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16
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4
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Dec
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25
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2441
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M
I
C
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
as
ic
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
e
d
p
r
im
a
r
y
-
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
(
SEP
I
C
)
w
as
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
er
s
i
n
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
is
f
ea
s
i
b
le
t
o
in
te
g
r
ate
m
a
n
y
i
n
p
u
ts
,
b
u
t
at
leas
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
ea
b
l
e
b
att
er
y
.
R
e
g
r
e
tf
u
ll
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
e
at
d
ea
l
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
s
t
r
es
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
wit
ch
in
g
ele
ctr
o
n
i
cs.
A
u
n
iq
u
e
M
I
C
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
is
d
esc
r
i
b
e
d
in
[
1
6
]
t
o
i
n
t
eg
r
ate
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
-
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
a
n
d
r
e
ch
ar
g
ea
b
l
e
b
at
te
r
y
f
o
r
E
Vs.
R
e
la
y
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
t
o
c
ar
r
y
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
u
n
cti
o
n
n
o
n
e
ed
f
o
r
a
n
y
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
cir
c
u
it
r
y
f
o
r
o
n
e
i
n
p
u
t
c
an
f
ee
d
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
,
w
h
i
ch
c
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
ely
i
n
c
r
e
ases
t
h
e
ci
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
.
I
n
E
x
p
e
r
ts
i
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
o
f
[
1
8
]
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
o
v
el
t
y
p
e
o
f
M
I
C
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
es
ta
b
lis
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
n
e
c
tio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
m
an
y
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es.
T
o
g
et
a
la
r
g
e
r
g
ai
n
,
f
e
we
r
u
n
i
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
b
i
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
a
l
s
em
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
wit
ch
es
ar
e
u
s
e
d
.
As m
o
r
e
s
wi
tc
h
es a
r
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
er
ati
n
g
m
o
d
es,
th
e
ele
ct
r
ic
al
s
tr
ess
o
n
e
ac
h
s
wit
ch
te
n
d
s
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
is
s
et
u
p
als
o
c
a
u
s
es
a
r
e
v
er
s
al
in
v
o
lta
g
e
p
o
l
ar
i
ty
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
b
i
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
al
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
was
p
r
es
en
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
i
m
a
r
il
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
ca
l
c
u
la
ti
n
g
cr
iti
ca
l
i
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
an
d
m
i
n
im
izi
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
r
i
p
p
le
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
witc
h
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
a
b
a
tte
r
y
i
n
p
u
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
,
th
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
ca
n
g
i
v
e
el
ec
tr
i
cit
y
i
n
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
a
MI
C
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
ti
cle
[
2
0
]
.
R
e
d
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
t
h
e
s
wi
tc
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
ar
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
'
s
k
e
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Un
f
o
r
t
u
n
ate
ly
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
o
s
s
es
i
n
th
is
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
s
til
l
a
l
o
t
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
[
2
1
]
,
A
u
n
i
q
u
e
m
o
d
u
l
ar
M
I
C
was
s
u
g
g
es
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
.
I
t
h
as
s
l
ig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
a
s
m
al
le
r
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
t
r
ess
,
a
n
d
a
b
ette
r
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
.
Nev
er
t
h
el
ess
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
r
ea
l
ly
m
o
r
e
p
ar
ts
i
n
t
h
is
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
wit
c
h
es
ar
e
u
n
d
er
m
o
r
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
s
tr
ess
.
I
t
a
ls
o
u
s
es
m
o
r
e
s
to
r
ag
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
a
m
u
lt
i
-
in
p
u
t
s
y
s
t
em
,
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
li
ca
t
es
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
[
2
2
]
,
A
n
o
n
-
is
o
l
at
ed
M
I
C
f
o
r
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
R
E
S
)
w
as
p
r
es
en
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
D
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
,
t
h
is
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
h
o
ws
g
r
e
ate
r
g
a
in
in
v
o
lt
ag
e
at
a
l
o
we
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
u
n
t.
I
n
[
2
3
]
,
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
u
lti
-
i
n
p
u
t,
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
,
n
o
n
-
is
o
l
ate
d
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
is
p
r
es
en
te
d
t
h
at
f
e
at
u
r
es
a
c
o
m
p
a
ct
d
es
ig
n
wit
h
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
i
o
d
e
f
a
cilit
at
es
b
i
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
a
l
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
e
r
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
in
g
to
b
o
t
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
in
im
i
za
tio
n
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
ain
.
A
r
e
ce
n
t
s
tu
d
y
o
n
d
u
al
-
in
p
u
t
n
o
n
-
is
o
l
ate
d
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
l
id
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
el
ec
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
icl
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
tes
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
t
ial
o
f
s
u
c
h
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
s
to
ac
h
i
e
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
g
ai
n
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
b
i
lit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
in
s
i
m
il
ar
l
o
w
-
p
o
we
r
E
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
ci
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
MI
C
a
n
d
t
r
a
d
i
ti
o
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
s
is
q
u
it
e
s
i
m
i
la
r
.
I
n
b
o
t
h
ca
s
es
,
th
e
in
d
u
cti
v
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
it
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
c
h
a
r
g
e
f
o
r
a
p
r
e
d
et
er
m
i
n
e
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
l
o
ad
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
is
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
es t
h
e
r
ec
en
tl
y
b
u
il
t
m
u
lti
-
i
n
p
u
t
D
C
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
i
n
te
n
d
e
d
f
o
r
H
E
V
u
s
e
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
des
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
e
q
u
i
v
al
en
t c
ir
c
u
it
r
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
i
x
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
.
Fu
el
ce
ll
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
V
1
,
th
e
s
o
la
r
p
a
n
el
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
is
V
2
,
S
1
t
o
S
4
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
M
OSFE
T
s
wit
c
h
es
,
D
is
th
e
d
io
d
e,
R
is
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
r
es
is
ta
n
c
e,
tw
o
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
a
r
e
L
1
an
d
L
2
,
an
d
tw
o
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
s
ar
e
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
.
i
C1
,
i
C2
a
n
d
i
L1
,
i
L2
a
r
e
th
e
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
f
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
1
,
C
2
a
n
d
L
1
,
L
2
.
v
C1
,
v
C2
,
v
L1
a
n
d
v
L2
a
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
cti
v
e
l
ar
g
e
s
ig
n
al
v
o
lta
g
es
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
,
C
2
a
n
d
L
1
,
L
2
.
i
0
a
n
d
v
0
a
r
e
t
h
e
la
r
g
e
s
i
g
n
al
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
a
t
th
e
l
o
a
d
r
esis
ta
n
c
e.
T
d
e
n
o
tes
t
h
e
ti
m
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
g
at
in
g
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
s
wit
ch
o
n
e,
w
h
il
e
th
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
la
r
g
e
-
s
i
g
n
al
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
M
o
d
es
1
th
r
o
u
g
h
5
a
r
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
te
d
b
y
₁
t
o
₅
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
s
ma
ll
-
s
ig
n
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
efficien
t b
r
id
g
e
-
typ
e
…
(
B
a
ya
R
e
d
d
y
Lo
ma
d
a
)
2443
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
S
h
o
ws th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t D
C
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
'
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
(
a)
m
o
d
e
1
,
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
2
,
(
c)
m
o
d
e
3
,
(
d
)
m
o
d
e
4
,
(
e)
m
o
d
e
5
,
an
d
(
f
)
m
o
d
e
6
2
.
1
.
1
F
irst
m
o
de
I
n
th
e
m
ode
-
1
S
1
,
S
4
ar
e
ON
s
tate
an
d
S
2
,
S
3
,
an
d
D
is
O
F
F
s
tate
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
i
c
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t m
o
d
e
ar
e
:
d
i
L1
dt
=
v
1
L
1
d
i
L2
dt
=
−
v
C1
L
2
−
v
c2
L
2
d
v
C1
dt
=
i
L2
C
1
d
v
C2
dt
=
i
L2
C
2
−
v
0
R
C
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2441
-
2
4
5
2
2444
v
0
=
v
C2
Sin
ce
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
i
L1
,
i
L2
,
v
C1
an
d
v
C2
mode
–
1
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
C1
dt
]
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
−
1
L
2
0
1
C
1
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
1
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(2
)
2
.
1
.
2
.
Seco
nd
m
o
de
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e
,
th
e
s
witch
es
S
1
,
D
ar
e
in
tu
r
n
ON
,
an
d
S
2
,
S
3
,
an
d
S
4
ar
e
in
th
e
OFF
s
t
ate,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
cir
cu
it
u
n
d
er
th
is
m
o
d
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
eq
u
atio
n
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
mode
,
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
c2
dt
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
1
C
1
0
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
3
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(
4
)
2
.
1
.
3
.
T
hird
m
o
de
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
,
S2
,
S4
ar
e
ON
,
an
d
D,
an
d
S1
an
d
S3
OFF
s
tate
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
s
tar
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
v
1
/L1
an
d
−
v
C1
L
2
−
v
C2
L
2
ar
e
th
e
s
lo
p
es
o
f
iL1
an
d
iL2
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
iL1
m
e
ets
its
iL1
m
ax
2
f
r
o
m
its
i
L1
m
i
n
2
least
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
iL2
m
ee
ts
its
iL2
m
ax
f
r
o
m
its
iL2
m
in
.
C
1
s
tar
ts
d
i
s
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
2
,
th
e
s
lo
p
e
v
c1
is
iL2
/C
1
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
s
tar
ts
en
er
g
izin
g
th
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
v
c2
is
i
L2
C
2
−
v
C2
RC
2
.
B
elo
w
ar
e
th
e
s
tat
e
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
eq
u
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
e
q
u
atio
n
s
.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
C1
dt
]
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
−
1
L
2
0
1
C
1
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
0
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
5
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(
6
)
2
.
1
.
4
.
F
o
urt
h
m
o
de
I
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
m
o
d
e,
S
2
,
D
a
r
e
ON
an
d
S
1
,
S
3,
a
n
d
S
4
ar
e
OFF
s
tate,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it.
I
n
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
an
d
L
2
s
tar
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
t
h
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
i
L1
an
d
i
L2
ar
e
v
2
−
v
C1
L
1
an
d
−
v
C2
L
2
.
T
h
e
i
L1
r
e
ac
h
es
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
s
ma
ll
-
s
ig
n
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
efficien
t b
r
id
g
e
-
typ
e
…
(
B
a
ya
R
e
d
d
y
Lo
ma
d
a
)
2445
its
i
L1min3
an
d
i
L2
m
ee
t
s
to
i
L2mi
n
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
s
tar
t
en
er
g
izin
g
b
y
v
2
,
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
th
e
s
lo
p
e
s
o
f
v
c1
an
d
v
c2
ar
e
i
L1
C
1
an
d
i
L2
C
2
−
v
c1
RC
2
.
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
e
q
u
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
m
o
d
e
is
b
elo
w.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
C1
dt
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
1
C
1
0
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
0
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
7
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(
8
)
2
.
1
.
5
.
F
if
t
h
m
o
de
I
n
th
e
f
if
th
m
o
d
e,
S
3
,
S
4
ar
e
ON
an
d
S
1
,
S
2
,
an
d
D
ar
e
OF
F
s
tate
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
e)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it.
S
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
d
y
n
am
ic
e
q
u
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
m
o
d
e.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
C1
dt
]
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
−
1
L
2
0
1
C
1
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
1
L
1
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
9
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(
1
0
)
2
.
1
.
6
.
Six
t
h
m
o
de
I
n
s
ix
th
m
o
d
e,
S
3
,
D
ar
e
ON
an
d
S
1
,
S
2,
an
d
S
4
ar
e
OFF
s
tate
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
f
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
L
1
an
d
L
2
s
tar
t
d
is
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
v
1
+
v
2
−
v
c1
L
1
an
d
−
v
C2
C
1
ar
e
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
lo
p
es
o
f
i
L1
an
d
i
L2
.
T
h
e
i
L1
m
ee
ts
to
its
i
L1min4
=
i
L1min1
an
d
i
L2
m
ee
t
s
to
i
L2min
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
s
tar
ts
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
V
1
,
V
2
,
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
an
d
s
lo
p
es
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
v
o
ltag
es
v
c1
an
d
v
c2
ar
e
i
L1
C
1
a
n
d
i
L2
C
2
−
v
C2
RC
2
.
T
h
e
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
e
q
u
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
m
o
d
e
is
b
elo
w.
[
d
i
L1
dt
d
i
L2
dt
d
v
C1
dt
d
v
C1
dt
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
1
C
1
0
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
+
[
1
L
1
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
v
1
v
2
]
(
1
1
)
v
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
L1
i
L2
v
C1
v
C2
]
(
1
2
)
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
a
v
er
a
g
e
-
la
r
g
e
s
ig
na
l
T
h
e
s
witch
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
a
cir
cu
it
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
llo
w
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
is
b
eh
av
io
u
r
,
a
v
er
ag
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
ca
p
t
u
r
es
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
witch
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
clo
s
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
ac
tu
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2441
-
2
4
5
2
2446
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
la
r
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
g
i
v
en
in
(
1
3
)
to
(
1
5
)
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
d
i
r
ec
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
atr
ix
D
is
z
er
o
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
d
ep
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
e
r
iv
e
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
-
(
1
2
)
.
A
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
−
1
L
2
0
1
C
1
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
(
δ
1
+
δ
3
+
δ
5
)
+
[
0
0
−
1
L
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
1
C
1
0
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
(
1
−
δ
1
−
δ
3
−
δ
5
)
(
1
3
)
B
=
[
1
L
1
(
1
−
Δ
3
−
Δ
4
)
1
L
1
(
1
−
Δ
1
−
Δ
2
)
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
(
1
4
)
C
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
(
1
5
)
2
.
3
.
Sm
a
ll
-
s
ig
na
l m
o
delin
g
S
m
a
l
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
y
ex
p
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
e
a
c
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
as
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
i
ts
s
t
e
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
t
e
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
a
s
m
a
ll
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
t
h
e
s
m
al
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
s
l
i
g
h
t
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
,
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
s
,
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
es
.
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
d
e
r
i
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
al
l
-
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
s
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
a
b
i
li
t
y
f
o
ll
o
w
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
es
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
el
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
as
d
e
t
ai
l
e
d
i
n
cl
as
s
ic
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
es
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
s
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
lin
e
a
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
v
1
=
V
1
+
v
̂
1
v
2
=
V
2
+
v
̂
2
i
L1
=
I
L1
+
i
̂
L1
i
L2
=
I
L2
+
i
̂
L2
v
C1
=
V
C1
+
v
̂
C1
v
C2
=
V
C2
+
v
̂
C2
δ
1
=
d
1
+
δ
̂
1
δ
2
=
d
2
+
δ
̂
2
δ
3
=
d
3
+
δ
̂
3
δ
4
=
d
4
+
δ
̂
4
δ
5
=
d
5
+
δ
̂
5
W
h
er
e,
V
1
an
d
V
2
a
r
e
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
s
tate.
I
L1
an
d
I
L2
ar
e
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
1
an
d
L
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
V
C1
an
d
V
C2
ar
e
th
e
f
in
al
s
t
ate
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
an
d
C
2.
d
1
to
d
2
a
r
e
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
o
f
f
ir
s
t
Mo
d
e
to
f
if
t
h
Mo
d
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
v
̂
1
an
d
v
̂
2
ar
e
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
o
lar
p
an
el
v
o
ltag
e
(
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t)
.
i
̂
L1
a
n
d
i
̂
L2
ar
e
th
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
o
f
L
1
an
d
L
2
.
v
̂
C1
an
d
v
̂
C2
ar
e
th
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
an
d
C
2.
δ
̂
1
to
δ
̂
5
ar
e
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
o
f
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
e
to
f
if
t
h
m
o
d
e.
I
n
clu
d
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
(
1
3
)
to
(
1
5
)
.
d
i
L1
dt
+
d
i
̂
L1
dt
=
−
1
L
1
(
1
−
(
d
1
+
δ
̂
1
)
−
(
d
3
+
δ
̂
3
)
−
(
d
5
+
δ
̂
5
)
)
(
V
C1
+
v
̂
C1
)
+
1
L
1
(
1
−
(
d
3
+
δ
̂
3
)
−
(
d
4
+
δ
̂
4
)
)
(
V
1
+
v
̂
1
)
+
1
L
1
(
1
−
(
d
1
+
δ
̂
1
)
−
(
d
2
+
δ
̂
2
)
)
(
V
2
+
v
̂
2
)
(
1
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dyn
a
mic
mo
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
s
ma
ll
-
s
ig
n
a
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
n
efficien
t b
r
id
g
e
-
typ
e
…
(
B
a
ya
R
e
d
d
y
Lo
ma
d
a
)
2447
Sep
ar
ate
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t te
r
m
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
6
)
,
an
d
ass
u
m
e
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
ter
m
s
ar
e
ze
r
o
.
d
i
̂
L1
dt
=
−
1
L
1
(
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
v
̂
C1
−
(
1
−
d
3
−
d
4
)
v
̂
1
−
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
2
)
v
̂
2
+
(
−
V
C1
−
V
2
)
δ
̂
1
+
V
2
δ
̂
2
+
(
−
V
C1
−
V
1
)
δ
̂
3
+
V
1
δ
̂
4
+
(
−
V
C1
)
δ
̂
5
)
(
1
7
)
Similar
ly
,
d
i
̂
L2
dt
=
−
1
L
2
(
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
v
̂
C1
+
v
̂
C2
+
(
V
C1
)
δ
̂
1
+
(
V
C1
)
δ
̂
3
+
(
V
C1
)
δ
̂
5
)
(
1
8
)
d
v
̂
C1
dt
=
1
C
1
(
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
i
̂
L1
+
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
i
̂
L2
−
(
I
L1
+
I
L2
)
δ
̂
1
−
(
I
L1
+
I
L2
)
δ
̂
3
−
(
I
L1
+
I
L2
)
δ
̂
5
)
(
1
9
)
d
v
̂
C2
dt
=
1
C
2
i
̂
L2
−
1
RC
2
v
̂
C2
(
2
0
)
Fro
m
th
e
(
1
7
)
to
(
2
0
)
,
[
d
i
̂
L1
dt
d
i
̂
L2
dt
d
v
̂
C1
dt
d
v
̂
C2
dt
]
=
[
0
0
−
1
L
1
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
0
0
0
−
1
L
2
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
−
1
L
2
1
C
1
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
1
C
1
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
0
0
0
1
C
2
0
−
1
RC
2
]
[
i
̂
L1
i
̂
L2
v
̂
C1
v
̂
C2
]
+
[
−
1
L
1
(
−
V
C1
−
V
2
)
−
V
2
L
1
−
1
L
1
(
−
V
C1
−
V
1
)
V
1
L
1
−
1
L
1
(
−
V
C1
)
1
L
1
(
1
−
d
3
−
d
4
)
1
L
1
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
2
)
−
1
L
2
(
V
C1
)
0
−
1
L
2
(
V
C1
)
0
−
1
L
2
(
V
C1
)
0
0
1
C
1
(
I
L2
−
I
1
)
0
1
C
1
(
I
L2
−
I
1
)
0
1
C
1
(
I
L2
−
I
1
)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
[
δ
̂
1
δ
̂
2
δ
̂
3
δ
̂
4
δ
̂
5
v
̂
1
v
̂
2
]
(2
1)
v
̂
0
=
[
0
0
0
1
]
[
i
̂
L1
i
̂
L2
v
̂
C1
v
̂
C2
]
(
2
2
)
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
2
3
)
,
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
g
n
is
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
(
2
1
)
an
d
(
2
2
)
,
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
A
̂
.
x
̂
̇
=
A
̂
x
̂
+
B
̂
u
̂
y
̂
=
C
̂
x
̂
+
D
̂
u
̂
}
(
2
3
)
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
eq
u
atio
n
(
C
E
)
is
|
A
̂
−
SI
|
=
0
.
W
h
er
e
S i
s
th
e
L
T
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
I
is
th
e
u
n
it
-
m
atr
ix
o
f
o
r
d
er
4
×
4.
S
4
+
S
3
1
RC
2
+
S
2
(
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
2
C
1
L
2
+
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
2
C
1
L
1
+
1
C
2
L
2
)
+
S
(
(
d
1
+
d
3
+
d
5
)
2
RC
1
C
2
L
2
+
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
2
RC
1
C
2
L
1
)
+
1
C
1
C
2
L
1
L
2
(
(
1
−
d
1
−
d
3
−
d
5
)
2
=
0
(
2
4
)
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
(
2
4
)
wit
h
S
4
+
S
3
α
1
+
S
2
α
2
+
S
α
3
+
α
4
=
0
.
T
h
e
R
o
u
th
-
Hu
r
witz
s
tab
ilit
y
cr
iter
io
n
(
R
HSC
)
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
of
t
h
e
in
ten
d
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
in
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
f
o
u
r
o
r
d
er
s
,
wh
ic
h
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
p
o
l
e
-
ze
r
o
p
lo
t
a
n
d
th
e
c
h
allen
g
e
of
lo
ca
tin
g
t
h
e
p
o
les
an
d
ze
r
o
s
of
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
tab
le
of
R
HSC
is
s
ee
n
b
elo
w
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2441
-
2
4
5
2
2448
S
4
S
3
S
2
S
1
S
0
|
|
1
α
2
α
4
α
1
α
3
0
α
1
α
2
−
α
3
α
1
α
4
0
α
1
α
2
α
3
−
α
3
2
−
α
1
2
α
4
α
1
α
2
−
α
3
0
0
α
4
0
0
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
s
tab
ilit
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f
o
r
all
d
u
ty
r
atio
s
b
elo
w
t
h
e
allo
wab
le
m
ax
im
u
m
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
R
o
u
t
h
-
Hu
r
witz
s
tab
ilit
y
cr
iter
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
all
co
ef
f
icien
ts
in
(
2
4
)
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e,
r
ea
l,
an
d
non
-
ze
r
o
,
a
n
d
all
elem
en
ts
in
t
h
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f
ir
s
t c
o
lu
m
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
o
u
th
-
Hu
r
witz
tab
le
ar
e
also
p
o
s
itiv
e
.
3.
ANALY
SI
S A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NVER
T
E
R
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
a
C
UK
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
esen
ted
,
alo
n
g
with
an
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
its
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
ev
alu
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
v
a
l
i
d
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
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e
p
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o
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s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
a
s
c
a
r
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o
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t
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s
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n
g
a
2
5
0
W
h
a
r
d
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r
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p
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e
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h
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p
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f
t
w
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C
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ep
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t
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l
a
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a
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d
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)
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m
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v
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h
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r
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it
u
s
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f
o
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r
M
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t
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h
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(
FQ
A3
8
N
3
0
)
,
d
i
o
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e
s
(
M
UR
1
5
6
0
)
,
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n
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c
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f
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m
H
a
n
d
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0
m
H
,
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n
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a
p
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F
e
a
c
h
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S
wi
t
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h
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t
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m
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cr
o
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l
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.
F
i
g
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r
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4
s
h
o
w
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t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
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t
e
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es
t
s
etu
p
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a
n
d
c
o
m
p
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n
t
v
a
l
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e
s
a
r
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d
e
t
a
il
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
p
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f
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m
e
d
d
u
r
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n
g
t
h
e
d
e
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g
n
s
t
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,
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h
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e
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e
d
h
e
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p
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g
t
h
l
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m
i
t
a
t
i
o
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s
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
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s
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lt
s
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ll
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e
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l
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d
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t
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h
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h
a
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.
T
h
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g
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t
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s
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a
ls
a
p
p
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e
d
to
t
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f
o
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r
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F
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s
w
it
c
h
e
s
,
d
e
n
o
t
e
d
as
V
GS1
,
V
GS2
,
V
GS3
,
a
n
d
V
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a
r
e
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
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l
l
s
wi
tc
h
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o
p
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t
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t
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s
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t
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t
c
h
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f
r
e
q
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e
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cy
o
f
1
0
k
H
z
.
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i
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
d
is
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
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ta
l
w
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v
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n
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r
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t
s
I
L1
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a
l
o
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g
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h
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m
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e
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1
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r
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6
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3
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n
d
4
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g
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c
h
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g
5
6
.
3
2
V
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
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v
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o
r
m
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th
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es
V
G
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d
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G
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h
e
v
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e
s
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ess
ex
p
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ien
ce
d
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y
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witch
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1
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2
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3
,
is
f
o
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e
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ately
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ess
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0
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at
all
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witch
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ate
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s
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e
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its
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
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es
V
1
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d
V
2
alo
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g
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d
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r
r
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Fig
u
r
e
5
(
d
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.
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h
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r
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4
7
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7
4
V,
6
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3
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A
r
es
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.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
x
p
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tal
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etu
p
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f
C
UK
C
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-
b
ased
n
o
v
el
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dyn
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(
B
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e
d
d
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ma
d
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)
2449
T
ab
le
1
.
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x
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p
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=
48
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W
S
w
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c
h
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f
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7
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M
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(
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(
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(
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u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
r
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ty
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e
m
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d
el
ex
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er
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e
f
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s
: (
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p
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f
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n
d
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4
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r
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ess
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d
(
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n
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t a
n
d
o
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t v
o
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g
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n
d
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tp
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t c
u
r
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en
t
C
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m
p
ar
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ased
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t
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ter
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e
p
r
o
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ed
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o
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er
s
s
ev
er
al
tech
n
ical
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
m
etr
ics
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
ac
h
iev
es
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
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e
n
t
c
o
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n
t,
lead
in
g
to
a
m
o
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co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
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s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
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d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
s
w
itc
h
es
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
—
esp
ec
ially
o
n
s
witch
S4
—
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ev
ice
r
eliab
il
ity
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
io
r
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
r
elay
s
o
r
co
m
p
lex
g
atin
g
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
o
u
r
d
esig
n
s
im
p
lifie
s
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
e
to
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y
m
m
et
r
ical
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p
e
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atin
g
m
o
d
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d
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n
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t
s
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s
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m
o
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els.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
ly
th
r
ee
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
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m
in
im
izes
lo
s
s
es
w
h
ile
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etain
in
g
f
u
ll
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id
ir
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tio
n
al
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o
wer
f
lo
w
ca
p
ab
ilit
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.
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f
f
icien
cy
is
m
ax
i
m
ized
at
9
6
.
4
%,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
o
s
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
d
esig
n
s
o
p
e
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atin
g
b
elo
w
9
5
%
.
T
h
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s
y
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is
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s
tr
u
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r
e,
with
m
o
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lar
in
ter
f
a
cin
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f
o
r
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u
el
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lls
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d
PV
s
o
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ce
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,
allo
ws
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ier
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lab
ilit
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f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
m
o
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ilit
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s
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h
is
to
p
o
lo
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also
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s
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r
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n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
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r
r
e
n
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
co
llectiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
h
y
b
r
id
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t a
s
a
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
A
11
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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16
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Dec
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20
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A
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t c
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r
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t c
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To
p
o
l
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y
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
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1
7
]
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1
8
]
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1
9
]
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2
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P
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SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
h
as
p
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e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
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n
d
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m
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al
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aly
s
is
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f
a
b
r
i
d
g
e
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t
y
p
e
m
u
lti
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in
p
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t
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
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te
r
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
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r
h
y
b
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-
p
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s
y
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tem
s
.
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h
e
co
n
v
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ter
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n
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les
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tin
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o
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s
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m
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ep
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t
s
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s
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p
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v
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in
g
en
h
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n
c
ed
o
p
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atio
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al
f
lex
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y
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
em
p
lo
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s
a
C
UK
-
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
m
u
l
tip
le
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
wh
ich
f
ac
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ate
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
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d
o
u
tp
u
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es st
ea
d
y
-
s
tate
an
aly
s
is
,
av
er
ag
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
an
d
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
d
etailed
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
’
s
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
u
s
in
g
a
2
5
0
W
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
th
eo
r
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l
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
,
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h
iev
in
g
a
p
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f
icie
n
cy
o
f
9
6
.
4
%
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
to
p
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l
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g
ies,
th
e
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
co
n
v
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ter
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates im
p
r
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v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
e
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
h
ar
d
war
e
-
in
-
th
e
-
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
Scalab
ilit
y
to
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
we
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
will
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
ed
esig
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
wit
h
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
will
als
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.