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m
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a
s
b
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teg
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a
m
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r
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ti
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d
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d
d
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m
a
y
n
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g
a
ti
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ly
imp
a
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t
a
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a
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m
ic
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a
n
c
e
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is
st
u
d
y
in
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a
tes
t
h
e
p
re
v
a
len
c
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o
f
sm
a
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o
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e
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se
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d
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th
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ir
a
ss
o
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h
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a
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o
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g
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e
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ra
d
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a
te
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Ba
n
g
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ro
s
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ti
o
n
a
l
su
rv
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wa
s
c
o
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d
u
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6
1
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u
n
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ra
d
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se
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h
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e
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a
d
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lev
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le
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a
d
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m
a
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se
fo
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c
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ti
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iate
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9
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2
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0
1
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g
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sm
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re
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l
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se
d
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a
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a
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m
ic
p
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p
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e
x
c
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se
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stre
ss
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li
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f
o
r
n
o
n
-
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d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
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m
a
y
h
a
rm
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
o
u
tco
m
e
s.
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terv
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ti
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s
p
ro
m
o
t
in
g
re
sp
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le
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d
ra
isin
g
a
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ss
a
b
o
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t
sm
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o
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a
d
d
icti
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n
a
re
c
ru
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ial
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r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
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d
em
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p
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f
o
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m
an
ce
Ad
d
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an
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lad
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Sm
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Un
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s
tu
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ts
T
h
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rticle
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CC B
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C
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Sch
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b
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State
Un
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s
ity
(
J
SU)
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Miss
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[
1
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As
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6
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7
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[
2
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W
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n
eg
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eq
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s
in
d
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life
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wo
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r
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ef
f
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o
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p
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4855
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[
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h
o
n
es
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
t
h
er
e
is
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
c
o
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
iv
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
ac
a
d
em
ic
o
b
l
ig
atio
n
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ad
d
ictiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
th
at
s
h
a
ll
im
p
ed
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
[
5
]
.
Sy
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
i
n
clu
d
e
with
d
r
awa
l,
to
le
r
an
ce
,
an
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
at
th
e
s
o
cial,
ac
ad
em
ic,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
lev
els
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
d
iv
er
s
e
a
n
d
o
p
er
ate
at
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
m
ig
h
t
r
esu
lt
in
s
h
o
r
ter
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
s
leep
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
r
ates
o
f
p
r
o
cr
asti
n
atio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
lo
wer
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
[
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
p
er
m
an
en
t
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
l
ev
els
o
f
s
tr
ess
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
th
is
s
tr
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
o
o
r
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
an
d
g
en
er
al
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
[
7
]
.
A
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
en
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
v
alid
at
ed
th
e
ad
u
lt
u
s
er
-
tar
g
eted
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
ass
es
s
m
en
t to
o
l,
p
r
esen
tin
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
th
at
id
en
tifie
d
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
ticip
atio
n
,
with
d
r
a
wal,
an
d
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
in
ter
n
e
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
d
d
ictio
n
[
8
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
g
lo
b
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
im
p
l
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ict
io
n
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
a
p
in
c
o
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
c
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
W
h
ile
s
ev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
ten
d
s
to
co
r
r
elate
with
p
o
o
r
er
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
7
]
,
m
u
c
h
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
a
tu
r
e
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes,
r
estricte
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
v
er
a
g
e,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
ta
tu
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
r
esu
lts
to
th
e
wid
er
B
an
g
lad
esh
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
r
esear
ch
g
ap
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
aly
zin
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
B
an
g
lad
esh
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
u
ch
u
s
e
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
m
a
r
tp
h
o
n
es
a
r
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
b
y
B
an
g
lad
esh
i
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
non
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
li
ttle
is
k
n
o
wn
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
ag
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
a
n
d
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t.
As
f
ar
as
we
ar
e
awa
r
e,
lim
ite
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
c
h
h
as
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
ce
llp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
ten
d
s
to
o
f
f
e
r
e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
m
ay
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
ea
lth
ier
d
i
g
ital h
ab
it
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
ca
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
e
s
s
with
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
a
nd
t
y
pe
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
-
lev
el
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
en
s
elec
ted
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
f
iv
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
tw
o
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ev
e
n
s
elec
ted
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
s
ix
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
p
ital c
ity
Dh
ak
a,
a
n
d
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
Dh
a
k
a
C
ity
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple
s
ize
estim
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
m
u
la:
=
²
/
²
wh
er
e
,
z
=
1
.
9
6
(
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el)
,
p
=
0
.
5
3
2
(
p
r
ev
a
len
ce
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
)
[
9
]
,
q
=
1
−p
,
an
d
d
=
0
.
0
4
(
p
r
ec
is
io
n
)
.
T
h
e
c
alcu
lated
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
5
9
8
.
A
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
a
5
%
non
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate,
th
e
f
i
n
al
tar
g
et
s
am
p
le
was
6
2
8
.
Af
ter
d
a
ta
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
q
u
ality
ch
ec
k
s
,
6
1
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
f
i
n
al
an
al
y
s
is
,
o
u
t o
f
th
e
6
2
8
in
itially
s
am
p
led
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
2
.
3
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
a
n
d
s
elec
t
io
n c
ri
t
er
ia
A
two
-
p
h
ase
clu
s
ter
s
am
p
lin
g
d
esig
n
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
er
v
in
g
as
p
r
im
ar
y
clu
s
ter
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
s
ev
en
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
lis
t.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
we
r
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
elec
ted
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
W
ith
in
ea
c
h
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
(
q
u
o
ta)
s
am
p
lin
g
b
y
v
is
itin
g
ca
m
p
u
s
es
an
d
r
es
id
en
tial
h
alls
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
b
e
en
r
o
lled
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ee
t
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wh
o
h
ad
co
m
p
leted
at
least
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
an
d
o
wn
ed
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
5
4
-
4
8
6
3
4856
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ata
(
e
.
g
.
,
g
r
ad
e
p
o
in
t
av
er
a
g
e
o
r
GPA)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
ir
r
eg
u
lar
e
n
r
o
llm
en
t
s
tatu
s
o
r
s
ev
er
e
h
ea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
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2
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4
.
Da
t
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c
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llect
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n a
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pro
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s
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ing
Field
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
d
u
r
in
g
Feb
r
u
ar
y
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d
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
u
s
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g
a
s
tr
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ctu
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air
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I
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itially
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ev
el
o
p
ed
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
tr
an
s
lated
in
t
o
B
an
g
la,
th
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e,
f
o
r
f
ield
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
.
A
p
r
etest
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
with
3
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
to
ass
ess
clar
ity
,
d
u
r
at
io
n
,
a
n
d
co
h
e
r
en
ce
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
was
r
ev
is
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
an
d
th
e
f
i
n
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
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o
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was
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elo
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Data
was
g
ath
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ed
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o
u
g
h
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
in
ter
v
iews
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
t
r
ain
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
q
u
ality
an
d
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
p
r
o
t
o
co
l,
tw
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
f
ield
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
s
o
v
er
s
aw
th
e
en
tire
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
g
ath
er
e
d
d
ata
o
n
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs,
p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
.
So
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata
in
clu
d
ed
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e
,
p
lace
o
f
b
ir
th
,
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esid
en
ce
,
ty
p
e
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
h
o
u
s
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
ets.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
d
ata
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
d
aily
u
s
ag
e
d
u
r
atio
n
(
in
h
o
u
r
s
)
,
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
u
s
e,
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
Fo
r
th
e
latter
,
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
ated
th
eir
u
s
ag
e
(
e.
g
.
,
ca
lls
,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t,
an
d
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
)
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
n
ev
er
,
5
=
alwa
y
s
)
.
Aca
d
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
t
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
cu
m
u
lativ
e
g
r
ad
e
p
o
in
t a
v
er
ag
e
(
C
GPA
)
.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
was
m
e
asu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
d
d
ictio
n
s
ca
le
–
s
h
o
r
t
v
e
r
s
io
n
(
SAS
-
SV)
,
a
v
alid
ated
1
0
-
item
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
with
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
n
a
6
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
6
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
SAS
-
SV
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
i
)
d
aily
-
li
f
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
e
;
ii
)
with
d
r
awa
l
;
iii
)
cy
b
er
s
p
ac
e
-
o
r
ien
ted
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
;
iv
)
o
v
er
u
s
e
;
an
d
v
)
to
le
r
an
ce
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
6
0
,
with
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
ad
d
i
ctio
n
.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
s
co
r
es
ar
e
3
1
f
o
r
m
ales
an
d
3
3
f
o
r
f
e
m
ales
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
ap
t
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
v
alid
ated
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
SAS
-
SV w
as h
ig
h
,
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
0
.
8
7
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
e
x
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
B
o
th
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
i
s
in
clu
d
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
p
er
c
en
tag
es,
an
d
m
ea
n
±
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
v
a
r
i
ab
les.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
lev
els we
r
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
SAS
-
SV w
ith
estab
lis
h
ed
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
es.
B
in
ar
y
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
ex
am
in
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
o
d
d
s
r
atio
s
(
OR
s
)
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
(
C
I
)
,
with
s
tati
s
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
d
eter
m
in
ed
at
th
e
p
<
0
.
0
5
lev
el.
All
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
5
.
Key
p
o
ten
tial
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
er
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
a
g
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
,
s
o
cio
-
e
co
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
y
h
o
u
r
s
,
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
al
y
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
t
h
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
iv
ar
iate
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
b
o
t
h
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
an
d
th
eir
ass
o
ciatio
n
wi
th
C
GPA.
Am
o
n
g
6
1
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
m
al
es
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
1
.
4
%
an
d
f
em
ales
4
8
.
9
%.
Gen
d
er
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
GPA
(
χ²
=
4
0
.
7
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
with
4
1
.
3
% o
f
m
ales a
n
d
2
8
.
0
% o
f
f
em
ales a
ch
iev
in
g
a
C
GPA
ab
o
v
e
3
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
6
1
.
8
%)
wer
e
ag
ed
2
2
–
2
4
y
ea
r
s
(
m
ea
n
2
2
.
7
±
1
.
8
)
.
Place
o
f
b
ir
t
h
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
C
GPA
(
χ²
=
8
.
7
9
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
wit
h
r
u
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
8
.
7
%)
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
u
r
b
a
n
p
ee
r
s
(
3
0
.
6
%).
C
u
r
r
en
t
liv
in
g
s
tatu
s
also
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
χ²
=
9
.
5
9
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
as
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
liv
in
g
awa
y
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
(
4
4
.
6
%)
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
C
GPA
s
th
an
th
o
s
e
liv
in
g
wi
th
f
am
ily
(
2
4
.
6
%).
Un
iv
er
s
ity
ty
p
e
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
χ²
=
1
0
.
6
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
wit
h
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
5
1
.
2
%)
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
attain
C
GPA>3
th
an
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
1
8
.
0
%).
Yea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
(
f
ir
s
t
–
s
ec
o
n
d
v
s
.
th
ir
d
y
ea
r
an
d
ab
o
v
e)
,
e
x
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
(
5
4
.
5
%),
an
d
r
eg
u
lar
ex
er
cise
(
2
0
.
0
%)
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
C
GPA
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
(
2
9
.
1
%)
was
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
f
em
ales,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
an
ad
j
u
s
ted
o
d
d
s
r
atio
(
AOR)
o
f
3
.
7
1
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
2
.
4
7
–
5
.
5
9
;
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
b
o
r
n
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
also
h
ad
g
r
ea
ter
o
d
d
s
o
f
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
r
b
an
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
n
AOR
o
f
1
.
6
4
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
.
1
1
–
2
.
4
3
;
p
=
0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
o
s
e
li
v
in
g
with
th
eir
f
am
ilies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
h
ig
h
e
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
u
cc
ess
th
an
th
o
s
e
liv
in
g
ap
a
r
t,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
a
n
AOR
o
f
1
.
4
4
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
0
.
9
2
–
2
.
2
7
;
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
t
o
ea
r
lier
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
th
an
p
u
b
lic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ma
r
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
its
a
s
s
o
cia
tio
n
w
ith
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
Md
.
B
ip
lo
b
Ho
s
s
a
in
)
4857
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
an
AOR
o
f
1
.
8
5
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
.
2
8
–
2
.
7
4
;
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
tar
ted
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es
b
ef
o
r
e
a
g
e
1
5
we
r
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
t
o
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
an
AOR o
f
1
.
6
5
(
9
5
% C
I
: 1
.
0
2
–
2
.
6
7
;
p
=
0
.
0
3
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
So
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
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tics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
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ts
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
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i
s
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c
s
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(
%)
C
G
P
A
χ
2
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
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e
<3
>3
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e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
3
1
4
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5
1
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4
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9
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8
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5
4
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1
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1
<
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F
e
mal
e
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4
8
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9
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2
9
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1
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7
2
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8
.
0
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A
g
e
19
-
21
1
4
9
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4
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2
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9
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0
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9
9
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6
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5
9
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0
4
22
-
24
3
8
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1
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8
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9
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3
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5
+
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6
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4
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3
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)
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
2
2
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7
±
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8
P
l
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f
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r
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r
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n
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4
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1
R
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r
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l
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4
4
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5
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1
7
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3
8
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8
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7
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r
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l
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t
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9
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5
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4
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6
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5
9
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0
1
W
i
t
h
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u
t
f
a
mi
l
y
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7
2
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6
0
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4
)
9
7
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1
5
.
8
)
2
7
5
(
4
4
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6
)
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n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
t
y
p
e
P
u
b
l
i
c
4
3
0
(
6
9
.
9
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1
1
5
(
1
8
.
7
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3
1
5
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5
1
.
2
)
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0
.
6
7
<
0
.
0
1
P
r
i
v
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t
e
1
8
5
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3
0
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1
)
7
4
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1
2
.
0
)
1
1
1
(
1
8
.
0
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
y
e
a
r
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f
s
t
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d
y
F
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o
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e
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r
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1
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9
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4
)
5
1
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8
.
3
)
1
3
0
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2
1
.
1
)
0
.
7
8
0
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3
7
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
t
o
m
a
st
e
r
s
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3
4
(
7
0
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6
)
1
3
8
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2
2
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5
)
2
9
6
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8
.
1
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a
r
t
i
c
i
p
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t
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t
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r
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l
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5
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4
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4
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4
4
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9
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3
9
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3
0
No
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8
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4
5
.
5
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8
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1
5
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9
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1
8
2
(
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9
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6
)
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e
g
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l
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r
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se
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s
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2
3
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9
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6
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3
)
8
4
(
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3
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7
)
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0
6
0
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7
9
No
5
9
2
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8
0
.
0
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1
5
0
(
2
4
.
4
)
3
4
2
(
5
5
.
6
)
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martp
h
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d
d
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n
Y
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s
1
7
9
(
2
9
.
1
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4
8
(
7
.
8
)
1
3
1
(
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1
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3
)
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.
8
1
0
.
1
7
No
4
3
6
(
7
0
.
9
)
1
4
1
(
2
2
.
9
)
2
9
5
(
4
8
.
0
)
T
ab
le
2
.
Ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
U
n
a
d
j
u
st
e
d
mo
d
e
l
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
mo
d
e
l
C
O
R
9
5
%
C
I
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
AOR
9
5
%
C
I
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
3
.
9
0
2
.
5
7
–
5
.
9
2
<
0
.
0
1
3
.
7
1
2
.
4
7
–
5
.
5
9
<
0
.
0
1
F
e
mal
e
R
e
f
.
A
g
e
19
-
24
1
.
1
6
0
.
6
7
–
2
.
0
1
0
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5
8
1
.
1
0
0
.
6
5
–
1
.
9
5
0
.
6
5
2
5
+
R
e
f
.
P
l
a
c
e
o
f
b
i
r
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h
R
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r
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l
1
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6
0
1
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1
0
–
2
.
4
3
0
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0
1
1
.
6
4
1
.
1
1
–
2
.
4
3
0
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0
1
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r
b
a
n
R
e
f
.
C
u
r
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n
t
l
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t
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t
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s
W
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t
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m
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3
6
0
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2
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0
1
1
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4
0
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2
–
2
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2
7
<
0
.
0
1
W
i
t
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u
t
f
a
m
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l
y
R
e
f
.
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n
i
v
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si
t
y
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y
p
e
P
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v
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t
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1
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7
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5
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1
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1
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5
1
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2
8
–
2
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4
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0
1
P
u
b
l
i
c
R
e
f
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
y
e
a
r
o
f
s
t
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y
F
i
r
st
t
o
sec
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n
d
y
e
a
r
0
.
9
7
0
.
6
3
–
1
.
4
9
0
.
8
9
0
.
8
7
0
.
5
8
–
1
.
3
1
0
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5
2
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
a
n
d
a
b
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e
R
e
f
.
A
g
e
a
t
t
h
e
o
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se
t
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f
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t
p
h
o
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se
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1
5
y
e
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r
s
1
.
5
6
0
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6
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3
0
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0
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1
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5
1
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0
2
–
2
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6
7
0
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0
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>
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
R
e
f
.
C
O
R
=
C
r
u
d
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o
d
d
s ra
t
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o
3
.
1
.
Da
ily
us
e
a
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o
f
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Fig
u
r
e
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icate
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th
at
7
8
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9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
r
im
a
r
ily
u
s
ed
th
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s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
f
o
r
s
o
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etwo
r
k
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g
p
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r
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s
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d
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asis
.
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h
is
was
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wed
b
y
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tain
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t
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r
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g
u
s
e
f
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r
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d
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al
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ted
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3
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m
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tp
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r
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Oth
er
f
r
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.
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3
ex
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with
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:
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p
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.
Ad
d
itio
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all
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,
r
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ts
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o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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6
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
4
8
5
4
-
4
8
6
3
4858
d
id
n
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t
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s
e
s
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as
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m
ea
n
s
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m
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tal
s
tr
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6
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o
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e
lik
ely
t
o
ex
h
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it
im
p
r
o
v
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d
ac
ad
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tco
m
es,
as
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d
icate
d
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y
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f
1
.
6
1
(
9
5
%
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I
:
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.
0
4
–
2
.
4
8
;
p
=0
.
0
3
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.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
m
ar
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n
e
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s
e
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with
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e
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ated
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ican
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f
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1
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% C
I
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7
8
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9
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0
3
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dis
tr
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tio
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o
f
th
e
le
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el
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
T
ab
le
3
.
Ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
U
n
a
d
j
u
st
e
d
mo
d
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l
A
d
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e
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h
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e
a
d
d
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n
No
1
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2
6
0
.
8
4
–
1
.
8
9
0
.
2
4
1
.
3
0
0
.
8
8
–
1
.
9
2
0
.
1
7
Y
e
s
R
e
f
.
D
u
r
a
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i
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n
o
f
s
mart
p
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o
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se
/
d
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y
(
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n
h
o
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r
s)
<
3
h
o
u
r
1
.
3
5
0
.
9
1
–
1
.
9
9
0
.
1
2
1
.
3
7
0
.
9
3
–
2
.
0
1
0
.
1
0
>
3
h
o
u
r
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e
f
.
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u
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p
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se
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f
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a
r
t
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u
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e
Ed
u
c
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t
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No
0
.
7
4
0
.
4
7
–
1
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8
0
<
0
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0
1
1
.
4
8
0
.
9
5
–
2
.
3
0
<
0
.
0
1
Y
e
s
R
e
f
.
P
h
o
n
e
c
a
l
l
No
0
.
9
3
0
.
6
4
–
1
.
3
5
0
.
7
3
0
.
8
9
0
.
6
2
–
1
.
2
6
0
.
5
2
Y
e
s
R
e
f
.
W
e
b
seri
e
s
No
0
.
7
7
0
.
5
3
–
1
.
1
3
0
.
1
9
0
.
8
7
0
.
6
1
–
1
.
2
3
0
.
4
4
Y
e
s
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I
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t
J
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v
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&
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es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ma
r
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
a
n
d
its
a
s
s
o
cia
tio
n
w
ith
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
Md
.
B
ip
lo
b
Ho
s
s
a
in
)
4859
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ets
o
u
t
to
lo
o
k
in
to
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
g
en
d
er
,
p
lace
o
f
b
ir
th
,
liv
in
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ty
p
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
C
GPA,
wh
ile
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
h
ad
n
o
d
is
ce
r
n
i
b
le
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
1
.
3
%)
attain
ed
a
C
GPA
o
f
ab
o
v
e
3
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
eir
f
em
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
(
2
8
.
0
%).
T
h
is
is
i
n
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
ascer
tain
e
d
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
ac
ad
em
ically
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
u
b
jects
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
an
aly
tical
m
in
d
s
[
10
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
h
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
ales
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
ed
in
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
an
th
ei
r
f
em
ale
class
m
ates
[1
1
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
,
h
o
wev
er
,
d
iv
e
r
g
es
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
wo
m
en
u
s
u
ally
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
ac
ad
em
icall
y
th
an
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
[1
2
]
.
T
h
e
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
th
at
m
ate
r
ialized
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
y
h
ab
its
,
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
,
o
r
o
th
er
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies lik
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
wh
ich
f
all
m
o
r
e
o
n
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
in
d
icate
s
th
at
r
u
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
h
av
e
f
ew
er
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
wo
r
k
eth
ic,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ew
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
leis
u
r
e
a
n
d
a
g
en
er
ally
m
o
r
e
d
is
cip
lin
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[1
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
liv
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
f
r
o
m
th
eir
f
am
ilies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
er
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
g
r
ea
ter
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
L
iv
in
g
aw
ay
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
m
ay
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
f
ac
to
r
s
lin
k
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
[1
5
]
.
Pu
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
5
1
.
2
%)
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
atta
in
h
ig
h
e
r
C
GPAs
th
an
th
o
s
e
i
n
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
1
8
.
0
%),
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tr
en
g
th
,
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ig
o
r
[1
6
]
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ea
r
lier
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
a
n
d
s
o
cio
-
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
—
lik
e
s
elf
-
esteem
,
s
leep
,
an
d
f
am
ily
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
—
m
ay
o
u
tweig
h
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
s
en
io
r
ity
[1
7
]
,
[
18
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
g
r
o
u
p
task
s
,
an
d
allo
win
g
f
lex
ib
le
s
tu
d
y
s
ch
ed
u
les
[
19
]
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
b
elief
th
at
h
ea
v
y
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
ac
a
d
em
ics,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
th
eir
d
ev
ic
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
task
s
lik
e
a
cc
ess
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
ten
t
o
r
en
g
ag
in
g
in
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
i
o
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
m
ay
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
wea
k
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
with
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
[2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
u
s
ag
e
q
u
ality
an
d
in
te
n
t
m
atter
m
o
r
e
th
an
tim
e
s
p
en
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
—
th
o
s
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
u
s
in
g
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
task
s
—
ten
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
r
esu
lts
[2
2
]
.
Acc
ess
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ial,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
i
d
eo
s
,
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
co
n
ten
t m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
tly
th
an
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[2
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
wh
en
u
s
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ely
,
s
er
v
e
as
v
alu
ab
le
ac
ad
em
ic
ai
d
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
ce
ll
p
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
lev
els
o
f
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
[2
4
]
.
An
o
th
er
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
s
h
o
wed
th
at
wh
en
u
s
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[2
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
tan
tiates
th
e
a
s
s
er
ti
o
n
o
f
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
wh
ich
m
ay
lead
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
an
d
C
GPA,
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
o
u
r
s
s
p
en
t
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
an
elev
ated
C
GPA
[2
6
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ce
llp
h
o
n
es
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
-
r
elate
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
an
d
en
ter
tain
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
i
n
g
g
a
m
es
s
h
ar
p
e
n
s
ce
r
tain
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
th
at
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[2
7
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
r
ely
m
o
r
e
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
m
ay
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
e
d
to
v
ie
w
th
em
as
h
av
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
28
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
co
u
ld
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
th
an
d
is
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
its
u
s
e
alto
g
eth
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
ig
h
ad
d
ictio
n
o
r
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
d
id
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ati
v
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
o
v
er
all
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[2
6
]
,
[
29
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
o
f
ten
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
lo
wer
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
ed
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
o
r
av
o
id
lo
n
elin
ess
wer
e
less
lik
ely
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
ac
ad
em
ically
.
T
h
is
n
o
ta
b
le
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
to
co
p
e
with
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
m
a
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ac
ad
em
ic
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
[3
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
ar
e
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
eith
e
r
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
o
r
d
aily
u
s
ag
e
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
m
a
y
m
o
d
er
ate
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t.
No
n
et
h
eless
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
its
lim
itatio
n
s
,
as
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
an
y
co
n
clu
s
i
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
ca
u
s
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
t,
an
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
b
ias.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
u
n
ex
p
e
cted
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
im
p
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
u
s
e
o
r
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
u
lly
c
ap
tu
r
e
th
ei
r
ef
f
e
cts
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
5
4
-
4
8
6
3
4860
ef
f
ec
ts
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
u
s
in
g
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
s
,
em
p
h
asize
t
h
e
q
u
ality
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e,
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ili
ties
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
,
ad
d
ictio
n
p
r
ev
alen
ce
,
a
n
d
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
im
p
licatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fin
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
aim
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
On
av
er
ag
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
p
en
d
ab
o
u
t
5
h
o
u
r
s
d
aily
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
r
web
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
,
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t,
an
d
p
ass
in
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
ately
h
i
g
h
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
s
ig
n
als
an
em
e
r
g
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
c
o
n
ce
r
n
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ass
m
ed
ia
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
—
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
r
aise
awa
r
e
n
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
d
d
ictio
n
an
d
its
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ics.
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
clin
ical
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
ile
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
tar
g
eted
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
p
o
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
s
v
a
lu
e
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
its
r
elian
ce
o
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ias,
all
o
f
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
eti
n
g
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
n
o
tab
l
y
in
em
er
g
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
is
v
ital
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
e
s
s
an
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
am
o
n
g
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
ac
a
d
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fro
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
ev
e
r
al
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
its
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
estab
lis
h
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
h
ea
lth
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
to
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
s
.
C
r
ea
tin
g
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
will b
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
to
g
eth
e
r
with
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
er
v
ices
th
at
m
ay
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
O
.
J.
S
u
n
d
a
y
,
O
.
O
.
A
d
e
s
o
p
e
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a
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d
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.
L.
M
a
a
r
h
u
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s,
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T
h
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j
.
c
h
b
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
1
1
4
.
[
2
]
S
.
N
a
w
a
z
,
J
.
B
h
o
w
m
i
k
,
T.
L
i
n
d
e
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
i
t
c
h
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l
l
,
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E
x
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s
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p
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a
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g
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m.
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2
4
.
1
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0
6
.
[
3
]
S.
-
G
.
K
i
m,
J.
P
a
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k
,
H
.
-
T
.
K
i
m,
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P
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[
4
]
R
.
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,
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l
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[
5
]
J.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
Y
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n
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,
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f
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a
c
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[
19
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[
20
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[
21
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.
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[
22
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[
23
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[
24
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[
25
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[
26
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[
27
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[
28
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[
29
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[
30
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[
31
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M
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m
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lete
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h
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S
c
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in
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e
a
lt
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tec
h
n
o
l
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y
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Un
iv
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h
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tu
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ic
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ti
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iv
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se
a
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fo
c
u
se
s
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to
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a
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tro
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ies
,
h
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a
lt
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a
re
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m
c
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g
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c
a
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b
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tac
ted
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in
4
1
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7
9
@d
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e
d
u
.
b
d
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No
y
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Ali
is a d
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d
ica
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s a
lec
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re
r
in
th
e
De
p
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t
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P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
a
t
Da
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I
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tern
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ti
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n
a
l
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
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c
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u
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y
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n
d
p
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st
-
g
ra
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u
a
ti
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in
h
ist
o
ry
fro
m
Ja
g
a
n
n
a
th
U
n
iv
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rsit
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
to
h
is
tea
c
h
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n
g
ro
le,
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
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t
h
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
m
ig
r
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
a
lt
h
h
isto
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y
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m
e
n
tal
we
ll
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b
e
in
g
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a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
p
o
li
c
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
in
o
y
o
n
6
3
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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c
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n
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ta
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a
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Md
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c
a
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b
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c
o
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tac
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a
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m
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d
rsh
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h
jah
a
n
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a
ffo
d
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v
a
rsity
.
e
d
u
.
b
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.