I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
6
~
2
1
6
9
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
16
.
i
4
.
p
p
2
1
5
6
-
2
1
6
9
2156
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A
co
mprehe
nsiv
e
revi
ew of
eff
i
cient
wireless
po
wer
tr
a
nsfer f
o
r
elect
ric
vehicle
ch
a
rg
ing
:
a
dv
a
ncements,
cha
lleng
es
,
a
nd
fut
ure
dire
ctions
M
d.
As
hra
f
Ali K
ha
n
1
,
K
ub
e
r
1
,
Yus
ra
Wa
ha
b
1
, M
.
Sa
a
d
Arif
1
,
Sh
a
hrin
M
d.
Ay
o
b
2
,
No
rj
uli
a
M
o
ha
m
a
d No
rdin
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
l
i
g
a
r
h
M
u
sl
i
m U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
A
l
i
g
a
r
h
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
J
o
h
o
r
B
a
h
r
u
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
2
7
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
2
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
1
7
,
2
0
2
5
El
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s (E
Vs
)
h
a
v
e
tran
sfo
rm
e
d
th
e
tran
sp
o
rtatio
n
se
c
to
r,
o
ffe
rin
g
a
su
sta
in
a
b
le
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
t
o
fo
ss
i
l
-
fu
e
l
-
p
o
we
re
d
v
e
h
icle
s.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
th
e
ir
wid
e
sp
re
a
d
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
fa
c
e
s
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
in
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
c
h
a
rg
in
g
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
,
ra
n
g
e
a
n
x
iet
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
a
b
o
u
t
u
se
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
.
Wi
re
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
(W
P
T)
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
n
e
fficie
n
t
,
re
li
a
b
le,
a
n
d
u
se
r
-
frien
d
l
y
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
th
a
t
e
li
m
in
a
tes
p
h
y
sic
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s,
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
b
o
t
h
sta
ti
c
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
Th
is
re
v
iew
e
x
p
lo
re
s
k
e
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
WP
T
sy
ste
m
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
wire
les
s
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s,
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
c
ircu
it
s,
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
p
a
d
stru
c
tu
re
s,
a
n
d
m
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
to
lera
n
c
e
,
e
m
p
h
a
siz
in
g
th
e
ir
imp
a
c
t
o
n
s
y
ste
m
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
.
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
a
t
WP
T
c
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
ie
n
c
e
,
re
d
u
c
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
lar
g
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
a
p
a
c
it
ies
,
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rt
se
a
m
les
s
EV
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
in
t
o
d
a
il
y
li
fe
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
W
P
T
sy
ste
m
s
imp
ro
v
e
sa
fe
ty
,
l
o
we
r
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
n
e
e
d
s,
a
n
d
c
re
a
te
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
fo
r
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
.
Ke
y
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
io
n
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
c
o
u
p
l
in
g
p
a
d
g
e
o
m
e
tri
e
s,
a
n
d
m
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
-
to
lera
n
t
c
a
p
a
b
il
i
ti
e
s
a
re
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
a
lo
n
g
sid
e
t
h
e
ir
ro
le
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
By
o
ffe
ri
n
g
i
n
sig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
sta
te
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
a
rt
a
n
d
fu
tu
re
d
irec
ti
o
n
s,
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
ims
to
su
p
p
o
rt
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
W
P
T
sy
ste
m
s,
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
lo
b
a
l
tran
siti
o
n
t
o
wa
rd
su
sta
in
a
b
le t
ra
n
s
p
o
rtati
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
it
C
o
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
E
V
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
Misalig
n
m
en
t
W
ir
eles
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
M.
Saad
Ar
if
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Alig
ar
h
M
u
s
lim
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Alig
ar
h
2
0
2
0
0
2
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
aa
d
.
ee
@
am
u
.
ac
.
in
,
s
aa
d
b
in
ar
if
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
i
n
g
a
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
clea
n
e
r
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
d
u
al
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
d
ep
letin
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
an
d
r
i
s
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Veh
icles
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
I
n
ter
n
al
C
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
E
n
g
in
e
s
(
I
C
E
)
ar
e
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
s
to
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
as
a
v
iab
l
e
alter
n
ativ
e.
E
Vs
o
f
f
er
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
ze
r
o
tailp
ip
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
el
ian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
a
n
d
l
o
wer
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
[
1
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
wid
esp
r
ea
d
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
s
till
h
in
d
er
ed
b
y
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
b
atter
y
r
an
g
e,
lo
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
es,
an
d
th
e
lack
o
f
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
t c
h
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f e
fficien
t wi
r
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
s
fer
fo
r
…
(
Md
.
A
s
h
r
a
f A
li K
h
a
n
)
2157
C
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
a
c
r
itical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
E
Vs.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
r
eliab
le,
h
av
e
in
h
e
r
en
t
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
ca
b
les,
r
is
k
o
f
elec
tr
ic
s
h
o
ck
,
lo
n
g
wa
it
tim
es
at
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
o
f
m
an
u
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
p
ted
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
E
Vs
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
e
d
with
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
s
af
ety
,
u
s
er
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
a
u
t
o
m
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
W
PT
ca
n
b
r
o
ad
ly
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es:
s
tatic
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
wh
er
e
v
eh
icles
ch
a
r
g
e
wh
ile
s
tatio
n
ar
y
(
e.
g
.
,
at
h
o
m
es
o
r
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
ts
)
;
q
u
asi
-
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
c
h
ar
g
es
v
eh
icle
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
r
ief
s
to
p
s
(
e.
g
.
,
t
r
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
o
r
b
u
s
s
to
p
s
)
;
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
DW
C
)
,
en
ab
lin
g
o
n
-
t
h
e
-
m
o
v
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
alo
n
g
s
p
ec
ially
eq
u
ip
p
ed
r
o
a
d
way
s
.
DW
C
elim
in
ates
r
an
g
e
an
x
iety
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
lar
g
e,
h
ea
v
y
b
atter
ies,
m
ak
in
g
it id
ea
l
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
f
r
eig
h
t sy
s
tem
s
[
4
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
wi
r
el
ess
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
s
e
v
er
al
c
h
al
le
n
g
es
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
e
d
t
o
e
n
a
b
l
e
i
ts
wid
esp
r
e
a
d
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
i
n
cl
u
d
e
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
t
o
c
o
il
m
is
ali
g
n
m
e
n
t,
el
ec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
in
te
r
f
er
e
n
ce
(
E
M
I
)
w
it
h
n
e
ar
b
y
d
e
v
i
ce
s
,
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
ts
o
f
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
en
t,
a
n
d
li
m
it
e
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
iza
ti
o
n
a
cr
o
s
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
r
s
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
wi
r
e
less
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
an
tia
l
i
n
v
es
tm
e
n
t
i
n
r
o
ad
wa
y
m
o
d
i
f
i
ca
t
io
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
p
o
s
es
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
lo
g
is
tic
al
c
h
al
len
g
es.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
a
r
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
t
em
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
,
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
i
za
ti
o
n
,
an
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
o
n
w
it
h
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
v
e
h
i
cle
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
(
V
2
G)
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
il
lu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
b
as
ic
s
etu
p
o
f
a
wi
r
e
less
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
E
Vs
,
wh
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
es
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
il
,
s
e
c
o
n
d
ar
y
c
o
il,
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ati
o
n
c
ir
c
u
its
,
a
n
d
AC
/DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
f
lu
x
li
n
k
a
g
e
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
c
o
i
ls
.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
ex
p
lo
r
es
t
h
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
W
PT
f
o
r
E
Vs,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
th
is
r
ev
iew
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
l
lo
ws:
i)
Sectio
n
2
elab
o
r
ates
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
E
Vs;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
co
v
er
s
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
s
;
iii)
Sectio
n
4
d
elv
e
s
in
to
co
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies;
iv
)
Sectio
n
5
ex
am
in
es m
is
alig
n
m
en
t iss
u
es;
an
d
v
)
Sectio
n
6
c
o
n
clu
d
es w
ith
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
ch
em
atic
r
e
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
E
Vs
2.
WI
R
E
L
E
SS
CH
A
RG
I
NG
S
CH
E
M
E
S F
O
R
E
L
E
CT
R
I
C
VE
H
I
C
L
E
S
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
a
n
d
wir
eless
(
in
d
u
ctiv
e)
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
v
o
lv
e
s
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
wh
ile
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
elim
in
ates
s
u
ch
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
.
Am
o
n
g
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
ev
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
a
r
e
b
ei
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
t
o
en
h
an
ce
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
d
if
f
er
en
t E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nd
uct
iv
e
c
ha
rg
ing
C
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
em
ain
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
E
V
en
er
g
y
r
e
p
len
is
h
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
k
ey
ty
p
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t u
s
ed
:
2
.
1
.
1
.
O
n
-
bo
a
rd
cha
rg
ing
On
-
b
o
a
r
d
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
s
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
te
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
o
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
E
V
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
s
a
r
e
wi
d
e
l
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
i
n
h
o
m
e
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2156
-
2
1
6
9
2158
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
s
l
o
w
AC
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
T
y
p
i
c
al
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
f
o
r
o
n
-
b
o
a
r
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
r
e
a
c
h
u
p
t
o
1
9
.
2
k
W
,
wi
t
h
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
s
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
t
o
7
h
o
u
r
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
s
u
i
ta
b
l
e
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
n
i
g
h
t
o
r
l
o
n
g
-
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
[
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
O
f
f
-
bo
a
rd
cha
rg
ing
Of
f
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
a
r
g
er
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
d
ir
ec
tly
to
t
h
e
E
V’
s
b
atter
y
,
b
y
p
ass
in
g
th
e
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
r
ec
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
d
eliv
er
o
v
er
5
0
k
W
o
f
p
o
wer
,
e
n
ab
l
in
g
r
ap
id
ch
a
r
g
in
g
with
in
1
5
to
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
an
d
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
at
p
u
b
lic
an
d
h
ig
h
way
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
tio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
ca
b
les
p
r
esen
t
s
p
o
ten
tial
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
wea
r
an
d
tear
,
s
af
ety
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
[
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
I
nd
uct
iv
e
(
wire
less
)
ch
a
rg
ing
W
ir
eles
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
W
PT,
is
an
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
o
v
e
r
co
m
es
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
W
PT
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
in
d
u
ctiv
e,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
es
e
co
u
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
W
PT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
ate
in
th
r
ee
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
o
d
es:
s
tatic,
d
y
n
am
ic,
an
d
q
u
asi
-
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t w
ir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
m
eth
o
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
s
y
s
tem
s
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
W
P
T
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
W
P
T
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
W
P
T
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
A
m
p
è
r
e
’
s
a
n
d
F
a
r
a
d
a
y
’
s
l
a
w
s
.
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
t
u
n
e
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
(
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s/
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s)
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
met
a
l
l
i
c
p
l
a
t
e
s.
En
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
mec
h
a
n
i
sm
Th
e
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
t
i
m
e
-
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
c
o
i
l
i
n
d
u
c
e
s
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
.
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
r
a
n
smi
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
s.
A
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
i
s e
st
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
a
i
r
s
o
f
me
t
a
l
l
i
c
p
l
a
t
e
s.
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Lo
w
t
o
me
d
i
u
m (
1
0
–
5
0
k
H
z
)
.
M
e
d
i
u
m
t
o
h
i
g
h
(
1
0
–
1
5
0
k
H
z
)
.
M
e
d
i
u
m
t
o
h
i
g
h
(
1
0
0
–
6
0
0
k
H
z
)
.
A
i
r
g
a
p
0
–
5
0
c
m.
5
0
c
m
–
5
m
(
U
p
t
o
1
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
d
y
n
a
mi
c
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s)
.
P
r
o
x
i
mi
t
y
:
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
1
2
–
1
5
c
m
sep
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
U
p
t
o
9
0
%
f
o
r
sm
a
l
l
a
i
r
g
a
p
s (<
1
0
c
m
)
.
U
p
t
o
9
0
%
o
v
e
r
l
a
r
g
e
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
(
>
1
m
e
t
e
r
)
.
U
p
t
o
8
8
.
4
%
f
o
r
sm
a
l
l
p
l
a
t
e
sep
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
–
6
0
k
W
.
10
–
1
0
0
k
W
(
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
e
si
g
n
)
.
5
0
0
W
t
o
1
.
2
k
W
(
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
l
a
t
e
si
z
e
a
n
d
se
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
)
.
S
i
z
e
o
f
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
La
r
g
e
r
c
o
i
l
s
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
c
o
i
l
s
i
z
e
s wi
t
h
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s (
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s/
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s)
.
C
o
m
p
a
c
t
p
l
a
t
e
s,
sma
l
l
e
r
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
sy
st
e
m f
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t
.
A
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
H
i
g
h
,
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
o
f
c
o
i
l
s
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
l
e
ss
se
n
si
t
i
v
e
d
u
e
t
o
r
e
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
.
Lo
w
:
c
a
n
t
o
l
e
r
a
t
e
mi
sal
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
t
o
so
m
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
.
S
y
st
e
m c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
S
i
mp
l
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
e
si
g
n
;
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
b
a
si
c
c
o
i
l
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
;
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
se
t
u
n
i
n
g
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
p
r
e
c
i
se
p
l
a
t
e
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
.
El
e
c
t
r
o
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
E
M
I
)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
c
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
s
y
st
e
m
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s.
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
st
i
l
l
p
o
s
e
E
M
I
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
.
Lo
w
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
n
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
l
a
t
e
s.
M
e
t
a
l
l
i
c
o
b
j
e
c
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
Lo
w
;
me
t
a
l
l
i
c
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
mag
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
Lo
w
;
me
t
a
l
l
i
c
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
st
i
l
l
i
mp
a
c
t
r
e
so
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
H
i
g
h
;
mi
n
i
m
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
r
safe
t
y
.
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
sm
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
s
a
n
d
w
e
a
r
a
b
l
e
s
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
o
o
t
h
b
r
u
s
h
e
s.
D
y
n
a
mi
c
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
me
d
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
a
n
t
s,
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
y
a
u
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
.
B
i
o
me
d
i
c
a
l
i
mp
l
a
n
t
s
,
l
o
w
-
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
mer
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
n
o
mo
u
s
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f e
fficien
t wi
r
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
s
fer
fo
r
…
(
Md
.
A
s
h
r
a
f A
li K
h
a
n
)
2159
2
.
2
.
1
.
I
nd
uct
iv
e
wire
les
s
po
w
er
t
ra
ns
f
er
(
ind
uct
iv
e
WP
T
)
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
W
PT
r
e
l
i
es
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
f
el
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
t
i
m
e
-
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
b
y
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
er
c
o
i
l
i
n
d
u
c
e
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
a
r
e
ce
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
.
T
h
is
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
ls
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
3
k
W
t
o
6
0
k
W
,
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
s
o
f
4
to
1
0
c
m
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
i
e
s
r
e
a
ch
i
n
g
u
p
t
o
9
0
%
[
8
]
.
H
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
r
es
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
cy
b
y
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
ti
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
l
u
x
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
W
P
T
f
a
c
es
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
o
i
l
m
is
a
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
,
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
t
o
d
is
t
a
n
c
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
l
i
m
it
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
a
n
g
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
s
a
b
a
s
i
c
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
W
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
h
e
r
e
AC
p
o
w
e
r
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
b
y
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
w
i
r
e
le
s
s
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
c
o
il
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
s
m
a
ll
a
i
r
g
a
p
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
d
f
o
r
b
a
t
t
er
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
S
y
s
t
e
m
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
c
o
i
l
a
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Reso
na
nt
ind
uct
iv
e
wi
re
less
po
wer
t
ra
ns
f
er
(
re
s
o
n
a
nt
ind
uct
iv
e
WP
T
)
R
eso
n
an
t
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT
b
u
ild
s
o
n
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
r
in
cip
les
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
to
e
x
ten
d
tr
an
s
f
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
B
y
t
u
n
in
g
b
o
th
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
to
r
e
s
o
n
ate
at
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
m
in
i
m
izes
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
an
d
m
a
x
im
izes
co
u
p
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
R
eso
n
an
t
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
ci
es
o
f
u
p
to
9
0
%
o
v
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
f
u
p
to
1
m
eter
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tatio
n
ar
y
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
r
eso
n
an
t
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
v
a
r
y
in
g
a
ir
g
ap
s
an
d
co
il
alig
n
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
er
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
allo
ws
g
r
ea
ter
tr
an
s
f
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
asic in
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Ca
pa
cit
iv
e
wire
less
po
wer
t
ra
ns
f
er
(
ca
pa
cit
iv
e
WP
T
)
C
ap
ac
itiv
e
W
PT
em
p
lo
y
s
el
ec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
to
tr
an
s
f
er
en
er
g
y
v
ia
p
a
r
allel
m
etallic
p
lates,
f
o
r
m
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
On
e
p
late
in
ea
c
h
p
air
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
a
d
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
co
m
p
ac
t
d
esig
n
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
n
f
i
n
ed
s
p
ac
es,
with
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ities
o
f
u
p
to
5
1
.
6
k
W
/m
²
an
d
ef
f
ic
ien
cies
r
ea
ch
in
g
8
8
.
4
%
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
tag
es,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
W
PT’
s
ap
p
licatio
n
is
lim
ited
b
y
its
lo
wer
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t [
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
d
ep
icts
a
ty
p
ical
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
o
cc
u
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
in
s
tead
o
f
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
ils
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
p
lates
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
an
air
g
ap
,
an
d
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ain
tain
e
f
f
icien
t e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
u
p
lin
g
m
et
h
o
d
:
(
a
)
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT
,
(
b
)
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
W
PT
,
an
d
(
c)
c
ap
ac
i
tiv
e
W
PT
2
.
2
.
4
.
O
pera
t
ing
m
o
des
o
f
wi
re
less
cha
rg
ing
a)
Static
wir
eles
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
SW
C
)
Static
ch
ar
g
in
g
allo
ws
E
Vs
to
ch
ar
g
e
wir
eless
ly
wh
ile
s
tatio
n
ar
y
,
s
u
ch
as
in
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
ts
o
r
g
ar
a
g
es.
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
Po
wer
T
r
a
n
s
f
er
(
I
P
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
m
o
s
t
SW
C
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
ef
f
icien
cies
ex
ce
ed
in
g
9
5
%
in
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
s
.
Po
wer
lev
el
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
3
.
7
k
W
f
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
E
Vs
to
2
0
0
k
W
f
o
r
b
u
s
es,
with
g
u
id
elin
es p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
lik
e
SAE
J
2
9
5
4
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2156
-
2
1
6
9
2160
b)
Dy
n
am
ic
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
DW
C
)
Dy
n
am
ic
ch
ar
g
in
g
en
ab
les
E
Vs
to
ch
ar
g
e
w
h
ile
in
m
o
tio
n
o
n
s
p
ec
ially
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
r
o
ad
way
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
d
d
r
ess
es
r
an
g
e
an
x
iety
,
r
e
d
u
ce
s
r
elia
n
ce
o
n
la
r
g
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
,
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
s
s
ea
m
less
en
er
g
y
r
ep
len
is
h
m
en
t.
Seg
m
en
te
d
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
e
n
er
g
izin
g
o
n
l
y
th
e
tr
ac
k
s
ec
tio
n
b
en
ea
th
th
e
v
eh
icle,
m
in
im
iz
in
g
s
tr
ay
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
iel
d
s
an
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
[
1
4
]
.
D
esp
ite
its
p
r
o
m
is
e,
DW
C
f
ac
es c
h
allen
g
es su
ch
as
h
ig
h
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
c
o
s
ts
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t p
r
ec
is
io
n
[
1
5
]
.
c)
Qu
asi
-
d
y
n
am
ic
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
QW
C
)
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
elem
en
ts
o
f
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
QW
C
al
lo
ws
v
eh
icles
to
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
m
itten
t
s
to
p
s
,
s
u
ch
as
at
tr
af
f
ic
s
ig
n
als
o
r
b
u
s
s
to
p
s
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
c
o
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
f
u
lly
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
QW
C
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
r
b
a
n
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t sto
p
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
[
1
6
]
.
3.
CO
M
P
E
N
SAT
I
O
N
CI
RCUI
T
S
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
th
ey
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
h
ig
h
leak
a
g
e
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
an
d
l
o
w
m
u
t
u
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
o
s
ely
co
u
p
le
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
t
o
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
ils
.
T
h
is
m
in
im
izes
th
e
v
o
lt
-
am
p
er
e
(
VA)
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
[
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ey
s
tab
ilize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ai
r
g
a
p
,
alig
n
m
e
n
t,
o
r
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Pro
p
er
d
esig
n
p
r
e
v
en
ts
b
if
u
r
ca
tio
n
,
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
wh
er
e
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
ca
u
s
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es.
3
.
1
.
P
rinciples
o
f
co
m
pens
a
t
io
n c
ircuit
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Rea
ct
iv
e
po
wer
c
o
m
pe
ns
a
t
io
n
Du
e
to
th
e
lar
g
e
ai
r
g
ap
i
n
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
ig
h
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
VA
-
r
ated
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
p
r
o
v
id
e
lo
ca
l
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
,
ca
n
ce
lin
g
th
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
(
X
L
)
o
f
th
e
co
ils
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
.
Ma
th
em
ati
ca
lly
,
th
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
XL
o
f
an
in
d
u
cto
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
,
wh
e
r
e
f
is
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
L
is
th
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
=
2π
fL
(
1
)
A
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
d
esig
n
e
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
m
p
en
s
ates f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
ctan
c
e
b
y
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
:
=
(
2
)
B
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
is
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
cir
cu
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
VA
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t,
m
i
n
im
izes
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
a
nd
curr
ent
co
ntr
o
l
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
r
e
g
u
lat
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e
to
m
atch
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
,
ty
p
ically
a
n
E
V
b
atter
y
.
Mo
s
t
b
atter
ies
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
C
C
)
p
h
ase
at
lo
w
s
tates
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
an
d
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
C
V)
p
h
ase
at
h
ig
h
e
r
SOC
s
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
ain
tain
th
ese
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
d
esp
ite
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
lo
ad
,
air
g
ap
,
o
r
c
o
il a
lig
n
m
en
t.
3
.
1
.
3
.
So
f
t
s
wit
ching
f
o
r
hig
h
ef
f
iciency
T
o
m
in
im
ize
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
cu
its
en
ab
le
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
o
r
ze
r
o
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S)
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
witch
es
o
p
er
ate
at
ze
r
o
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
r
ze
r
o
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
e
s
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
lev
els.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Z
VS
is
ac
h
i
ev
ed
wh
e
n
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
i
t
is
tu
n
ed
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t is ze
r
o
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t o
f
s
witch
in
g
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
B
if
urca
t
io
n
a
v
o
ida
nc
e
B
i
f
u
r
c
a
ti
o
n
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
i
e
s
at
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
z
e
r
o
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
g
l
e
(
Z
P
A
)
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
i
n
s
t
a
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
i
n
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
ti
o
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
ts
a
r
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
b
i
f
u
r
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
,
w
el
l
-
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
r
es
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
is
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
s
el
e
c
ti
n
g
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
u
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f e
fficien
t wi
r
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
s
fer
fo
r
…
(
Md
.
A
s
h
r
a
f A
li K
h
a
n
)
2161
3
.
2
.
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
ns
o
f
c
o
m
pe
ns
a
t
io
n t
o
po
lo
g
ies
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
b
asic
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
B
asic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
wh
ile
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
a
n
ce
,
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
class
if
icatio
n
d
iag
r
am
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
th
em
in
to
b
asic
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ty
p
es.
B
asic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
in
clu
d
e
s
er
ies
-
s
er
ies
(
SS
)
,
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
(
SP
)
,
p
ar
allel
-
s
er
ies
(
PS
)
,
an
d
p
ar
allel
-
p
ar
allel
(
PP
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
s
o
m
e
h
y
b
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
iab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
asic c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
:
(
a)
SS
,
(
b
)
SP
,
(
c)
PS
,
an
d
(
d
)
PP
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2156
-
2
1
6
9
2162
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
So
m
e
h
y
b
r
id
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
:
(
a)
L
C
C
-
L
C
C
,
(
b
)
L
C
C
-
P
,
(
c)
L
C
L
-
S
,
an
d
(
d
)
C
C
L
-
S
3
.
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
ic
co
m
pens
a
t
io
n t
o
po
lo
g
ies
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
b
asic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
ased
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
er
e
L
1
is
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
M
is
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
L
2
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
ω
is
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
R
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
co
il,
U1
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
AC
R
MS
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
c
o
il,
an
d
Z
1
a
n
d
Z
2
ar
e
th
e
im
p
e
d
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
ils
with
o
u
t
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
cir
c
u
it.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
o
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
.
a)
Ser
ies
-
s
er
ies (
SS
)
I
n
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
b
o
th
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
ils
.
SS
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
is
i
d
ea
l
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
d
y
n
am
ic
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
th
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
ar
ies,
as
it
m
ain
t
ain
s
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
e
v
en
u
n
d
er
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
ef
u
l d
esig
n
t
o
av
o
i
d
u
n
s
af
e
h
ig
h
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
es u
n
d
er
li
g
h
t
-
lo
ad
o
r
n
o
-
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
b)
Ser
ies
-
p
ar
allel
(
SP
)
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
m
b
in
es
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
s
id
e
with
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e.
I
t is we
ll
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
ch
an
g
in
g
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
l
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t,
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
in
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
to
m
ain
tain
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
c)
Par
allel
-
s
er
ies (
PS
)
PS
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
p
a
r
allel
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
id
e
an
d
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e.
T
h
is
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
lo
w
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
g
o
o
d
b
alan
ce
o
f
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
H
o
wev
er
,
it
n
e
ce
s
s
itate
s
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
d
u
cto
r
s
to
m
an
ag
e
p
r
im
ar
y
-
s
id
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
H
y
brid
co
m
pens
a
t
io
n
t
o
po
lo
g
ies
Hy
b
r
id
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
in
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
d
es
ig
n
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
b
asic
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
in
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
u
n
d
er
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
lo
a
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
lim
ited
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
L
C
L
-
b
as
ed
,
C
C
L
-
b
ased
,
an
d
L
C
C
-
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
with
o
t
h
er
s
p
ec
ialized
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
L
C
L
-
b
ased
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
u
s
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
to
f
o
r
m
L
C
L
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
es,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
s
tab
ilizin
g
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
e
L
C
L
-
L
C
L
to
p
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
s
L
C
L
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
b
o
t
h
s
id
es,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
x
ce
llen
t
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it id
ea
l f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
L
C
L
-
S to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
m
b
in
es a
n
L
C
L
n
etwo
r
k
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
with
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e,
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
esp
ite
c
o
u
p
lin
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
CCL
-
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
C
C
L
-
S
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
lies
cu
r
r
en
t
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
lled
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
with
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
ta
b
le
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
d
y
n
am
i
c
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
C
C
L
-
L
C
C
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ex
ten
d
s
th
is
b
y
u
s
in
g
L
C
C
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
ev
en
u
n
d
er
lo
a
d
an
d
alig
n
m
e
n
t c
h
an
g
es.
L
C
C
-
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
its
with
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
elem
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
z
er
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S)
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
L
C
C
-
L
C
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
p
p
lies
L
C
C
co
m
p
en
s
at
io
n
o
n
b
o
th
s
id
es,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
lo
ad
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
,
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
L
C
C
-
P
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
,
with
L
C
C
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f e
fficien
t wi
r
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
s
fer
fo
r
…
(
Md
.
A
s
h
r
a
f A
li K
h
a
n
)
2163
s
id
e
an
d
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
id
e,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
.
Sp
ec
ialized
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
S
-
SP
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
b
in
e
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ati
o
n
o
n
o
n
e
s
id
e
with
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
u
n
d
er
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
P
-
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
ates
p
ar
al
lel
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
with
p
ar
allel
-
s
er
ies
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ited
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Par
am
eter
s
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
b
asic WP
T
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
W
P
T
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
P
r
i
mary
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
1
)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
2
)
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
(
)
To
t
a
l
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
(
)
P
r
i
mary
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
(
1
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
S
e
r
i
e
s
-
S
e
r
i
e
s
(SS)
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
+
1
2
+
+
1
+
1
1
1
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
so
u
r
c
e
a
t
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
c
o
i
l
S
e
r
i
e
s
-
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
(SP)
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
−
2
2
2
2
2
+
1
+
2
+
1
+
1
1
1
2
2
2
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
so
u
r
c
e
a
t
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
c
o
i
l
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
-
S
e
r
i
e
s
(PS)
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
(
1
+
2
)
2
(
1
+
2
)
+
+
1
+
1
1
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
so
u
r
c
e
a
t
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
c
o
i
l
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
-
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
(
P
P
)
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
−
2
2
1
2
2
(
1
+
2
)
2
(
1
+
2
)
+
+
1
+
1
1
2
2
2
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
so
u
r
c
e
a
t
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
c
o
i
l
4.
CO
UP
L
I
NG
P
AD
S
T
RU
CT
URES
C
o
u
p
lin
g
p
ad
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
t
o
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
e
(
EV
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
ils
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
an
air
g
ap
,
e
n
ab
l
in
g
in
d
u
ctiv
e
o
r
r
eso
n
an
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
eir
d
esig
n
cr
itically
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t,
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
to
ler
an
c
e
to
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
,
al
s
o
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
p
ad
,
f
a
c
i
l
i
ta
t
es
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
li
n
k
e
s
ta
b
l
is
h
e
d
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
tt
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
ce
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
ls
.
A
w
e
l
l
-
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
es
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
m
is
a
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
s
t
a
b
le
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
W
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
p
r
i
m
a
r
il
y
g
o
v
e
r
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
k
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
ct
o
r
(
Q
)
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
(
k
Q
)
,
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
[
2
6
]
.
A
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
h
i
g
h
(
k
Q
)
v
a
l
u
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
n
o
p
ti
m
i
z
e
d
c
o
i
l
d
es
i
g
n
t
h
at
b
a
l
a
n
c
es
s
el
f
-
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
r
es
is
t
a
n
c
e
,
an
d
f
l
u
x
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
co
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
s
in
v
o
lv
es
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
co
il
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
m
ate
r
ial
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
s
elf
-
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
lo
w
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
o
f
a
co
il
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
its
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
u
r
n
s
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial,
an
d
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
f
lu
x
p
ath
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tu
r
n
s
en
h
an
ce
s
s
elf
-
in
d
u
ctan
ce
b
u
t
also
r
aises
th
e
e
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
E
SR
)
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
b
o
th
D
C
an
d
AC
r
esi
s
tan
ce
[
2
6
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
L
itz
wir
e
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
AC
r
esis
tan
ce
,
m
it
ig
atin
g
s
k
in
an
d
p
r
o
x
im
ity
e
f
f
ec
ts
at
h
ig
h
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
(
ty
p
ically
ar
o
u
n
d
8
5
k
Hz,
as st
an
d
ar
d
ize
d
b
y
SAE
J
2
5
9
4
/1
)
[
1
3
]
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
e
l
ec
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
as
p
e
c
t
o
f
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
p
a
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
F
e
r
r
i
t
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
a
r
e
o
f
t
e
n
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
i
l
s
t
o
g
u
i
d
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
l
u
x
,
r
e
d
u
c
e
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
.
F
e
r
r
i
t
es
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
il
i
t
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
m
u
t
u
a
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
r
i
t
e
c
a
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
r
e
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
we
ig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
p
o
s
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
we
i
g
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
a
e
r
i
a
l
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
(
U
A
Vs
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
t
h
e
d
e
t
ai
l
e
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
p
a
d
s
o
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
4
.
1
.
Circ
ula
r
c
o
ils
C
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
c
o
i
ls
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
s
i
m
p
l
i
ci
t
y
a
n
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
m
ag
n
e
t
i
c
f
l
u
x
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
i
n
g
le
-
s
i
d
e
d
f
l
u
x
p
at
t
e
r
n
s
,
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
a
n
d
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
s
h
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
[
2
7
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
d
e
c
r
ea
s
es
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
m
i
s
a
l
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
.
C
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
c
o
i
ls
a
r
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
f
o
r
s
t
a
ti
o
n
a
r
y
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
m
is
a
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
7
]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
i
es
w
it
h
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
p
a
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
9
6
.
5
%
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
wi
t
h
a
2
1
0
-
m
m
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
r
c
o
i
l
a
n
d
a
52
-
m
m
a
i
r
g
a
p
[
2
8
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
l
i
m
i
t
at
i
o
n
s
,
n
e
c
es
s
i
t
a
ti
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
i
ti
e
s
b
el
o
w
3
–
5
A
/m
m
²
i
n
t
h
e
L
i
t
z
w
i
r
e
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
[
2
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2156
-
2
1
6
9
2164
4
.
2
.
Rec
t
a
ng
ula
r
c
o
ils
R
ec
tan
g
u
lar
co
ils
,
as
d
ep
ict
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
,
ar
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
in
g
lar
g
er
co
v
er
ag
e
a
r
ea
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
g
e
o
m
etr
ies
ex
h
ib
it
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lat
er
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
cir
cu
lar
p
ad
s
,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
m
a
k
es
th
em
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
wh
er
e
ex
ac
t
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
ils
ca
n
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
[
2
8
]
.
4
.
3
.
Do
ub
le
-
D
(
DD)
c
o
ils
DD
co
ils
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
two
D
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
u
b
-
c
o
ils
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
lar
ity
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
,
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es o
f
f
lu
x
p
i
p
e
a
n
d
cir
cu
lar
co
il
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
o
f
f
er
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
u
p
lin
g
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
leak
ag
e
f
lu
x
[
29
]
.
Fer
r
ite
p
lates
ar
e
o
f
ten
p
lace
d
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
co
ils
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
g
u
id
e
th
e
f
lu
x
,
en
a
b
lin
g
h
ig
h
er
co
u
p
li
n
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
.
DD
co
ils
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
E
V
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
e
r
m
o
d
e
r
ate
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t [
30
].
4
.
4
.
Do
ub
le
-
D
q
ua
dra
t
ure
(
DDQ
)
c
o
ils
T
h
e
DDQ
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
DD
co
il
b
y
ad
d
in
g
a
q
u
ad
r
at
u
r
e
co
il
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
c
o
llects
d
-
ax
is
f
lu
x
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DD
co
ils
an
d
q
-
ax
is
f
lu
x
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
q
u
a
d
r
atu
r
e
co
il,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
o
ler
an
ce
to
m
is
alig
n
m
en
ts
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
DDQ
co
ils
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ac
e
an
d
a
co
m
p
lex
c
o
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
,
in
c
r
e
asin
g
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t [
3
1
]
.
4
.
5
.
B
ipo
la
r
(
B
P
)
co
ils
B
ip
o
lar
p
ad
s
a
r
e
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
alter
n
ativ
e
to
DDQ
co
ils
,
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
o
v
e
r
lap
p
in
g
D
-
s
h
ap
e
d
c
o
ils
.
T
h
ey
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
c
o
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
with
les
s
co
p
p
er
u
s
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
DDQ
p
ad
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
b
ip
o
lar
d
esig
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
co
s
t,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
an
ce
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
b
ip
o
lar
co
ils
.
4
.
6
.
T
ripo
la
r
co
ils
T
r
ip
o
lar
p
ad
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
th
r
e
e
m
u
tu
ally
d
ec
o
u
p
led
c
o
ils
,
allo
win
g
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ea
c
h
co
il
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
ex
h
i
b
its
h
ig
h
r
o
tat
io
n
al
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
t
o
ler
an
ce
an
d
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
co
u
p
lin
g
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
b
y
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
h
ase
o
f
ea
ch
co
il
[
3
2
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
tr
ip
o
lar
p
ad
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
r
ee
s
ep
ar
ate
in
v
e
r
ter
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
d
c
o
s
t [
3
4
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
il st
r
u
ctu
r
es p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
C
o
i
l
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
Ref
Ty
p
e
M
i
s
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
s
h
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
o
n
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
EM
F
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
C
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
[
2
7
]
N
o
n
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
P
o
o
r
Lo
w
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
H
i
g
h
R
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
[
2
8
]
N
o
n
-
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
H
i
g
h
D
o
u
b
l
e
-
D
(
D
D
)
[
3
0
]
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
P
o
o
r
H
i
g
h
D
o
u
b
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
D
o
u
b
l
e
-
D
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
D
D
Q
)
[
3
1
]
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
H
i
g
h
H
i
g
h
D
o
u
b
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
B
i
p
o
l
a
r
[
3
3
]
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
H
i
g
h
D
o
u
b
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
Tr
i
p
o
l
a
r
[
3
4
]
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
e
d
H
i
g
h
H
i
g
h
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
si
d
e
d
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
Lo
w
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
s
of
(
a)
cir
cu
lar
an
d
(
b
)
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f e
fficien
t wi
r
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er t
r
a
n
s
fer
fo
r
…
(
Md
.
A
s
h
r
a
f A
li K
h
a
n
)
2165
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
u
p
lin
g
p
a
d
s
o
f
(
a)
DD
,
(
b
)
DDQ
,
(
c)
B
P
,
an
d
(
d
)
tr
ip
o
lar
5.
CO
I
L
M
I
SA
L
I
G
NM
E
N
T
C
o
il
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
is
a
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
e
in
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
ils
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
Misalig
n
m
en
t
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
l
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al,
later
al,
v
er
tical,
an
g
u
lar
,
an
d
r
o
tatio
n
al
d
is
p
lace
m
en
ts
,
d
u
e
to
im
p
r
o
p
er
v
eh
icle
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
,
u
n
ev
en
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
ese
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
s
r
esu
lt
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t,
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ile
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
lu
x
leak
ag
e,
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
is
m
atch
es,
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Misalig
n
m
en
t to
le
r
an
ce
g
u
id
elin
es [
1
3
]
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
To
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
Lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
o
f
f
set
(
△
X)
±
7
5
mm
La
t
e
r
a
l
o
f
f
se
t
(
△
Y)
±
1
0
0
mm
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
o
f
f
se
t
(
△
Z)
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
R
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
f
f
se
t
s
Te
st
e
d
a
t
2
°
a
n
d
3
°
T
ab
le
5
.
Z
-
C
lass
g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
clea
r
an
ce
[
1
3
]
Z
-
c
l
a
ss
l
e
v
e
l
G
r
o
u
n
d
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
(
mm
)
Z1
1
0
0
-
1
5
0
Z2
1
4
0
-
2
1
0
Z3
1
7
0
-
2
5
0
M
i
s
al
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
s
e
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
an
t
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
i
n
b
o
t
h
s
t
at
i
c
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
s
.
I
n
s
t
a
t
ic
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
i
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
l
e
a
d
t
o
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
o
r
v
e
r
t
i
ca
l
o
f
f
s
et
s
b
et
we
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
i
ls
,
w
h
il
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
es
co
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
m
o
v
e
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
is
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
W
P
T
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
3
6
]
.
S
A
E
J
2
5
9
4
/
1
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
s
p
e
ci
f
y
t
h
at
W
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
m
u
s
t
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
at
lea
s
t
8
0
%
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
m
i
s
al
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
,
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
,
a
n
d
v
e
r
t
i
ca
l
m
i
s
a
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
as
w
e
l
l
as
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
a
n
d
r
o
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
s
4
a
n
d
5
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
il
d
esig
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
o
u
b
le
-
D
(
DD)
,
d
o
u
b
le
-
D
q
u
ad
r
at
u
r
e
(
DDQ)
,
a
n
d
b
ip
o
lar
(
B
P)
co
ils
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e.
DD
co
ils
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
two
D
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
u
b
-
c
o
ils
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
la
r
ity
,
cr
ea
te
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
lu
x
p
ath
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
leak
ag
e
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
co
u
p
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
DDQ
d
esig
n
ex
ten
d
s
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
co
il
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
p
er
p
en
d
ic
u
lar
f
lu
x
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
is
al
ig
n
m
en
t
to
ler
a
n
ce
.
B
ip
o
lar
c
o
ils
,
wh
ich
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
D
-
s
h
ap
ed
c
o
ils
,
o
f
f
er
a
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
with
s
im
ilar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
m
is
alig
n
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
co
il
d
esig
n
s
,
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
s
m
aller
co
ils
in
s
tead
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
lar
g
e
o
n
e,
f
u
r
th
e
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
u
p
lin
g
b
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
m
o
r
e
e
v
en
ly
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
co
il
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
elec
tr
ical
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t.
C
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
cto
r
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
L
C
C
)
an
d
i
n
d
u
cto
r
-
c
ap
ac
ito
r
-
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
C
L
)
,
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
m
ain
tain
ef
f
icien
cy
d
esp
ite
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.