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re
su
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r
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c
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h
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p
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u
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a
n
d
p
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ti
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tea
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a
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it
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a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
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ti
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n
;
iii
)
tea
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h
i
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g
m
a
teria
ls,
e
q
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ip
m
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n
t
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n
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r
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it
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s.
K
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w
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d
s
:
E
th
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
I
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
No
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th
er
n
m
o
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n
tai
n
o
u
s
P
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
R
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
u
y
en
T
.
H.
N
g
u
y
e
n
Facu
lty
o
f
Prim
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
T
h
ai
Ng
u
y
e
n
Un
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s
ity
o
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E
d
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ca
tio
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Ph
an
Din
h
Ph
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ar
d
,
T
h
ai
Ng
u
y
en
,
Vietn
a
m
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m
ail: c
h
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y
en
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h
@
tn
u
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ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
r
e
h
as
b
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o
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in
t
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o
f
i
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teg
r
ated
teac
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g
in
m
a
n
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co
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n
tr
ies.
I
n
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
p
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o
v
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to
b
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b
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f
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s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
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in
elem
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tar
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u
ca
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
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wn
[
1
]
,
in
teg
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ate
d
teac
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in
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ca
n
b
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
as:
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th
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n
if
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o
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all
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o
wled
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e;
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th
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ce
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if
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th
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i)
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in
q
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ir
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p
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s
s
;
an
d
iv
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th
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in
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d
is
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lin
ar
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n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
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in
s
tr
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ctio
n
.
T
h
e
co
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e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
i
n
teg
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teac
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is
to
e
n
co
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r
ag
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s
tu
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ts
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th
in
k
cr
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,
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.
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lear
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in
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ex
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l
lear
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with
r
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wo
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ld
r
elev
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n
ce
[
2
]
.
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
teac
h
in
g
is
wid
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r
ec
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g
n
ized
as
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
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ec
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u
ca
tio
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m
eth
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h
as
b
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n
ex
ten
s
iv
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ch
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a
n
d
im
p
lem
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ted
in
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s
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ettin
g
s
.
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lem
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tar
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ch
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o
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tu
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n
ts
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o
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ticu
lar
ly
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en
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f
it
f
r
o
m
th
is
m
eth
o
d
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
I
n
teg
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ated
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
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ad
v
an
tag
es
in
av
o
id
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g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
u
p
licatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
jects,
cr
ea
tin
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
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e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
a
ctiv
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in
itiativ
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
].
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
i
n
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
,
wh
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e
th
er
e
ar
e
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
eth
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
ities
,
p
r
e
s
en
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
9
5
-
4
3
0
6
4296
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
lin
g
u
is
tic
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d
cu
ltu
r
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d
iv
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ity
as
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s
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o
m
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esear
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m
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n
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ain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
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am
r
e
m
ain
s
lim
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.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
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allen
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th
is
co
n
tex
t
is
teac
h
er
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li
m
ited
ex
p
o
s
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r
e
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in
teg
r
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teac
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g
m
eth
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al
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r
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Ou
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ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vie
tn
am
?
−
W
h
a
t
is
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
a
c
h
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
s
s
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
te
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
?
−
W
h
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
tea
ch
er
s
at
th
ese
s
ch
o
o
ls
?
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
i
n
its
co
n
tex
t
u
alize
d
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
teg
r
ated
tea
ch
in
g
i
n
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tically
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
eith
er
f
o
cu
s
ed
b
r
o
ad
ly
o
n
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
o
r
em
p
h
asized
g
e
n
er
al
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
iq
u
ely
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
cu
ltu
r
e,
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
teac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
an
d
m
ater
ials
o
n
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
with
in
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
Vietn
am
’
s
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
ta
in
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
I
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
Vietn
am
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
at
e
a
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
to
q
u
an
tify
th
ese
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
b
y
i
n
clu
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
les
r
elate
d
to
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
,
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tat
io
n
,
an
d
g
r
ass
r
o
o
ts
-
lev
el
p
o
li
cy
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
r
id
g
es
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
with
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
i
n
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
e
d
,
m
u
lti
-
eth
n
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
t
ex
ts
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
a
n
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
n
ew
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
p
o
licy
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
eq
u
ity
in
m
ar
g
in
alize
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
g
r
a
d
u
al
ly
e
x
p
l
o
r
ed
,
a
n
al
y
ze
d
,
a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
E
FA
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wil
l
g
r
ea
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
i
n
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
etti
n
g
s
,
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
all
y
f
o
r
th
e
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
ac
in
g
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
ch
all
en
g
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
o
s
e
b
el
o
n
g
i
n
g
t
o
et
h
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
it
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tai
n
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
V
iet
n
a
m
.
At
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
tim
e,
f
r
o
m
cl
ea
r
l
y
s
h
o
wi
n
g
t
h
e
in
t
er
est,
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
,
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
lti
es,
an
d
c
h
all
en
g
es
o
f
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
wh
e
n
im
p
l
em
en
ti
n
g
in
t
eg
r
ate
d
te
ac
h
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
c
o
n
te
x
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
asu
r
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
ill
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
,
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
al
a
d
m
i
n
is
tr
at
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
p
o
l
ic
y
m
a
k
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
w
ill
h
el
p
i
n
t
eg
r
ate
te
ac
h
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
c
o
n
te
x
ts
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
et
h
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
i
t
y
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
th
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
t
ai
n
o
u
s
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
o
f
Viet
n
am
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
n
e
w
em
p
i
r
i
ca
l
e
v
id
e
n
ce
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ica
ll
y
o
n
te
ac
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
eth
n
i
c
m
in
o
r
it
y
p
r
im
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
t
ai
n
o
u
s
a
r
e
as,
w
h
i
c
h
h
as
n
o
t
b
e
en
e
x
t
en
s
i
v
el
y
a
d
d
r
ess
e
d
in
o
u
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
u
b
li
ca
t
io
n
s
.
W
h
ile
o
u
r
ea
r
li
er
w
o
r
k
a
n
al
y
z
ed
g
en
er
al
b
ar
r
i
er
s
i
n
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
t
ea
ch
in
g
,
t
h
is
p
ap
e
r
u
n
i
q
u
el
y
in
te
g
r
ates
c
u
lt
u
r
al
-
li
n
g
u
is
ti
c
an
d
p
o
lic
y
-
r
ela
te
d
v
ar
ia
b
les
t
o
m
o
d
el
t
ea
c
h
er
c
a
p
ac
it
y
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Ma
n
y
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
r
esear
ch
e
d
an
d
p
o
i
n
ted
out
th
e
a
d
v
an
t
ag
es
of
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
i
n
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
n
ec
t
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
r
ea
l
life
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
lear
n
in
g
in
to
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
th
at
cl
o
s
ely
r
elate
s
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ail
y
liv
es
[
8
]
.
I
n
Au
s
tr
alia,
T
o
d
d
[
9
]
a
f
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
r
e
g
u
lar
t
ea
ch
in
g
co
n
ten
t
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
as
well
as
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
in
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
class
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
k
ey
cr
iter
ia
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
clu
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
in
t
eg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
in
g
m
an
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
u
b
jects,
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
clea
r
ly
d
esig
n
ed
;
ii)
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
h
as
a
f
lex
i
b
le
s
ch
ed
u
le;
ii
i)
teac
h
er
s
teac
h
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
h
av
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
lan
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lib
r
ar
y
s
taf
f
;
an
d
iv
)
s
tu
d
en
ts
tak
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
an
d
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as we
ll a
s
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
i
n
teac
h
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
ea
r
ly
2
0
0
0
s
,
r
esear
c
h
o
n
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
h
as
e
x
p
an
d
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
at
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
co
u
r
ag
es
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
i
n
g
s
ettin
g
s
[1
0
],
[1
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
B
leg
u
r
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
,
em
p
h
asized
in
te
g
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
wh
ile
th
e
r
esear
c
h
by
Sev
er
in
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
.
Sh
an
n
aq
[
1
4
]
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
MI
S
)
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
te
x
t
-
awa
r
e
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f in
teg
r
a
ted
tea
ch
in
g
c
a
p
a
city
a
mo
n
g
tea
ch
e
r
s
in
eth
n
ic
min
o
r
ity
…
(
Ha
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i Th
u
)
4297
T
ea
ch
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
can
b
en
e
f
it
teac
h
er
s
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
[1
5
]
.
I
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
in
g
e
n
er
al
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
y
also
h
av
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
cr
ea
tin
g
g
o
o
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
1
8
]
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
19
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
u
t
also
b
r
id
g
es
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
ac
a
d
em
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
its
r
ea
l
-
life
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
a
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
L
a
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Vietn
am
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
[
2
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
6
2
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
Vietn
am
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
a
p
tatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
e
r
an
d
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
s
o
ci
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
Su
ch
in
s
ig
h
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
to
ef
f
o
r
ts
ai
m
ed
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Vietn
am
’
s
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
2
1
].
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ev
alu
atin
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
ev
is
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
R
esear
c
h
h
as
an
al
y
ze
d
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
o
r
g
an
ize
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
allo
ca
te
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tim
e
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
te
ac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
en
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es,
ex
p
an
d
in
g
s
cien
tific
co
n
ten
t
tied
to
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
,
r
ath
er
th
an
m
er
ely
r
e
p
ea
tin
g
less
o
n
s
in
a
s
in
g
le
s
u
b
ject.
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
s
h
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
co
lleag
u
es,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
a
n
s
f
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
o
m
ain
s
.
I
n
1
9
7
9
,
Vietn
am
a
d
v
o
ca
te
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
th
ir
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
,
wh
ich
ai
m
ed
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
“
lear
n
in
g
co
m
b
in
ed
with
p
r
ac
tice,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
m
b
in
ed
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
lab
o
r
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
o
ciety
.
”
Up
to
n
o
w,
in
teg
r
ated
te
ac
h
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
s
till
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es e
m
p
h
asized
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t r
eg
i
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[2
2
].
Ho
wev
er
,
Vietn
am
is
a
m
u
lti
-
eth
n
ic
co
u
n
tr
y
with
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
5
3
/
5
4
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
)
.
E
th
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
s
liv
e
m
ain
ly
in
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
an
d
th
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
life
f
ac
e
m
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
[2
3
]
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
b
etwe
en
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
Kin
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
h
as
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
r
i
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ag
e
wh
en
c
h
ild
r
en
s
tar
t
g
o
in
g
to
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
o
n
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
el
p
lay
s
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
alan
ce
th
at
g
a
p
,
t
h
e
Par
ty
an
d
State
o
f
Vietn
am
alwa
y
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
e
q
u
ality
,
s
o
lid
ar
ity
a
n
d
m
u
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
ad
ap
t
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
lex
i
b
ly
ap
p
ly
in
te
g
r
ated
m
eth
o
d
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t te
ac
h
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t w
ith
r
ea
l lif
e
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
till
r
ev
ea
ls
m
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
o
wn
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
co
n
tex
t,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
Vietn
am
b
eg
an
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
n
ew
g
en
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tex
ts
f
o
r
et
h
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tai
n
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
.
To
d
ate,
th
er
e
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
s
tu
d
ies
on
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
a
r
e
as
with
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Viet
n
am
an
d
p
o
licies
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
a
r
ea
s
w
ith
eth
n
ic
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Hieu
a
n
d
Nam
[2
5
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
n
ew
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
ey
also
cr
ea
te
d
an
d
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
eten
cy
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
teac
h
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
in
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
as:
i
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
estab
lis
h
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es;
ii
)
th
e
ca
p
a
city
to
s
tr
ateg
ize
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
;
iii
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
in
teg
r
at
ed
less
o
n
p
lan
s
;
iv
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
em
p
lo
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
;
v
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
co
o
p
er
ate
in
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
i
n
g
;
vi
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
ev
is
e
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t;
v
ii
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
lin
k
less
o
n
co
n
t
en
t
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
;
v
iii
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ar
r
an
g
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
;
an
d
ix
)
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ass
es
s
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
in
teg
r
ated
tea
ch
in
g
[
2
5
].
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Vietn
am
’
s
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
o
n
g
o
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
te
x
tb
o
o
k
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
to
id
e
n
tify
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
E
FA
an
d
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
9
5
-
4
3
0
6
4298
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
u
n
c
o
v
er
in
g
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
E
FA
was
s
e
lecte
d
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
en
g
th
in
id
en
tify
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
teac
h
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
et
tin
g
s
with
co
m
p
lex
,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
lan
g
u
ag
e,
cu
lt
u
r
e,
an
d
p
o
licy
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les
in
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
c
h
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
eth
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
ity
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
aly
tical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
t
h
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
s
ub
j
ec
t
s
R
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
in
clu
d
e
2
8
0
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
teac
h
in
g
at
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
,
in
clu
d
in
g
L
a
o
C
ai,
Yen
B
ai,
T
h
ai
Ng
u
y
en
,
H
a
Gian
g
,
T
u
y
en
Qu
an
g
,
an
d
Ph
u
T
h
o
.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lin
k
s
en
t
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
.
W
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
an
d
s
tu
d
ied
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
em
ale
te
ac
h
er
s
m
ad
e
u
p
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
(
7
6
.
4
%),
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
m
ale
teac
h
er
s
was
2
3
.
6
%.
T
h
is
r
atio
is
al
s
o
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
g
en
d
er
r
atio
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
Vietn
am
in
wh
ich
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
w
o
m
en
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
wo
r
k
ed
in
p
r
im
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
6
y
e
ar
s
o
r
m
o
r
e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
te
ac
h
er
s
ag
ed
3
0
-
4
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
4
0
.
0
%,
teac
h
er
s
a
g
ed
o
v
er
4
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
4
8
.
9
%,
an
d
o
n
ly
1
1
.
1
%
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
teac
h
er
s
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
d
eg
r
ee
s
is
th
e
lar
g
est
(
9
6
.
8
%)
wh
ile
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
a
d
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
lev
el
is
3
.
2
%.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Vietn
am
’
s
2
0
1
9
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
L
aw,
all
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
m
et
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
on
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
(
n
=
280)
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
a
m
p
l
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
A
g
e
Q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
F
e
m
a
l
e
M
a
l
e
U
n
d
e
r
30
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
30
-
45
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
O
v
e
r
45
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
P
o
s
t
-
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
U
n
d
e
r
10
y
e
a
r
s
F
r
o
m
1
0
t
o
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
O
v
e
r
20
y
e
a
r
s
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
214
66
31
112
137
271
9
55
75
150
R
a
t
e
(
%)
7
6
.
4
2
3
.
6
1
1
.
1
4
0
.
0
4
8
.
9
9
6
.
8
3
.
2
1
9
.
6
2
6
.
8
5
3
.
6
3
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
t
o
o
l
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
a
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
.
T
h
is
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
a
d
d
r
ess
es
k
ey
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
,
attitu
d
es,
l
an
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
.
3
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
o
f
t
he
re
s
ea
rc
h
t
o
o
l
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
al
id
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
t
o
o
l
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
was
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
ex
is
ti
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
ies
an
d
m
o
d
els
r
el
ate
d
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ted
te
ac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
its
im
p
l
em
e
n
tat
io
n
i
n
et
h
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
i
ty
p
r
im
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
t
ai
n
o
u
s
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
o
f
Vi
et
n
a
m
.
T
h
e
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
w
as
r
ev
i
ew
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
a
n
d
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
d
tea
c
h
i
n
g
,
wh
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
ei
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
w
as
r
ev
is
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
it
a
cc
u
r
ate
ly
ca
p
t
u
r
e
d
t
h
e
n
e
ce
s
s
a
r
y
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
w
as
ea
s
il
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
te
ac
h
er
s
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
al
ly
,
t
h
e
v
al
id
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
o
l
was
ass
ess
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
E
FA
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
E
FA
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
a
ir
e
w
er
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
tel
y
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
h
i
g
h
co
r
r
el
ati
o
n
s
b
e
tw
ee
n
i
te
m
s
wit
h
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
f
ac
t
o
r
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
E
FA
was
u
ti
lized
in
o
r
d
er
to
ass
es
s
th
e
d
ata
th
at
was
co
lle
cted
f
o
r
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
E
FA
is
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
a
lar
g
e
co
ll
ec
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
m
e
asu
r
es
to
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
h
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
wh
el
m
in
g
m
ajo
r
ity
of
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
’
in
itial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
g
a
in
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
co
llectio
n
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
lin
ea
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
o
n
e
E
FA
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
f
o
r
each
in
d
icato
r
in
th
e
co
llectio
n
.
Un
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
in
a
co
llectio
n
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
b
e
co
m
m
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Un
iq
u
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
r
e
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
l
es
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
d
ex
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f in
teg
r
a
ted
tea
ch
in
g
c
a
p
a
city
a
mo
n
g
tea
ch
e
r
s
in
eth
n
ic
min
o
r
ity
…
(
Ha
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i Th
u
)
4299
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
an
d
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
th
at
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
et
(
th
e
s
et
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
E
FA
was
f
in
is
h
ed
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
th
ey
wer
e
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
1
4
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
B
o
th
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
all
r
esp
o
n
s
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
f
o
r
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
by
th
e
r
esear
ch
tea
m
an
d
in
clu
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
tab
le.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
a
s
tatem
en
t
m
ay
p
o
ten
tially
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
e
latio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
ar
ts
,
th
e
team
d
ec
i
d
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
ta
b
le
if
it
was
s
o
m
ewh
at
n
ea
r
t
o
e
ith
er
1
o
r
5
.
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
test
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
cu
r
v
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
it
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
n
o
r
m
al.
T
h
e
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
al
y
s
is
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
SP
S
S
2
6
p
r
o
g
r
am
af
ter
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
a
d
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t,
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
in
wh
ich
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
ar
iab
le
.
T
h
is
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
u
n
its
an
d
SD
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
o
v
er
ti
m
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
h
as th
e
f
o
r
m
a
s
i
n
(
1
)
:
Y
=
β1
X1
+
β2
X2
+
⋯
+
β
iX
i
+
ε
(
1
)
W
e
will
b
e
ab
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
v
ar
iab
le
Xi
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
o
r
wea
k
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
v
ar
i
ab
le
Y
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
is
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
will
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
b
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
t.
W
h
en
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t is m
ad
e
lar
g
er
,
it in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t is o
f
g
r
ea
ter
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
.
W
ith
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
Y,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
:
Y
=
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
X1
,
X2
,
Xi
=
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
β1
,
β2
,
βi
=
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
ε
=
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
er
r
o
r
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ass
u
m
es
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
ac
cu
r
ately
r
e
f
lect
th
eir
ac
tu
al
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
W
h
ile
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
ject
to
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
its
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
in
s
im
ilar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
m
itig
ated
b
y
tr
ian
g
u
latin
g
r
esu
lts
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tical
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
E
FA
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
ich
h
elp
v
alid
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
B
ef
o
r
e
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
in
teg
r
ate
d
tea
ch
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
i
n
th
e
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
p
ar
t
o
f
Vietn
am
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
ch
ec
k
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O
)
an
d
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
u
s
in
g
SPSS
s
o
f
twar
e.
If
th
e
KM
O
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
lar
g
er
t
h
a
n
.
6
an
d
th
e
s
ig
v
alu
e
is
les
s
th
an
.
0
5
,
th
en
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
th
e
E
FA
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
be
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
B
ased
on
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
it
can
be
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
KM
O
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
h
as
a
v
alu
e
of
.
9
3
2
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
b
s
tan
tiates
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
B
ar
tlett’s
te
s
t
of
s
p
h
er
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
v
al
u
e
of
χ2
(
9
1
)
=8
8
3
.
9
5
3
ρ,
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
.
0
0
0
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
w
h
ich
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
ar
ian
ce
p
er
ce
n
tag
es r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
FA.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
test
o
f
s
p
h
e
r
icity
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
KM
O
an
d
B
a
r
t
l
et
t
K
M
O
.
7
1
7
Th
e
sp
h
e
r
i
c
i
t
y
t
e
s
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
b
y
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
8
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3
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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14
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elate
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ater
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d
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m
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t
1
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wh
ich
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elat
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g
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ag
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d
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ltu
r
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,
h
as
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test
in
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e
x
p
lain
in
g
2
4
.
6
3
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
.
T
h
is
s
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g
g
ests
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at
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ess
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o
f
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l
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g
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ag
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d
cu
ltu
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al
co
n
tex
ts
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lay
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s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
th
eir
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ef
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6
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m
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cc
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g
.
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h
e
o
th
e
r
two
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m
p
o
n
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ts
,
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elate
d
to
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ater
ials
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d
s
u
p
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r
t
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m
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licies
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d
m
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em
en
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ac
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T
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4
p
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e
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tated
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m
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atr
ix
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o
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am
.
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h
e
n
am
in
g
o
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co
m
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ased
o
n
Hair
et
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l.
[
2
7
]
.
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ea
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th
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2
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1
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3
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5
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PS1
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1
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7
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.
Nam
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a
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1
(
X
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)
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6
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6
1
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F
a
c
t
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2
(
X
2
)
:
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(
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.
6
6
5
)
TC
1
P
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5
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2
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t
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e
.
.
6
8
4
TC
3
O
p
p
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t
u
n
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t
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e
s
a
n
d
q
u
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l
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.
6
4
4
TC
4
I
n
v
o
l
v
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m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
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c
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m
mu
n
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t
y
.
.
5
8
4
F
a
c
t
o
r
3
(
X
3
)
:
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
mat
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r
i
a
l
s,
e
q
u
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p
m
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n
t
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n
d
t
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h
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n
g
(
C
r
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n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
6
0
9
)
TM
1
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a
c
i
l
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t
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s a
n
d
e
q
u
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p
me
n
t
t
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r
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d
t
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g
.
.
8
4
4
TM
2
A
v
a
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l
a
b
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l
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t
y
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=
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)
PS1
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PS2
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
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a
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d
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v
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p
me
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p
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l
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s a
n
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r
e
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s
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v
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d
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d
t
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sc
h
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o
l
s.
.
7
0
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dete
r
min
a
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ts
o
f in
teg
r
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ted
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ch
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g
c
a
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a
city
a
mo
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tea
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s
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eth
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ic
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ity
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Ha
n
g
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g
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ye
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4301
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
is
.
0
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,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
lity
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
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lin
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r
co
r
r
elatio
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with
th
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ep
en
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t
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h
e
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T
ab
le
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p
r
o
v
id
es
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d
etailed
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el’
s
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
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le
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n
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icate
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tr
en
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th
o
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f
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ce
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ar
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le.
T
ab
le
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.
ANOVA
M
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m
o
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df
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n
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1
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3
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m
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ltiv
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r
eg
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n
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o
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el
(
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ef
f
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)
M
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llo
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m
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letio
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aly
s
is
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
o
r
d
er
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
a
ted
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
.
All
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
th
at
is
lo
wer
th
an
.
0
5
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
all
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
o
p
u
t
it
an
o
th
er
way
,
th
is
v
ar
iab
le
ex
h
ib
its
an
in
f
lu
en
ce
on
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
wh
ich
is
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
t
h
e
“c
ap
ac
ity
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
”
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
i
m
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
a
ted
teac
h
in
g
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
t
h
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
(
2
)
:
Y
=
.
294
∗
X1
+
.
292
∗
X2
+
.
213
∗
X4
+
.
157
∗
X3
+
ε
.
(
2
)
i
n
wh
ich
:
Y
=
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
tea
ch
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
t
h
er
n
m
o
u
n
t
ain
o
u
s
r
eg
i
o
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
X1
=
l
an
g
u
ag
e
,
cu
ltu
r
e
,
an
d
p
ar
en
t c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
X2
=
t
ea
ch
er
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
X4
=
p
o
licies an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
g
en
cies
X3
=
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
,
an
d
teac
h
er
attitu
d
es
ε
=
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
al
er
r
o
r
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
,
we
can
s
ee
th
at
all
of
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
h
av
e
an
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
’
s
n
o
r
th
er
n
r
eg
i
o
n
to
ex
ec
u
te
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
,
with
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
lev
els
o
f
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
in
o
r
d
er
:
lan
g
u
ag
e,
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
p
a
r
en
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
;
te
ac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
;
p
o
licies
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
g
en
cies;
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
a
n
d
t
ea
ch
er
attitu
d
es.
Of
th
ese
f
o
u
r
b
asic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
lan
g
u
ag
e,
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ar
en
ts
h
av
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
im
p
ac
t
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
ep
lo
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
ize
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
(
ß
=.
2
9
4
)
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
at
wh
en
t
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
cu
lt
u
r
e
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
of
et
h
n
i
c
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ar
en
ts
with
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
1
u
n
it,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
i
m
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
will
in
cr
e
ase
by
.
2
9
4
u
n
its
,
ass
u
m
in
g
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
em
ain
u
n
c
h
an
g
e
d
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
ass
er
ti
n
g
th
at
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
cial
an
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
eir
o
wn
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
f
ir
s
t
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
eir
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
titi
es
[
2
8
]
–
[3
0
]
.
I
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
r
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
in
teg
r
ated
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
th
at
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
teac
h
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tices
[
3
1
]
–
[3
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
b
u
ild
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
9
5
-
4
3
0
6
4302
th
eir
f
am
ilies
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
in
to
teac
h
i
n
g
[
3
4
]
–
[3
6
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
wh
o
a
r
e
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
cu
s
to
m
s
o
f
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
i
ty
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Vietn
am
’
s
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
b
etter
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
d
esig
n
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
en
g
ag
in
g
less
o
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
in
d
in
g
is
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e,
alo
n
g
with
p
ar
e
n
t
–
teac
h
er
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
p
r
ec
ed
e
teac
h
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
a
s
ts
with
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
teac
h
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
wh
en
teac
h
er
s
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tain
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
f
am
ilies
,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
th
at
alig
n
s
with
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
co
n
tex
t
[
3
7
]
–
[
4
1
].
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
p
ee
r
s
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
in
teg
r
ate
d
less
o
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
ey
also
alig
n
with
th
e
v
iew
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
r
eq
u
i
r
es
d
ee
p
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liv
es
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
29
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
c
o
m
p
lem
en
t r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
].
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
wh
i
ch
o
f
ten
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
g
en
er
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
wit
h
in
a
m
u
lti
-
eth
n
ic,
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
at
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
lo
ca
l
p
o
licy
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
if
icity
ad
d
s
n
ew
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
t
s
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
f
o
s
ter
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
in
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
T
r
ai
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
co
v
er
lo
ca
l
la
n
g
u
a
g
es,
cu
s
to
m
s
,
tr
ad
itio
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
o
r
m
s
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
teac
h
er
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
am
ilies
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tailo
r
ed
t
o
r
ef
lect
th
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t e
th
n
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
er
s
is
v
ital.
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
b
u
t
also
with
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
a
d
ap
t
c
u
r
r
icu
l
a
to
lo
ca
l
r
ea
liti
es,
cu
ltiv
ate
e
m
p
ath
y
,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
clu
s
iv
e,
eq
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
alig
n
with
s
ix
k
ey
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
er
s
:
i)
b
ein
g
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
cio
u
s
;
ii)
h
o
l
d
in
g
a
f
f
ir
m
in
g
v
iews
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii)
b
ein
g
co
m
m
itted
to
e
q
u
ity
an
d
ch
an
g
e
;
iv
)
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
lear
n
er
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
k
n
o
wled
g
e
;
v
)
k
n
o
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liv
es
;
an
d
v
i)
d
esig
n
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
b
r
id
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
n
ew
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
29
].
Po
licies
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
a
g
en
cies
also
af
f
ec
t
teac
h
er
s
’
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
ese
p
o
licies
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
ag
e
n
cies
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
tr
ain
in
g
co
u
r
s
es,
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
teac
h
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
en
co
u
r
a
g
em
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
cr
ea
te
tr
u
s
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
h
elp
in
g
teac
h
er
s
o
r
g
an
ize
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
also
h
as
m
an
y
s
im
ilar
ities
with
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
in
g
en
er
al,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
m
a
k
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
[
39
]
,
[
42
]
.
I
t
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
o
r
m
p
o
licies
[
43
]
,
[
44
]
.
T
h
e
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
Vietn
am
h
as
is
s
u
ed
m
an
y
p
o
licies
r
elate
d
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
in
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
ar
ea
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Dec
i
s
io
n
No
.
4
7
/2
0
0
1
/QD
-
T
T
g
o
f
th
e
Prim
e
Min
is
ter
w
h
ich
clea
r
ly
s
tated
th
at
“p
r
io
r
ity
is
g
iv
en
to
t
r
ain
in
g
et
h
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
teac
h
er
s
at
all
s
ch
o
o
l le
v
els in
d
is
tr
icts
with
lar
g
e
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
”
;
Dec
is
io
n
No
.
1
5
9
/2
0
0
2
/QD
-
T
T
g
d
ate
d
No
v
e
m
b
er
1
5
,
2
0
0
2
o
n
“i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
Pro
g
r
am
t
o
s
o
lid
if
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
p
r
esch
o
o
l
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
b
u
ild
d
o
r
m
ito
r
ies
f
o
r
p
u
p
ils
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
o
u
s
es
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
eth
n
ic
ar
ea
s
with
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
”
;
Dec
is
io
n
No
.
0
5
/2
0
2
2
/QD
-
T
T
g
d
ated
Ma
r
ch
2
3
,
2
0
2
2
o
f
th
e
Prim
e
Min
is
ter
o
n
“
cr
ed
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
”
.
W
ith
th
e
p
o
l
icies,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
G
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
Vietn
am
is
also
v
er
y
in
ter
ested
in
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itizes
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
with
m
an
y
eth
n
i
c
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Viet
n
am
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
also
h
a
s
m
an
y
p
r
ef
er
en
tial
p
o
licies,
s
u
ch
as
allo
wan
ce
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
teac
h
er
s
’
in
c
o
m
e,
cr
ea
tin
g
f
av
o
r
ab
le
liv
in
g
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
liti
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
ta
k
in
g
teac
h
in
g
task
s
in
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
ar
ea
s
.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
r
eg
u
lar
ly
o
r
g
an
iz
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
e
r
q
u
alif
i
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
ese
p
o
licies
also
p
ar
tly
b
r
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
t
ain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
is
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
ag
r
ee
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
b
elief
s
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
teac
h
in
g
[
6
]
,
[
16
]
,
[
37
]
,
[
43
]
a
n
d
teac
h
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f in
teg
r
a
ted
tea
ch
in
g
c
a
p
a
city
a
mo
n
g
tea
ch
e
r
s
in
eth
n
ic
min
o
r
ity
…
(
Ha
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i Th
u
)
4303
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
te
ac
h
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
t
ain
o
u
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
teac
h
er
s
also
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es a
n
d
b
elief
s
in
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
teac
h
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
ar
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
p
lay
a
lar
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
cr
ea
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
el
p
i
n
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
e
r
s
’
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
teac
h
er
s
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
im
p
lem
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
b
r
in
g
s
to
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize
ac
tiv
iti
es,
ev
en
ts
,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
f
o
r
u
m
s
to
cr
ea
te
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
n
in
t
eg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
d
i
v
er
s
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ies
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
B
esid
es,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
b
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
tak
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
class
r
o
o
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
teg
r
ate
d
tea
ch
in
g
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
i
n
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Vietn
am
’
s
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Key
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
wi
th
f
am
ilies
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
licy
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
W
h
ile
teac
h
er
b
elief
s
an
d
attitu
d
es
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
p
o
s
itiv
e,
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
estme
n
t
in
c
u
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ate
r
ials
,
class
r
o
o
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
-
s
h
ar
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
u
lly
r
ea
lize
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
i
n
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
in
eth
n
ic
m
i
n
o
r
ity
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
e
g
io
n
o
f
Vietn
am
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
2
8
0
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e,
alo
n
g
with
p
ar
en
tal
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
i
n
teg
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
o
th
er
elem
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
i
als
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
teac
h
er
attitu
d
es,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
o
licies
f
r
o
m
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
ag
en
cies,
also
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
in
teg
r
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ch
alle
n
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
u
n
d
er
lin
i
n
g
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
.
Giv
en
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
we
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
th
at
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
p
r
io
r
itize
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
teac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
ar
ea
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
cu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
-
r
elat
ed
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
te
g
r
ated
teac
h
in
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
teac
h
er
s
to
estab
lis
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
,
ac
h
iev
e
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
in
eq
u
alities
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
m
o
u
n
tai
n
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
Vietn
am
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
k
ey
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lies
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
lo
ca
lized
,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
in
teg
r
ated
tea
ch
in
g
in
et
h
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
c
o
n
tex
ts
-
an
ar
ea
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
in
Vietn
am
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
co
u
ld
ex
te
n
d
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
s
’
wo
r
k
lo
ad
,
lev
el
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
,
an
d
eth
n
icity
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
.
An
o
th
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
c
o
u
l
d
in
v
o
lv
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
eth
n
ic
m
in
o
r
ity
s
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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14
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6
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Dec
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b
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20
25
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4
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F
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AI
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C
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HN
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to
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RE
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NC
E
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[
1
]
S
.
A
.
B
r
o
w
n
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
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me
a
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
,
a
n
d
a
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m
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t
s
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g
r
a
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d
sci
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n
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,
”
S
t
u
d
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E
d
u
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o
n
,
v
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l
.
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o
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p
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1
–
6
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,
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1
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d
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0
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7
2
6
7
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5
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9
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4
5
.
[
2
]
D
.
A
.
W
h
e
t
t
e
n
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
C
l
a
r
k
,
“
A
n
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s,
”
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o
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a
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f
M
a
n
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t
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n
,
v
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o
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1
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8
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,
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:
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2
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2
.
[
3
]
S
.
M
i
r
a
s
c
i
e
v
a
,
“
Th
e
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mar
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s
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h
o
o
l
s
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R
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M
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,
v
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.
2
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.
[
4
]
B
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P
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k
a
,
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,
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t
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d
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d
s
f
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st
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’
s a
sses
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p
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,
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.
[
5
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D
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P
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.
P
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sse,
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d
A
.
C
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T
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[
6
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D
.
D
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M
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mm
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