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Dec
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20
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ro
m
th
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sim
u
latio
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it
is
c
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t
h
a
t
a
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S
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tran
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.
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c
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p
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to
2
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m
s
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fo
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.
Th
e
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e
w
m
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th
o
d
p
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s
b
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b
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p
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n
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d
with
d
y
n
a
m
ic l
o
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d
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
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ap
tiv
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v
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ltag
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co
n
tr
o
l
L
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t o
b
s
er
v
er
SP
W
M
So
lar
p
h
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to
v
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ltaic
T
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tal
h
ar
m
o
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is
to
r
tio
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USP
W
M
T
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is i
s
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p
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c
c
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ss
a
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u
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d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
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p
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A
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r
:
Sre
ed
ev
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Dep
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t o
f
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in
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r
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,
SR
Un
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s
ity
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al,
I
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d
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s
r
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d
ev
ik
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u
m
alla@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
is
s
tead
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in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
u
e
to
p
o
p
u
latio
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g
r
o
wth
,
ex
p
an
d
in
g
u
r
b
a
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
tech
n
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lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
1
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
we
p
r
o
d
u
ce
,
ab
o
u
t
8
0
%
is
d
er
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f
r
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m
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s
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f
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wh
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ar
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f
in
ite
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
u
n
o
u
t
s
o
o
n
,
it
is
i
m
p
er
ativ
e
to
ad
o
p
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
lly
f
r
ien
d
ly
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
an
d
tid
al
en
er
g
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
ab
u
n
d
an
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
lo
wer
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
So
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
attr
ac
t
a
lo
t
o
f
att
en
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
ca
led
,
an
d
th
ei
r
co
s
ts
ar
e
r
ap
id
ly
d
ec
lin
in
g
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
to
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
p
r
esen
ts
s
ev
er
al
tech
n
ical
c
h
allen
g
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
R
E
S
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
wea
th
er
,
its
u
s
e
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
o
wer
to
ch
an
g
e
,
wh
ich
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
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an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
n
d
DC
-
AC
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
etwe
en
R
E
S
an
d
th
e
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
r
lo
a
d
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
a
n
d
g
r
id
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
o
wer
c
an
ca
u
s
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
r
esu
lt
in
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
r
esu
lt
in
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
s
o
g
o
o
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
ic
ity
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
an
d
s
tab
ly
.
Vo
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
g
ets
h
ar
d
er
in
m
u
lt
i
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
th
at
p
o
wer
l
in
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
R
L
lo
ad
s
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
is
ch
an
g
in
g
.
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
ey
a
r
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
p
ar
ticu
la
r
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
co
p
e
well
with
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
an
g
es
in
d
em
an
d
o
r
th
e
p
o
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s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
u
s
e
ad
ap
tiv
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co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
y
n
am
ically
r
esp
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d
in
g
to
p
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wer
g
r
i
d
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
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9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2411
-
2
4
1
8
2412
(
T
HD)
.
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
s
(
L
C
O)
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
AVC)
,
an
d
u
n
if
ied
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
PW
M
(
USPW
M)
ar
e
s
o
m
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
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u
l
in
th
is
ar
ea
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
of
two
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
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al
s
in
u
s
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id
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p
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ls
e
wid
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m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M)
an
d
USPW
M
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
o
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s
er
v
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n
f
o
r
a
s
o
lar
-
f
ed
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
.
B
o
t
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
r
e
ev
alu
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d
u
n
d
e
r
id
e
n
tical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
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n
s
e
an
d
T
HD
.
2.
SYST
E
M
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
et
u
p
to
co
u
p
le
a
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
o
u
r
ce
with
a
3
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Ø
in
v
er
ter
b
y
f
ir
s
t
u
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
wer
c
o
n
d
itio
n
in
g
.
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
l
in
k
is
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
im
u
late
th
e
en
tire
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
ev
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al
co
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tr
o
l
s
tr
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wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
ch
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g
es.
All
o
f
t
h
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e
p
ar
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o
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e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e:
a
s
o
lar
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es a
b
o
o
s
t D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
3
-
Ø
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
a
b
alan
ce
d
R
L
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ta
k
es
th
e
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
,
s
tep
s
it
u
p
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
it a
s
a
s
tead
y
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
ch
an
g
es th
e
s
tab
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
p
o
wer
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
a
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
lete
Sim
u
lin
k
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
lay
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
PV in
p
u
t,
b
o
o
s
t stag
e,
in
v
e
r
ter
,
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
l
o
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
So
lar
PV
sy
s
tem
with
AVC
-
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l
2
.
1
.
P
V
s
o
urce
a
nd
bo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
A
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
ar
r
ay
is
th
e
m
ain
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
.
A
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
en
it
r
ec
eiv
es
s
tan
d
ar
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
in
p
u
t
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
E
x
p
er
ts
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
th
e
ac
t
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
PV
p
an
el
is
clo
s
e
to
1
2
3
V.
As
th
e
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
is
to
o
lo
w
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
e
r
ter
wo
r
k
,
a
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
u
t
in
p
lace
to
r
aise
it
to
a
s
tead
y
4
0
0
V
DC
lin
k
.
I
t
is
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
th
at
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
a
s
tead
y
v
o
ltag
e
ev
en
wh
e
n
th
e
s
u
n
’
s
r
a
d
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
e.
A
0
.
1
5
m
H
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
a
5
0
0
µF
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
an
d
th
e
r
ip
p
le
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
s
witch
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
at
a
1
0
k
H
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e
is
s
et
m
an
u
ally
o
r
b
y
a
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
wh
ich
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tep
s
u
p
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
DC
lev
el
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
i
s
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
1
−
(
1
)
is
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
an
el
;
an
d
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
;
D
=
du
ty
cy
cle
(
0
<
D
<
1
)
.
I
t
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
e
th
at
th
e
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
in
v
er
ter
r
ec
eiv
es
a
r
eliab
le
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
6
]
.
So
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
u
n
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
to
a
s
tead
y
m
id
d
le
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
AC
later
.
2
.
2
.
T
hree
-
ph
a
s
e
inv
er
t
er
Af
ter
it
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
g
o
es
to
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
ch
an
g
es
it
in
to
u
s
ab
le
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
to
s
u
p
p
ly
d
if
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
s
.
I
n
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Buc
k
-
Boo
s
t
C
on
v
ert
e
r
In
v
e
rt
e
r
LC
filt
e
r
3
-
Ph
ase
L
oad
A
V
C+L
C
O+UNSPWM
L
C
S
a
S
b
S
c
S
a
S
b
S
c
I
A
C
I
D
C
Sol
ar
P
V P
ane
l
I
D
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
co
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
ies fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
s
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
…
(
S
r
ee
d
ev
i Ku
n
u
ma
lla
)
2413
(
I
GB
T
)
s
witch
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
[
1
7
]
,
wh
ich
o
p
er
ates
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
0
k
Hz.
B
o
th
th
e
SP
W
M
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
USPW
M
wi
th
AVC
an
d
an
L
C
O
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
in
v
er
ter
[
1
8
]
.
W
ith
SP
W
M,
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
wa
v
e
an
d
a
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
u
ls
es,
wh
er
ea
s
USP
W
M
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
wh
at
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e.
B
ein
g
s
et
u
p
th
is
way
,
th
e
m
o
d
els ca
n
b
e
test
ed
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
SPW
M
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
R
AT
E
G
Y
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
o
f
ten
u
s
e
th
e
SP
W
M
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
ea
s
y
to
im
p
lem
en
t
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
A
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
[
1
9
]
.
Switch
in
g
tak
es
p
lace
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
ea
r
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
I
n
th
e
s
etu
p
,
th
e
SP
W
M
co
n
t
r
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
p
o
wer
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
o
th
at
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
4
0
0
V
DC
lin
k
is
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
ev
en
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
in
d
e
x
is
m
ad
e
less
th
an
1
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
it
b
elo
w
u
n
ity
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
at
wh
ich
th
e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
is
s
et
to
1
0
k
Hz.
SP
W
M
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
is
test
ed
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
with
b
o
th
lin
ea
r
(
R
L
)
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
a
d
s
,
as
well
as
b
o
th
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
SP
W
M
d
o
es
an
o
k
a
y
jo
b
i
n
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
s
tr
u
g
g
les
to
h
an
d
le
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
lo
a
d
s
an
d
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Sin
ce
it
lack
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
y
f
lu
ctu
ate
m
o
r
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
T
HD
m
ay
g
o
u
p
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
a
n
g
es.
So
,
SP
W
M
is
g
en
er
ally
u
s
ed
wh
er
e
th
e
lo
ad
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
i
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
USPWM wit
h
a
da
ptiv
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
ntr
o
ller
a
nd
lo
a
d c
urre
nt
o
bs
er
v
er
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
USPW
M
alo
n
g
with
a
n
AVC
an
d
an
L
C
O,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
e
n
th
e
lo
a
d
i
s
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
ir
r
eg
u
lar
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
tr
ies
to
s
ettle
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
SP
W
M
b
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
q
u
i
ck
er
r
ea
ctio
n
s
to
s
u
d
d
e
n
c
h
an
g
es
,
an
d
less
T
HD.
T
h
e
AVC
wo
r
k
s
in
th
e
d
q
-
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
an
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
ch
an
g
es
co
n
tr
o
l
f
ac
to
r
s
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
clo
s
e
to
its
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
ath
[
2
0
]
.
I
t u
s
es liv
e
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
v
ar
iab
les
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
ey
ar
e
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
m
o
d
el
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
tan
tly
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
ai
n
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
3
.
2
.
USPWM a
nd
dq
tr
a
ns
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
clu
d
e
th
e
Par
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
ab
c
to
d
q
)
f
o
r
AV
C
co
n
tr
o
l
.
[
]
=
2
3
[
c
os
c
os
(
−
120
∘
)
c
os
(
+
120
∘
)
s
in
s
in
(
−
120
∘
)
s
in
(
+
120
∘
)
]
[
]
(
2
)
a)
R
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
d
q
-
f
r
a
m
e
:
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ec
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
b
e
f
o
r
e
f
ilter
in
g
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
[
2
1
]
.
I
r
e
f
=
i
∗
±
v
(
3
)
W
h
er
e:
i
∗
is
th
e
s
en
s
ed
o
r
esti
m
ated
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
C
O
;
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
;
v
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
v
e
r
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
dq
-
f
r
am
e
; a
n
d
is
th
e
g
r
id
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
b)
Vo
ltag
e
e
r
r
o
r
in
d
q
-
f
r
am
e:
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
es
af
ter
th
e
f
ilter
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
)
[
2
2
]
.
v
=
v
mea
s
−
v
r
e
f
(
4
)
c)
C
u
r
r
en
t
e
r
r
o
r
in
d
q
-
f
r
a
m
e
:
T
h
e
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
an
d
tar
g
et
cu
r
r
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
ilter
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
in
(
5
)
.
i
=
i
mea
s
−
i
r
e
f
(
5
)
d)
Ad
ap
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
law:
T
o
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
d
q
-
ax
is
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
-
b
a
s
ed
ad
ap
tiv
e
law
[
2
3
]
.
v
c
tr
l
=
(
∑
,
=
1
⋅
X
,
+
v
)
−
⋅
θ
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2411
-
2
4
1
8
2414
W
h
er
e:
,
is
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
g
ain
f
o
r
th
e
ℎ
ter
m
;
X
,
=
[
v
,
,
,
1
]
is
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
;
v
i
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
;
an
d
θ
ar
e
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
tan
ts
u
p
d
ate
d
d
u
r
in
g
ad
ap
tatio
n
;
=
4
in
th
is
ca
s
e
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
g
ain
,
ev
o
lv
es a
s
(
7
)
.
,
(
)
=
−
1
,
∫
0
(
)
⋅
X
,
(
)
(
7
)
Her
e,
,
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
tu
n
in
g
f
a
cto
r
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
weig
h
t
v
ec
to
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
in
teg
r
al
en
ab
le
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
to
m
atch
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
.
T
h
is
r
ef
o
r
m
u
lated
m
o
d
el
en
s
u
r
es
a
clea
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
wh
er
e
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
ain
s
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
r
esp
o
n
d
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
to
ch
an
g
in
g
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
lo
w
T
HD
an
d
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
L
C
O
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
lo
a
d
-
s
id
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
v
e
r
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
i
n
a
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
o
b
s
er
v
er
m
o
d
el
to
f
in
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
m
ain
ly
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ast
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lo
a
d
o
r
u
n
k
n
o
wn
ex
ter
n
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Usi
n
g
b
o
th
AVC
an
d
L
C
O
m
ak
es
th
e
in
v
er
ter
wo
r
k
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
b
y
allo
win
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ey
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
d
q
-
f
r
am
e
,
wh
ich
t
h
e
USP
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
en
ch
an
g
es in
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
Un
lik
e
SP
W
M,
USP
W
M
r
elie
s
o
n
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
to
cr
ea
te
less
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
e,
m
ain
ly
wh
en
th
e
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
u
s
ed
f
o
r
SP
W
M
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
id
e
n
tical
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
l
o
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
te
g
r
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
an
d
t
r
an
s
ien
t r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
D
E
L
AN
D
T
E
ST
S
CE
NA
RIOS
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el,
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
,
an
d
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
SP
W
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
USPW
M
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
with
AVC
an
d
L
C
O.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
tain
s
a
s
o
lar
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
,
p
e
r
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
i
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
R
L
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
1
2
3
V
to
a
r
eg
u
lated
4
0
0
V
DC
lin
k
,
wh
ich
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
t
h
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
u
s
in
g
th
e
SP
W
M
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
SP
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
am
e
l
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
b
)
a
n
d
2
(
c)
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
d
er
R
L
l
o
ad
f
o
llo
w
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
h
ap
e
wh
en
th
e
S
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
,
b
u
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
h
as
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
r
ip
p
le
an
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
tak
es
ab
o
u
t
2
2
m
s
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
tak
es
its
tim
e
to
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
s
u
d
d
en
ch
an
g
es
in
lo
ad
.
On
to
p
o
f
th
at,
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
d
)
an
d
2
(
e
)
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
ig
n
al
with
FF
T
an
aly
s
is
,
a
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
ar
e
9
.
2
4
%,
5
.
9
7
%
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
lo
w
-
o
r
d
er
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ar
e
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
SP
W
M
is
n
o
t
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
m
an
ag
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
h
an
d
lin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
is
s
u
es
wh
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
a
r
ea
ctan
ce
lo
ad
.
4
.
1
.
Dy
na
m
ic
a
nd
ha
rmo
nic a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
co
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
I
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
a
s
o
lar
PV
-
f
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
b
u
ilt
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
First,
an
o
r
d
in
a
r
y
SP
W
M
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
u
s
ed
o
n
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
with
a
b
alan
ce
d
R
L
lo
ad
.
I
n
an
attem
p
t
to
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
Un
if
ied
S
p
ac
e
Vec
to
r
PW
M
(
USPW
M)
m
eth
o
d
co
m
b
in
ed
with
an
AVC
an
d
L
C
O
wa
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
.
A
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
o
f
0
.
1
5
m
H
in
d
u
cto
r
,
5
0
0
µ
F
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
n
d
1
2
3
V
DC
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
4
0
0
V
DC
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
USPW
M
w
ith
A
VC
an
d
L
C
O
h
as
a
f
aster
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
a
n
d
also
lo
wer
T
HD
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
SP
W
M,
wh
ich
ju
s
tifie
s
it
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
wh
e
n
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
s
am
e
test
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
USPW
M
with
AVC
an
d
L
C
O,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
is
s
tead
y
an
d
s
in
e
-
s
h
ap
ed
an
d
ca
n
r
esp
o
n
d
q
u
ick
ly
to
a
b
r
u
p
t
ch
an
g
es.
Stab
ilizatio
n
with
in
1
1
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
af
ter
a
l
o
ad
ch
an
g
e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
u
ch
b
etter
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
SP
W
M.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
USPW
M
with
AV
C
an
d
L
C
O,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
ea
r
ly
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
e
with
n
eg
lig
i
b
le
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
(
s
ee
Ap
p
e
n
d
ix
)
d
ep
ict
s
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
is
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ap
p
lied
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
FF
T
an
aly
s
is
o
f
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
d
)
an
d
3
(
e)
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
T
HD
ar
e
2
.
2
7
9
%
a
n
d
3
.
3
7
%
wh
ich
is
b
etter
,
a
n
d
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
im
p
r
o
v
e
wh
en
th
e
p
o
wer
is
lo
ad
e
d
with
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
co
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
ies fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
s
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
…
(
S
r
ee
d
ev
i Ku
n
u
ma
lla
)
2415
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
u
s
in
g
SP
W
M
co
n
tr
o
l
:
(
a
)
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el,
(
b
)
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
(
c)
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
,
(
d
)
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD,
an
d
(
e)
cu
r
r
en
t T
HD
5.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
c
o
m
p
ar
es
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
SP
W
M
with
a
USPW
M
s
ch
em
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
an
A
VC
an
d
an
L
C
O
f
o
r
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
o
lar
in
v
er
ter
.
Usi
n
g
s
im
u
latio
n
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
n
ew
USPW
M
m
eth
o
d
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Usi
n
g
USP
W
M
+
AV
C
+
L
C
O,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
2
.
2
7
9
%,
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
9
.
2
4
%
ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
3
.
3
7
%
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
5
.
9
7
%
ac
h
iev
e
d
with
SP
W
M
alo
n
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
tim
e
it tak
es f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
s
et
tle
d
o
wn
d
ec
r
ea
s
es f
r
o
m
2
2
m
s
(
SP
W
M)
to
1
1
m
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
f
aster
r
ea
ctio
n
to
ch
an
g
es.
W
ith
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
AVC
an
d
L
C
O,
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
clo
s
ely
r
eg
u
lated
,
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ick
ly
r
etu
r
n
s
to
n
o
r
m
al
wh
en
lo
ad
s
ch
an
g
e
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
in
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
a
n
d
m
ak
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
b
etter
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
ev
en
ts
.
Mo
r
e
wo
r
k
is
p
la
n
n
ed
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
e
tter
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2411
-
2
4
1
8
2416
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t w
ith
o
u
t a
n
y
e
x
ter
n
al
f
in
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Sre
ed
ev
i K
u
n
u
m
alla
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Du
r
g
am
R
ajab
ab
u
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
.
V
.
V
.
Su
d
h
ak
a
r
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
k
n
o
w
n
co
m
p
etin
g
f
in
an
cial
in
ter
ests
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
t
a
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
t
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
ca
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
d
at
a
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
X
.
L
i
u
,
X
.
Li
u
,
Y
.
Ji
a
n
g
,
T
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
B
.
H
a
o
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
ms
o
f
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s:
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
S
E
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
2
9
–
8
4
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
7
7
5
/
C
S
EEJPES
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
4
8
5
0
.
[
2
]
A
.
A
l
l
o
u
h
i
,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
P
V
/
w
i
n
d
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
t
o
a
ss
i
st
a
r
u
n
-
of
-
r
i
v
e
r
m
i
c
r
o
-
h
y
d
r
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w
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n
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c
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f
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c
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o
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t
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n
a
r
u
r
a
l
M
o
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c
c
a
n
si
t
e
,
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J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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l
e
a
n
e
r
Pro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
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p
.
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,
2
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2
4
,
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o
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:
1
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j
.
j
c
l
e
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
4
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0
8
5
2
.
[
3
]
L.
C
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
G
r
e
e
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
e
c
t
o
r
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
C
h
e
m
i
st
ry
L
e
t
t
e
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c
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:
d
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a
m
ra
jab
a
b
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m
a
il
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o
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Dr
.
A
.
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fr
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Hy
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,
In
d
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is
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u
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p
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De
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rtme
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tri
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El
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tro
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ics
En
g
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rin
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t
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R
Un
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rsity
,
In
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h
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tere
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.
He
c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
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a
t
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m
a
il
:
s
u
d
h
e
a
v
v
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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