I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
9
9
9
~
1
0
1
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
999
-
1
0
1
0
999
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
A f
uz
zy
log
ic app
ro
a
ch t
o
susta
ina
ble energy
ma
na
g
ement
in stand
a
lo
ne mic
ro
g
rids
Su
g
a
nthi N
ee
la
g
iri
1
,
Srini
v
a
s
B
a
bu
2
,
Si
dd
a
lin
g
a
pp
a
g
o
ud
a
B
ira
da
r
3
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
D
a
y
a
n
a
n
d
a
S
a
g
a
r
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
B
a
n
g
a
l
o
r
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
C
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
E
a
st
W
e
s
t
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
B
a
n
g
a
l
o
r
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
D
a
y
a
n
a
n
d
a
S
a
g
a
r
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
B
a
n
g
a
l
o
r
e
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
8
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
1
6
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
fa
st
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
wo
r
ld
wid
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
d
riv
e
n
b
y
in
d
u
strial
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
in
c
re
a
sin
g
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
f
o
ss
il
f
u
e
ls,
h
a
s le
d
to
h
i
g
h
e
r
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
In
re
sp
o
n
se
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
so
lar,
wi
n
d
,
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
we
r,
o
ffe
r
c
lea
n
e
r
a
n
d
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
re
p
lac
e
m
e
n
ts
with
in
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
ro
le
o
f
a
rti
ficia
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
(
AI)
-
b
a
se
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic,
in
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
.
A
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
fo
r
a
re
n
e
wa
b
le
-
p
o
we
re
d
m
icro
g
rid
t
h
a
t
i
n
c
o
rp
o
ra
tes
a
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
r
g
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
.
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
d
u
e
to
it
s
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
u
n
c
e
rtain
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
o
f
fe
rs
v
iab
le
so
l
u
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
wi
th
i
n
m
icro
g
rid
sy
st
e
m
s.
Th
is
sy
ste
m
is
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
a
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
d
u
a
l
-
lo
o
p
p
ro
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
-
in
teg
ra
l
(P
I)
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
i
n
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
th
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
fu
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
imp
ro
v
e
t
h
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
s
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s.
Th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ims
to
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
th
e
c
r
e
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
re
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
th
a
t
in
teg
ra
te
re
n
e
wa
b
le
re
so
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
atter
y
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
Fu
zz
y
Hy
b
r
id
So
lar
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
g
an
th
i N
ee
lag
ir
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Day
a
n
an
d
a
Sag
ar
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
B
an
g
alo
r
e
5
6
0
0
7
8
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: su
g
an
th
i_
n
ee
lag
i
r
i@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
h
as
led
to
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
As
th
e
wo
r
ld
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
an
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
-
b
ased
ec
o
n
o
m
y
to
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ialized
s
o
ciety
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
ten
s
iv
e,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
h
ig
h
er
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
escalate
d
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
,
o
f
te
n
r
ely
in
g
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
el
ec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
,
o
f
f
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
alter
n
ativ
es
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
n
atu
r
ally
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
g
en
er
ate
m
in
im
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ar
m
,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
em
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
Sin
ce
2
0
0
4
,
th
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
h
as
g
r
o
wn
-
u
p
at
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
r
ates,
with
y
ea
r
ly
r
is
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
6
0
%
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
B
y
2
0
1
0
,
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ac
c
o
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
n
ea
r
ly
o
n
e
-
th
ir
d
o
f
th
e
n
ewly
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
s
ig
n
alin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
tr
en
d
to
war
d
clea
n
e
r
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
2
0
1
1
f
o
r
ec
ast
b
y
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
e
r
g
y
Ag
en
c
y
(
I
E
A
)
,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
alo
n
e
co
u
ld
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
in
th
e
n
ex
t
f
if
ty
y
ea
r
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
9
9
-
1
010
1000
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
eg
m
en
t
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
As
g
lo
b
al
atten
tio
n
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
e
n
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
a
ctice
s
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
i
n
m
ee
tin
g
en
e
r
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
s
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
an
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
E
MS
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
(
D
SM)
,
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
elp
to
p
r
o
jec
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
b
ased
o
n
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
h
a
v
e
em
er
g
ed
as
cr
u
cial
to
o
ls
in
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
s
u
ch
as
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
task
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
ite
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
a
n
d
win
d
f
a
r
m
s
,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
in
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
f
lictin
g
cr
iter
ia
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
em
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
MG
)
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
h
elp
in
g
to
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
d
esp
ite
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
f
lu
c
tu
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
an
d
v
ar
y
in
g
elec
tr
i
city
d
em
a
n
d
.
E
MS
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
ar
e
class
if
ie
d
b
ased
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
lin
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
to
ch
asti
c
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
,
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
tili
ze
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
ter
ati
v
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
er
ad
a
p
tab
ili
ty
to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
in
itial
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
ile
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
r
eliab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
b
ec
o
m
es c
h
allen
g
in
g
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
b
u
t
th
ey
o
f
ten
co
m
e
with
h
ig
h
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
Mix
ed
-
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
il
ity
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
d
is
cr
ete
v
ar
i
ab
les;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
ca
n
b
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
in
ten
s
iv
e,
e
s
p
ec
ially
wh
en
ap
p
lied
to
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
[
1
3
]
.
R
o
b
u
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
h
a
n
d
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
,
b
u
t
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
ti
m
ally
.
L
ik
ewise,
s
to
ch
asti
c
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
is
v
alu
ab
le
in
u
n
ce
r
tain
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it m
ay
n
o
t a
lway
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
m
o
s
t o
p
tim
al
o
u
tco
m
es [
1
3
].
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
h
an
ce
c
o
m
p
li
an
ce
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
Neu
r
a
l
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
m
ak
in
g
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
c
o
m
p
lex
,
an
d
it
in
v
o
lv
e
wid
e
-
r
an
g
i
n
g
d
ata
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
-
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
tac
k
lin
g
c
o
m
p
l
ex
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
u
t
d
e
m
an
d
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
ata
an
d
ar
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
t
o
p
ar
am
eter
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
Am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
i
q
u
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
(
FLC)
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
h
a
n
d
le
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
in
d
e
f
in
i
te
d
ata
in
co
m
p
lex
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
d
etailed
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
[
1
5
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
m
am
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
is
o
lated
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
f
o
r
b
atter
y
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[1
6
]
-
[
19
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
W
T
)
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ici
n
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
am
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
u
z
z
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
E
MS
m
o
d
e
l
s
r
e
g
u
l
at
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
S
OC
)
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
iz
e
e
lec
t
r
i
c
it
y
c
o
s
ts
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
w
ea
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
m
a
r
k
e
t
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
y
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
f
u
z
z
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
im
e
d
a
t
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
a
f
e
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
MG
o
p
e
r
atio
n
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
HE
SS
)
[
2
0
].
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ca
p
ab
le
AI
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
I
t
o
f
f
e
r
s
an
in
f
lu
en
tial
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
a
n
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
tin
g
im
p
r
ec
is
e
d
ata
in
to
p
r
ec
is
e,
co
m
p
u
tab
le
p
a
r
am
eter
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
n
atu
r
e
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
en
ab
les
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
of
h
an
d
lin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
ly
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t [
2
2
].
T
h
is
p
ap
er
'
s
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
p
r
esen
t
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
teg
r
ated
with
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
aim
s
to
u
tili
ze
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
ag
ain
s
t
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
m
o
d
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
e
s
en
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
to
s
h
o
wca
s
e
h
o
w
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e.
B
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
ai
m
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
tellig
en
t,
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
le
e
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
i
n
s
ta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
micro
g
r
id
s
(
S
u
g
a
n
th
i Neela
g
ir
i
)
1001
2.
SYST
E
M
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
NS
PV
b
ased
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
a
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
a
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
a
DC
lo
ad
.
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
b
atter
y
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
DC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
B
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
o
d
els
av
ailab
le
in
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
[
2
5
]
,
[2
6
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
a
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
T
h
e
m
ain
aim
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
tan
t
at
4
0
0
V.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
g
e
n
er
ates
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
al
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
tak
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
as
th
e
in
p
u
t.
T
h
is
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
SOC
o
f
b
att
er
y
,
a
n
d
SOC
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
t
r
o
ller
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
.
A
f
u
zz
y
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
ailab
le
I
d
cr
ef
,
SOC
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
g
e
n
er
ates
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
Usi
n
g
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
,
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
a
ls
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
wer
e
g
e
n
er
ated
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
a
ted
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
an
d
av
ail
ab
le
ac
tu
al
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
g
iv
en
t
o
th
e
b
atte
r
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
to
g
en
e
r
a
te
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
DC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Similar
ly
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
with
f
u
zz
y
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
2
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
co
ntr
o
l t
ec
hn
iqu
e
Fu
zz
y
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
g
en
er
ates
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
u
tp
u
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
SOC
s
o
f
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
SOC
s
c
an
d
av
ailab
le
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
to
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
l
in
k
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
f
u
zz
y
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
DC
lin
k
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
is
g
iv
en
as
in
p
u
t,
wh
ich
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
,
an
d
I
d
cr
ef
is
also
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
b
atter
y
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
u
n
d
e
r
b
alan
ce
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
as g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
−
−
=
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
to
tal
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
,
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
b
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
as
in
(
2
)
.
=
+
+
−
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
9
9
-
1
010
1002
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
(
Ma
m
d
an
i)
is
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
two
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e.
T
h
e
allo
wa
b
le
r
an
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
DC
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
is
-
5
to
5
.
SOC
b
at
in
p
u
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
h
ig
h
an
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
SOC
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
i
s
0
-
1
0
0
%
s
im
ilar
ly
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
SOC
is
also
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
t
h
r
ee
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
an
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
SOC
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
e
r
e
is
0
-
1
0
0
% a
n
d
th
e
d
etails o
f
th
e
s
am
e
is
g
iv
en
in
th
e
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
zz
y
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
tab
le
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
S
O
C
b
-
r
a
n
g
e
(
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
)
S
O
C
sc
-
r
a
n
g
e
(
su
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
)
Lo
w
0
-
1
5
%
0
-
1
5
%
M
e
d
i
u
m
15
-
8
5
%
15
-
8
5
%
H
i
g
h
85
-
9
5
%
85
-
9
5
%
3.
F
UZ
Z
Y
B
AS
E
D
E
NE
RG
Y
M
ANAG
E
M
E
N
T
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
I
n
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ef
f
icien
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
v
ital
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tlin
es
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
(
I
d
cr
e
f
)
an
d
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
(
SOC
b
)
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SOC
s
c)
.
3
.
1
.
I
np
uts
a
nd
o
utput
T
h
e
in
p
u
ts
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
e:
I
d
cr
ef
(
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
)
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
mode
—
wh
er
e
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
v
alu
e
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
g
en
er
atio
n
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
(
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
)
an
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
a
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
(
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t)
;
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
b
atter
y
(
SOC
b
)
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
,
o
r
h
ig
h
;
an
d
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SOC
s
c
)
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
also
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
,
o
r
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
s
y
s
tem
is
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
(
I
s
cr
ef
)
an
d
it
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
ze
r
o
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
)
,
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
(
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
)
.
3
.
2
.
Alg
o
rit
hm
ex
pla
na
t
io
n
W
h
en
th
e
DC
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
d
cr
e
f
)
is
n
eg
ativ
e
,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
I
s
cr
ef
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
SOC
b
)
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SOC
s
c)
.
I
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
lo
w
an
d
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
m
ed
i
u
m
o
r
h
ig
h
,
I
s
cr
ef
is
s
et
to
ze
r
o
,
an
d
i
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
b
atter
y
g
ets
ch
ar
g
ed
.
I
f
SOC
b
is
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
SOC
s
c
is
lo
w,
I
s
cr
ef
r
em
ain
s
ze
r
o
with
o
n
ly
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
SOC
s
c
is
m
ed
iu
m
o
r
h
ig
h
,
I
s
cr
ef
b
ec
o
m
es
p
o
s
itiv
e,
allo
win
g
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
c
h
ar
g
e.
W
h
en
SOC
b
is
h
ig
h
,
I
s
cr
ef
i
s
s
et
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
SOC
s
c,
en
ab
lin
g
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
I
d
cr
ef
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
)
,
an
d
SOC
b
is
lo
w,
I
s
cr
ef
is
s
et
to
ze
r
o
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
SOC
s
c,
allo
win
g
o
n
ly
th
e
b
atter
y
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
ch
a
r
g
e.
I
f
SOC
b
is
m
e
d
iu
m
an
d
SOC
s
c
is
lo
w,
I
s
cr
ef
r
em
ai
n
s
ze
r
o
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
i
d
len
ess
.
B
u
t
if
SOC
s
c
is
h
ig
h
,
I
s
cr
ef
b
ec
o
m
es
n
eg
at
iv
e,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
b
atter
y
s
tr
ain
.
W
h
en
SOC
b
is
h
ig
h
,
an
d
SOC
s
c
is
l
o
w,
I
s
cr
ef
is
ag
ain
s
et
to
ze
r
o
,
with
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
alo
n
e,
wh
ile
a
m
ed
i
u
m
SOC
s
c
lead
s
to
a
n
eg
ativ
e
I
s
cr
ef
,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
ass
is
t w
ith
l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
le
e
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
i
n
s
ta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
micro
g
r
id
s
(
S
u
g
a
n
th
i Neela
g
ir
i
)
1003
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l
lo
g
ic
e
x
pla
na
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
is
b
r
o
ad
ly
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
two
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
:
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
an
d
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
Un
d
er
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
(
I
d
c
r
ef
=
n
eg
ativ
e)
,
wh
e
n
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
is
av
ailab
le,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
io
r
itizes
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
if
its
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
is
lo
w.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
SO
C
i
s
m
ed
iu
m
o
r
h
ig
h
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Un
d
er
th
e
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
(
I
d
cr
e
f
=
po
s
itiv
e)
,
d
u
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
to
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
lo
a
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
wh
en
its
SOC
is
m
ed
iu
m
o
r
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
alg
o
r
ith
m
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
a
b
atter
y
.
B
o
th
t
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
lin
k
e
d
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
is
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
l
in
k
ed
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
n
d
er
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
:
i)
v
ar
iatio
n
in
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
at
io
n
,
ii)
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
iii)
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
b
o
t
h
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
2
k
W
,
a
n
d
d
etailed
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
g
i
v
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
-
l
o
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
3
]
,
u
n
d
e
r
id
en
tic
al
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
m
o
d
e.
I
n
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
2
3
]
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
ter
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
ill
b
e
g
iv
e
n
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
S
y
st
e
m c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
u
n
i
t
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
2
5
0
W
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
c
)
3
7
.
3
V
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
V
mp
3
0
.
7
V
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
mp
8
.
1
5
A
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
sc
8
.
6
6
A
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
n
o
mi
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
3
0
0
V
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
a
t
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
Ah
48
Ah
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
C
9
9
.
5
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
r
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
3
0
0
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
9
9
-
1
010
1004
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
m
icr
o
g
r
id
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
t
r
o
l stra
teg
y
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
with
f
u
zz
y
-
b
as
ed
E
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
4
.
1
.
Ca
s
e
1
:
g
ener
a
t
io
n v
a
ri
a
t
io
n
4
.
1
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
a
na
l
y
s
is
o
f
ener
g
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
e
m
un
der
g
ener
a
t
io
n v
a
ria
t
io
n
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
,
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
is
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t
at
1
,
4
0
0
W
,
wh
ile
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
p
o
wer
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
2
,
000
W
to
1
,
500
W
at
1
s
ec
o
n
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
is
s
u
d
d
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
c
o
m
p
en
s
ated
b
y
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
le
e
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
i
n
s
ta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
micro
g
r
id
s
(
S
u
g
a
n
th
i Neela
g
ir
i
)
1005
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
a
b
atter
y
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
(
E
M)
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
ain
tain
s
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
at
4
0
0
V,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
wh
en
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
ab
r
u
p
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
r
esu
lts
in
a
tr
an
s
ien
t
lo
ad
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
last
in
g
5
0
m
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
e
r
io
d
,
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
m
en
tar
il
y
d
r
o
p
s
to
3
8
0
V
b
ef
o
r
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
to
400
V
with
in
5
0
m
s
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
o
l
tag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
d
lo
ad
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
. S
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
(
f
u
zz
y
E
M
s
y
s
tem
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
S
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
(
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
l
o
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
)
4
.
2
.
Ca
s
e
2
:
g
ener
a
t
io
n v
a
ri
a
t
io
n
-
g
ener
a
t
io
n is
less
t
ha
n lo
a
d
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
f
u
zz
y
-
b
a
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
a
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
2
,
000
W
to
1
,
6
0
0
W
at
t
=
1
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
1
,
800
W
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
af
te
r
t
=
1
s
.
T
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
is
s
h
o
r
tf
all,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
b
atter
y
an
d
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
h
a
n
d
lin
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
al
s
o
s
im
u
lat
ed
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
lead
s
t
o
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
i
n
b
o
th
lo
a
d
p
o
wer
a
n
d
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
last
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
0
m
s
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tab
ilizin
g
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
i
lity
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s.
4
.
3
.
Ca
s
e
3
:
l
o
a
d
v
a
ria
t
i
o
n
4
.
3
.
1
.
A
na
ly
s
is
o
f
lo
a
d v
a
ri
a
t
io
n o
n e
nerg
y
ma
na
g
em
ent
s
y
s
t
em
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
)
T
o
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lo
a
d
v
ar
iatio
n
,
th
e
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
2
,
0
0
0
W
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
ad
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
,
4
0
0
W
to
1
,
8
0
0
W
at
t
=
1
s
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Desp
ite
th
is
s
u
d
d
en
ch
an
g
e
i
n
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
D
C
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
at
4
0
0
V.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
a
d
v
ar
iatio
n
is
i
n
itially
m
et
b
y
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
(
E
M)
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
wh
en
th
e
s
am
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
d
y
n
am
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
u
d
d
en
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
is
also
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
b
atter
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
d
r
o
p
s
to
3
8
0
V)
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
last
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
0
m
s
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tab
ilizin
g
at
4
0
0
V,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
wh
il
e
b
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
m
ain
tain
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
f
aster
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lo
ad
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
9
9
-
1
010
1006
Fig
u
r
e
9
. S
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
(
f
u
zz
y
E
M
s
y
s
tem
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
S
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
(
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
(
f
u
zz
y
E
M
s
y
s
tem
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
(
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
l
o
o
p
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
)
4
.
3
.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
lo
a
d v
a
r
ia
t
io
n in e
nerg
y
m
a
na
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
t
em
s
An
o
th
er
ca
s
e
o
f
lo
a
d
v
a
r
iatio
n
is
an
aly
ze
d
,
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
(
E
M)
s
y
s
tem
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
f
o
r
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
g
en
er
atio
n
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
1
,
6
0
0
W
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
1
,
4
0
0
W
to
2
,
0
0
0
W
in
0
.
5
s
e
co
n
d
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
,
it tak
es a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
5
m
s
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
n
ew
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
2
,
0
0
0
W
af
ter
th
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Simila
r
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
s
e,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
lo
ad
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
,
t
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
2
5
m
s
to
r
esto
r
e
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
e,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es a
m
o
r
e
s
ta
b
le
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
.
4
.
4
.
C
a
s
e
4
:
g
ener
a
t
io
n a
nd
lo
a
d v
a
ria
t
io
n
4
.
4
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
g
ener
a
t
io
n
a
nd
lo
a
d v
a
ria
t
io
ns
in a
DC
m
icro
g
rid
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
e
r
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
p
o
wer
.
I
n
itially
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
g
en
er
atio
n
is
m
ain
t
ain
ed
at
2
,
0
0
0
W
u
n
til
1
s
ec
o
n
d
,
af
ter
w
h
ich
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
s
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
le
e
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
i
n
s
ta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
micro
g
r
id
s
(
S
u
g
a
n
th
i Neela
g
ir
i
)
1007
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
1
,
5
0
0
W
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
1
,
400
W
u
n
til
0
.
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
en
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
2
,
000
W
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
E
M)
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
.
Desp
ite
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
b
o
th
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
T
h
is
s
tab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
as
th
e
b
atter
y
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
h
an
d
les
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
e
n
g
en
er
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
2
,
000
W
to
1
,
5
0
0
W
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
i
n
b
o
th
th
e
lo
a
d
p
o
wer
an
d
D
C
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
last
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
0
m
s
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
lo
ad
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
aster
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
th
a
n
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
L
o
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
ca
s
e
2
s
im
u
latio
n
(
f
u
zz
y
E
M
s
y
s
tem
)
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
L
o
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
ca
s
e
2
s
im
u
latio
n
(
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
l
o
o
p
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
)
Fig
u
r
e
15
.
S
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
v
ar
iatio
n
(
f
u
zz
y
E
M
s
y
s
tem
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
S
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
(
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
l
o
o
p
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
)
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
a
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
,
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
lo
ad
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
is
n
o
t
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
ca
s
es,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
r
eg
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
ch
a
n
g
es,
l
o
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
9
9
-
1
010
1008
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
b
o
th
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
E
MS
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
PI
-
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
-
b
ased
E
MS
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
T
ab
le
3
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
an
d
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
a
f
ter
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
MS
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
PI
-
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
E
MS
[
2
3
]
C
a
ses
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
s
y
st
e
m
F
u
z
z
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
me
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
me
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
(2
,
0
0
0
W
→
1
,
500
W,
l
o
a
d
=
1
,
4
0
0
W
0
-
1
5
V
20
ms
0
0
.
1
ms
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
2
,
000
W
→
1
,
600
W,
l
o
a
d
=
1
,
8
0
0
W
0
-
1
5
V
20
ms
0
0
.
1
ms
Lo
a
d
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
Lo
a
d
:
1
,
400
W
→
1
,
8
0
0
W,
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
2
,
000
W
0
-
2
0
V
25
ms
-
50
ms
2
V
0
.
1
ms
Lo
a
d
:
1
,
400
W→
2
,
0
0
0
W,
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
=
1
,
600
W
0
-
2
0
V
25
ms
-
50
ms
2
V
0
.
1
ms
G
e
n
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
2
,
000
W→
1
,
500
W,
l
o
a
d
:
1
,
000
W
→
1
,
4
0
0
W
0
-
4
0
V
25
ms
-
50
ms
0
0
.
2
ms
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
etailed
ev
alu
atio
n
b
etwe
en
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ase
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
g
en
er
atio
n
,
lo
a
d
,
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
td
o
n
e
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
t
p
r
eser
v
ed
a
s
tab
le
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
with
alm
o
s
t
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ex
h
ib
ite
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
u
p
t
o
4
0
V
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
was
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
aster
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
tab
ilizatio
n
with
in
0
.
1
–
0
.
2
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
2
0
–
5
0
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
ely
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
9
1
%
f
aster
t
h
an
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
b
u
t
it
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
lo
ad
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t i
n
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
E
MS.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
e
tech
n
ical
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
lik
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
g
r
ea
te
r
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
is
wo
r
k
ex
h
ib
ite
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ad
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
e
r
en
h
a
n
c
em
en
ts
co
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
e
x
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
lar
g
e
r
-
s
ca
le
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
a
wid
er
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
—
s
u
ch
as
g
eo
th
er
m
al
o
r
b
io
m
ass
—
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
also
ex
ten
d
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Su
g
an
th
i N
ee
lag
ir
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Srin
iv
as B
ab
u
✓
✓
✓
Sid
d
alin
g
ap
p
a
g
o
u
d
a
B
ir
ad
ar
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.