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Appl
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I
J
AP
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)
Vo
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14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
8
5
9
~
8
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9
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
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,
DOI
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1
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5
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/ijap
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.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
859
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869
859
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(
E
Vs)
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tab
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ed
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s
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s
[
1
]
.
Peo
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[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
W
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4
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.
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[
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.
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[
9
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8
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I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
5
9
-
869
860
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
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g
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Vs,
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p
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g
,
h
av
e
e
m
er
g
e
d
as
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
e
ch
allen
g
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
W
PT
m
eth
o
d
s
,
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
f
er
s
an
o
p
tim
al
b
alan
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
elativ
ely
s
i
m
p
le
h
ar
d
war
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
id
e
al
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
wh
er
e
co
n
tactless
,
au
to
m
ated
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t o
p
er
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
s
m
ar
t
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
E
Vs
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
u
ilt
a
r
o
u
n
d
a
lo
w
-
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ate
s
a
C
D4
0
4
7
I
C
to
g
en
er
ate
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
s
ig
n
al
s
,
I
R
F5
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
s
witch
in
g
,
a
n
d
a
n
in
t
ellig
en
t
I
R
-
s
en
s
o
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ela
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
o
wer
is
o
n
ly
tr
an
s
m
itted
wh
en
a
v
alid
r
ec
ei
v
er
i
s
d
etec
ted
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
r
e
d
u
ce
s
e
n
er
g
y
waste
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
s
af
ety
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
-
b
ased
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
a
n
d
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
I
o
T
in
teg
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatu
s
an
d
b
illi
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
a
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
0
%
an
d
a
r
elay
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
b
elo
w
1
5
0
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it a
p
r
ac
tical
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
telli
g
en
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
a
C
D4
0
4
7
-
b
ased
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
I
R
F5
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
en
h
an
ce
d
with
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
d
etec
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
v
alid
r
ec
eiv
in
g
d
ev
ice,
ac
tiv
atin
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
.
T
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
D4
0
4
7
en
ab
les
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il,
wh
ile
th
e
MO
S
FET
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
s
witch
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
e
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
i
n
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
as
an
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
d
etailed
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
ci
r
cu
itry
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
I
R
-
b
ase
d
d
etec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
t
io
n
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
test
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
ef
f
ici
en
cy
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
o
th
e
r
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
af
f
ir
m
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
au
to
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
with
in
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
em
is
s
io
n
s
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
o
clea
r
an
ce
an
d
co
il
o
f
f
s
et
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
p
ass
es
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
M
C
)
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
s
b
u
t
lack
s
f
ea
tu
r
es
to
h
an
d
le
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atio
n
an
d
b
illi
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Vu
jasi
n
o
v
ic
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
y
et
th
is
s
y
s
tem
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
tain
i
n
teg
r
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
elem
e
n
ts
lik
e
I
R
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
b
illi
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
Gu
p
ta
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
ar
g
es,
b
u
t
th
ey
f
ailed
to
e
x
ec
u
te
an
d
te
s
t
a
f
u
lly
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
Dev
i
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
b
u
t
f
ailed
to
o
p
tim
ize
its
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
o
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
elay
s
y
s
tem
s
.
J
aisi
v
a
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
HV
-
L
V
b
atter
y
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
ch
a
r
g
in
g
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ex
is
ts
n
o
u
s
er
in
te
r
f
ac
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
d
n
o
b
illi
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
.
Vijay
ash
a
n
th
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
co
n
d
u
cted
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
V2
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
il
d
esig
n
b
y
s
tu
d
y
in
g
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
alig
n
m
e
n
t
asp
ec
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
lac
k
s
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
tr
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
en
s
es
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
au
t
o
m
ated
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Ma
r
g
o
wa
d
i
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
ils
to
r
ea
c
h
9
0
.
1
%
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
le
v
el.
Ad
d
in
g
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
a
d
e
s
y
s
tem
h
ar
d
war
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
.
R
ese
ar
ch
er
in
[
2
2
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
elf
-
alig
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
tin
g
m
icr
o
-
s
en
s
in
g
co
ils
wh
ile
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
u
t
th
e
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
ed
s
u
itab
le
m
ain
ly
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
we
r
E
Vs
an
d
n
o
t
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
p
o
wer
r
o
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
icr
o
wav
e
p
o
wer
f
o
r
s
h
u
ttle
E
Vs
with
em
p
h
asis
o
n
lo
g
is
tical
asp
ec
ts
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
esig
n
o
f
th
eir
s
y
s
tem
lim
its
its
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e
b
y
h
o
m
e
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
u
s
er
s
.
A
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
lea
d
s
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
wir
eless
p
o
wer
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
A
s
im
p
le
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
o
T
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
2
6
]
with
o
u
t
an
aly
zin
g
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
r
elay
s
.
Hay
es
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
p
r
ed
icted
f
u
tu
r
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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n
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SS
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2252
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7
9
2
S
ma
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itectu
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T
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wr
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[
2
8
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1
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1
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.
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Sy
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m
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T
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wir
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ch
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g
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y
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ases
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e
tr
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s
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o
f
p
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s
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ch
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with
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t
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ical
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tact.
A
C
D4
0
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in
teg
r
ated
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it
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ates
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s
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tem
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s
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s
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wav
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al
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ltiv
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.
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ate
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R
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s
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at
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th
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tr
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s
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An
alter
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cu
r
r
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(
AC
)
d
ev
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p
s
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au
s
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ch
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n
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f
i
eld
th
at
s
u
r
r
o
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n
d
s
th
e
c
o
il.
Desp
ite
th
e
r
ap
id
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
wir
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ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
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ies
f
o
r
E
Vs,
s
ev
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cr
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ch
allen
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r
em
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n
s
o
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ed
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th
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r
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n
t
liter
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r
e
an
d
co
m
m
er
cial
im
p
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tatio
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s
.
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s
t
ex
is
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in
g
s
y
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tem
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o
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s
s
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s
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is
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h
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d
w
ar
e
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p
lific
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ten
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v
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k
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te
g
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ated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
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s
af
ety
p
r
o
t
o
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ls
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d
r
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tim
e
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s
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b
ac
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.
A
m
aj
o
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g
a
p
lies
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th
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lack
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f
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t
ac
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ec
h
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n
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s
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y
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tem
s
o
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o
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o
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ly
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n
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y
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s
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d
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o
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p
o
s
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r
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wh
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M
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e
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in
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o
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p
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ati
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ter
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ased
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illi
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tial
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o
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en
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a
n
cin
g
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t
r
an
s
p
a
r
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cy
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d
en
ab
lin
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s
m
ar
t
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g
y
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s
ag
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
An
o
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e
is
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tr
ad
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o
f
f
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etwe
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s
y
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tem
co
m
p
le
x
ity
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d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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s
o
m
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ig
h
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f
ic
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d
esig
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s
in
tr
o
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m
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t
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s
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n
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k
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wh
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it scalab
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d
af
f
o
r
d
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.
T
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e
wo
r
k
p
r
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in
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m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t a
d
d
r
ess
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itatio
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b
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ased
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an
in
tellig
en
t
I
R
-
s
en
s
o
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ela
y
,
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
L
C
D
in
ter
f
ac
e,
an
d
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
-
b
ased
b
illi
n
g
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
tack
les
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t,
au
to
m
ate
d
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
wh
ich
s
tr
etch
es
b
etwe
en
an
in
d
u
ctiv
el
y
co
u
p
led
c
o
il
in
d
u
ce
s
a
n
a
lter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
en
ter
s
a
co
m
p
lete
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
ci
r
cu
it
lead
in
g
to
p
o
wer
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
.
A
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
ch
an
g
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
u
s
ab
le
DC
p
o
wer
th
at
ca
n
o
p
e
r
ate
o
r
r
e
ch
ar
g
e
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
ilter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
m
o
o
th
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ic
h
th
e
7
8
0
5
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
tab
ilizes at
5
V.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
s
h
o
ws p
o
wer
r
ec
ep
tio
n
s
tatu
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
L
E
D
s
ig
n
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
5
9
-
869
862
3
.
2
.
Circ
uit
dia
g
ra
m
T
h
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
m
a
jo
r
p
ar
ts
:
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
cir
cu
i
t
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
c
u
it
.
E
ac
h
b
lo
ck
is
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
d
iag
r
am
,
a
n
d
T
a
b
le
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Ov
er
all
op
er
atio
n
:
1.
T
h
e
C
D4
0
4
7
g
en
er
ates a
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e.
2.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
al
s
witch
es th
e
MO
S
FET
,
d
r
iv
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
T
X
co
il.
3.
T
h
e
T
X
co
il p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
alter
n
atin
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
4.
T
h
e
R
X
co
il,
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
T
X
co
il,
ca
p
tu
r
es th
is
f
ield
an
d
g
en
er
ates A
C
v
o
ltag
e.
5.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
r
ec
tifie
s
th
e
AC
.
6.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
f
ilter
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
th
at
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
g
ap
s
in
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
th
at
eith
e
r
em
p
h
asizes
ef
f
icien
cy
o
r
b
a
s
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
in
is
o
latio
n
,
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
en
h
an
c
em
en
ts
in
to
a
s
in
g
le,
co
h
esiv
e
d
esig
n
.
First,
we
im
p
lem
en
t
an
in
tellig
en
t
I
R
-
s
en
s
o
r
-
tr
ig
g
e
r
ed
r
elay
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
th
at
en
s
u
r
es
p
o
wer
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
o
n
ly
wh
e
n
a
v
alid
r
ec
eiv
er
is
d
etec
ted
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
e
ty
—
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
ten
ab
s
en
t
o
r
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
in
ea
r
lier
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
a
l
o
w
-
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
r
e
d
u
ce
s
h
a
r
d
war
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
wh
ile
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
a
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
u
p
to
9
0
%.
T
h
ir
d
,
we
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
a
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
b
illi
n
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
,
en
ab
lin
g
u
s
er
s
to
v
is
u
alize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
b
illi
n
g
d
ata
r
em
o
tely
—
a
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
e
n
o
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
a
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
1
5
0
m
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
co
llectiv
ely
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
m
ar
t,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
u
s
er
-
c
en
tr
ic
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
sy
s
tem
cir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
/
m
o
d
e
l
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
n
o
A
Tmeg
a
3
2
8
P
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
i
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t
e
r
f
a
c
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
L
C
D
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
mi
n
g
I
/
O
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
a
s
k
s.
C
D
4
0
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7
C
M
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st
a
b
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l
t
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v
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e
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r
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u
a
r
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v
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f
o
r
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n
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s t
o
t
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t
r
a
n
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t
t
e
r
c
o
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l
.
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
co
i
l
(
TX
)
~
5
0
–
2
0
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µ
H
c
o
p
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e
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R
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t
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l
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(
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dr
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
ma
r
t wi
r
ele
s
s
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles u
s
in
g
…
(
Dev
a
r
a
ko
n
d
a
Ma
h
id
h
a
r
)
863
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
PT
s
etu
p
p
lay
s
a
c
r
itical
r
o
le
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
af
ety
,
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
au
to
m
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
p
r
esen
ce
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
in
f
r
a
r
ed
(
I
R
)
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
elay
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
g
atin
g
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
is
o
n
ly
ac
tiv
ated
wh
en
a
v
alid
r
ec
eiv
er
is
with
in
r
an
g
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
s
er
v
es
en
er
g
y
b
u
t
also
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
I
nte
llig
ent
a
ct
iv
a
t
i
o
n u
s
ing
I
R
s
e
ns
o
r
a
nd
re
la
y
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ates
an
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
(
s
u
ch
as
o
n
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
o
r
co
m
p
atib
le
d
ev
ice)
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
o
p
er
ates
b
y
em
itti
n
g
in
f
r
ar
ed
lig
h
t
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
f
r
o
m
o
b
jects
p
lace
d
with
in
its
d
etec
tio
n
f
ield
.
W
h
en
a
v
ali
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
b
ject
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
th
e
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
HI
GH
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
.
Up
o
n
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
ce
iv
er
’
s
p
r
esen
ce
,
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ac
tiv
ates
a
s
in
g
le
-
ch
an
n
el
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
eti
c
r
elay
.
T
h
is
r
elay
b
r
i
d
g
es
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
cir
cu
it,
th
u
s
allo
win
g
p
o
wer
t
o
f
l
o
w
to
th
e
C
D4
0
4
7
I
C
,
wh
ic
h
b
eg
in
s
g
en
er
atin
g
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
p
u
ls
es.
I
f
n
o
r
ec
eiv
e
r
is
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
r
elay
r
em
ain
s
o
p
en
,
th
er
e
b
y
is
o
latin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
af
ety
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
er
co
il a
c
t
iv
a
t
io
n sequ
ence
On
ce
th
e
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
d
etec
ts
a
v
alid
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
th
e
r
elay
is
en
g
ag
ed
,
th
e
C
D4
0
4
7
I
C
en
t
er
s
astab
le
m
u
ltiv
ib
r
ato
r
m
o
d
e
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
s
ig
n
als
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
e
x
ter
n
al
r
esis
to
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
ese
s
ig
n
als
d
r
iv
e
a
p
ai
r
o
f
I
R
F5
4
0
N
-
ch
an
n
el
MO
SF
E
T
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
i
n
a
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
alter
n
atin
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
ese
MO
SF
E
T
s
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
(
T
X
co
il),
th
er
e
b
y
g
en
er
a
tin
g
an
o
s
cillatin
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
i
eld
.
T
h
is
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
in
d
u
ce
s
an
alter
n
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
it
is
co
r
r
ec
tly
alig
n
ed
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
lin
g
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
n
r
ec
tifie
d
an
d
r
e
g
u
lated
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
f
o
r
u
s
ab
le
DC
o
u
tp
u
t,
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
Rea
l
-
t
i
m
e
f
ee
db
a
ck
v
ia
L
CD
in
t
er
f
a
ce
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
is
u
al
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
,
a
1
6
×
2
liq
u
id
cr
y
s
tal
d
is
p
lay
(
L
C
D)
is
in
ter
f
ac
ed
w
ith
th
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
.
W
h
ile
th
e
L
C
D
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
ar
ticip
ate
d
ir
ec
tly
in
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ath
,
it
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
ital
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
-
m
a
ch
in
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
HM
I
)
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
lay
p
r
esen
ts
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
i)
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
tatu
s
:
wh
e
th
er
a
r
ec
eiv
er
is
d
etec
ted
o
r
n
o
t
;
ii)
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
ctiv
ity
:
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elay
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
cir
c
u
it
;
an
d
iii)
b
illi
n
g
s
tatu
s
:
o
n
g
o
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
as
a
b
illi
n
g
am
o
u
n
t
(
if
i
n
teg
r
ated
with
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
)
.
T
h
e
L
C
D
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
,
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
o
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
etu
p
s
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
q
u
ick
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
s
tates.
3
.
4
.
Adv
a
nt
a
g
es o
f
t
he
co
ntr
o
l sy
s
t
em
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
f
er
s
m
u
ltip
le
b
en
ef
its
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
:
i)
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
:
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
s
o
n
ly
wh
en
a
v
alid
r
ec
eiv
er
is
d
etec
ted
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
id
le
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
;
ii)
E
n
h
an
ce
d
s
af
et
y
:
B
y
d
is
ab
lin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
lo
ad
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
in
im
izes
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
;
iii)
Au
to
m
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
:
User
s
ar
e
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
m
an
u
ally
ac
tiv
ate
o
r
d
ea
ctiv
ate
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
e
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
;
an
d
iv
)
Mo
d
u
lar
it
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
:
T
h
e
r
elay
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
etu
p
ca
n
b
e
s
ca
led
o
r
a
d
ap
ted
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
to
la
r
g
er
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
o
r
I
o
T
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
.
3
.
5
.
Sa
f
et
y
c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
User
s
af
ety
to
g
eth
er
with
s
y
s
tem
s
af
ety
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
ess
en
tial
p
r
io
r
ity
d
u
r
in
g
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
s
af
ety
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
clu
d
in
g
b
u
ilt
-
in
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
n
d
d
esig
n
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
ical
s
ec
u
r
ity
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
er
m
al
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
G
a
lv
a
nic
i
s
o
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
s
af
ety
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
in
d
u
ctiv
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
m
p
lete
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
ic
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
en
ab
les
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
with
o
u
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
co
n
tact
wh
ich
g
r
ea
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
s
h
o
ck
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
is
is
o
latio
n
e
n
s
u
r
es:
i)
s
af
e
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ac
r
o
s
s
air
g
ap
s
;
ii)
th
e
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
5
9
-
869
864
r
eq
u
ir
e
n
o
p
h
y
s
ical
ef
f
ec
t,
a
n
d
th
eir
ex
ter
n
al
co
n
tact
r
em
ain
p
r
o
tecte
d
;
an
d
iii)
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
en
ef
it
wh
en
u
tili
zin
g
in
d
u
ctiv
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
to
g
eth
e
r
with
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
g
ain
s
t
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
a
n
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
elem
en
ts
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
O
v
er
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
pro
t
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
7
8
0
5
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
with
o
th
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
k
ee
p
th
e
5
V
DC
o
u
tp
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t
p
r
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ted
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ain
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t in
p
u
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
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.
Ad
d
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n
al
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
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r
es in
clu
d
e:
-
L
ar
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e
elec
tr
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p
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ito
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s
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u
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to
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en
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s
in
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1
N4
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r
ec
tifie
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d
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es wh
ich
p
r
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t r
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r
s
e
cu
r
r
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n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
ien
ts
b
o
th
d
u
r
in
g
co
il c
o
u
p
lin
g
an
d
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
ew
w
ir
eless
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
test
in
g
ass
es
s
ed
b
o
th
its
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
its
r
ea
ctio
n
s
p
ee
d
,
as
well
as
it
s
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
test
ca
s
es
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
s
af
ety
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
w
ir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
co
v
e
r
s
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
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ates
o
n
ly
i
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
v
er
if
ie
d
r
ec
eiv
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s
,
s
o
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
s
tay
s
in
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tiv
e.
Sy
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
–
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
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y
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
atio
n
tim
e
o
cc
u
r
s
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
r
elay
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
d
eter
m
i
n
es
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
's
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ate
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
up
T
h
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
test
in
g
to
o
k
p
lace
o
n
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tab
le
wo
o
d
en
p
l
atf
o
r
m
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
1
2
V
DC
r
e
g
u
lated
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
p
e
r
ated
as
th
e
m
ain
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
r
ep
licate
g
r
i
d
-
s
id
e
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
a
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
v
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ltag
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an
d
c
u
r
r
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wh
ile
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n
o
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cillo
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co
p
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an
aly
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ed
r
ec
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d
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
wav
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o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
lo
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d
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
5
V
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u
lated
DC
o
u
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tag
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w
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ich
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ad
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D
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icato
r
to
s
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tim
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T
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tire
p
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ty
p
e
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m
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ito
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Ar
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Fig
u
r
e
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s
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etu
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o
f
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ag
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lace
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th
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etails.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ou
t
p
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t im
ag
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w
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p
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p
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with
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esp
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lab
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4
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
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m
t
est
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s
T
wo
s
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test
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c
r
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ted
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e
wir
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s
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m
an
a
g
em
en
t th
r
o
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th
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s
y
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tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ap
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E
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2252
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8
7
9
2
S
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t wi
r
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ch
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a
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ch
itectu
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fo
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s
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(
Dev
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865
i)
Scen
ar
io
1
:
i
d
le
s
tate
(
n
o
r
ec
ei
v
er
)
,
th
at
is
:
−
T
h
e
I
R
s
en
s
o
r
wo
r
k
s
as a
d
ete
cto
r
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f
le
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itima
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r
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eiv
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co
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wh
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ar
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ab
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en
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−
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m
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cr
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b
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ex
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−
Me
asu
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t
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in
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s
:
a)
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ltag
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(
r
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:
0
V
b)
C
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A
−
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ity
.
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Scen
ar
io
2
:
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ch
ar
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th
at
is
:
−
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s
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d
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wh
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th
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r
ec
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au
t
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m
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s
th
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ch
ar
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.
−
On
ce
ac
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b
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th
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h
ig
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-
f
r
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AC
p
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tr
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s
m
itter
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−
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cr
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ar
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B
ill."
−
Me
asu
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r
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in
g
s
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ltag
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(
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5
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4
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tr
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itter
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4
.
3
.
P
o
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t
ra
ns
f
er
re
s
po
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e
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
Un
lik
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tr
ad
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n
al
r
elay
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tr
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y
s
tem
s
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th
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p
r
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p
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s
ed
d
esig
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lev
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a
g
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
eso
n
an
ce
-
b
ased
tr
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s
m
is
s
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n
,
wh
ich
e
n
ab
les
q
u
ick
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ac
ti
v
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n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
en
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g
y
d
eliv
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o
n
c
e
a
v
alid
r
ec
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er
is
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
esp
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n
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
ess
e
n
tial
to
ev
alu
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its
r
ea
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-
t
im
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f
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tiv
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ess
,
p
ar
ticu
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ly
th
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tim
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r
eq
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ag
n
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ta
b
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an
d
v
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o
u
tp
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t
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u
latio
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.
T
h
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p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
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wer
e
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ec
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d
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s
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am
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test
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n
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s
an
d
ar
e
p
r
esen
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i
n
T
ab
le
3
to
illu
s
tr
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th
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s
y
s
te
m
’
s
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ap
id
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p
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n
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r
ea
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in
es
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d
s
tab
ilit
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d
u
r
in
g
p
o
we
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tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Par
am
eter
s
with
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esp
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n
s
e
tim
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
M
e
a
su
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d
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sp
o
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t
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me
M
a
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t
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c
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p
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st
a
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ms
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u
t
p
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t
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v
o
l
t
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g
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se
t
t
l
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i
me
80
ms
4
.
4
.
P
o
wer
t
ra
ns
f
er
ef
f
icienc
y
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
ev
al
u
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
was u
s
ed
.
=
(
)
×
100
=
×
100
W
h
er
e:
is
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
an
d
is
th
e
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wer
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ei
v
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
e
n
d
.
−
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
e
ad
in
g
s
:
a)
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
(
at
t
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tr
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s
m
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ates
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ased
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I
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2
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2
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2
I
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,
Vo
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14
,
No
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4
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Dec
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b
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20
25
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869
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CO
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DATA AV
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
X
.
M
o
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,
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a
o
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d
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[
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[
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1
6
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[
1
7
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R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.