,
with
an
in
te
r
-
r
ater
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
f
8
5
%.
T
h
ese
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
e
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
eliab
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
test
s
co
r
es
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
latio
n
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
An
aly
s
t
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
was
also
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
with
b
o
t
h
co
d
er
s
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
t
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
Dis
cr
ep
an
cies
in
s
co
r
in
g
wer
e
r
eso
lv
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
u
n
til
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
was
r
ea
ch
ed
,
an
d
a
th
ir
d
r
e
v
iewe
r
was a
v
ailab
le
in
ca
s
e
o
f
p
er
s
is
ten
t d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
th
o
u
g
h
th
is
was n
o
t r
e
q
u
ir
ed
in
p
r
ac
tice.
2
.
7
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
t
o
o
ls
All
s
ta
tis
tica
l
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
R
Stu
d
io
(
v
er
s
io
n
4
.
3
.
1
)
.
Giv
en
th
e
u
n
eq
u
al
v
ar
ian
ce
s
an
d
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
W
elch
’
s
two
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
to
as
s
ess
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
s
ig
n
ed
-
r
an
k
test
[
3
5
]
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
ality
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
co
r
es
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
test
[
3
6
]
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
d
a
v
io
latio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
tr
an
s
latio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
g
r
o
u
p
s
A
an
d
B
)
,
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
[
3
7
]
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
d
ata
.
Sig
n
if
ican
ce
was
s
et
at
p
<
0
.
0
5
f
o
r
all
test
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tatis
tic
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
e
n
s
u
r
ed
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
p
ar
a
m
etr
i
c
an
d
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
test
s
c
o
r
es with
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
en
t r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
s
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
h
ap
ed
lear
n
er
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
is
s
em
ester
-
lo
n
g
E
SP
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
3
.
1
.
E
ng
lis
h f
o
r
s
pecif
ic
pu
r
po
s
es
v
o
ca
bu
la
ry
g
a
ins
f
ro
m im
m
er
s
iv
e
ins
t
ruct
io
n
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
E
ar
t
h
VR
an
d
3
6
0
C
ities
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
t
o
o
ls
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
m
ea
n
v
o
ca
b
u
l
ar
y
s
co
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
4
4
.
1
(
p
r
e
-
test
)
to
6
7
.
9
(
p
o
s
t
-
test
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ed
ia
n
s
co
r
e
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
4
3
to
6
7
.
5
.
T
h
e
n
ar
r
o
win
g
in
ter
q
u
ar
tile
r
a
n
g
e
in
d
icate
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
v
is
u
ally
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
ese
s
co
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
ical
co
n
v
en
tio
n
s
o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
C
h
am
b
er
s
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
s
tati
s
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
we
test
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
0
:
.
=
.
v
er
s
u
s
:
.
≠
.
,
wh
er
e
.
an
d
.
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
s
co
r
es
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
u
n
eq
u
al
v
ar
ian
ce
s
,
a
W
elch
t
wo
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
c
ted
as
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
b
y
Ma
r
d
en
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
test
y
ield
ed
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lt
(
t=1
4
.
0
8
,
d
f
=
3
3
.
9
9
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
),
with
a
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
o
f
[
2
0
.
3
9
; 2
7
.
2
7
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
,
as in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
8
5
-
4
7
9
5
4790
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
SP
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
s
co
r
es b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
(
n
o
te:
th
e
m
ed
ian
s
co
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
h
if
ted
to
war
d
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
)
T
ab
le
2
.
W
elch
two
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
t
est co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
s
co
r
es
M
e
a
n
p
o
st
-
t
e
s
t
M
e
a
n
p
re
-
t
e
s
t
t
-
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
Df
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
6
7
.
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
.
0
8
3
.
9
9
2
9
.
5
6
8
e
-
16
[
2
0
.
3
9
3
4
0
;
2
7
.
2
7
3
2
7
]
T
h
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
s
ig
n
ed
-
r
an
k
test
,
a
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
et
r
ic
alter
n
ativ
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
am
p
les
an
d
non
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
[
3
5
]
,
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
(
Z
=3
.
8
7
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
r
ian
g
u
latio
n
with
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
task
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
c
ed
th
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
o
f
t
h
ese
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ci
ted
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
v
is
u
alize
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ter
m
s
i
n
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ettin
g
s
as
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
ey
also
alig
n
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
VR
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
s
em
an
tic
r
et
en
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
lear
n
er
s
ass
o
ciate
n
ew
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
with
v
is
u
al
-
s
p
atia
l r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
t
r
a
ns
la
t
io
n t
a
s
k
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
Stu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
leted
f
iv
e
th
e
m
atic
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
s
,
ea
c
h
ev
alu
ated
o
n
f
iv
e
k
e
y
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
:
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
g
r
am
m
ar
an
d
s
y
n
tax
,
f
lu
en
c
y
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
an
d
s
ty
lis
tic
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
av
er
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
task
.
Gr
o
u
p
B
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
,
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
g
r
o
u
p
A
(
h
u
m
a
n
tr
an
s
latio
n
)
in
m
o
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
o
n
t
ask
s
3
,
4
,
an
d
5
,
w
h
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ten
t
s
u
ch
as
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
ar
m
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Gr
o
u
p
A,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
s
lig
h
tly
b
etter
in
t
ask
1
,
wh
ic
h
was
lex
ically
m
o
r
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
tex
tu
ally
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
t.
Sem
a
n
tic
eq
u
iv
ale
n
ce
(
r
u
b
r
ic
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
4
)
s
h
o
wed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
task
3
(
clim
at
e
ch
an
g
e)
an
d
task
5
(
p
est
co
n
tr
o
l
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
h
an
d
lin
g
s
p
ec
ia
lized
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
te
r
m
in
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tex
t
u
al
lex
ical
n
u
an
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
alig
n
s
with
estab
li
s
h
ed
E
SP
tr
an
s
latio
n
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
id
en
tifie
s
s
em
an
tic
f
id
elity
in
tech
n
ical
an
d
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
tex
ts
as a
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t c
h
allen
g
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
h
u
m
a
n
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
s
[
7
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Hu
m
a
n
tr
an
s
latio
n
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
+
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
d
ata
Ta
sk
n
u
m
b
e
r
M
e
t
h
o
d
Te
r
mi
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
4
p
t
s)
G
r
a
mm
a
r
a
n
d
sy
n
t
a
x
(
4
p
t
s)
F
l
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
n
e
ss (4
p
t
s)
C
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
s
t
y
l
e
(
4
p
t
s
)
To
t
a
l
s
c
o
r
e
(
2
0
p
t
s)
1
M
a
n
.
t
r
.
1
2
2
1
2
8
2
M
a
n
.
t
r
.
2
2
2
2
2
10
3
M
a
n
.
t
r
.
2
1
2
2
2
9
4
M
a
n
.
t
r
.
3
2
3
3
2
13
5
M
a
n
.
t
r
.
3
3
4
4
3
17
1
M
a
c
h
.
t
r
.
3
2
3
2
2
12
2
M
a
c
h
.
t
r
.
3
3
3
3
2
14
3
M
a
c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ates
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[
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[
4
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atic
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lly
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ip
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tly
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A
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u
ality
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4
5
]
.
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h
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am
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k
s
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h
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s
u
p
p
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r
ts
ca
lls
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o
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id
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els
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ca
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t
h
at
in
t
eg
r
ate
AI
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ass
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to
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ls
with
r
ef
lectiv
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llab
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d
in
s
tr
u
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g
u
id
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tr
ateg
ies
[
4
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]
.
Su
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with
p
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m
u
ltimo
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g
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s
p
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clu
d
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L
aa
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M
allah
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[
6
]
,
wh
o
em
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asize
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e
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alu
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f
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ated
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ig
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cin
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lar
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p
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ab
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4
.
R
u
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ased
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m
p
ar
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s
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q
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ality
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et
wee
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g
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p
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p
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Student
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Qu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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8
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2
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I
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t
J
E
v
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&
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d
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,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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6
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
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p
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ir
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ts
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d
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itiatin
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th
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s
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n
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s
with
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ted
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an
s
latio
n
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ls
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n
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atic
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h
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h
ig
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r
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o
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h
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e
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m
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-
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g
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g
th
eir
tr
an
s
late
d
co
n
ten
t
m
ater
ialize
as
im
ag
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
id
en
tify
s
u
b
tle
lin
g
u
is
tic
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
an
d
r
ef
lect
o
n
s
em
an
tic
m
is
m
atch
es.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
alig
n
s
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
w
h
ich
em
p
h
asize
v
is
u
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
’
e
f
f
icac
y
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
cr
itical
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
d
ee
p
er
lear
n
i
n
g
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
Mo
zilla
Hu
b
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
ee
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
en
ab
li
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
llectiv
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ef
lectio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
ed
i
n
th
ese
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iew
s
ess
io
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
u
s
e
o
f
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
itical
tr
an
s
l
atio
n
s
k
ills
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
o
iced
ch
allen
g
es
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
co
m
p
le
x
ter
m
s
s
u
ch
as
“so
il
s
alin
ity
”
an
d
“
ca
r
b
o
n
s
eq
u
estra
tio
n
”
,
o
f
ten
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
d
o
u
b
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
-
g
e
n
er
ated
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
s
p
ec
ia
lized
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
r
ef
lectio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cr
iti
ca
l
ap
p
r
aisal
s
k
ills
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
lu
e
n
cy
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
cr
u
tin
ize
an
d
r
e
f
in
e
AI
o
u
tp
u
t
s
r
ath
er
th
an
ac
ce
p
tin
g
th
e
m
u
n
cr
itically
.
3
.
5
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
peda
g
o
g
ica
l int
er
pret
a
t
io
n o
f
re
s
ults
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
its
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
d
esig
n
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etw
ee
n
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
(
s
u
ch
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
g
ain
s
in
v
o
ca
b
u
l
ar
y
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
)
an
d
t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
th
at
s
u
g
g
est
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
cti
o
n
is
ess
en
tia
l
to
clar
if
y
h
o
w
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
b
r
o
ad
er
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
d
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atin
g
i
m
m
er
s
iv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
in
E
SP
s
ettin
g
s
,
n
o
t
as
is
o
lated
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
b
u
t
as
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
m
u
tu
all
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
m
ac
h
in
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
g
u
id
ed
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
in
ter
p
r
et
atio
n
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
r
an
s
latio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as
a
ce
n
tr
al,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
in
E
SP
cu
r
r
icu
la,
r
ath
er
th
an
a
m
ar
g
in
al
s
k
ill.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
itical
in
s
p
ec
ialized
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
wh
er
e
m
a
s
ter
y
o
f
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
n
u
an
ce
s
,
an
d
g
en
r
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
s
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal.
Acc
u
r
ately
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
c
o
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
lex
ico
n
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
b
o
th
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
tis
e.
I
m
m
er
s
iv
e
VR
to
o
ls
em
er
g
ed
as
p
o
wer
f
u
l
co
n
te
x
tu
al
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
ta
s
k
s
with
in
au
th
en
tic,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Platfo
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
E
ar
th
VR
an
d
3
6
0
C
ities
allo
wed
lear
n
er
s
to
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
o
ciate
s
p
ec
ialized
ter
m
in
o
l
o
g
y
with
r
elev
an
t
v
is
u
al
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
c
u
es,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
em
an
tic
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
r
ete
n
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
s
itu
ated
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
an
d
alig
n
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
E
SP
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
els
th
at
em
p
h
asize
au
th
en
tic,
co
n
tex
t
-
r
ich
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
h
elp
ed
a
d
d
r
ess
p
er
s
is
ten
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
h
an
d
lin
g
cu
ltu
r
ally
em
b
ed
d
e
d
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
ag
m
ati
c
m
ea
n
in
g
(
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
i
n
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
)
b
y
em
p
h
asiz
in
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
o
s
t
-
ed
itin
g
an
d
h
u
m
an
-
g
u
id
ed
r
ev
is
io
n
.
3
.
6
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
direct
io
ns
f
o
r
f
uture
re
s
ea
rc
h
Desp
ite
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
AI
-
ass
is
ted
to
o
ls
in
E
SP
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
b
ject
to
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
elati
v
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N=
1
8
)
,
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
a
s
i
n
g
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e,
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
s
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ca
u
s
al
i
n
f
er
en
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
.
W
h
ile
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
(
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
q
u
a
litativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata)
en
h
an
ce
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
,
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
lim
ited
to
b
as
ic
in
f
er
en
tial
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
lear
n
e
r
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
p
r
io
r
tr
an
s
latio
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
e
cif
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
m
o
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
ized
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
tr
ials
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
to
v
alid
ate
an
d
ex
ten
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
L
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
g
ain
s
a
n
d
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
-
ass
is
ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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teg
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tech
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n
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t
r
a
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r
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(
A
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lear
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u
to
n
o
m
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
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s
e
E
SP
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
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f
u
r
th
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q
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r
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m
s
,
a
n
d
th
eir
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
C
lar
if
y
in
g
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
will
b
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
r
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m
ea
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ab
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g
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d
in
f
o
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m
ev
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ce
-
b
ased
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
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s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
i
m
m
er
s
iv
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tech
n
o
lo
g
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d
AI
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ass
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al
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d
ex
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ased
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s
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d
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ctu
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ativ
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y
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te
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r
atin
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ar
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VR
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3
6
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ities
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T
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late,
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b
s
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an
titativ
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if
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im
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tr
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s
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ted
tr
an
s
latio
n
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p
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s
t
-
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itin
g
.
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o
m
p
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tar
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q
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alitativ
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d
a
ta
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
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er
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
m
etac
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n
itiv
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ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
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d
co
llab
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ativ
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lear
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g
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en
tech
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o
lo
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l
s
wer
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em
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ed
with
in
au
th
en
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is
cip
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s
p
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en
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ir
o
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m
e
n
ts
.
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atin
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tr
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s
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n
as
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lin
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d
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g
n
itiv
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ce
s
s
,
th
is
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esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
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t
h
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r
etica
lly
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r
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u
n
d
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p
r
ac
tice
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ien
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th
at
r
ef
lects
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r
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en
t
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
h
if
ts
in
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d
tr
an
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latio
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e
d
u
ca
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u
g
h
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p
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f
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in
g
s
s
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est
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r
i
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ap
p
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es
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len
d
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g
im
m
er
s
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p
latf
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r
m
s
with
g
u
id
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AI
to
o
l
u
s
e)
ca
n
en
r
ich
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SP
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s
tr
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in
tech
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ic
al
d
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m
ain
s
.
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r
e
s
tu
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ies
s
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m
o
d
el
ac
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s
s
d
iv
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r
s
e
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tex
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s
in
g
co
m
p
ar
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o
r
r
an
d
o
m
ized
co
n
tr
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lled
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esig
n
s
to
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alid
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d
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th
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in
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s
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h
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teg
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k
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ay
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m
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d
em
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ir
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tech
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n
h
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E
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ca
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ield
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s
p
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if
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tr
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s
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lex
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m
aster
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cr
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F
UNDING
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NF
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M
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h
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au
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o
r
s
d
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h
ip
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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DATA AV
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1
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