I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
9
1
2
~
9
2
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
4
.
i
4
.
pp
912
-
922
912
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Enha
nced che
eta
h optimizer
f
o
r
d
ema
nd side ma
na
g
ement in
sm
a
rt
g
rids wi
th
dema
nd respo
nse
a
nd renewable
en
ergy
L
a
k
s
hm
i
H
a
v
eli
1
,
M.
P
.
F
lo
wer
Q
ueen
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
N
o
o
r
u
l
I
sl
a
m
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
K
u
mara
c
o
i
l
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
R
M
TR
P
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
Tr
i
c
h
y
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
1
1
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
1
9
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
1
6
,
2
0
2
5
F
o
r
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s,
it
is
c
rit
ica
l
to
e
n
su
re
t
h
a
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
sid
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(DS
M
)
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
stro
n
g
two
-
wa
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
se
c
u
rit
y
a
n
d
p
ri
v
a
c
y
issu
e
s.
DSM
su
c
c
e
ss
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
u
st
o
m
e
rs
wh
o
n
e
e
d
a
ju
st
s
y
ste
m
.
Th
e
re
c
e
n
t
fa
irn
e
ss
stu
d
ies
in
DSM
h
a
v
e
id
e
n
ti
fied
d
iffere
n
t
d
e
fi
n
it
i
o
n
s
o
f
fa
irn
e
ss
wh
il
e
th
is
stu
d
y
p
re
se
n
ts
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
h
e
e
t
a
h
o
p
ti
m
ize
r
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(ECOA)
f
o
r
so
lv
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
lex
d
y
n
a
m
ic
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
d
isp
a
tch
(DED).
Th
e
ECOA
t
a
rg
e
ts
a
t
m
in
imiz
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
sts
a
s
we
ll
a
s
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
se
c
u
rit
y
.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
tes
ts
th
e
ECOA
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
b
y
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
DE
D
p
ro
b
lem
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
ly
fr
o
m
DSM
,
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
o
n
1
0
-
u
n
it
a
n
d
20
-
u
n
it
tes
t
sy
ste
m
s.
Th
e
se
fig
u
re
s
c
lea
rly
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
ECOA
d
e
c
re
a
se
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
sts
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
0
.
2
4
%
a
n
d
0
.
4
3
%
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
o
n
c
e
DSM
is
u
se
d
.
Th
u
s,
it
is
p
o
ss
i
b
le
t
o
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
a
t
DSM
h
a
s
th
e
p
o
ss
ib
il
it
y
o
f
b
rin
g
in
g
d
o
w
n
c
o
sts
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
C
o
n
si
d
e
rin
g
t
h
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
in
t
o
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
wit
h
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
ECOA’s
a
d
a
p
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
m
a
k
e
it
a
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
m
u
lt
i
-
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
with
i
n
su
c
h
k
i
n
d
o
f
n
e
two
rk
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dem
an
d
s
id
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
Gr
id
au
to
m
atio
n
Op
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
Sm
ar
t g
r
id
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
ak
s
h
m
i
Hav
eli
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
No
o
r
u
l I
s
lam
C
en
ter
f
o
r
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ku
m
ar
ac
o
il,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
E
m
ail:
lak
s
h
m
in
ag
u
r
la@
k
ak
at
iy
a.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
m
ay
s
o
o
n
r
ea
ch
its
lim
it
s
in
ce
an
n
u
al
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
elec
tr
icity
u
s
ag
e
ar
e
p
u
s
h
in
g
th
em
to
t
h
e
b
r
in
k
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
's
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
b
ein
g
in
b
alan
ce
.
Ma
in
tain
i
n
g
m
i
n
im
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
ea
k
an
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
lo
ad
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Dem
an
d
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
(
DSM)
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
in
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
in
ce
it
b
alan
ce
s
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
[
1
]
.
DSM
in
clu
d
es
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
i
n
itiativ
es
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
m
o
v
e
n
o
n
-
ess
en
tial
p
o
wer
u
s
e
to
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
lo
we
r
th
eir
b
ills
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
id
e
g
en
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
A
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
DSM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
is
t
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
DSM
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
p
ast
wer
e
u
tili
ty
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
th
at
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
t
lo
ad
co
n
tr
o
l
(
DL
C
)
.
Un
d
e
r
r
esid
en
tial
DL
C
,
th
e
u
tili
ty
ca
n
r
em
o
tely
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ce
r
tain
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
a
co
n
tr
ac
t b
etwe
en
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
3
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ef
f
icien
tly
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esid
en
tial
lo
a
d
s
,
d
a
y
-
ah
ea
d
lo
ad
s
h
if
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
a
DSM
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
was
to
lo
wer
th
e
u
tili
ties
'
e
n
er
g
y
ex
p
e
n
s
es.
I
n
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
a
d
d
is
p
at
ch
was
r
eso
lv
ed
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
I
n
ter
io
r
Sear
ch
Alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
y
s
ea
r
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
to
tack
le
th
is
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
is
s
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
ch
ee
ta
h
o
p
timiz
er f
o
r
d
ema
n
d
s
id
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Ha
ve
li
)
913
A
d
ay
-
ah
ea
d
s
h
if
tin
g
o
f
lo
a
d
s
DSM
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
a
d
ay
-
ah
ea
d
p
r
icin
g
p
lan
a
n
d
a
n
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
g
a
m
e
[
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
an
d
led
a
co
r
e
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
atch
i
n
clu
d
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
s
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
,
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
C
o
s
t
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
g
en
er
atio
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
,
a
n
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
ar
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
tr
icate
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
er
tain
in
g
to
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
was
cr
ea
ted
[
5
]
.
C
er
tain
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
h
o
m
e
lo
a
d
d
em
a
n
d
,
ap
p
lian
ce
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
u
m
ed
in
c
er
tain
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
w
i
t
h
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
p
r
es
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
DS
M
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
is
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
a
s
t
r
ai
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
o
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
n
eg
lecte
d
t
o
a
cc
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
in
t
h
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
[
6
]
.
No
w
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
h
u
g
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
an
al
y
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
h
o
m
e
ap
p
lian
ce
s
at
an
y
g
iv
e
n
tim
e
ca
n
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
b
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
h
o
m
es
an
d
u
s
er
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
lo
ad
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
is
co
n
d
u
cted
af
te
r
an
aly
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
7
]
.
Vo
lu
n
tar
y
lo
ad
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
an
o
th
er
k
in
d
o
f
DSM
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Utili
z
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
u
s
er
s
f
in
an
cially
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
g
ag
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
s
is
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
DSM.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
k
ee
p
in
m
in
d
,
n
e
v
er
th
eless
,
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
to
r
ea
ct
t
o
p
r
ice
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
DSM
s
h
o
u
ld
tak
e
a
u
to
m
a
tic
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
User
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
lo
ad
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
v
ia
th
e
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
p
r
ici
n
g
in
DSM
an
d
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
m
eter
s
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lt
ies in
in
teg
r
atin
g
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
DSM
in
a
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
n
ec
ess
itates
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
e
i
n
tr
icac
ies
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
to
attain
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
en
tire
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
as
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
r
o
ws
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
r
ea
li
s
atio
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
ac
tical
p
lan
s
t
o
m
atch
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
g
r
e
en
en
er
g
y
with
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
a
s
tab
le
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
h
as
litt
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
[
1
0
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
ick
est,
clea
n
est,
an
d
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
s
atis
f
y
o
u
r
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
(
DSM)
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ou
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
em
an
d
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies
will
b
e
lo
wer
ed
,
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
-
s
u
p
p
ly
g
ap
s
will
b
e
g
r
ea
tly
clo
s
ed
in
a
s
h
o
r
ter
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
,
an
d
t
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
will
b
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
less
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
th
an
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
n
ew
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
t
wo
u
ld
s
ee
m
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
ag
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
an
d
h
e
n
ce
r
aisi
n
g
s
ales
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
p
r
u
d
e
n
t
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
tr
ateg
y
f
r
o
m
a
u
tili
ty
p
o
in
t o
f
v
iew
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
ca
s
e
in
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
e
r
ev
en
u
es we
r
e
th
e
o
n
ly
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t d
r
iv
er
an
d
t
h
er
e
was e
x
ce
s
s
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
b
ig
g
er
r
ev
e
n
u
e
s
d
o
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
eq
u
ate
to
b
e
tter
p
r
o
f
its
,
an
d
in
s
o
m
e
ci
r
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
DSM
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
e
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
itab
le
th
an
i
n
v
esti
n
g
i
n
n
ew
g
en
er
atin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
wh
en
u
s
in
g
a
least
-
co
s
t
p
lan
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
tili
ties
co
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
ad
v
is
ed
t
o
en
co
u
r
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
DSM.
Fro
m
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
lin
k
ed
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lev
el
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
r
o
th
e
r
ac
tiv
ity
is
less
en
ed
wh
en
en
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
d
ec
lin
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
wer
in
g
o
f
th
e
g
u
id
ed
wav
elen
g
th
at
a
f
a
cto
r
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
-
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
i
z
e
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
in
im
u
m
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
m
o
d
el,
a
t
h
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
am
p
le
e
n
tr
o
p
y
a
n
d
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
4
]
.
Sy
s
tem
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
E
MSs
ar
e
cr
u
cial
to
elec
tr
if
y
in
g
th
ese
r
u
r
al
v
illag
es b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
h
a
r
s
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
-
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
all
o
w
th
e
s
o
-
ca
lled
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
n
o
w
b
ei
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
o
k
e
h
in
g
e
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
ea
ch
s
et
o
f
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
ar
m
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
to
p
d
y
n
am
ic
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
th
e
b
o
t
to
m
s
tatic
p
latf
o
r
m
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
e
b
u
i
lt
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
h
as
n
ea
r
ly
twice
as
m
u
ch
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
r
esid
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
DSM
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
DA
-
Gm
E
DE
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
2
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
s
m
ar
t
ap
p
lian
ce
s
,
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
PHEV
s
)
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
Ss
)
m
ay
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
r
e
s
id
en
tial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
2
2
]
.
L
a
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
h
is
to
r
ical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
r
o
p
tim
i
z
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
d
ata
m
in
in
g
a
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
th
e
class
ical
s
ce
n
ar
io
g
e
n
er
atin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
et
o
f
class
ical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
en
tire
r
eg
io
n
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tar
-
s
h
ap
ed
u
n
f
u
s
ed
r
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ac
ce
p
to
r
s
(
SS
UFR
E
As
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
th
ir
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
o
p
tim
i
z
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
i
z
atio
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ts
ch
a
llen
g
es
f
o
r
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
DR
)
[
2
5
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
g
iv
e
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
a
ch
o
ice
b
etwe
en
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
eir
co
m
f
o
r
t a
n
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
lo
wer
s
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
1
2
-
922
914
I
n
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
alan
cin
g
co
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
f
air
n
ess
in
DSM
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e.
W
h
ile
DSM
en
h
an
ce
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
,
its
s
u
cc
ess
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
f
air
cu
s
to
m
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tw
o
-
way
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
to
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ad
d
s
co
m
p
lex
ity
to
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
es
e
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
ch
ee
ta
h
o
p
tim
izer
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
E
C
OA)
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
atch
(
DE
D)
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
E
C
OA’
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t stra
teg
ies.
DSM
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
o
d
er
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
air
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
DSM
f
ai
r
n
ess
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
alan
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ev
o
lv
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
E
C
OA
to
ad
d
r
ess
DE
D
ch
allen
g
es,
aim
in
g
to
m
in
im
ize
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
ested
o
n
1
0
-
u
n
it
an
d
2
0
-
u
n
it
s
y
s
tem
s
,
E
C
OA
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
i
n
DSM
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
an
d
s
h
o
ws
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
s
ec
tio
n
1
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
ec
tio
n
s
2
an
d
3
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
DM
S
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
with
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
ch
e
etah
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
in
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
is
g
iv
e
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
:
−
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
em
p
lo
y
th
e
E
C
OA,
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
an
ag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
atch
in
g
.
A
le
v
y
f
ly
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
ch
a
o
tic
s
in
e
m
a
p
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
t
o
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
will p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
b
etter
an
d
f
aster
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
−
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
e
f
in
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
ta
k
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t b
o
th
an
esti
m
ate
an
d
its
o
p
p
o
s
ite
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
t a
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
−
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
d
en
s
ity
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
.
−
T
h
e
E
C
OA
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
f
ig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
wh
e
n
t
o
p
u
m
p
wate
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ig
h
er
r
eser
v
o
ir
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
elea
s
in
g
it
f
o
r
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
tak
es
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les
in
clu
d
in
g
d
em
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
,
p
o
wer
p
r
ici
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
ellin
g
p
r
ice
o
f
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
.
−
W
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
x
am
in
ed
h
o
w
well
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
s
o
lv
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
i
s
p
atch
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
DSM
h
as
b
ee
n
v
iewe
d
as
a
way
f
o
r
u
tili
tie
s
to
p
o
s
tp
o
n
e
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ac
ity
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
p
ea
k
elec
tr
icity
d
e
m
an
d
.
I
n
ac
tu
ality
,
DSM
h
as
a
lo
t
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
e
n
ef
its
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
lo
ad
o
n
a
n
en
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
u
ch
as
m
in
im
izin
g
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
em
er
g
en
cies,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
b
lack
o
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
r
eli
an
ce
o
n
co
s
tly
f
u
el
im
p
o
r
ts
,
l
o
wer
en
er
g
y
co
s
ts
,
an
d
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
h
ar
m
f
u
l
p
o
llu
tan
ts
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
o
ten
tial
ad
v
an
ta
g
es.
Ultim
ately
,
DSM
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
in
p
o
s
tp
o
n
in
g
lar
g
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
DSM
to
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
e
co
lo
g
y
.
2
.
1
.
De
m
a
nd
s
ide m
a
na
g
em
e
nt
Sin
ce
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
en
ab
les
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
th
eir
lo
ad
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
a
b
its
,
it
i
s
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
I
t
is
a
n
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
a
n
au
th
o
r
ity
d
eliv
er
y
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
DSM
g
iv
es
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
-
s
av
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
u
s
e
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
m
o
d
u
lar
p
r
icin
g
,
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
DR
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
ea
k
lo
ad
.
DSM
o
v
er
s
ee
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
en
io
r
em
p
lo
y
e
es
g
en
er
al
to
cr
ea
te
an
ad
e
q
u
ate
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
atin
g
t
o
f
u
lf
il
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
an
d
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izin
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
m
ad
e
to
d
ef
in
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
th
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
ef
f
iciency
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
is
es
co
n
t
r
o
ls
d
esig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
en
d
u
s
er
s
an
d
ap
p
lian
ce
s
th
at
g
r
ad
u
ally
lo
wer
lo
ad
u
s
ag
e
b
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
en
er
g
y
-
s
av
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
at
th
e
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in
p
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o
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th
e
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ev
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r
ed
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tim
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as
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ig
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
ch
ee
ta
h
o
p
timiz
er f
o
r
d
ema
n
d
s
id
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Ha
ve
li
)
915
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
u
s
e
p
r
o
f
ile
m
in
im
izatio
n
.
An
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
,
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
2
.
1
.
2
.
T
im
e
o
f
us
e
(
T
o
U)
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
T
o
U
b
illi
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
a
u
tili
ty
d
iv
id
es
its
s
e
t
tar
if
f
s
in
to
2
4
-
h
o
u
r
in
ter
v
als.
A
p
ar
am
eter
b
illi
n
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
is
th
en
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
er
io
d
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
i
s
b
ased
o
n
an
h
o
u
r
b
lo
ck
-
b
ased
in
d
icato
r
tar
if
f
o
f
elec
tr
icity
u
n
its
,
it
ca
n
aid
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
h
ig
h
d
em
a
n
d
r
ates
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
p
r
icin
g
tar
if
f
s
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
Sp
inn
ing
re
s
er
v
e
T
h
e
s
p
in
n
in
g
r
eser
v
e
is
g
en
e
r
ally
b
eliev
ed
to
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
m
eth
o
d
'
s
b
ac
k
p
o
wer
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
u
d
d
en
f
all
in
g
en
e
r
atin
g
lev
els.
T
h
e
s
p
in
n
in
g
r
eser
v
e
is
s
o
m
eth
in
g
th
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
(
DNO)
m
a
y
em
p
l
o
y
to
co
v
er
an
y
g
a
p
s
in
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
th
in
g
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
h
ar
m
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
u
n
its
,
p
o
o
r
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
an
d
d
is
p
atch
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es.
Prim
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
p
in
n
in
g
r
eser
v
es
ar
e
th
e
two
m
ain
v
ar
ieties.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
u
s
es
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
to
r
estrict
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ile
th
e
latter
i
n
jects m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Dem
a
nd
re
s
po
ns
e
W
h
en
u
n
it
r
ates
ch
an
g
e
o
v
er
tim
e
o
r
i
n
ce
n
tiv
e
s
ch
e
m
es
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
d
ev
iate
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ty
p
ical
p
atter
n
s
o
f
u
s
ag
e.
W
h
en
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
is
u
n
clea
r
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
ar
if
f
p
e
r
io
d
s
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
wh
o
lesale
m
ar
k
et,
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
lo
ad
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al.
DR
is
esp
ec
ially
in
ter
ested
in
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ea
k
p
r
icin
g
/u
s
ag
e
p
h
ases
o
f
t
h
e
d
ay
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
er
e
is
litt
le
d
em
an
d
o
r
lim
ited
s
p
in
n
in
g
c
ap
ac
ity
f
o
r
r
eser
v
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
tim
es.
Fo
r
D
SM,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
ad
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
cr
u
cial,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
attain
ed
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
-
s
id
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
ab
its
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
D
SM
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
asic p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
D
SM
2
.
2
.
De
m
a
nd
s
ide m
a
na
g
e
ment
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
As s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
lo
ad
-
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
DSM)
in
clu
d
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
,
lo
ad
m
o
v
in
g
,
p
e
ak
tr
im
m
in
g
,
v
alley
f
illi
n
g
,
o
r
lo
ad
s
h
ap
in
g
.
I
n
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
,
m
ax
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
1
2
-
922
916
clip
p
in
g
is
a
tactic
u
s
ed
to
le
s
s
en
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
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k
d
em
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d
at
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
en
it
wo
u
l
d
b
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
to
in
s
tall
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
u
n
its
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
v
a
lley
f
illi
n
g
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
ta
in
s
y
s
tem
b
alan
ce
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
th
e
t
y
p
ical
p
r
ice
is
less
th
an
th
e
lo
ad
co
s
t.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
h
ap
p
en
s
wh
en
a
p
lan
t
h
as
l
o
w
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
less
p
o
wer
th
an
it
c
o
n
s
u
m
es.
T
h
is
r
e
s
u
lts
in
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
to
tal
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
e
v
en
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dem
a
n
d
s
id
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t te
ch
n
iq
u
es
Du
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
s
ales
th
at
i
s
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
d
r
o
p
in
p
ea
k
,
it is
r
elativ
ely
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
d
is
n
o
t a
s
o
f
ten
u
s
e
d
as o
th
er
lo
ad
c
o
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
B
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
ea
s
o
n
al
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
s
tr
ateg
ic
lo
ad
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
r
aises
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
in
a
ce
r
tain
s
ea
s
o
n
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
eir
g
o
al,
t
h
e
u
tili
ties
,
h
o
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er
,
em
p
lo
y
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
th
e
ele
ctr
if
icatio
n
o
f
co
m
m
er
cial
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
h
ea
tin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
W
h
en
it'
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
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ed
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ce
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
ch
an
g
e
to
tal
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
co
m
p
an
y
in
ter
r
u
p
ts
th
e
lo
ad
s
.
L
o
a
d
lim
itatio
n
d
ev
ices
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
f
lex
ib
le
lo
ad
f
o
r
m
t
o
lo
wer
u
s
er
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
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al
s
y
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tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
U
s
i
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M
to
f
o
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u
l
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t
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h
e
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n
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o
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r
a
i
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h
at
g
o
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l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
t
.
A
f
t
e
r
ta
k
i
n
g
i
n
to
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
v
a
l
v
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
W
it
h
t
h
e
ℎ
s
t
e
a
m
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
t
t
i
m
e
t
,
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
e
x
p
e
n
s
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
is
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
(
)
=
∑
(
+
+
2
)
+
|
s
in
(
∗
(
−
)
)
|
=
1
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
i^th
g
en
er
ato
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
m
eg
awa
tts
,
k
is
th
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
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tr
icity
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p
r
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d
u
cin
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u
n
its
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
f
u
el
ex
p
e
n
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itu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
i^th
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en
er
ato
r
.
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h
e
p
r
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d
u
cin
g
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x
p
e
n
s
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ac
to
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s
o
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ℎ
u
n
it,
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e
p
r
esen
ted
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d
,
ar
e
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s
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to
m
o
d
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th
e
v
alv
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p
o
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t p
ac
k
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f
ec
t in
t
h
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.
(
)
=
(
2
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I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
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d
en
o
te
d
b
y
an
d
th
e
im
m
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iate
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p
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co
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f
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t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
d
e
n
o
t
ed
b
y
.
R
eg
ar
d
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e
f
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p
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ir
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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p
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E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
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2
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ch
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b
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h
y
d
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T
h
e
s
ix
p
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s
o
f
in
s
tr
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m
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ts
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s
ed
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h
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v
esti
g
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e
o
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tlin
ed
in
T
a
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le
1
,
t
o
g
eth
er
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
eir
elec
t
r
ical
ca
p
ac
ity
r
atin
g
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
A
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
P
o
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
n
g
A
p
p
l
i
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n
c
e
P
o
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e
r
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t
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n
g
A
i
r
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o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
70
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El
e
c
t
r
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c
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W
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sh
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g
m
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e
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B
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t
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s
t
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C
l
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t
h
d
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e
r
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I
r
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n
2
5
0
W
2
.
3
.
Dis
t
ribute
d g
ener
a
t
io
ns
in s
m
a
rt
g
rid
As illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
a
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
(
DE
R
)
is
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
is
p
er
s
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
s
o
f
co
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tr
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lled
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ad
s
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al
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ar
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k
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tr
ib
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tio
n
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tem
o
f
a
s
m
a
r
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tr
ib
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ted
g
en
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atio
n
,
o
r
DE
R
,
u
n
its
f
r
eq
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en
tly
c
o
m
b
in
e
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
B
asically
,
th
ey
f
all
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
d
is
p
atch
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t g
r
i
d
u
s
es a
v
ar
iety
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ty
p
es
2
.
3
.
1
.
So
la
r
p
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
T
h
e
m
ain
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
u
s
ed
wo
r
ld
wid
e
is
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
in
s
talled
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
p
an
els.
I
t
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
en
er
g
y
o
n
an
y
s
ca
le,
eith
er
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
(
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
)
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
(
r
o
o
f
to
p
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
)
.
I
t
ca
n
also
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
o
r
in
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
g
r
id
.
Pr
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
ec
asts
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
So
la
r
t
herma
l
So
lar
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
h
ea
t
f
lu
id
s
to
an
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
er
ate
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
wate
r
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
f
lu
id
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es
s
u
p
er
h
ea
ted
s
team
.
I
n
a
p
o
wer
p
lan
t,
a
g
en
er
ato
r
c
o
n
v
er
ts
m
ec
h
a
n
ica
l
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
wh
ile
s
team
p
o
wer
s
tu
r
b
in
es.
W
ith
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
t
o
h
ea
t
s
te
am
in
s
tead
o
f
b
u
r
n
in
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
elec
tr
icity
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
t
o
o
n
e
wh
ich
u
s
es
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els.
2
.
3
.
3
.
H
y
dro
po
wer
p
la
nts
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
wate
r
'
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
wate
r
h
ea
d
,
th
e
f
lo
win
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
wate
r
ca
n
r
o
tate
a
tu
r
b
in
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
o
we
r
in
a
ce
n
tr
alis
ed
o
r
d
ec
e
n
tr
alis
ed
s
ty
le
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
DSM
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
o
f
te
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t b
y
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
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wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
1
2
-
922
918
2
.
3
.
4
.
Wind
t
urbin
e
s
I
n
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
en
th
er
e
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
win
d
r
ea
ch
,
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
r
W
E
C
s
,
ar
e
also
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
DGs).
On
ly
s
m
aller
,
lo
wer
-
ca
p
ac
ity
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
its
ca
n
u
s
e
th
is
u
n
it.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
d
ep
lo
y
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
W
T
u
n
its
with
o
u
t
in
ter
f
er
in
g
with
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
2
.
3
.
5
.
G
eo
t
her
m
a
l
e
nerg
y
T
h
e
ea
r
th
'
s
co
r
e
is
wh
er
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
g
e
o
th
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
DGs
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
g
e
o
th
er
m
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
h
o
t
s
p
r
in
g
s
,
l
av
a
f
lo
ws,
g
ey
s
er
s
,
o
r
p
lace
s
wh
er
e
wate
r
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
tacts
s
u
r
f
ac
es
with
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Geo
th
er
m
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
a
v
iab
le
m
ea
n
s
o
f
g
en
er
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
as p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
cy
cle
o
f
ev
a
p
o
r
atio
n
an
d
r
ep
le
n
is
h
m
en
t.
2
.
4
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
enha
nced
che
et
a
h o
ptim
izer
a
l
g
o
rit
hm
F
ig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
en
h
an
ce
d
c
h
ee
tah
o
p
tim
i
z
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
'
s
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
A
ch
ee
tah
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ca
n
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
allo
w
s
it
to
id
en
tif
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
ey
,
wh
ich
it
m
ay
th
en
eith
er
attac
k
r
ig
h
t
awa
y
o
r
wait
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ey
to
g
et
clo
s
er
.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
attac
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
s
tag
es:
a
q
u
ick
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
ca
p
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
ch
ee
tah
m
a
y
,
h
o
wev
er
,
g
iv
e
u
p
th
e
ch
ase
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
r
eser
v
es
o
r
a
n
o
v
er
ly
ag
ile
tar
g
et.
I
n
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
th
e
ch
ee
tah
m
ay
with
d
r
aw
to
its
d
en
in
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
h
u
n
tin
g
ter
r
ito
r
y
.
T
h
e
ch
ee
ta
h
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
ev
alu
ates
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
its
p
r
ey
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
id
in
g
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
C
OA
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
r
elies
o
n
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
h
u
n
tin
g
c
y
cles
o
r
iter
atio
n
s
,
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
is
en
tire
h
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
th
e
C
OA
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
th
ese
clev
er
h
u
n
tin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
wh
ile
th
e
h
u
n
t.
Sear
ch
in
g
:
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
i
n
d
p
r
ey
in
th
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
p
ac
e,
ch
ee
tah
s
eith
er
a
ctiv
ely
ex
p
lo
r
e
o
r
s
ca
n
th
eir
ter
r
ito
r
ies
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
.
−
Sit
tin
g
an
d
waitin
g
:
W
h
en
ch
ee
tah
s
s
p
o
t
p
r
ey
b
u
t
th
e
w
ea
th
er
is
n
'
t
id
ea
l,
th
ey
co
u
ld
d
ec
id
e
to
wait
p
atien
tly
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
e
y
to
g
et
cl
o
s
er
o
r
f
o
r
an
alter
n
ativ
e
ch
a
n
ce
to
p
r
esen
t its
elf
.
−
Attack
in
g
: T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ess
en
tial stag
es to
th
is
tactic.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
n
h
an
ce
d
c
h
ee
tah
o
p
tim
i
z
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
f
lo
wch
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
ch
ee
ta
h
o
p
timiz
er f
o
r
d
ema
n
d
s
id
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Ha
ve
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)
919
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
'
s
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
to
b
e
p
u
r
ch
ased
,
a
n
d
th
e
DG'
s
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t a
r
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
'
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
n
o
t e
n
tire
ly
r
estricte
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
p
er
i
o
d
s
.
All
th
at
is
k
n
o
wn
is
th
at
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
ato
r
will
p
u
r
ch
ase
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
west p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
wet
lo
ad
ca
teg
o
r
y
'
s
r
ef
o
r
m
e
d
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
o
n
th
e
win
ter
ag
g
r
eg
ate
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
eliev
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
et
wo
r
k
,
p
o
wer
h
as
b
ee
n
cu
t
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
1
.
9
%
in
to
2
2
.
7
%.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
p
ea
k
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
r
ten
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
n
d
l
o
ad
p
r
o
jectio
n
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
x
t d
ay
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
DG
o
u
tp
u
t,
r
ig
id
lo
a
d
s
,
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
u
tili
z
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
lo
west d
aily
co
s
t,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t e
lectr
ical
d
em
an
d
o
f
th
e
en
tire
r
esid
en
tial d
e
m
an
d
b
o
t
h
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
lo
ad
s
h
if
tin
g
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Day
-
ah
ea
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
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,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
1
2
-
922
920
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
at
as
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
is
u
s
ed
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
lin
es
an
d
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
s
h
o
w
a
d
is
tin
ct
u
p
war
d
tr
e
n
d
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
cr
ea
s
es with
th
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
DR
&
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
DR
o
u
tp
u
t,
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
in
v
o
k
e
m
o
r
e
DR
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
b
u
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
ab
s
o
r
b
e
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
DR
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
m
a
x
im
u
m
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
DSM
in
itiativ
es
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
I
n
d
ia
an
d
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
s
u
cc
ess
in
m
an
y
o
th
er
n
atio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
th
in
g
th
at
will
p
r
ev
en
t
Dis
co
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
r
o
m
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
DSM
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
if
th
e
v
alu
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
DSM
is
clea
r
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
Dis
co
s
h
a
v
e
im
m
ed
i
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
p
u
r
ch
ase,
tar
if
f
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
o
g
e
th
er
with
s
u
p
p
l
y
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
,
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ca
n
h
elp
to
f
u
lf
il
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
i
city
in
d
u
s
tr
y
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
c
o
s
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
cr
o
s
s
all
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
eg
m
en
ts
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
elo
p
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
n
it
o
f
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
f
o
r
s
u
ch
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
u
r
n
in
g
to
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
h
ar
m
f
u
l
alte
r
n
ativ
es
lik
e
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ets
o
r
f
r
o
m
r
ef
u
s
in
g
to
p
ay
th
eir
elec
tr
icity
b
il
ls
,
D
is
co
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
er
v
e
lo
a
d
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
u
p
p
ly
q
u
ality
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
m
o
m
en
t
h
as
co
m
e
to
estab
li
s
h
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
p
o
licies
th
at
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
,
as
well
as
to
b
e
g
in
ex
ec
u
tin
g
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
o
je
cts
ce
n
tr
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
non
-
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
DSM,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
De
m
an
d
-
s
id
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
will
b
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
b
y
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
clea
n
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
o
wth
;
if
n
o
t n
o
w,
th
en
at
a
later
d
ate
an
d
o
n
p
ar
with
c
u
r
r
e
n
t p
o
wer
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
h
is
h
ea
r
tf
elt
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
f
o
r
h
is
g
u
i
d
an
ce
an
d
u
n
wav
er
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t d
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
h
is
g
u
id
an
ce
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
No
f
u
n
d
in
g
was o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
ch
ee
ta
h
o
p
timiz
er f
o
r
d
ema
n
d
s
id
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Ha
ve
li
)
921
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
ak
s
h
m
i
Hav
eli
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
M.
P.
Flo
wer
Qu
ee
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
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