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n
(
I
MO
)
h
as
m
an
d
ated
a
g
g
r
ess
iv
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
s
h
ip
p
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ic
ien
t
p
r
ac
tices.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
alter
n
ativ
es
b
ein
g
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
a
clea
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
o
n
s
h
ip
s
with
am
p
l
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
p
an
el
in
s
ta
llatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
y
n
am
ic
m
a
r
itime
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
h
ar
a
cter
ized
b
y
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ile
u
s
ef
u
l,
o
f
ten
f
ail
to
d
eliv
er
h
ig
h
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
n
d
er
r
ap
id
l
y
ch
an
g
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
(
ANFI
S)
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
th
eir
ab
i
lity
to
a
d
ap
tiv
ely
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
in
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
lik
e
SEPI
C
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
i
d
ea
l f
o
r
m
ar
in
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
m
ar
in
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
:
−
L
im
ited
u
s
e
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es:
Mo
s
t
m
ar
itime
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
s
till
r
ely
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
e.
g
.
,
P&
O,
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
)
,
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
s
ea
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
ap
tiv
e
AI
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
s
lik
e
ANFI
S in
th
is
co
n
tex
t r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
−
L
ac
k
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
:
Ma
n
y
d
esig
n
s
f
o
cu
s
s
o
lely
o
n
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
n
eg
lectin
g
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
o
f
f
er
e
d
b
y
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
−
I
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
alid
ati
o
n
in
m
ar
itime
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
W
h
ile
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
m
o
d
eled
PV
-
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
etica
lly
,
f
ew
h
av
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
at
s
ea
.
−
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SEPI
C
with
AI
-
b
ased
MPPT
is
r
ar
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
:
T
h
er
e
is
a
clea
r
g
a
p
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
wh
er
e
ANFI
S
-
b
ased
MPPT
is
u
s
ed
in
co
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
with
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
m
ar
itime
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
es
a
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
s
witch
e
d
r
elu
ctan
ce
(
SR
)
m
o
to
r
to
d
r
iv
e
a
m
ec
h
an
ically
attac
h
ed
p
r
o
p
eller
.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
s
p
i
k
es
in
s
p
ee
d
an
d
t
o
r
q
u
e
ca
u
s
ed
by
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
-
b
ased
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
SR
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
tify
an
d
s
tab
ili
ze
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ities
in
s
p
ee
d
an
d
to
r
q
u
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
r
e
g
u
lat
ed
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
with
a
n
SR
m
o
to
r
p
r
im
ar
ily
h
ar
v
ests
g
r
ee
n
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
b
u
t it
also
ass
u
r
es a
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
u
n
ex
p
e
cted
ch
an
g
es
in
m
o
t
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
PV
-
p
o
wer
ed
SR
m
o
to
r
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
tead
in
ess
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
r
ap
i
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
-
p
o
we
r
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
f
f
er
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
a
n
d
d
e
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
o
win
g
to
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es
is
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S).
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
a
SEPI
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
an
d
lo
w
-
lev
el
DC
v
o
ltag
e
ge
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
-
b
ased
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
g
e
n
er
ates
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
u
s
in
g
th
e
PV
ce
lls
'
r
ea
l
v
o
ltag
e
(
V_
PV)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
_
PV)
as
in
p
u
ts
,
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
in
im
izin
g
m
is
tak
es.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
al
i
s
th
en
s
u
p
p
lied
to
a
PW
M
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
PW
M
p
u
ls
es th
at
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
SEPI
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
'
s
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
DC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
-
b
ased
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
S
E
PI
C
,
wh
ich
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
r
em
ar
k
a
b
l
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
7
.
1
2
%
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
A
NFI
S
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
SEPI
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
in
t
h
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
an
SR
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
en
m
ar
itime
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
d
ep
icts
th
e
in
ter
r
elate
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
m
ar
itime
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
u
s
in
g
a
s
witch
in
g
r
elu
ctan
c
e
(
SR
)
m
o
to
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2768
-
27
79
2770
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
:
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
SR
M
f
o
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
2
.
1
.
Sepic c
o
nv
er
t
er
des
ig
n
A
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
in
d
u
cto
r
co
n
v
er
ter
is
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Alex
an
d
er
et
a
l.
[
3
]
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
,
l
o
wer
,
o
r
eq
u
al
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
d
eter
m
in
es
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
elec
tr
icity
it
g
en
er
ates.
T
h
e
SEPI
C
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
wo
r
k
s
a
s
a
b
o
o
s
t
o
r
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
,
al
lo
win
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
o
u
t
alter
in
g
p
o
la
r
ity
,
as
was
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Mu
tar
r
af
et
a
l.
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
b
y
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
an
d
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
1
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
g
r
ea
ter
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
th
an
th
at
o
f
a
n
o
r
m
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kar
af
il
[
5
]
as
w
ell
as
Sh
u
k
la
a
n
d
Sin
g
h
[
6
]
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
s
tatic
g
ain
is
s
tab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
in
a
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ab
o
u
t
id
en
tical
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
t
h
at
ex
is
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
witch
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
esig
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
r
u
n
s
with
a
1
4
0
V
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
4
5
0
V
o
u
tp
u
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
Killi
an
d
Sam
an
t
a
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
ettin
g
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
,
allo
win
g
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
in
p
u
t
as
well
as
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
els o
f
v
o
ltag
e
with
in
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
SEPI
C
cir
cu
it to
p
o
lo
g
y
Po
n
n
u
s
am
y
et
a
l.
[
8
]
c
r
ea
ted
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
in
t
r
in
s
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
s
id
e
th
e
cir
cu
it,
w
h
ich
p
lay
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
a
r
t
in
d
ec
i
d
in
g
h
o
w
m
u
ch
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
te
p
s
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
ese
elem
e
n
ts
h
elp
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
a
n
id
ea
l
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ay
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
0
=
∗
1
−
(
1
)
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
v
o
ltag
es
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t th
at
ca
n
b
e
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
ein
g
co
n
v
er
t
ed
,
all
w
h
ile
s
u
s
tain
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
la
r
ity
,
as
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
b
y
Sin
g
h
et
a
l.
[
9
]
an
d
Falin
[
1
0
]
.
SEPI
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ar
e
e
x
ce
llen
t
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
v
er
s
atility
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
l
aw
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
r
o
u
te
co
n
tain
in
g
Vs,
L
1
,
C
1
,
an
d
L
2
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
to
d
escr
ib
e
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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E
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&
Dr
i Sy
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SS
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-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
A
N
F
I
S
-
b
a
s
ed
MPP
T
fo
r
P
V
-
p
o
w
ered
g
r
ee
n
s
h
ip
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
g
a
in
S
E
P
I
C
…
(
G.
J
eg
a
d
ee
s
w
a
r
i
)
2771
an
aly
ze
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
w
ith
in
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
law,
wh
i
ch
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
cir
c
u
it
an
al
y
s
is
,
s
tates
th
at
th
e
to
tal
o
f
v
o
ltag
es
in
ev
er
y
lo
o
p
th
at
is
cl
o
s
ed
in
a
cir
cu
it
m
atch
es
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
s
in
s
id
e
th
at
lo
o
p
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
th
is
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
th
e
g
iv
en
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
v
id
es in
s
ig
h
t in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
−
+
1
+
1
−
2
=
0
(
2
)
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
will
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
wh
en
th
e
s
witch
is
clo
s
ed
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
DT
in
ter
v
als
cr
o
s
s
v
o
ltag
e
L
1
ar
e
as
in
(
3
)
.
1
=
(
3
)
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
will b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
w
h
en
th
e
s
witch
is
o
p
e
n
ed
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
KVL
o
n
th
e
o
u
ts
id
e
la
n
e
is
as (
4
)
.
−
+
1
+
1
+
0
=
0
(
4
)
A
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
al
(
1
-
D
)
T
,
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
t
o
a
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
i
s
z
e
r
o
i
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
ic
o
p
e
r
a
t
io
n
,
i
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
(
5
)
.
V
S
(
DT
)
−
V
0
(
1
−
D
)
T
=0
(
5
)
W
h
en
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
r
at
io
s
witch
is
D,
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
is
as (
6
)
.
=
V
o
V
0
+
V
s
(
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SEPI
C
at
th
e
clo
s
in
g
s
witch
an
d
d
io
d
e
o
f
f
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
SEPI
C
wh
en
s
witch
ON
an
d
d
io
d
e
ON
2
.
2
.
ANF
I
S
-
ba
s
ed
M
P
P
T
co
ntr
o
ller
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
d
eliv
er
p
o
wer
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
b
en
ef
icial
alter
n
ativ
es
to
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Min
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
em
in
2
0
0
8
as
ec
o
lo
g
ically
b
e
n
ef
icial,
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
b
e
n
ef
its
,
two
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
s
p
r
ev
en
t
b
r
o
a
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
:
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
lim
ited
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
ia
b
le
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
g
en
er
ally
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
9
%
to
1
7
%,
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
1
2
]
n
o
te
th
at
th
is
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
,
to
g
et
h
er
with
th
e
in
itial
ex
p
en
s
es,
lim
its
th
e
lar
g
e
r
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
d
if
f
icu
lties
is
cr
itical
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
s
o
la
r
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
c
ateg
o
r
ies:
class
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
MPPT
an
d
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Alass
i
an
d
Ma
s
s
o
u
d
[
1
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
b
etwe
e
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
o
s
cillatio
n
s
at
th
e
g
r
ea
test
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
an
d
lo
wer
ef
f
icie
n
cy
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
u
n
ex
p
ec
te
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
J
eg
ad
ee
s
war
i
[
1
4
]
a
d
v
o
ca
ted
u
s
in
g
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
an
class
ic
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
ied
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
cir
cu
m
s
t
an
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2768
-
27
79
2772
T
h
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
f
u
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
D
ee
p
ak
et
a
l.
[1
5
]
,
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
th
e
two
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
tated
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
d
ata
with
o
u
t
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
a
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
a
te
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el,
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
an
ag
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
ata,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
q
u
ick
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
.
J
eg
ad
ee
s
war
i
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
in
2
0
2
4
,
wh
ich
u
s
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
ill
-
d
ef
in
ed
an
d
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
lear
n
e
d
d
ata
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
PV p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
a
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
tem
.
Z
h
an
g
[
1
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ANFI
S
f
o
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
ANFI
S
is
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
g
o
o
d
at
d
ea
lin
g
with
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
b
y
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
clo
s
er
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
is
a
n
ticip
ated
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
s
a
m
id
ch
a
n
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
ab
les
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
co
n
tin
u
ally
ad
ju
s
t
to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
r
u
n
s
at
o
r
n
ea
r
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
SEPI
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
u
p
led
with
PV
2
.
3
.
B
idi
re
ct
io
na
l c
o
nv
er
t
er
des
ig
n
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
He
d
lu
n
d
[
1
8
]
,
L
i
u
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
Kar
s
h
en
as [
2
0
]
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
q
u
ick
ly
g
r
o
win
g
,
as
is
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
b
atter
y
b
ac
k
u
p
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
atter
ies,
i
s
cr
itical
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
in
t
er
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
ab
les
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
tim
e
to
b
e
p
r
eser
v
e
d
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
lo
w
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
o
r
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Vis
wan
ath
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
2
2
]
d
esig
n
ed
a
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ay
an
d
n
ig
h
t.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
(
B
DC
s
)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
am
o
n
g
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
tead
y
en
er
g
y
f
l
o
w
in
a
n
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
as
n
e
ed
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
e
s
s
en
tial
lay
o
u
t
o
f
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
L
eo
n
g
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
(
PV)
p
an
el
p
o
we
r
s
th
e
DC
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
u
s
e
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
u
n
i
d
ir
e
ctio
n
al
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
eg
u
late
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w,
o
p
tim
ize
b
atter
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
t
h
e
g
r
id
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
o
allo
w
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
u
s
es
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
wer
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
.
Vin
if
a
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
f
ea
tu
r
e
th
at
is
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
b
y
m
e
r
g
in
g
two
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
witch
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ally
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
u
s
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
o
r
I
GB
T
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
witch
es
en
ab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
A
N
F
I
S
-
b
a
s
ed
MPP
T
fo
r
P
V
-
p
o
w
ered
g
r
ee
n
s
h
ip
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
g
a
in
S
E
P
I
C
…
(
G.
J
eg
a
d
ee
s
w
a
r
i
)
2773
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
ef
f
icien
tly
r
e
g
u
late
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
c
h
an
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
b
atter
ies,
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
as n
ee
d
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
two
t
y
p
es
o
f
o
p
er
a
tio
n
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
r
ep
lace
s
d
io
d
es
with
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
witch
es.
Switch
S1
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
i
n
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
s
witch
S2
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
i
n
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it
2
.
3
.
1
.
B
uck
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
T
h
e
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
is
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
tep
d
o
w
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
with
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
,
as o
u
tlin
ed
b
elo
w:
−
Du
ty
cy
cle:
th
e
(
1
)
d
eliv
e
r
s
th
e
s
witch
's d
u
ty
cy
cle,
wh
i
ch
is
esti
m
ated
to
b
e
9
0
-
9
5
% e
f
f
icien
t.
=
∗
=
24
48
∗
0
.
9
=
0
.
5
5
(
7
)
T
h
e
(
7
)
in
clu
d
es
V
IN
(
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e)
,
V
OUT
(
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e)
,
a
n
d
η
(
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
,
esti
m
ated
at
9
0
-
9
5
%).
−
Selectin
g
an
in
d
u
ct
o
r
:
An
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
(
8
)
ex
p
lain
s
an
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
r
ip
p
l
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
∆
=
(
0
.
1
0
.
2
)
∗
∆
=
0
.
1
2
∆
=
0
.
2
(
8
)
I
OUT
d
e
n
o
t
es
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
'
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
c
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
v
a
l
u
e
is
c
a
lcu
l
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
9
)
.
=
∗
(
−
∆
)
=
0
.
5
∗
40
∗
10
−
6
∗
(
48
−
24
)
0
.
2
=
2
.
4
(
9
)
−
Selectin
g
an
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
: T
o
r
ed
u
ce
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
l
e,
ch
o
o
s
e
lo
w
E
SR
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
g
en
er
ated
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
is
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
(
1
0
)
is
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
es g
iv
en
a
ce
r
tain
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
C
OUT
=
(
1
−
)
∗
∗
2
8
∗
∆
C
OUT
=
(
1
−
0
.
5
)
∗
24
∗
(
40
∗
10
−
6
)
2
8
∗
(
2
.
4
∗
10
−
3
)
∗
0
.
24
C
OUT
=
4
.
1
6
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
C
OUT
=
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ita
n
ce
,
∆
0
=
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2768
-
27
79
2774
2
.
3
.
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
i
s
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
ar
am
eter
s
as d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
:
−
Du
ty
cy
cle:
th
e
(
1
1
)
d
eliv
er
s
t
h
e
s
witch
's d
u
ty
cy
cle,
wh
ic
h
i
s
esti
m
ated
to
b
e
9
0
-
9
5
% e
f
f
ic
ien
t e
f
f
icien
cy
.
=
1
−
∗
=
1
−
24
48
∗
0
.
9
=
0
.
5
5
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
(
1
1
)
in
clu
d
es
V
IN
(
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e)
,
V
OUT
(
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e)
,
a
n
d
η
(
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
esti
m
ated
at
9
0
-
9
5
%).
−
Selectin
g
an
in
d
u
cto
r
:
An
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
1
0
%
an
d
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
(
1
2
)
d
escr
ib
es th
e
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t o
f
an
in
d
u
ct
o
r
.
∆
=
(
0
.
1
0
.
2
)
∗
∆
=
0
.
1
2
∆
=
0
.
2
(
1
2
)
I
IN
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
n
ee
d
ed
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
v
alu
e
r
is
es,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
v
alu
e
is
c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
3
)
.
=
∗
(
∆
)
=
0
.
5
∗
4
0
∗
10
−
3
∗
24
0
.
2
=
2
.
4
(
1
3
)
−
Selectin
g
an
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
:
T
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le,
u
s
e
lo
w
E
SR
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
a
ls
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
(
1
4
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t v
alu
es b
ase
d
o
n
a
ce
r
tain
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le.
C
OUT
=
∗
∗
∆
C
OUT
=
1
∗
0
.
5
(
25
∗
10
3
)
∗
0
.
48
C
OUT
=
4
1
.
6
(
1
4
)
C
OUT
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
wh
ile
∆
0
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
T
a
b
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
esig
n
v
alu
es f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
B
DC
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
alcu
lated
v
alu
es f
o
r
B
DC
cir
cu
it c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
0
.
5
5
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
25
K
H
z
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
2
4
W
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
2
4
V
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
2
.
4
mH
R
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
0
.
2
A
I
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
4
.
1
6
F
&
4
1
.
6
6
F
R
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
v
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l
t
a
g
e
5%
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
p
ee
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
an
8
/6
S
R
m
o
to
r
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
a
PV
-
f
ed
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
an
ANFI
S
-
b
ased
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e,
an
d
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ex
am
in
ed
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
r
ad
iatio
n
,
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
-
8
(
d
)
d
ep
ict
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
F
ig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
s
tead
ily
m
ain
tain
ed
at
2
5
°
C
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
d
d
e
n
ly
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
to
3
5
°
C
an
d
r
e
m
ain
in
g
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
T
h
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
k
ep
t
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n
s
tan
t
at
8
0
0
w/s
q
.
m
a
n
d
a
r
a
p
id
s
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ik
e
t
o
1
0
0
0
w/s
q
.
m
at
0
.
2
s
,
wh
ich
i
s
f
u
r
th
er
m
ain
tai
n
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
A
N
F
I
S
-
b
a
s
ed
MPP
T
fo
r
P
V
-
p
o
w
ered
g
r
ee
n
s
h
ip
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
g
a
in
S
E
P
I
C
…
(
G.
J
eg
a
d
ee
s
w
a
r
i
)
2775
co
n
s
tan
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
s
tab
ilizes
at
1
2
5
V
b
e
f
o
r
e
r
ap
id
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
to
1
4
9
V
af
ter
0
.
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
er
e
it
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
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e
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
is
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g
n
if
ican
tly
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th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
ad
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ally
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ettles at
6
0
A
b
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r
e
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u
r
g
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g
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ai
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A
s
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ik
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at
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2
s
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d
r
em
ain
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g
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ter
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at.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
l
ar
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
es
9
(
a)
an
d
9
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
o
lar
s
id
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
as we
ll a
s
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
ANFI
S
-
b
ased
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Usi
n
g
a
1
4
0
V
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
p
u
t,
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
4
5
0
V.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
S
E
PIC
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
b
o
o
s
t
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
9
7
%.
T
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
is
th
en
s
en
t
to
th
e
s
witch
ed
r
elu
ct
an
ce
m
o
to
r
(
SR
M)
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
a
ls
o
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
(
n
+1
)
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
(
n
+1
)
d
io
d
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ich
d
r
i
v
es
th
e
SR
M
'
s
p
h
ase
win
d
in
g
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
p
o
wer
in
g
th
e
SR
M
an
d
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
a
ct
o
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
B
R
co
n
v
er
ter
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
es
to
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els f
o
r
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
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I
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2
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8
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-
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6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
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20
25
:
2768
-
27
79
2776
4.
CO
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2777
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