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I
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16
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Dec
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20
25
:
2731
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7
4
3
2732
p
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in
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
(
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
p
in
co
ater
d
ev
ice,
th
e
is
o
late
d
ch
am
b
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
p
u
tter
in
g
c
o
atin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
)
an
d
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
s
o
lar
s
im
u
lato
r
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
an
d
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
d
etail
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
s
p
in
co
atin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
th
i
n
lay
er
(
f
r
o
m
n
an
o
m
eter
s
to
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
)
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
in
ten
d
e
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
y
co
atin
g
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
m
ater
ial
in
a
s
o
lv
en
t
wh
ile
it
i
s
r
o
tatin
g
.
Simp
ly
p
u
t,
a
liq
u
id
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
p
lace
d
o
n
a
r
o
tatin
g
b
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
th
in
lay
er
o
f
s
o
lid
m
ater
ial,
s
u
ch
as
a
p
o
ly
m
er
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
An
ilin
e
(
2
cc
)
is
f
ir
s
t
p
o
u
r
ed
in
to
an
E
r
len
m
ey
er
f
lask
an
d
p
lace
d
i
n
an
ice
b
ath
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
s
p
in
co
atin
g
s
etu
p
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
p
in
co
ater
is
o
p
er
atin
g
,
3
0
cc
o
f
1
M
h
y
d
r
o
c
h
lo
r
ic
ac
id
is
g
r
ad
u
a
lly
ad
d
ed
u
s
in
g
a
p
i
p
ette
to
f
o
r
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
A.
I
n
a
s
ep
ar
ate
f
lask
,
4
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
am
m
o
n
iu
m
p
er
s
u
lf
ate
ar
e
m
ix
e
d
with
2
0
cc
o
f
1
M
h
y
d
r
o
c
h
lo
r
ic
ac
id
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
lu
tio
n
B
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pre
s
en
tatio
n
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
lato
r
: (
a)
s
p
in
c
o
atin
g
with
an
E
r
len
m
ey
er
f
lask
in
an
ice
b
at
h
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
tatin
g
b
ed
,
(
b
)
an
is
o
lated
c
h
am
b
er
,
lik
e
a
g
lo
v
e
b
o
x
,
f
o
r
lay
er
in
g
th
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
m
ater
i
al,
wh
ich
is
v
er
y
t
o
x
ic,
(
c
)
a
s
p
u
tter
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
f
o
r
co
ati
n
g
o
f
E
T
L
a
n
d
HT
L
lay
er
s
,
an
d
(
d
)
a
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
o
lar
s
im
u
lato
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
o
p
tical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
PS
C
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
o
lya
n
ilin
e
a
s
a
co
n
d
u
ctive
p
o
lyme
r
a
n
d
its
r
o
le
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
efficien
cy
a
n
d
…
(
V
a
h
d
a
t Na
z
eria
n
)
2733
So
lu
tio
n
B
is
ad
d
ed
to
s
o
lu
tio
n
A
to
s
y
n
th
esize
p
o
ly
an
ilin
e
with
o
v
er
9
0
%
p
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
th
en
f
ilter
ed
an
d
d
r
ied
in
an
o
v
en
f
o
r
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
.
Af
ter
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
p
o
ly
a
n
ilin
e
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
lay
er
is
a
p
p
lied
in
s
id
e
a
n
is
o
lated
ch
a
m
b
er
to
s
af
ely
h
an
d
le
its
to
x
ic
n
atu
r
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
E
T
L
an
d
H
T
L
lay
er
s
ar
e
c
o
ated
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
u
tter
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
test
e
d
with
a
s
o
lar
s
im
u
lato
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
its
o
p
tical
an
d
elec
tr
ic
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
.
Af
ter
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
les
o
f
PANI
in
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
la
y
er
s
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
o
lar
s
im
u
lato
r
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
,
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
tical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
les
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
ese
lay
er
s
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
PS
C
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
o
lar
s
im
u
l
ato
r
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
an
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
a
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
s
o
lar
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Als
o
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
y
n
th
es
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
PANI
an
d
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
a)
Po
u
r
2
cc
o
f
a
n
ilin
e
m
o
n
o
m
e
r
in
to
a
n
E
r
le
n
m
ey
er
f
lask
a
n
d
p
lace
it
in
an
ice
b
ath
(
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ex
o
th
er
m
ic)
.
b)
T
h
en
ad
d
3
0
cc
o
f
1
M
HC
L
to
it e
v
en
ly
with
a
p
ip
ette.
c)
W
e
ca
ll th
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
ater
ial
A.
d)
No
w
p
o
u
r
4
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
am
m
o
n
iu
m
p
er
s
u
lf
ate
in
to
an
o
th
er
E
r
len
m
ey
er
f
lask
an
d
ad
d
2
0
cc
o
f
1
M
HC
L
g
r
ad
u
ally
w
h
ile
s
tirr
in
g
.
e)
W
e
ca
ll th
e
o
b
tain
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ater
ial
B
.
f)
W
e
ad
d
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
B
d
r
o
p
b
y
d
r
o
p
to
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
A.
(
B
e
ca
r
ef
u
l,
we
ad
d
B
to
A)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
g)
I
t is st
ir
r
ed
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
in
a
n
ice
b
ath
an
d
th
en
wash
ed
with
1
M
ac
id
an
d
f
ilter
ed
.
h)
I
n
th
e
last
s
tep
,
we
d
r
y
it in
th
e
o
v
en
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
.
i)
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
o
b
tain
e
d
is
ca
lled
PANI
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
j)
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
m
ater
ial
is
b
lack
in
co
lo
r
,
as in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
P
A
N
I
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
s
,
w
h
o
s
e
h
i
g
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
it
y
h
a
s
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
a
l
o
t
o
f
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
.
B
as
ic
a
l
l
y
,
PA
N
I
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
r
e
d
o
x
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
,
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
b
y
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
al
m
eth
o
d
s
in
an
ac
id
ic
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
wh
ich
m
eth
o
d
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
k
in
d
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
f
y
o
u
n
ee
d
th
in
f
ilm
s
with
b
etter
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
p
u
r
ity
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
.
PANI
is
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
co
atin
g
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
o
r
b
atter
ies
d
u
e
to
its
th
er
m
al
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
ea
s
e
o
f
s
y
n
th
esis
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
an
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
p
a
r
atio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
a
n
ilin
e
:
(
a)
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
y
n
th
esis
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
o
r
d
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
A
a
n
d
B
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
s
tate
an
d
f
o
r
m
o
f
PANI
th
at
u
s
u
ally
e
x
i
s
ts
PANI
h
as
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
lo
w
to
x
icity
,
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
ilicity
,
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tab
i
lity
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
C
ellu
l
o
s
ic
m
ater
ials
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
PANI
s
g
iv
e
n
ew
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies an
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
PANI
n
etwo
r
k
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
with
ce
llu
lo
s
e
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
an
tib
ac
ter
ial
ag
en
ts
,
an
tio
x
id
an
ts
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
h
ield
in
g
d
ev
ices
(
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
)
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
tim
e,
p
o
ly
m
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
an
in
s
u
lato
r
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lack
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
m
o
b
ile
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
m
ak
e
a
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
r
o
u
te
wh
en
th
er
e
is
an
elec
tr
ical
ac
tio
n
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
.
B
en
d
y
n
am
ed
th
e
m
as
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
.
T
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
d
e
x
p
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
s
,
we
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
n
d
l
o
s
s
co
ef
f
icien
t
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
W
ith
all
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
th
at
we
h
av
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
PANI
,
we
will
n
o
w
ex
p
lain
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
b
ein
g
in
s
o
lu
b
le
o
r
s
lo
wly
s
o
lu
b
le
in
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
lv
en
ts
,
p
o
ly
m
e
r
i
c
ag
g
r
eg
ates
with
lo
n
g
c
h
ain
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
t
h
is
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2731
-
2
7
4
3
2734
p
o
ly
m
er
PANI
is
th
at
it
s
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
a
lo
n
g
cy
cle.
T
o
d
ay
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
ese
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
c
o
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
with
PANI
d
er
iv
ativ
es
o
r
o
th
er
p
o
ly
m
er
s
,
as
well
as
s
y
n
th
esis
u
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
o
r
g
an
ic
ac
id
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
PANI
s
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
an
d
wer
e
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
1
9
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
m
e
r
ch
ain
o
f
PANI
s
m
ay
h
av
e
u
n
its
o
f
q
u
in
o
n
o
id
o
r
b
en
ze
n
o
id
o
r
b
o
th
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
am
o
u
n
ts
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
ial
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
o
l
y
m
er
ca
n
b
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
r
o
m
a
n
ilin
e
m
o
n
o
m
e
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
ch
em
i
ca
l o
x
id
ativ
e
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
o
r
ch
em
ical
o
x
id
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
ac
id
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
itiato
r
s
in
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
p
o
tass
iu
m
p
er
s
u
lf
ate
(
KPS)
an
d
am
m
o
n
iu
m
p
er
s
u
lf
ate
(
APS).
C
h
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
allo
w
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
c
o
m
p
o
s
ites
,
as
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
s
ca
le
p
o
ly
m
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
co
-
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
em
ical
an
d
m
o
lec
u
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
PANI
p
o
ly
m
e
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
wo
ty
p
es o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
:
(
a)
ch
em
ical
p
o
ly
m
e
r
izatio
n
an
d
(
b
)
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ic
al
p
o
ly
an
ilin
e
Yo
u
ca
n
s
ee
two
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
ab
o
v
e.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
ch
em
ical
p
o
l
y
m
er
izatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
in
an
ac
id
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
APS
an
d
KPS,
b
u
t
in
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
p
o
ly
m
er
izatio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
,
it
is
d
o
n
e
in
an
ilin
e
an
d
ac
id
elec
tr
o
ly
te
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
v
o
l
tag
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
co
u
n
ter
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
o
lya
n
ilin
e
a
s
a
co
n
d
u
ctive
p
o
lyme
r
a
n
d
its
r
o
le
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
efficien
cy
a
n
d
…
(
V
a
h
d
a
t Na
z
eria
n
)
2735
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
m
e
r
m
ate
r
ials
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
n
th
eir
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
s
tab
il
ity
.
PANI
s
ar
e
in
3
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tates.
I
t d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
ed
o
x
s
tates o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
As
ex
p
lain
ed
ea
r
lier
,
e
x
ce
llen
t
m
ater
ials
s
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
la
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
em
ter
m
in
ate
ty
p
e
in
p
o
ly
m
er
ch
ai
n
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
we
s
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
PANI
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
ch
ain
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t states
o
f
(
a
)
PANI
,
(
b
)
leu
co
em
er
al
d
in
e,
(
c
)
p
er
n
ig
r
an
ilin
e,
(
d
)
E
DB
,
an
d
(
e
)
E
DS
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es o
f
(
a)
PANI
,
(
b
)
leu
co
em
e
r
ald
in
e,
(
c)
p
e
r
n
ig
r
a
n
ilin
e,
(
d
)
E
DB
,
an
d
(
e
)
E
DS
2
.
1
.
I
nv
estig
a
t
ing
t
he
pro
pert
ies o
f
po
ly
a
nil
ine
C
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
ly
m
er
s
s
u
ch
as
PANI
s
b
elo
n
g
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
eir
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
ev
er
al
m
o
n
o
m
e
r
u
n
its
with
c
o
n
ju
g
a
ted
ch
em
ical
b
o
n
d
s
th
at
m
a
k
e
elec
tr
ical
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
n
d
e
r
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as d
o
p
in
g
.
T
h
ese
p
o
ly
m
er
s
ca
n
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
m
etals a
n
d
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
u
s
ed
i
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
,
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
,
lo
w
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
h
ig
h
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
t
h
ey
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ak
in
g
f
lex
ib
le
PS
C
s
[
2
7
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
s
u
ch
as
PANI
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
v
er
y
r
estricte
d
,
b
ec
au
s
e
its
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
5
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
is
u
n
s
tab
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
c
h
ain
s
,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
in
b
atter
ies.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
PANI
,
we
ca
n
m
e
n
tio
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
ies.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
ite
-
PANI
.
T
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
alo
g
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es,
b
u
t
th
eir
m
ain
d
r
awb
ac
k
is
s
till
th
eir
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
W
h
en
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
.
As
m
en
tio
n
e
d
ea
r
li
er
,
PANI
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
th
ei
r
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
a
lo
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
s
o
0
.
1
5
%
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
aste
is
en
r
ich
ed
ev
er
y
tim
e,
b
u
t
th
eir
s
p
ec
ial
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
th
eir
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
I
t
is
u
s
u
ally
s
aid
th
at
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
u
r
est
p
r
o
d
u
ct
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
n
y
ad
d
itiv
es
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
ex
ter
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
to
p
u
r
if
y
PANI
f
r
o
m
s
o
lv
en
t
an
d
m
o
n
o
m
er
,
as
well
as
r
ea
ctio
n
in
itiato
r
m
o
lecu
les.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ic
al
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
P
ANI
,
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
as
p
o
ten
tio
s
tatic,
g
alv
an
o
s
tatic,
an
d
p
o
ten
tio
d
y
n
a
m
ic.
T
o
d
ay
,
PANI
-
b
ased
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
ar
e
u
s
ed
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ically
in
o
r
g
an
ic
f
ield
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
o
x
id
atio
n
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
H
an
d
also
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
m
o
n
o
m
er
o
f
th
e
lay
e
r
s
,
wh
at
ef
f
ec
t d
o
es it h
av
e
o
n
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
ly
a
nil
ines
in pero
v
s
k
it
e
No
w
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
o
p
to
e
lectr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
PANI
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
lay
er
s
with
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
o
x
id
e
as
a
h
o
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
lay
e
r
in
PS
C
s
in
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
m
eth
o
d
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
PANI
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
ilm
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
in
tact
f
ilm
s
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2731
-
2
7
4
3
2736
lay
er
s
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
was
ab
o
u
t
1
6
.
6
1
%,
wh
ich
,
af
ter
u
s
in
g
PANI
co
m
p
o
s
ites
I
t
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
1
.
6
%
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
PS
C
s
h
av
e
r
ea
ch
ed
ab
o
u
t
2
5
%
b
y
en
g
in
ee
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
last
5
y
ea
r
s
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
eir
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
E
T
L
is
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
o
v
en
lay
er
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
in
v
e
r
s
e
m
eth
o
d
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
e
n
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
lo
t
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
lay
er
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
a
ttra
cted
v
er
y
atten
tio
n
as
an
o
th
er
r
e
d
esig
n
.
I
n
r
ev
er
s
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ites
,
th
e
HT
L
is
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
o
x
id
e
an
o
d
e
to
m
ak
e
th
e
h
o
le
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
ab
s
o
r
b
er
ea
s
ier
,
wh
ile
E
T
L
m
u
s
t e
x
is
t in
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
lay
er
a
n
d
th
e
m
etal
a
n
o
d
e
[
4
2
]
.
PANI
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
e
s
t
P
-
ty
p
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
,
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
PS
C
s
to
d
ay
.
I
n
v
e
r
s
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ites
th
at
u
s
e
HT
L
b
ased
o
n
(
PANI
)
h
a
v
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
u
ch
atten
tio
n
to
d
ay
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
ath
s
,
an
d
r
elativ
ely
g
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
ch
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
.
A
u
s
ef
u
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
PANI
d
o
p
ed
wit
h
PS
S
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
PS
S:
PEDO
T
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
o
f
PANI
/PS
S:
PE
DOT
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
h
as
b
ee
n
f
a
b
r
i
ca
ted
,
wh
o
s
e
o
x
id
e
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
its
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
g
r
ea
t
HT
L
in
in
v
er
ted
PS
C
s
b
y
1
0
.
5
%
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
PC
E
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
PANI
co
m
p
o
s
ite
d
o
p
ed
f
r
o
m
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
n
an
o
m
ater
ials
,
g
r
ap
h
en
e
o
x
id
e
(
GO)
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
o
x
id
e
(
R
GO)
ca
n
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
c
h
o
ice
f
o
r
HT
L
in
in
v
e
r
s
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ites
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
PANI
s
ca
n
b
e
a
n
ex
ce
llen
t
p
o
ly
m
er
m
atr
ix
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
HT
L
s
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
PS
C
s
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
we
h
a
v
e
g
en
er
ally
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
PANI
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
lay
er
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
as a
n
ew
HT
L
in
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
PS
C
s
in
an
in
v
er
ted
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Neu
tr
al
p
H
lev
el
an
d
o
x
id
atio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
m
e
r
with
o
u
t
PANI
ch
ain
an
d
o
x
id
atio
n
with
ch
ain
o
f
PANI
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
2
.
3
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
a
nd
m
e
t
ho
ds
T
o
o
b
tain
t
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ite,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
:
a)
Po
ly
(
s
ty
r
en
e
s
u
lf
o
n
ic
ac
id
)
-
g
r
af
t
-
p
o
ly
a
n
ilin
e
(
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
)
was sy
n
th
esized
.
b)
T
h
e
m
o
la
r
r
atio
o
f
an
ilin
e
t
o
s
ty
r
en
e
s
u
lf
o
n
ic
ac
id
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
is
s
et
to
0
.
2
%
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
in
wate
r
.
c)
GO
is
p
r
ep
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
Ham
m
er
s
'
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
o
lya
n
ilin
e
a
s
a
co
n
d
u
ctive
p
o
lyme
r
a
n
d
its
r
o
le
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
efficien
cy
a
n
d
…
(
V
a
h
d
a
t Na
z
eria
n
)
2737
d)
R
GO
was a
l
s
o
u
s
ed
b
y
p
-
t
o
lu
e
n
e
s
u
lf
o
n
y
l
h
y
d
r
az
in
e
as a
r
e
d
u
cin
g
ag
e
n
t.
e)
Pb
I
2
(
9
9
.
9
9
8
%),
Me
th
y
l
am
m
o
n
iu
m
io
d
i
d
e,
PC
6
1
B
M
(
9
9
%,
Nan
o
-
C
)
,
b
ath
o
c
u
p
r
o
in
e
(
B
C
P,
9
9
%),
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
m
er
cial
s
o
u
r
ce
.
f)
W
e
also
u
s
e
g
lass
co
ated
with
in
d
iu
m
tin
o
x
id
e
(
I
T
O)
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
[
4
4
]
–
[
4
6
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
y
o
u
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
c
h
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
in
th
is
m
eth
o
d
.
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
a
PANI
co
p
o
l
y
m
er
th
at
is
in
wate
r
a
n
d
d
o
p
ed
with
its
elf
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
PS
SA
lin
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
h
as
h
ig
h
er
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
an
d
lo
we
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
ld
PEDO
T
:
PS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
s
u
ita
b
le
ca
n
d
id
ate.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
b
tain
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
PANI
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
n
an
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ites
,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
k
in
d
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
(
GO
an
d
R
GO)
wer
e
m
ix
ed
with
PS
S
A
-
g
-
PANI
.
T
wo
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
+G
O
an
d
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
+RGO
ar
e
well
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
wate
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
wee
k
s
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
7
[
4
7
]
–
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
we
s
ee
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ite
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
.
W
e
s
ee
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
GO
an
d
R
GO
,
an
d
we
s
ee
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
r
ea
ctio
n
in
p
o
ly
m
e
r
ch
ai
n
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Mo
lec
u
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
ab
s
o
r
b
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
v
er
ag
e,
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
,
an
d
c
r
y
s
tallin
ity
,
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
i
s
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
m
atter
in
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
p
tical
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
PS
C
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
lay
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
PS
C
s
.
T
r
an
s
m
ittan
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
UPS
k
in
etic
en
er
g
ies
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
en
er
g
y
lev
el
d
ia
g
r
am
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
ities
o
f
th
e
f
ilm
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
.
As
y
o
u
ca
n
s
e
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
,
th
e
PANI
+G
O
f
ilm
h
as
b
etter
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
th
an
th
e
p
r
is
tin
e
PANI
lay
er
,
an
d
th
e
PANI
+RGO
f
ilm
lay
er
s
h
o
ws
al
m
o
s
t
h
ig
h
er
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
th
an
PANI
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
PANI
+g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
h
elp
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
h
o
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
[
5
2
]
–
[
5
5
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ites
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ta
te
an
d
in
th
e
two
o
x
id
ized
s
tates,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
th
e
R
GO
s
tate
is
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
in
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tate
an
d
t
h
e
GO
s
tate.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2731
-
2
7
4
3
2738
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
in
PS
C
s
:
(
a)
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a,
(
b
)
UPS k
in
etic
en
er
g
ies,
(
c)
en
er
g
y
d
ia
g
r
am
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
f
il
m
s
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
an
aly
s
is
,
UV
-
Vis
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
an
d
s
tead
y
s
tate
PL
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
H3
NH3
Pb
I
3
lay
er
o
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
HT
L
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
f
il
m
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
o
f
th
e
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
an
d
th
e
GO/R
GO
co
m
p
o
s
ites
was
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
XR
D,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
.
T
h
e
XR
D
s
ch
em
as
o
f
C
H3
NH3
Pb
I
3
f
ilm
s
g
r
o
wn
o
n
th
r
e
e
HT
L
s
s
h
o
wed
t
h
e
tetr
ag
o
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
f
ilm
s
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
UV
-
Vis
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
t
r
a,
d
is
p
lay
in
g
th
at
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
f
ilm
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
th
e
HT
L
f
ilm
s
r
ec
k
le
s
s
o
f
th
eir
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
.
Als
o
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
c)
s
h
o
ws th
e
PL
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
C
H
3
NH
3
Pb
I
3
f
ilm
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
ab
s
o
r
b
er
s
g
r
o
w
n
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
HT
L
s
was
o
b
t
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
FE
-
SEM
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
with
a
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
g
r
ain
s
ize
o
f
(
2
5
0
–
4
0
0
n
m
)
in
th
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
ab
s
o
r
b
e
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es
r
ec
k
less
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
PS
SA
-
g
-
PANI
+RGO
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
,
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
+G
O
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
,
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
c)
,
a
n
d
PANI
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
d
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
FE
-
SE
M
im
ag
e,
th
e
s
ca
le
b
ar
i
n
d
icat
es 5
0
0
n
m
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
J
-
V
cu
r
v
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
i
s
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a)
,
wh
ile
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
q
u
an
t
u
m
ef
f
icie
n
cy
(
E
QE
)
s
p
ec
tr
a
ar
e
e
x
h
ib
it
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
,
an
d
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
PC
E
)
v
er
s
u
s
tim
e
(
h
)
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
c)
.
E
QE
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
with
PANI
+RG
O
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
o
ten
tial
at
4
0
0
-
7
0
0
n
m
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
etter
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
PANI
/R
GO
am
o
n
g
all
PANI
p
o
ly
m
er
-
b
as
ed
HT
L
s
.
B
u
t
PANI
/R
GO
H
T
L
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
l
o
west
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
s
ter
esis
(
HI
)
(
T
a
b
le
1
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
PANI
/R
GO
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
e
r
HT
L
s
.
I
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tatis
t
ics
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle
ca
m
e
ac
r
o
s
s
,
it
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
5
d
e
v
ices
in
ea
ch
HT
L
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
l
e
1
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
as
well
as
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
all
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
el
s
an
d
GO
an
d
R
GO
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
.
W
e
ca
n
also
s
ee
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
R
GO
m
o
d
e
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els.
T
ab
le
1.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
p
e
r
o
v
s
k
ite
s
am
p
les with
v
ar
io
u
s
HT
L
f
ilm
s
u
n
d
er
1
s
u
n
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
H
TL
V
o
c
[
v
]
Jsc
(
mA
/
2
)
FF
P
C
E
[
%]
R
s [Ω
]
P
o
l
y
a
n
i
l
i
n
e
0
.
8
8
1
8
.
2
0
.
5
1
1
2
.
2
3
.
0
1
PSSA
-
g
-
P
A
N
I
0
.
9
9
1
9
.
8
0
0
.
6
6
1
3
.
7
7
2
.
5
3
PSSA
-
g
-
P
A
N
I
+
G
O
1
.
0
1
20
0
.
6
7
1
4
.
3
4
1
.
6
2
PSSA
-
g
-
P
A
N
I
+
R
G
O
1
.
0
5
2
2
.
4
2
0
.
7
2
1
6
.
7
0
0
.
7
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
o
lya
n
ilin
e
a
s
a
co
n
d
u
ctive
p
o
lyme
r
a
n
d
its
r
o
le
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
efficien
cy
a
n
d
…
(
V
a
h
d
a
t Na
z
eria
n
)
2739
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
(
a
)
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
an
aly
s
is
,
(
b
)
UV
-
V
is
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
an
d
(
c
)
s
tead
y
s
tate
PL
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
H3
NH3
Pb
I
3
lay
er
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
HT
L
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
FE
-
SEM
im
ag
es o
f
(
a)
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
+RGO
,
(
b
)
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
+G
O
,
(
c)
PSSA
-
g
-
PANI
,
an
d
(
d
)
PANI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2731
-
2
7
4
3
2740
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
(
a)
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
(
b
)
E
QE
s
p
ec
tr
a,
an
d
(
c)
PC
E
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
v
er
s
u
s
tim
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
HT
L
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
n
an
o
-
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
e
n
ts
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
E
v
er
y
d
ay
,
s
cien
tis
ts
tr
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
y
ex
p
er
im
en
tin
g
o
n
n
ew
m
ate
r
ials
an
d
u
s
in
g
o
r
g
an
ic
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
o
r
p
o
ly
m
er
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
we
co
n
tin
u
e
d
o
u
r
r
ese
ar
ch
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
n
a
ty
p
e
o
f
GO,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
in
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
an
g
e
s
in
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
s
u
ch
as
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
as
well
as
w
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
FF
with
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
g
r
ap
h
ite
co
m
p
o
s
ites
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
lay
er
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
o
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
th
is
ar
ticle,
t
h
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
2
.
2
%
to
1
3
.
7
7
%
an
d
1
4
.
3
4
%
a
n
d
u
p
to
1
6
.
7
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
i
ch
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Als
o
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
FF
a
f
ter
u
s
in
g
R
GO
h
as
r
e
ac
h
ed
0
.
7
2
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
u
s
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
ly
m
e
r
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ak
in
g
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
ll
lay
er
s
,
wh
ile
s
av
in
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
m
ak
in
g
it,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
its
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
ll
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
za
n
d
ar
an
(
B
ab
o
ls
ar
,
I
r
a
n
)
,
I
s
lam
ic
Aza
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
T
eh
r
an
,
I
r
an
)
,
a
n
d
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
(
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
ess
en
tial
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Sp
e
cial
th
an
k
s
ar
e
also
e
x
ten
d
e
d
to
th
e
E
m
b
ed
d
e
d
Sy
s
tem
an
d
Po
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
E
SP
E
R
G)
,
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
f
o
r
th
eir
in
v
alu
ab
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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