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Dec
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I
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n
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e
a
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d
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fficie
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c
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f
a
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r
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
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e
n
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rg
ies
.
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p
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p
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se
d
sy
ste
m
c
a
n
to
lera
te
flu
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tu
a
ti
n
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rid
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
a
p
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f
ro
m
su
p
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fe
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tu
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s
o
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s
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e
n
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v
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re
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ty
a
n
d
su
sta
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
g
ri
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
ANN
B
atter
y
Gr
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
MPPT
So
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
Su
s
tain
ab
le
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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n
se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Gan
ap
an
en
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p
n
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
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an
d
E
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g
in
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g
,
Ko
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ak
s
h
m
aiah
E
d
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ca
tio
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Fo
u
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Gu
n
tu
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Vijay
awa
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,
An
d
h
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a
Pra
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5
2
2
3
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,
I
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d
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m
ail:
g
an
ap
an
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wap
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a@
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m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fas
t
g
r
o
wth
in
g
lo
b
al
en
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r
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
co
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ce
r
n
o
v
er
en
v
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r
o
n
m
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n
tal
p
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llu
tio
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,
q
u
ick
en
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d
th
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p
ac
e
to
war
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
So
lar
p
h
o
to
v
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ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
s
am
o
n
g
th
ese
h
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g
ath
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in
cr
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,
b
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s
u
s
tain
ab
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alo
n
g
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
co
s
ts
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
b
ig
ch
allen
g
es a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
s
t
ill ar
e
th
eir
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
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o
n
th
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en
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o
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m
e
n
t,
c
o
n
s
id
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in
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th
at
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ir
r
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a
n
d
am
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ien
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tem
p
er
atu
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e
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
ei
r
ef
f
icien
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y
.
T
h
e
m
ain
i
n
ten
t
in
im
p
lem
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tin
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
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p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
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g
(
MPPT
)
tech
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iq
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was,
th
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o
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e
,
to
en
ab
le
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to
h
ar
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ax
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m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV
ar
r
a
y
s
[
1
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es,
n
am
ely
,
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
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s
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(
P&
O)
an
d
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cr
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ctan
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,
ar
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u
s
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ally
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o
t
ab
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o
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ap
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q
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i
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ly
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o
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g
h
t
o
th
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f
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ch
a
n
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
r
esu
lts
in
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es.
R
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
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m
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in
ar
tific
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tellig
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ce
,
es
p
ec
ially
in
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
,
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
MPPT
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
s
tab
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
2
]
.
San
d
ee
p
an
d
Mo
h
a
n
ty
[
3
]
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
n
ANN
-
tr
ain
ed
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
PV
-
p
o
wer
e
d
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
R
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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E
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g
I
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
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a
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d
o
p
timiz
a
tio
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o
f g
r
id
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r
o
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A
N
N
-
b
a
s
ed
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o
la
r
MPP
T a
n
d
b
a
tter
y
(
K
o
lli S
u
jr
a
n
)
989
b
etwe
en
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
id
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
.
A
r
ev
iew
b
y
Villeg
as
-
Mie
r
et
a
l.
[
4
]
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
in
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
PV p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ain
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
it c
an
ad
ap
t to
r
ea
l
ch
an
g
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
J
y
o
th
y
an
d
Sin
d
h
u
[
5
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
r
ac
k
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
i
r
r
ad
i
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
ai
et
a
l.
[
6
]
h
a
v
e
wo
r
k
ed
o
n
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
s
ta
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
Div
y
ash
ar
o
n
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
o
p
tim
ized
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
m
o
d
els,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
Mo
h
am
m
ad
[
8
]
a
p
p
lied
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
with
d
ir
e
ct
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es.
Kh
an
an
d
Ma
t
h
ew
[
9
]
d
esig
n
ed
an
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
g
lo
b
al
r
is
e
in
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
,
co
u
p
led
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
v
er
f
o
s
s
il f
u
el
u
s
ag
e,
h
as
in
ten
s
if
ied
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
en
er
g
y
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
d
ec
lin
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
h
e
r
en
tly
in
ter
m
itten
t
an
d
h
ea
v
ily
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
p
o
s
e
s
er
io
u
s
ch
all
en
g
es
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
r
e
liab
le
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
PV
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
to
m
a
x
im
iz
e
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
P&
O
an
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
c
e
,
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
b
u
t
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
lo
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
u
n
d
er
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ANNs
as
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
e.
ANNs
o
f
f
er
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
MPPT,
ANN
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
in
g
r
id
in
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
V2
G
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Hak
am
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
an
aly
ze
d
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
an
ess
en
tial
s
tep
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
PV
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Sen
ap
ati
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ANN
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
V2
G
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
b
etter
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
was
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Nag
en
d
a
r
an
d
R
aju
[
1
2
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ANN
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
V
2
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
id
r
eliab
ili
ty
.
R
ao
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
u
s
ed
ANN
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
E
V
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
V2
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Ma
th
W
o
r
k
s
[
1
4
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
wid
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
He
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
h
ad
a
n
aly
ze
d
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
g
r
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs,
r
ef
er
r
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
es
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ma
n
o
u
s
a
k
is
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
s
im
u
lated
a
V2
G
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN
an
d
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
.
Har
s
h
ith
a
an
d
Su
jath
a
[
1
7
]
wo
r
k
ed
o
n
ANN
-
b
ased
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
with
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
o
l
ar
p
o
wer
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
g
r
id
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
1
8
]
co
m
p
ar
e
d
ANN
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
o
lar
g
r
id
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
A
NN
s
h
o
ws
s
u
p
er
io
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fin
ally
,
N
av
ee
n
an
d
Ma
n
is
h
a
[
1
9
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
in
g
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
with
th
e
p
o
t
en
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
ev
en
m
o
r
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
tack
led
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
m
itten
cy
,
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
id
r
elia
b
ilit
y
[
2
0
]
,
f
o
r
its
v
iab
ilit
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
i
n
ed
wit
h
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ap
ts
to
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
B
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
ea
tu
r
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
r
id
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
2
7
]
.
T
a
b
le
1
will su
m
m
ar
ize
t
h
e
r
elev
an
t liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
d
er
o
f
th
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
o
r
g
an
ized
to
c
lear
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
r
elev
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
MPPT
an
d
b
atter
y
-
in
te
g
r
ated
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
Sectio
n
2
:
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
:
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etailed
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
etu
p
,
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
b
a
tter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
m
o
d
eled
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
ated
to
en
ab
le
i
n
tellig
en
t,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w.
T
ec
h
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
:
R
esu
lt
s
an
d
Dis
c
u
s
s
io
n
:
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
ac
h
iev
es
s
tab
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
ef
f
icien
t
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
lo
w
-
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
AC
o
u
tp
u
t.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
an
aly
s
es
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
SOC
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
claim
s
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
en
er
g
y
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
id
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
p
r
ac
tica
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
9
8
8
-
998
990
Sectio
n
4
:
C
o
n
clu
s
io
n
:
T
h
e
k
ey
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
to
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ee
ts
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
d
ef
in
ed
in
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
—
o
p
tim
al
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
s
ea
m
less
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
t
also
d
is
cu
s
s
es
p
o
ten
tial
f
u
tu
r
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
E
ac
h
s
ec
tio
n
b
u
ild
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
last
to
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
lete
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
esig
n
,
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
v
alu
e
in
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
in
tellig
e
n
t r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
Ref
M
a
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
K
e
y
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
[
1
]
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
A
N
N
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
f
o
r
M
P
P
T
i
n
so
l
a
r
P
V
sy
st
e
ms.
A
N
N
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
f
a
st
e
r
a
n
d
mo
r
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
h
a
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
P
P
T
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s.
[
2
]
D
e
si
g
n
e
d
A
N
N
-
b
a
se
d
M
P
P
T
i
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
.
S
h
o
w
e
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
.
[
3
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
N
N
-
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
f
o
r
P
V
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
g
r
i
d
l
i
n
k
.
A
N
N
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
v
e
n
e
ss.
[
4
]
R
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
A
N
N
-
b
a
s
e
d
M
P
P
T
me
t
h
o
d
s fo
r
P
V
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
C
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
A
N
N
’
s
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
.
[
5
]
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
A
N
N
-
b
a
se
d
M
P
P
T
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
sy
s
t
e
ms
.
D
e
mo
n
st
r
a
t
e
d
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
st
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
n
g
so
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
.
[
6
]
U
sed
A
N
N
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
i
n
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
.
R
e
d
u
c
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
g
r
i
d
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
[
7
]
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
A
N
N
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
M
P
P
T
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
M
P
P
T
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
t
h
a
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s.
[
1
2
]
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
A
N
N
f
o
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
V
2
G
s
y
st
e
ms.
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
.
[
1
3
]
U
sed
A
N
N
a
n
d
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
E
V
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
V
2
G
.
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
l
i
f
e
s
p
a
n
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
sm
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Desp
ite
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
i
es,
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
P&
O
an
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
lack
th
e
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
d
q
u
ick
ly
t
o
r
a
p
id
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
lead
in
g
to
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
g
r
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
is
s
till
a
co
m
p
le
x
is
s
u
e
d
u
e
to
v
ar
ia
b
le
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ten
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
o
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es.
An
o
th
er
cr
itical
g
a
p
is
th
e
lac
k
o
f
a
u
n
if
ie
d
,
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
y
n
am
ically
m
an
ag
in
g
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
,
b
atter
y
,
a
n
d
g
r
id
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
Mo
s
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
h
an
d
le
f
ast
-
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
o
r
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
g
r
i
d
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
lo
w
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
s
u
p
p
ly
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
f
ailu
r
es r
em
ain
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t b
u
t
u
n
d
e
r
-
ad
d
r
ess
ed
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
an
A
NN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
m
b
in
ed
w
ith
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
s
tab
ilize
v
o
ltag
e
,
m
in
im
ize
T
HD,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
g
r
i
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
ch
allen
g
es,
th
is
wo
r
k
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ev
er
al
n
o
v
e
l c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
th
at
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
it
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
.
Firstl
y
,
we
im
p
lem
en
t
an
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
ec
if
ically
tr
ain
ed
to
h
an
d
le
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
an
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
we
in
teg
r
ate
th
is
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
B
E
SS
an
d
a
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
t
er
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
—
an
ar
ea
th
at
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
i
n
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
Un
lik
e
ea
r
lier
wo
r
k
s
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
is
o
lated
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
MPPT
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
alo
n
e)
,
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
en
s
u
r
es
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
a
y
,
b
a
tter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
tab
le
en
er
g
y
f
l
o
w,
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
b
alan
ci
n
g
,
an
d
r
ed
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izatio
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I
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991
2
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1
.
Desig
n o
f
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
s
y
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tem
s
h
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
will
b
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ef
f
icie
n
tly
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h
e
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is
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with
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T
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AB
Simu
lin
k
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o
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l
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tim
e
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im
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e
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ically
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eg
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atter
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ir
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r
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g
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ee
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
PV
s
o
lar
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
des
cr
iptio
n
2
.
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
A
r
eliab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ly
b
en
e
f
icial
p
o
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s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
o
lar
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er
g
y
is
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
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s
e
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f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
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ico
n
d
u
cto
r
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b
ased
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
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o
n
g
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
an
d
s
h
a
d
e
all
af
f
ec
t h
o
w
ef
f
icien
tly
p
o
wer
is
g
en
er
at
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
's
p
r
im
ar
y
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
v
er
y
litt
le
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
m
ay
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
two
wa
y
s
:
eith
er
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
with
r
el
ated
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
o
r
in
teg
r
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ted
in
to
th
e
g
r
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d
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
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elia
b
ilit
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.
2
.
2
.
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
Fo
r
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b
le
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tem
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to
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tead
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ef
f
icien
t
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wer
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n
v
er
s
io
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cr
u
cial.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
esig
n
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ar
a
m
eter
s
o
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a
b
o
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s
t
co
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ter
,
a
DC
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D
C
co
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ter
th
at
r
aises
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e
in
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u
t
v
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ile
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ar
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n
teein
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o
we
r
lo
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s
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ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
t
wo
r
k
s
b
y
s
to
r
in
g
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in
an
in
d
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cto
r
wh
ile
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e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
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en
r
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er
g
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
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u
tp
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t
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ltag
e
w
h
en
th
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s
witch
is
d
is
ab
led
.
Facto
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
d
u
ty
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cle,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
alu
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af
f
ec
t h
o
w
well
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Univ
er
s
a
l
b
ridg
e
Sm
o
o
th
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
v
ital
f
o
r
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
u
n
iv
er
s
al
b
r
id
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e,
wh
ich
u
s
es
s
em
ico
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d
u
cto
r
s
witch
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s
u
ch
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G
B
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s
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r
MO
SF
E
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s
in
an
H
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id
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e
to
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o
lo
g
y
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allo
ws
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
DC
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AC
o
r
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
t
ac
h
iev
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s
tead
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v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
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tin
u
o
u
s
p
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lo
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y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Switch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
lo
a
d
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
all
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ili
ty
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
r
id
g
e'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
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r
i
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s
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
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I
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Dec
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er
20
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992
T
ab
le
3
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
P
a
r
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me
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v
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l
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2
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2
.
4
.
ANN
-
b
a
s
ed
M
P
P
T
T
o
d
ea
l
with
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
in
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
MP
PT
b
ased
o
n
ANNs
u
s
es
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
t
o
d
y
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am
ically
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t
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n
g
i
n
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ir
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n
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itio
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s
,
r
esu
ltin
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f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
p
o
wer
o
p
tim
izatio
n
th
a
n
o
ld
e
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
ANN
-
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
m
an
y
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
s
t
o
in
ter
p
r
et
r
ea
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-
tim
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p
u
t
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ata
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d
p
r
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id
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o
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tim
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n
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l
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ig
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als,
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ich
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p
r
o
v
es
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g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
ts
s
u
cc
ess
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
elem
en
ts
lik
e
as
tr
ain
in
g
d
a
ta
q
u
ality
,
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e,
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
R
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
g
u
a
r
an
teein
g
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
An
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
,
with
ess
en
tial
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
,
s
er
v
es
to
r
eg
u
late
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
y
s
to
r
in
g
e
x
tr
a
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
elea
s
in
g
it
wh
e
n
d
em
an
d
r
is
es
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
f
alls
.
I
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
ca
p
ac
ity
,
SOC
,
an
d
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
all
h
av
e
a
n
im
p
ac
t o
n
r
e
liab
ilit
y
,
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
an
d
o
v
er
al
l sy
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
b
atter
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
S
O
C
3
0
%
N
o
mi
n
a
l
v
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l
t
a
g
e
2
4
V
R
a
t
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a
p
a
c
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t
y
1
0
A
h
C
u
t
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o
f
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
8
V
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
i
m
e
2
s
F
u
l
l
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
2
7
.
9
3
5
7
2
.
2
.
6
.
P
o
wer
dis
t
ributio
n a
nd
s
t
a
bil
it
y
A
well
-
b
alan
ce
d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
.
E
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
s
m
o
o
th
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
v
o
ltag
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
o
p
r
eser
v
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
c
o
m
p
lex
co
n
t
r
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
,
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l a
r
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ea
m
less
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
7
.
M
o
del's
o
pera
t
io
na
l w
o
rk
f
lo
w
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
r
el
y
o
n
ex
ce
llen
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
to
o
f
f
e
r
s
tead
y
p
o
we
r
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
co
v
er
s
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
g
r
i
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
First
an
d
f
o
r
em
o
s
t,
s
u
n
lig
h
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
DC
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
;
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
A
NN
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
ax
im
izes
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
b
y
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
lates
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
wh
ile
its
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
co
n
s
tan
tly
m
o
d
if
ied
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
MPPT
s
ig
n
als.
E
x
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
B
E
SS
,
wh
ich
b
alan
ce
s
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
ch
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
c
y
cles
to
m
ax
im
ize
b
atter
y
life
.
A
u
n
iv
er
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
-
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
co
n
v
er
ts
r
eg
u
lated
DC
p
o
wer
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
;
a
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
en
s
u
r
es
s
m
o
o
th
AC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
s
g
r
i
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
en
d
s
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
lo
ad
s
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
f
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
th
e
s
to
r
ed
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t.
I
n
th
e
e
v
en
t
o
f
a
g
r
id
o
u
tag
e,
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
p
o
wer
r
em
ain
s
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
lead
in
g
to
an
e
f
f
icie
n
t
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
n
et
wo
r
k
with
d
y
n
am
ic
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
co
n
t
r
o
l.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
ula
t
io
n us
ing
ANN
-
b
a
s
ed
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Stab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
c
r
itical
to
m
ax
im
izin
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
ay
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
A
NN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
allo
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
esp
o
n
d
f
ast
to
ch
an
g
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
n
d
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
A
N
N
-
b
a
s
ed
s
o
la
r
MPP
T a
n
d
b
a
tter
y
(
K
o
lli S
u
jr
a
n
)
993
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
s
wif
tly
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
h
ig
h
o
f
n
ea
r
ly
2
,
8
0
0
V
in
0
.
0
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
ex
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
p
ea
k
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilize
s
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
5
0
V,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
n
d
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
in
p
r
o
p
er
ly
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
an
d
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
DC
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DC
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
3
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
m
o
nito
ring
du
ring
PV
-
ba
s
ed
ch
a
rg
ing
R
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
c
r
itical
to
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
a
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
in
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
's
b
o
o
s
ted
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
B
E
SS
,
ass
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
as
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
b
atter
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ch
a
n
g
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
As
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
SOC
co
n
s
tan
tly
clim
b
s
,
g
en
er
atin
g
a
s
m
o
o
th
,
lin
ea
r
c
u
r
v
e
th
at
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
r
o
u
g
h
ly
2
0
0
V,
wh
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
em
ain
s
s
tead
y
at
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
A,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
with
litt
le
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ain
tain
s
p
ea
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
allo
win
g
th
e
b
atter
y
to
ef
f
icien
tly
s
to
r
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
elea
s
e
it
wh
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tead
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
tr
en
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
tellig
en
t
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
3
.
3
.
Sin
us
o
ida
l g
rid w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
ens
uring
po
wer
q
ua
lity
a
nd
s
t
a
bil
it
y
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
tead
y
a
n
d
o
f
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
an
d
well
-
r
eg
u
lated
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
at
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
3
0
V
p
er
p
h
ase,
with
n
o
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
an
g
es
lik
e
s
ag
s
o
r
s
wells,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
c
ial
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
lin
k
ed
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
h
e
g
r
i
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
h
as
a
b
alan
ce
d
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
atter
n
with
p
ea
k
v
alu
es
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
ly
1
5
,
0
0
0
A
an
d
m
in
i
m
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
if
f
icu
lties
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
a
n
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
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h
ese
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
-
f
r
ee
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
b
atter
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s
to
r
ag
e
with
th
e
g
r
id
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D
u
r
in
g
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
o
we
r
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
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s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
g
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d
u
r
in
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ea
k
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em
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r
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en
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e
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e
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s
u
f
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icien
t.
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h
e
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y
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tem
m
ain
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u
s
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r
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r
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ality
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r
id
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ilit
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ef
f
ec
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en
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s
e,
m
ak
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it
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le
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o
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tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
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le
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y
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teg
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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t J Ap
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u
r
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atter
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u
r
e
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ase
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er
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atin
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ile
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r
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tab
ilit
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d
ef
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icien
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I
n
th
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s
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ter
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er
t
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o
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V
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atter
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h
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t
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e
r
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ase,
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r
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o
m
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at
ib
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h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
a
n
d
s
tab
le,
with
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
less
th
an
2
%,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
lev
els ar
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
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esti
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an
d
d
e
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elo
p
m
e
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f
E
V
ch
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y
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h
e
in
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er
ter
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
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b
alan
ce
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a
n
d
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in
u
s
o
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0
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en
s
u
r
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s
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o
o
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eliv
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r
t
h
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o
r
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r
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e
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elp
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r
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d
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o
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e
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ter
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en
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ical
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o
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ltin
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n
ef
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icien
t
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o
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is
tr
ib
u
tio
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an
d
s
ea
m
less
r
en
ewa
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le
en
er
g
y
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teg
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
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E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
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A
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ed
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o
la
r
MPP
T a
n
d
b
a
tter
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K
o
lli S
u
jr
a
n
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995
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
:
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
a
v
e
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licat
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
in
b
o
th
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
—
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
—
ac
h
iev
es
lo
w
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD
<2
%),
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
in
d
icate
th
at
s
u
ch
in
tellig
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
e.
g
.
,
win
d
o
r
f
u
el
ce
lls
)
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
s
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
a
n
d
V2
G
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lar
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
ea
s
y
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
lar
g
er
-
s
ca
le
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
it a
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
3
.
5
.
P
er
f
o
rma
nce
c
o
m
pa
riso
n o
f
ANN
-
M
P
P
T
wit
h
c
o
nv
e
ntio
na
l MPP
T
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ag
ain
s
t
two
wid
ely
u
s
ed
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es:
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
a
n
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
C
)
.
All
th
r
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
test
ed
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
,
with
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
b
etwe
en
6
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²,
an
d
am
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
°C
to
4
0
°C
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
to
tr
ac
k
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
T
ab
le
5
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
t
h
e
AN
N
-
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
o
th
P&
O
an
d
I
C
in
ev
er
y
ev
alu
ate
d
asp
ec
t.
I
t
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
e
f
astes
t
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
with
in
0
.
0
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
,
wh
ile
also
m
in
im
izin
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ANN
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ly
m
ain
tain
ed
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
es
p
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
ab
r
u
p
t ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
A
N
N
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
ip
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
s
a
n
d
o
p
t
im
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
U
n
l
ik
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
l
y
o
n
i
t
e
r
a
ti
v
e
l
o
g
ic
a
n
d
c
a
n
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
r
a
p
i
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
h
i
f
ts
,
t
h
e
A
N
N
m
o
d
e
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
p
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
b
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
i
g
n
a
ls
i
n
r
e
al
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
is
e
n
s
u
r
es
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
li
t
y
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
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