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is
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a
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s.
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e
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s
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rm
e
d
in
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s,
firstl
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fa
u
lt
is
d
e
tec
ted
b
y
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p
p
l
y
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g
th
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ra
n
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o
m
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re
st
c
las
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lg
o
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it
h
m
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h
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e
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li
n
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si
g
n
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l.
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x
t,
t
h
e
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u
lt
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it
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n
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ll
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u
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t
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t
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n
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ls.
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h
e
d
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n
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re
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lt
s
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se
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o
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u
latio
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ta
sh
o
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t
h
a
t
t
h
e
fa
u
lt
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
tec
ted
wit
h
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a
x
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a
c
c
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ra
c
y
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e
a
n
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e
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c
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ra
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y
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l
o
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ti
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lt
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n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
imp
ro
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d
with
th
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a
d
d
it
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o
n
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l
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se
o
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c
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n
t
sig
n
a
ls
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e
a
su
re
d
a
t
th
e
DC
-
li
n
k
.
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o
ten
ti
a
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
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lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
field
si
g
n
a
l
is
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lso
h
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g
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li
g
h
ted
fo
r
th
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
Fau
lt d
iag
n
o
s
is
I
GB
T
Op
en
-
cir
cu
it f
a
u
lts
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ho
an
g
-
Gian
g
Vu
Facu
lty
o
f
New
E
n
er
g
y
,
E
lectr
ic
Po
wer
Un
iv
er
s
ity
235
Ho
a
n
g
Qu
o
c
Viet
Stre
et
,
Ng
h
ia
Do
W
ar
d
,
Han
o
i,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: g
ian
g
v
h
@
ep
u
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
ical
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as:
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
win
d
,
s
o
lar
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
o
r
m
s
)
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lier
s
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
in
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
wer
e
lectr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
in
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
,
I
GB
T
s
a
r
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
h
ig
h
s
tr
ess
,
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ical,
th
er
m
al
,
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
o
n
es
,
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
th
eir
f
ailu
r
e
s
o
r
f
au
lts
.
Statis
tics
in
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
f
ailu
r
es
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
i
n
b
o
th
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
cir
c
u
its
,
in
wh
ich
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
with
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
an
d
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
f
au
lts
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
I
GB
T
s
h
o
r
t
cir
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it
f
au
lts
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
tan
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r
d
ized
o
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cu
r
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en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
u
ilt
in
to
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e
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tr
ic
m
ac
h
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n
e
d
r
iv
es,
th
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
s
till
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
f
o
r
a
c
er
tain
p
er
io
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
r
eliab
i
lity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
f
au
lts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
ete
cted
tim
ely
m
an
n
e
r
to
a
v
o
id
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
to
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
th
e
f
ailu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
ass
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
o
te
d
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
o
p
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n
cir
c
u
it
f
au
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
i
n
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
d
iv
er
s
e
way
s
to
class
if
y
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ca
n
r
eg
u
lar
ly
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
s
ig
n
al
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
d
ata
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
with
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
F
a
u
lt d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
fo
r
in
ve
r
ter o
p
en
circu
it fa
u
lts
u
s
in
g
DC
-
lin
k
s
ig
n
a
l a
n
d
…
(
Ho
a
n
g
-
Gia
n
g
V
u
)
2179
I
n
s
ig
n
al
an
aly
s
is
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
o
b
tain
f
au
lt
-
r
elat
ed
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
als
co
u
ld
b
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
co
n
tr
o
l
,
o
r
ev
en
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
s
ig
n
als
at
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
[
4
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
to
an
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
s
o
m
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
ely
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Par
k
’
s
v
ec
to
r
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
m
o
to
r
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
t
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
; th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
tr
ajec
to
r
y
[
6
]
;
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
r
t
h
e
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
a
b
s
o
lu
tely
n
o
r
m
alize
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
[
7
]
,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
[
8
]
,
o
r
ab
n
o
r
m
al
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t [
9
]
.
As an
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
as
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
v
ar
iab
les
in
[
1
0
]
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lty
s
witch
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
as
a
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
,
wh
ich
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
r
esti
m
ated
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical,
o
p
tical,
o
r
p
h
y
s
ically
co
n
tactin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
ig
n
als
co
n
d
u
cted
o
r
e
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
u
s
b
ar
o
f
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
icien
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
v
asiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es o
f
f
au
lt d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Statis
tical
s
h
ar
e
o
f
f
a
u
lt d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
f
er
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
s
im
p
licity
,
as
th
ey
u
tili
ze
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ig
n
als
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
ey
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lts
.
R
ec
en
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
u
s
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
r
DC
-
lin
k
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
ig
n
als
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
in
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lts
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
s
en
s
itiv
ity
is
th
e
m
ain
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
s
ig
n
al
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
n
o
is
e
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
d
el
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
a
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
a
r
e
u
n
d
er
a
n
aly
s
is
to
is
o
late
f
ailu
r
e
b
y
r
ef
lectin
g
f
au
lty
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
an
d
m
o
d
el
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
th
at
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
a
lo
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
p
r
in
ci
p
le
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
r
ea
l
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
[
3
]
.
Me
th
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
b
s
er
v
er
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
f
au
lts
wh
ich
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
etec
t
in
p
o
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
lo
t
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
er
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
m
o
d
el
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
n
o
is
es,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
th
e
s
tate
o
b
s
er
v
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
1
5
]
.
Oth
er
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
s
in
clu
d
es
m
o
d
el
ad
ap
ti
v
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
;
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
ev
en
wh
en
ap
p
lied
t
o
co
m
p
l
ex
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
ain
d
r
awb
ac
k
is
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
n
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
.
D
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
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d
e
t
e
c
t
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
.
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n
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
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p
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m
en
t
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d
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o
v
e
,
t
h
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e
a
p
p
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o
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c
h
e
s
ca
n
b
e
p
e
r
f
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m
e
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
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f
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a
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o
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t
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o
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a
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d
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o
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d
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d
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t
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s
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o
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le
s
s
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a
s
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g
n
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f
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c
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i
m
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t
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ti
o
n
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t
h
e
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e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
l
i
es
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
h
is
to
r
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
te
m
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
t
il
i
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
a
n
d
d
at
a
r
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c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
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t
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c
h
n
i
q
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es
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M
o
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o
v
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r
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m
et
h
o
d
s
a
r
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l
i
m
i
t
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d
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t
h
e
i
r
a
b
i
l
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t
y
t
o
d
et
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c
t
n
e
w
o
r
p
r
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v
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s
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y
u
n
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e
e
n
f
a
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l
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r
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s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
n
e
e
d
r
el
ev
a
n
t
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
[
3
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
F
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
is
,
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
f
a
c
e
s
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
b
i
g
d
a
t
a
.
D
at
a
s
u
c
h
as
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
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r
e
,
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r
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c
o
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ct
e
d
a
n
d
f
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
t
o
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
r
a
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
t
i
es
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
e
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
a
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
(
R
F
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
e
c
t
o
r
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
(
S
V
M
)
,
a
n
d
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
(
PC
A
)
[
2
2
]
[
2
3
]
,
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
i
m
e
s
e
r
i
es
s
u
c
h
as
a
u
t
o
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
e
d
m
o
v
i
n
g
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
A
R
I
M
A
)
,
l
o
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
(
L
S
T
M
)
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
au
to
m
atio
n
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
d
ep
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n
d
en
ce
o
n
tech
n
ician
s
,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
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s
tem
m
o
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ito
r
in
g
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
lar
g
e
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
d
ata
ar
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
en
s
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r
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ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
f
a
u
lt
d
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g
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.
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u
s
,
d
at
a
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m
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s
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T
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m
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r
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Ma
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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4
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
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4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
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2178
-
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2180
lear
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m
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tical
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y
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o
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ates
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o
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ig
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Du
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o
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atin
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r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als
in
f
u
ll
y
ca
p
t
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als
at
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
,
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
f
au
lt
h
as
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
r
aw
d
ata
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
allo
ws
th
e
f
au
lt
s
witch
to
b
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
with
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
n
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
f
ield
s
ig
n
als,
a
s
th
e
im
ag
es
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
n
s
im
u
latio
n
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
t
o
d
etec
t
f
au
lts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
to
r
ea
l sy
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
f
o
u
r
m
ain
s
ec
tio
n
s
;
i)
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
.
I
t
b
eg
in
s
with
a
co
n
cise
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
t
al
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
f
o
l
lo
wed
b
y
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
eth
o
d
an
d
its
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
ii)
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
u
s
in
g
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ig
n
als
is
ex
am
in
ed
,
an
d
th
en
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
ac
h
iev
ed
w
h
en
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
DC
-
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
DC
-
lin
k
s
ig
n
als
is
f
u
r
th
er
ex
te
n
d
ed
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
DC
-
lin
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
task
o
f
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
;
an
d
iii)
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
a
p
er
b
y
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
o
u
tlin
in
g
p
o
ten
tial d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
RAND
O
M
F
O
R
E
S
T
AL
G
O
RIT
H
M
-
B
A
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Ra
nd
o
m
f
o
re
s
t
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
f
o
r
class
if
icatio
n
task
s
,
wi
th
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
.
T
h
e
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
en
s
em
b
le
lear
n
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
class
if
icatio
n
a
n
d
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
task
s
.
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est'
s
v
er
s
atility
,
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
m
ak
e
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
co
m
p
lex
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
d
ata.
I
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
s
o
m
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
th
at
allo
ws
en
g
in
ee
r
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
id
en
tify
k
ey
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
lead
in
g
to
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
f
au
lt
cl
ass
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ch
o
o
s
in
g
ju
s
t
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
ass
ig
n
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
la
b
els
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
o
s
e
m
ain
s
tep
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
to
class
if
y
f
au
lts
b
ased
o
n
lear
n
ed
p
atter
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
a
d
v
an
tag
es o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
es
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
lies
in
its
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
alize
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
n
s
e
en
d
ata.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
itical
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
wh
ich
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
a
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ataset.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
alize
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
am
p
les
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
o
d
el
ca
n
r
em
ain
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
esp
ite
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
s
y
s
tem
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
r
u
n
f
o
r
eseen
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
l
o
y
ed
t
o
d
etec
t
a
n
d
lo
ca
te
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lts
in
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
[
2
6
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
p
r
esen
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
PW
M
r
ec
tifie
r
s
o
r
in
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
PW
M
r
ec
tifie
r
s
[
2
7
]
,
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
an
d
v
er
s
atile
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt d
etec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
liza
tio
n
in
m
o
d
er
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ma
in
s
tep
s
in
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
class
if
ier
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
2
.
2
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
f
a
ult
dia
g
no
s
is
m
et
ho
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ain
s
te
p
s
th
at
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt.
T
o
o
b
tain
a
f
ast
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
s
y
s
tem
as
a
clas
s
if
i
er
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
o
f
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
s
ig
n
al
as
a
f
au
lt
f
ea
tu
r
e.
Fo
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
a
ct
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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N:
2088
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8
6
9
4
F
a
u
lt d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
fo
r
in
ve
r
ter o
p
en
circu
it fa
u
lts
u
s
in
g
DC
-
lin
k
s
ig
n
a
l a
n
d
…
(
Ho
a
n
g
-
Gia
n
g
V
u
)
2181
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
1
)
f
o
r
th
e
f
ast
F
o
u
r
i
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FF
T
)
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
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two
lab
els
o
f
0
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icatio
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th
e
h
ea
lth
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s
tate
an
d
th
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f
au
lty
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itio
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O
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s
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1
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2
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n
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i
n
F
i
g
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r
e
4
)
f
r
o
m
1
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o
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,
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e
s
p
e
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t
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e
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y
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n
t
h
e
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x
t
s
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t
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t
h
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a
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t
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l
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z
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C
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l
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o
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s
e
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l
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t
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o
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e
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a
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l
t
d
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a
g
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o
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s
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p
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o
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s
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i
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g
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m
s
h
o
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n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
w
i
l
l
b
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est alg
o
r
ith
m
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
ia
g
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o
s
is
o
f
I
GB
T
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
I
GB
T
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
f
a
u
lt
in
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
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e
r
ter
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d
its
d
iag
n
o
s
is
will
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
f
ee
d
an
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
f
au
lt
o
f
1
in
6
s
witch
es
is
s
im
u
lated
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
wi
th
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
as
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
ch
allen
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g
to
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s
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r
e
d
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e
to
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h
e
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m
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le
x
s
tr
u
ct
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r
e
o
f
th
e
DC
b
u
s
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
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etic
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ig
n
al
i
s
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tili
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d
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latin
g
DC
-
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
an
d
t
esti
n
g
d
at
ase
ts
,
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
s
a
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
:
i)
A
n
i
n
d
u
cti
o
n
m
o
t
o
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o
f
1
.
5
k
W
is
s
u
p
p
lie
d
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y
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v
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l
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g
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o
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te
r
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t
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ac
co
r
d
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n
g
t
o
th
e
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er
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z
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g
o
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it
h
m
;
i
i)
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h
e
d
at
a
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et
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d
es
f
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u
lt
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at
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n
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h
e
i
n
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ter
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h
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
is
o
p
e
r
at
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g
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th
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ate
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l
o
a
d
.
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n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
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i
f
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er
e
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l
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d
le
v
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s
(
5
%
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0
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0
%,
a
n
d
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0
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)
a
r
e
s
i
m
u
la
te
d
in
ca
s
e
o
f
s
wit
ch
A
1
f
ail
u
r
e
t
o
v
e
r
i
f
y
t
h
e
ch
an
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e
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c
o
r
d
i
n
g
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o
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e
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
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o
n
d
iti
o
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o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
d
u
cti
o
n
m
o
to
r
f
e
d
b
y
an
I
GB
T
-
b
ased
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
3
.
1
.
F
a
ult
dia
g
no
s
is
wit
h A
C
o
utput
curr
ent
a
nd
im
pro
v
em
ent
wit
h
DC
-
link
curr
ent
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
cir
c
u
it
f
au
lts
lead
t
o
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
t
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
wh
ich
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
ev
e
n
with
th
eir
r
aw
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
AC
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
ts
wh
en
th
er
e
is
an
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt
in
th
e
s
witch
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
th
at
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
ch
a
n
g
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
;
an
d
it
s
ee
m
s
th
at
h
ig
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er
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o
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er
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ar
m
o
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ic
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o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
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ea
r
in
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e
DC
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lin
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r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
d
u
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
s
to
0
.
6
s
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
B
y
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
in
h
ea
lth
y
s
tate
an
d
f
au
lty
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
d
ataset
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cr
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n
tain
in
g
3
0
0
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s
am
p
les f
o
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c
h
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in
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s
witch
f
au
lt a
n
d
5
4
,
9
8
9
s
am
p
le
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
s
tates.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ices
in
two
ca
s
es
:
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
th
e
AC
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
;
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
,
b
o
t
h
AC
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
aw
AC
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ata
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
ac
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r
ac
y
s
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r
e
o
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e
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el
is
a
s
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ig
h
as
9
2
.
5
6
%.
I
t
is
m
u
ch
im
p
r
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v
e
d
to
9
5
.
0
6
%
w
h
en
th
e
DC
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lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ad
d
itio
n
ally
ap
p
lied
.
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t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
DC
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lin
k
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
f
au
lt a
n
d
c
o
u
ld
b
e
a
p
o
ten
tial sig
n
al
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
f
au
lt.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
les
co
r
r
esp
o
n
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i
n
g
to
th
e
h
e
alth
y
s
tate
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at
ar
e
in
co
r
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f
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ig
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er
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th
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m
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er
o
f
m
is
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ca
lizatio
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s
es (
co
r
r
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t f
au
lt st
ate
b
u
t
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n
g
s
witch
)
.
T
h
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r
e,
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
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eth
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with
two
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s
will
b
e
in
tr
o
d
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,
in
w
h
ich
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4
I
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t J Po
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
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-
2
1
8
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2182
th
e
d
etec
tio
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ld
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e
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ar
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Fo
llo
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g
t
h
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e
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tio
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alg
o
r
ith
m
is
c
o
n
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u
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,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
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ted
as
an
o
f
f
lin
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
f
au
lty
s
witch
.
(
a)
(
b
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F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
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p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
it
o
f
u
p
p
e
r
s
w
it
c
h
A
1
:
(
a
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AC
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u
t
p
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t
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r
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n
t
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p
h
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s
e
A
,
a
n
d
(
b
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l
i
n
k
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r
r
e
n
t
(
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
i
x
,
d
atasets
o
f
(
a)
AC
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
(
b
)
AC
an
d
DC
-
lin
k
c
u
r
r
en
ts
3
.
2
.
F
a
ult
dia
g
no
s
is
us
ing
a
dd
it
io
na
l
DC
-
link
s
ig
na
l
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
with
two
m
ai
n
s
tep
s
wa
s
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
iag
r
am
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
F
a
ult
det
ec
t
io
n ba
s
ed
o
n t
he
a
m
pli
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o
f
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ent
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rm
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n
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ee
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h
e
d
is
t
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h
e
DC
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r
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r
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p
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ts
[
1
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.
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,
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ates
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I
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I
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4
I
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16
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.
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