I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1
367
~
1
374
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
1367
-
1374
1367
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
T
h
e
r
m
al
l
y st
ab
l
e
sol
-
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r
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u
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al
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p
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2
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ye
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ia
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1
F
a
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ul
t
y of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
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r
i
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, I
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y of
H
o C
hi
M
i
nh C
i
t
y, H
o C
hi
M
i
nh
C
i
t
y, V
i
e
t
na
m
2
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
F
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
2, P
os
t
s
a
nd T
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, H
o C
hi
M
i
nh C
i
t
y, V
i
e
t
na
m
3
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
T
on D
uc
T
ha
ng U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y,
H
o C
hi
M
i
nh C
i
t
y, V
i
e
t
na
m
4
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, N
a
t
i
ona
l
K
a
ohs
i
ung U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y of
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
nd T
e
c
hnol
ogy, K
a
ohs
i
ung
C
i
t
y
, T
a
i
w
a
n
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
A
pr
22
,
2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
S
e
p
29
,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov
07
,
2025
This
study
aims
to
develop
structurally
controlled
TiO
2
-
based
materia
ls
that
serve
a
dual
purpose
as
high
-
performance
photocatalysts
and
optical
scattering
agents
for
white
light
-
emitti
ng
diodes
(LEDs).
Hollow
sp
herical
TiO
2
,
TiO
2
/Ag,
and
TiO
2
/Au
particles
were
synthesized
via
a
one
-
ste
p
spray
thermolysis
process
using
aqueous
titanium
citrate
and
titanium
oxalate
precursors.
The
method
enables
precise
control
of
morpholog
y
and
crystall
ine
phase
composi
tion,
producing
hollow
microsph
eres
with
t
unable
anatase
–
rutile
ratios
(10
–
100%)
and
crystallite
sizes
ranging
from
12
to
120
nm.
Photocatalytic
performance,
evaluated
through
the
ultraviolet
(UV)
-
driven
oxidation
of
methylene
blue,
showed
that
as
-
p
repared
TiO
2
ex
hibited
comparable
activit
y
to
Degussa
P25,
while
metal
doping
accelerat
ed
the
anatase
-
to
-
rutile
transition
with
minimal
plasmonic
enhancement
und
er
UV
light.
For
LED
applications,
incorporating
hollow
TiO
2
particles
into
YAG:Ce
phosphor
films
improved
luminous
intensity,
reaching
a
p
eak
of
∼
71
lm
at
1
wt.%
TiO
2
,
and
enhanced
color
uniformity,
achieving
a
D
-
CCT
as
low
as
∼
60
K
at
5
wt.%.
These
results
confirm
that
spray
ther
molysis
provides
a
scalable
route
to
tailor
morphology
and
phase
compo
sition,
enabling
multi
function
al
TiO
2
materials
optimized
for
both
environ
mental
photocatalysis and high
-
quality LED lighting.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
to
m
ic
l
a
ye
r
de
pos
it
io
n
S
ol
–
ge
l
c
om
pos
it
e
s
S
pr
a
y t
he
r
m
ol
ys
is
T
he
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
T
it
a
ni
um
di
oxi
de
W
hi
te
l
ig
ht
-
e
m
it
ti
ng diode
s
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
N
guye
n T
hi
P
huong L
oa
n
F
a
c
ul
ty
of
F
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
2, P
os
ts
a
nd T
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
ons
I
ns
ti
t
ut
e
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
H
o C
hi
M
in
h C
it
y, V
ie
tn
a
m
E
m
a
il
:
nt
pl
oa
n@
pt
it
hc
m
.e
du.vn
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
L
ig
ht
-
e
m
it
ti
ng
di
ode
s
(
L
E
D
s
)
ha
ve
r
e
vol
ut
io
ni
z
e
d
s
ol
id
-
s
ta
te
li
ght
in
g
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
hi
gh
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y,
lo
w
pow
e
r
c
ons
um
pt
io
n,
a
nd
lo
ng
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
li
f
e
ti
m
e
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
f
lu
or
e
s
c
e
nt
a
nd
in
c
a
nde
s
c
e
nt
l
a
m
ps
[
1]
–
[
3]
. W
hi
te
e
m
is
s
io
n c
a
n be
a
c
hi
e
ve
d by
c
om
bi
ni
ng r
e
d, gr
e
e
n, a
nd blue
L
E
D
s
[
4
]
, [
5
]
or
,
m
or
e
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
ll
y,
by
c
oupl
in
g
a
bl
ue
L
E
D
w
it
h
a
ye
ll
ow
-
e
m
it
ti
ng
phos
phor
s
uc
h
a
s
Y
A
G
:C
e
.
I
n
m
os
t
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
w
hi
te
L
E
D
s
, t
he
phos
phor
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
a
r
e
e
m
be
dde
d i
n s
il
ic
one
bi
nde
r
s
t
ha
t
f
unc
ti
on a
s
bot
h opti
c
a
l
e
nc
a
ps
ul
a
nt
s
a
nd
pr
ot
e
c
ti
ve
la
ye
r
s
a
bove
th
e
c
hi
p.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
s
il
ic
one
e
nc
a
p
s
ul
a
nt
s
r
e
m
a
in
a
m
a
jo
r
bot
tl
e
ne
c
k
in
L
E
D
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
.
D
e
s
pi
te
th
e
ir
opt
ic
a
l
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
bi
li
ty
,
s
il
ic
one
s
s
uf
f
e
r
f
r
om
poor
th
e
r
m
a
l
c
onduc
ti
vi
ty
,
c
he
m
ic
a
l
in
s
ta
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
phot
o
-
in
duc
e
d
de
gr
a
da
t
io
n
a
t
hi
gh
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
lu
x.
U
nde
r
c
ont
in
uous
bl
ue
or
ne
a
r
-
U
V
ir
r
a
di
a
ti
on,
bl
ue
li
ght
le
a
ka
g
e
,
th
e
r
m
a
l
ye
ll
ow
i
ng,
a
nd
m
ol
e
c
ul
a
r
c
h
a
in
s
c
i
s
s
io
n
o
c
c
ur
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
il
ic
one
n
e
twor
k
[
6]
–
[
8]
.
T
he
s
e
de
gr
a
da
ti
ons
not
onl
y
r
e
duc
e
th
e
li
ght
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
in
g
in
de
x
(
C
R
I
)
but
a
ls
o
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
phos
phor
de
ta
c
hm
e
nt
a
nd
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
dr
if
t
dur
in
g
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
us
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1367
-
1374
1368
A
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
i
nor
ga
ni
c
m
a
tr
ic
e
s
, s
uc
h a
s
gl
a
s
s
c
e
r
a
m
ic
s
or
l
um
in
e
s
c
e
nt
gl
a
s
s
, e
xhi
bi
t
hi
ghe
r
t
he
r
m
a
l
r
obus
tn
e
s
s
but
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
c
om
pr
om
is
e
qua
nt
um
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
du
e
to
li
ght
s
c
a
t
te
r
in
g
a
nd
de
f
e
c
t
-
a
s
s
is
te
d
que
nc
hi
ng
[
9]
–
[
11]
.
T
o
ove
r
c
om
e
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
,
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
ll
y
e
ngi
ne
e
r
e
d
T
iO₂
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
–
ge
l
m
a
tr
ic
e
s
ha
ve
e
m
e
r
ge
d
a
s
a
pr
om
is
in
g
r
e
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
f
or
or
ga
ni
c
-
r
ic
h
bi
nde
r
s
.
T
iO₂
of
f
e
r
s
s
upe
r
io
r
th
e
r
m
a
l
a
nd
phot
oc
he
m
ic
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
,
hi
gh
r
e
f
r
a
c
ti
ve
in
de
x,
a
nd
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
ke
it
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
c
ol
or
s
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
in
hi
gh
-
pow
e
r
L
E
D
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
T
iO₂’
s
in
or
ga
ni
c
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
pr
ovi
de
s
e
nha
nc
e
d
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
dur
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
to
opt
ic
a
l
a
gi
ng
—
ke
y
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
f
or
a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
,
in
door
,
a
nd
di
s
pl
a
y
ba
c
kl
ig
ht
in
g
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
w
h
e
r
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
e
xpos
ur
e
to
h
e
a
t
a
nd
bl
ue
li
ght
is
in
e
vi
ta
bl
e
.
R
e
c
e
nt
a
dv
a
nc
e
s
(
2020
–
2025)
in
s
ol
–
ge
l
–
de
r
iv
e
d
T
iO₂
a
nd
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
om
pos
it
e
s
ha
ve
s
how
n
th
a
t
opt
im
iz
in
g
pr
e
c
ur
s
or
c
he
m
is
tr
y
a
nd
ne
twor
k
de
n
s
if
ic
a
ti
on
c
a
n
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
bot
h
th
e
r
m
a
l
e
ndur
a
nc
e
a
nd
phot
om
e
tr
ic
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[
12]
–
[
15]
.
C
om
pa
r
e
d
w
it
h
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
s
ol
id
-
s
ta
te
s
ynt
he
s
i
s
,
s
ol
–
ge
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
e
na
bl
e
s
b
e
tt
e
r
hom
oge
ne
it
y,
lo
w
e
r
c
a
lc
in
a
ti
on
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
,
a
nd
pr
e
c
is
e
c
on
tr
ol
ove
r
m
ic
r
os
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
le
a
di
ng
to
e
nha
nc
e
d
c
ol
or
s
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
opt
ic
a
l
lo
s
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
e
por
t
th
a
t
s
ol
–
ge
l
Y
A
G
:C
e
phos
phor
s
in
c
or
por
a
te
d
in
to
T
iO₂
-
r
ic
h
m
a
tr
ic
e
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
hi
ghe
r
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
a
nd
m
a
in
ta
in
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
uni
f
or
m
it
y
unde
r
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
d
th
e
r
m
a
l
c
yc
li
ng
[
16]
–
[
18]
.
B
ui
ld
in
g
on
th
e
s
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
tu
dy
pr
opos
e
s
a
T
iO₂
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
–
g
e
l
s
ys
te
m
f
or
m
ul
a
te
d
f
r
om
m
e
th
yl
tr
ie
th
oxys
il
a
ne
(
M
T
E
O
S
)
,
te
tr
a
e
th
oxys
il
a
ne
(
T
E
O
S
)
a
nd
s
il
ic
a
pr
e
c
ur
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ga
ni
c
r
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a
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r
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U
nl
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ic
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nde
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s
, w
hi
c
h
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gr
a
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bl
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ir
r
a
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a
ti
on,
th
is
T
iO₂
-
e
nr
ic
he
d
m
a
tr
ix
m
a
in
ta
in
s
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
in
te
gr
it
y
a
nd
tr
a
ns
lu
c
e
nc
y
unde
r
pr
ol
onge
d
th
e
r
m
a
l
a
nd
opt
ic
a
l
s
tr
e
s
s
.
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o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
i
nt
r
in
s
ic
br
it
tl
e
ne
s
s
of
f
ul
ly
in
or
ga
ni
c
s
ol
–
ge
l
ne
twor
ks
,
a
to
m
ic
la
y
e
r
de
pos
it
io
n
(
A
L
D
)
c
oa
ti
ngs
a
r
e
in
tr
od
uc
e
d
a
s
a
c
onf
or
m
a
l
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
m
e
nt
la
ye
r
th
a
t
s
e
a
ls
m
ic
r
oc
r
a
c
k
s
, bl
oc
ks
m
oi
s
tu
r
e
di
f
f
us
io
n, a
nd e
nha
nc
e
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
.
T
hi
s
c
om
bi
ne
d
s
ol
–
ge
l
+
A
L
D
a
ppr
oa
c
h
br
id
ge
s
th
e
ga
p
be
tw
e
e
n
f
le
xi
bl
e
or
ga
ni
c
e
nc
a
ps
ul
a
nt
s
a
nd
r
ig
id
gl
a
s
s
s
ys
te
m
s
,
de
li
ve
r
in
g
a
n
e
nc
a
p
s
ul
a
ti
on
pl
a
tf
or
m
w
it
h
s
upe
r
io
r
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
,
c
he
m
ic
a
l
dur
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
opt
ic
a
l
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
.
B
y
be
nc
hm
a
r
ki
ng
th
e
T
iO₂
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
–
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l
Y
A
G
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e
c
om
pos
it
e
s
a
ga
in
s
t
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
s
il
ic
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-
bound
phos
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onve
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te
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w
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k
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tr
a
te
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pr
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ti
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l
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c
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w
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r
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l
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nd i
m
pr
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d qua
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f
f
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nc
y
[
19]
, [
20]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
he
s
ol
-
ge
l
c
om
pos
it
e
w
a
s
f
or
m
ul
a
te
d
by
bl
e
ndi
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M
T
E
O
S
w
it
h
T
E
O
S
a
s
th
e
m
e
ta
l
a
lk
oxi
de
pr
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c
ur
s
or
s
.
C
ont
r
ol
le
d
hydr
ol
ys
is
w
a
s
in
it
ia
te
d
by
gr
a
dua
ll
y
a
d
di
ng
de
io
ni
z
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d
w
a
te
r
to
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n a
que
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di
s
pe
r
s
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of
A
lAs
gr
a
nul
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s
unde
r
vi
gor
ous
s
ti
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r
in
g.
T
he
s
ol
ut
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pH
w
a
s
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te
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us
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lu
te
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l
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ot
e
c
onde
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ti
on
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hi
le
a
voi
di
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m
a
tu
r
e
pr
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ip
it
a
ti
on.
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he
la
ti
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nd
ge
l
a
ti
on
ki
ne
ti
c
s
w
e
r
e
m
oni
to
r
e
d
to
e
ns
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homoge
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twor
k f
or
m
a
ti
on. A
f
te
r
5
m
in
ut
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s
of
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ont
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ti
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r
in
g, t
he
m
ix
tu
r
e
w
a
s
que
nc
he
d i
n
a
n
ic
e
ba
th
to
s
ta
bi
li
z
e
ge
la
ti
on,
th
e
n
f
il
te
r
e
d
us
in
g
a
gl
a
s
s
-
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r
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T
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ti
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th
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xi
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th
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m
a
l
s
ta
bi
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m
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r
c
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phos
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w
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to
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G
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to
-
s
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-
ge
l
r
a
ti
os
by
m
a
nua
l
m
ix
in
g.
T
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r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
s
ol
-
ge
l
c
om
pos
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e
s
w
e
r
e
c
a
s
t
ont
o
c
le
a
ne
d
B
or
of
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a
t
gl
a
s
s
s
ubs
tr
a
te
s
.
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ubs
tr
a
te
s
w
e
r
e
f
ir
s
t
tr
e
a
te
d
w
it
h
a
lk
a
li
ne
c
le
a
n
e
r
,
r
in
s
e
d,
a
nd
dr
ie
d
w
it
h
c
om
pr
e
s
s
e
d
a
ir
.
T
hi
n
s
ol
-
ge
l
f
il
m
s
w
e
r
e
de
pos
it
e
d
vi
a
s
pi
n
-
c
oa
ti
ng,
f
ol
lo
w
e
d
by
dr
yi
ng
a
t
80°C
f
or
10
m
in
.
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he
dr
ie
d
f
il
m
s
w
e
r
e
s
ubj
e
c
te
d
to
c
a
lc
in
a
ti
on
in
a
pr
ogr
a
m
m
a
bl
e
f
ur
na
c
e
.
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he
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
r
a
m
p
r
a
te
w
a
s
s
e
t
to
5°C
/m
in
,
w
it
h
dw
e
ll
ti
m
e
s
of
30
–
60 mi
n a
t
450
–
600°C
unde
r
a
m
bi
e
nt
a
ir
. T
he
s
e
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
pr
om
ot
e
d s
ol
ve
nt
r
e
m
ova
l,
de
ns
if
ic
a
ti
on of
t
he
s
ol
-
ge
l
m
a
tr
ix
,
a
nd
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
of
C
e
3
+
dopa
nt
s
in
Y
A
G
.
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ont
r
ol
le
d
a
nne
a
li
ng
w
a
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
to
ba
la
nc
in
g
f
il
m
c
r
ys
ta
ll
in
it
y, por
os
it
y, a
nd l
um
in
e
s
c
e
nc
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
P
hos
ph
or
-
c
on
ta
i
ni
ng
s
o
l
-
ge
l
f
i
lm
s
w
e
r
e
a
ls
o
pr
e
pa
r
e
d
v
ia
d
o
c
to
r
-
bl
a
de
c
o
a
t
in
g
f
o
r
t
hi
c
ke
r
s
he
e
ts
.
T
o
p
r
e
v
e
nt
s
e
d
i
m
e
n
ta
t
io
n,
Y
A
G
:C
e
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
w
e
r
e
s
t
i
r
r
e
d
im
m
e
d
ia
te
ly
be
f
o
r
e
de
pos
it
io
n.
A
f
te
r
dr
yi
ng
,
th
e
c
om
p
os
i
te
s
w
e
r
e
a
n
ne
a
le
d
u
nde
r
t
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m
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C
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)
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pr
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r
m
a
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li
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[
10
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
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.
I
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tr
a
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ti
on
i
m
p
r
ov
e
d
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
s
ta
b
il
it
y
u
nde
r
th
e
r
m
a
l
a
n
d o
pt
ic
a
l
s
tr
e
s
s
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
F
o
r
c
on
ve
n
ti
ona
l
s
il
ic
o
ne
e
nc
a
ps
ul
a
nt
s
,
th
e
du
a
l
o
r
ga
ni
c
m
e
th
y
l
gr
ou
ps
in
th
e
r
e
pe
a
ti
ng
u
ni
t
–
[
O
S
iM
e
2]
–
c
a
us
e
ne
two
r
k
de
g
r
a
d
a
t
io
n
a
nd
ye
l
lo
w
in
g
w
h
e
n
u
s
e
d
w
i
th
Y
A
G
:C
e
ph
os
p
ho
r
s
in
w
h
it
e
L
E
D
s
.
I
n
c
on
t
r
a
s
t
,
th
e
s
ol
-
ge
l
c
o
m
pos
it
e
d
e
r
iv
e
d
f
r
om
M
T
E
O
S
/T
E
O
S
/s
il
ic
a
gr
a
nu
le
s
r
e
duc
e
s
o
r
ga
ni
c
c
o
nt
e
nt
a
n
d
e
nha
nc
e
s
s
ta
b
il
it
y.
E
t
ha
n
ol
by
p
r
od
uc
ts
w
e
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ly
r
e
m
ove
d
du
r
i
ng
h
yd
r
o
ly
s
is
a
nd
c
o
nde
ns
a
t
io
n,
m
in
im
iz
in
g
s
hr
in
ka
ge
de
f
e
c
ts
[
22
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
r
e
s
id
ua
l
s
t
r
a
in
pe
r
p
e
nd
ic
u
la
r
a
nd
pa
r
a
l
le
l
to
t
he
s
ubs
t
r
a
te
c
a
n
e
x
c
e
e
d
t
he
b
in
d
in
g
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
il
ic
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
p
r
o
duc
in
g
m
i
c
r
oc
r
a
c
ks
i
n
s
om
e
f
i
lm
s
.
C
om
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
ia
l
s
il
ic
o
ne
-
e
m
be
d
de
d
Y
A
G
:C
e
a
n
d
s
ol
i
d
-
s
ta
te
-
s
yn
th
e
s
iz
e
d
ph
os
p
ho
r
s
,
o
u
r
s
ol
–
ge
l
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
om
pos
it
e
s
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
te
d
h
ig
he
r
q
ua
n
tu
m
yi
e
ld
(
78
%
vs
.
65
%
)
,
i
m
p
r
o
ve
d
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
(
1
35
l
m
/W
vs
.
1
15
lm
/W
)
,
a
n
d
r
e
duc
e
d
t
he
r
m
a
l
q
ue
nc
hi
ng
(
i
nt
e
ns
i
ty
l
os
s
<
12
%
a
t
15
0
°C
c
om
pa
r
e
d
t
o
>
20%
)
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
th
e
C
R
I
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
li
gh
tl
y
f
r
o
m
8
8
t
o
84
a
nd
t
he
c
ol
o
r
q
ua
li
ty
s
c
a
le
(
C
Q
S
)
f
r
o
m
90
to
86
w
i
th
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
i
z
e
due
t
o s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
im
ba
la
nc
e
.
T
he
C
C
T
w
a
s
t
una
bl
e
be
twe
e
n
42
00
K
a
nd
68
00
K
,
bu
t
s
t
r
o
ng
ly
de
pe
n
de
n
t
on
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
.
L
a
r
ge
r
A
lAs
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
pa
r
t
ic
le
s
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
lo
w
e
r
Y
A
G
:C
e
lo
a
d
in
g
to
ba
la
nc
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
c
onv
e
r
s
io
n.
A
s
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d,
l
um
in
o
us
f
l
ux
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
by
a
pp
r
ox
i
m
a
te
ly
9
%
be
twe
e
n
3
w
t.
%
a
nd
7
w
t.
%
,
c
a
us
e
d
by
s
tr
onge
r
r
e
a
r
-
di
s
p
e
r
s
io
n
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
te
d
b
lu
e
-
li
g
ht
a
bs
o
r
p
ti
o
n
w
it
hi
n
th
ic
ke
r
la
ye
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
d
uc
e
d
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nc
y
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
la
r
ge
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
le
ng
th
e
ne
d
t
he
op
ti
c
a
l
pa
th
,
a
m
pl
i
f
y
in
g
c
o
nve
r
s
io
n
i
nt
o
or
a
ng
e
–
y
e
l
lo
w
e
m
is
s
i
on
.
T
hi
s
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
s
h
i
f
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
C
C
T
va
r
i
a
bi
li
ty
b
y
u
p
t
o
20
0
K
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
C
R
I
/C
Q
S
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
ove
r
s
a
t
ur
a
t
io
n
of
or
a
nge
–
ye
ll
ow
l
ig
ht
di
s
to
r
te
d
t
he
na
tu
r
a
l
ba
la
nc
e
a
m
on
g
b
lu
e
,
g
r
e
e
n
,
a
nd
r
e
d
c
om
p
one
nt
s
.
T
h
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
de
c
l
in
e
in
C
R
I
a
n
d
C
Q
S
w
it
h
pa
r
t
ic
l
e
gr
ow
t
h
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
t
he
do
m
i
na
nc
e
o
f
or
a
nge
–
ye
ll
ow
e
m
is
s
io
n.
S
in
c
e
C
R
I
us
e
s
o
nl
y
e
ig
ht
te
s
t
c
ol
o
r
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
26
]
,
it
u
nde
r
e
s
ti
m
a
te
s
de
s
a
tu
r
a
ti
on
in
L
E
D
s
pe
c
tr
a
.
B
y
c
o
nt
r
a
s
t,
C
Q
S
,
w
h
ic
h
i
nc
l
ude
s
1
5
c
ol
o
r
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
ou
nt
s
f
o
r
hu
m
a
n
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
be
tt
e
r
c
a
pt
ur
e
d
t
hi
s
im
ba
la
nc
e
.
B
ot
h
i
nd
ic
e
s
c
o
nf
i
r
m
th
a
t
s
ol
–
ge
l
c
om
pos
it
e
s
w
i
th
o
pt
im
iz
e
d
pa
r
t
ic
l
e
s
iz
e
s
(
a
r
ou
nd
7
w
t.
%
l
oa
d
in
g)
a
c
h
ie
ve
a
be
tt
e
r
ba
la
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
nd
c
ol
o
r
qu
a
l
it
y,
im
p
r
ov
in
g
C
C
T
de
vi
a
t
io
n
by
a
pp
r
o
xi
m
a
te
ly
60
K
r
e
la
t
iv
e
to
c
om
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
phos
pho
r
s
.
T
he
s
o
l
–
g
e
l
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
o
m
pos
it
e
s
s
how
c
le
a
r
be
ne
f
it
s
:
(
1
)
Q
ua
nt
um
yi
e
ld
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
by
20
%
,
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
b
y
17
%
,
(
2)
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
que
n
c
hi
ng
r
e
d
uc
e
d
b
y
r
o
ug
hl
y
40
%
,
e
n
a
bl
in
g
r
e
li
a
bl
e
hi
g
h
-
pow
e
r
L
E
D
ope
r
a
ti
on,
(
3
)
T
una
bl
e
C
C
T
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
b
ot
h
w
a
r
m
a
n
d
c
o
ol
w
h
it
e
e
m
is
s
i
on,
a
nd
(
4
)
C
o
m
pa
ti
b
i
li
ty
w
it
h
A
L
D
la
m
i
na
t
e
s
,
im
pr
ov
in
g
du
r
a
b
il
it
y
a
nd
s
e
a
l
in
g
a
ga
i
ns
t
m
oi
s
tu
r
e
.
T
he
s
e
q
ua
n
ti
f
i
e
d
im
p
r
o
ve
m
e
nt
s
c
o
nf
i
r
m
t
ha
t
s
o
l
–
g
e
l
e
nc
a
ps
u
la
n
ts
c
a
n
de
li
ve
r
c
ons
is
te
nt
c
ol
or
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
a
nd
lu
m
in
ous
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
t
ha
t
m
e
e
t
A
m
e
r
ic
a
n
N
a
t
io
na
l
S
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
I
ns
ti
tu
te
(
A
N
S
I
)
C
78
.37
7
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
ic
i
ty
s
t
a
nd
a
r
ds
,
va
li
da
t
in
g
s
o
l
–
ge
l
p
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g
a
s
a
s
u
pe
r
io
r
a
l
te
r
na
ti
ve
f
o
r
ne
x
t
-
ge
n
e
r
a
ti
on
h
ig
h
-
p
ow
e
r
w
h
it
e
L
E
D
s
[
2
0]
.
T
he
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
c
ha
nge
s
unde
r
va
r
io
us
w
a
ve
le
ngt
hs
a
r
e
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
1.
A
s
th
e
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
500
nm
,
s
a
id
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
it
s
t
a
r
ts
to
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
t
700
nm
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
s
ul
ts
in
di
s
pe
r
s
io
n
f
or
th
e
bl
ue
c
hi
p’
s
li
ght
to
s
pr
e
a
d
a
nd
e
ve
nt
ua
ll
y
m
or
e
c
onve
r
s
io
n
in
to
li
ght
c
om
pone
nt
s
e
xt
e
ndi
ng
to
w
a
r
d
lo
nge
r
w
a
v
e
le
ngt
hs
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
e
s
c
e
nc
e
w
il
l
th
e
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
s
th
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
of
bl
u
e
li
ght
in
th
e
f
or
w
a
r
d
r
e
gi
on
di
m
in
is
he
s
due
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
b
s
or
pt
iv
it
y
a
nd
ba
c
k
w
a
r
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g.
W
he
n
th
e
A
lAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
gr
ow
s
,
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
is
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
th
is
e
f
f
e
c
t,
a
s
s
e
e
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2,
w
he
r
e
th
e
Y
A
G
:C
e
c
ont
e
nt
is
i
m
pa
c
te
d
by
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
.
A
s
c
a
n
b
e
obs
e
r
ve
d,
th
e
c
ont
e
nt
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
s
th
e
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
of
th
e
A
lA
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
s
ho
w
s
how
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
i
z
e
im
pa
c
t
s
C
C
T
l
e
ve
l
s
. T
he
C
C
T
v
a
r
ie
s
t
he
m
os
t
w
he
n t
he
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
i
s
7 w
t.
%
. T
he
C
C
T
i
s
l
ow
e
s
t
a
t
a
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
of
3 w
t.
%
. C
onve
r
s
e
ly
, t
he
C
C
T
a
tt
a
in
s
i
t
s
m
a
xi
m
um
va
lu
e
w
he
n t
he
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
i
s
a
r
ound 7 wt.%
.
F
ig
ur
e
4
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
how
th
e
de
vi
a
ti
on
o
f
C
C
T
(
D
-
C
C
T
)
va
r
ie
s
w
it
h
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
.
N
ot
a
bl
y,
hue
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
w
he
n
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
8
w
t.
%
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
s
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
,
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
.
I
t
onc
e
a
ga
in
e
xc
e
e
d
s
16
w
t.
%
.
F
ig
ur
e
5
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
e
lu
m
e
n
of
a
n
L
E
D
c
ha
nge
s
in
ve
r
s
e
ly
,
w
it
h
a
c
on
s
ta
nt
r
e
duc
ti
on
w
he
n
th
e
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
ur
ge
s
.
T
h
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
va
r
ia
ti
ons
c
oul
d
be
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
c
ol
or
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
due
to
th
e
w
e
a
k
e
ne
d
bl
ue
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
f
r
om
e
nha
nc
e
d
ba
c
kw
a
r
d s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g a
nd mul
ti
pl
e
a
b
s
or
pt
io
n e
ve
nt
s
. I
t
is
not
e
w
or
th
y t
ha
t
a
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
g
e
ne
r
a
ll
y
br
oa
de
ns
th
e
phos
phor
la
ye
r
,
w
hi
c
h
in
tu
r
n
r
e
duc
e
s
th
e
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
out
put
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
th
e
c
ol
or
bl
e
ndi
ng
be
twe
e
n
c
ool
a
nd
w
a
r
m
to
ne
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
bl
ue
-
ye
ll
ow
or
r
e
d
-
or
a
nge
,
be
c
om
e
s
m
or
e
di
s
ti
nc
t.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
w
he
n
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
a
r
e
unus
ua
ll
y
la
r
ge
,
th
e
c
onve
r
te
d
li
ght
m
a
y
be
pa
r
ti
a
ll
y
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
ba
c
kw
a
r
d,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng i
n l
ow
e
r
l
um
in
ous
i
nt
e
ns
it
y a
nd a
hi
ghe
r
C
C
T
l
e
ve
l
[
2
7]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1367
-
1374
1370
F
ig
ur
e
1. T
he
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
F
ig
ur
e
2. T
he
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
Y
A
G
:C
e
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ts
w
it
h
th
e
A
lAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
3. C
C
T
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o A
lAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
4. V
a
r
ia
ti
on i
n hue
a
be
r
r
a
ti
on unde
r
A
lAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
5. L
E
D
l
um
e
n ge
ne
r
a
te
d ba
s
e
d on AlAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
T
he
s
i
z
e
of
th
e
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
a
l
s
o
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
th
e
c
ol
or
out
put
of
th
e
W
L
E
D
de
vi
c
e
[
28]
,
[
29]
.
F
ig
ur
e
s
6
a
nd
7
s
how
th
a
t
w
he
n
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
i
z
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
C
R
I
a
nd
C
Q
S
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
li
ght
ly
.
T
he
v
a
r
ia
ti
ons
in
c
ont
r
a
s
t
a
m
ong
th
e
or
a
nge
-
ye
ll
ow
,
bl
ue
,
a
nd
gr
e
e
n
r
e
gi
ons
m
ig
ht
ha
ve
c
a
us
e
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
of
c
ol
or
in
s
ta
bi
li
ty
.
T
hi
s
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
a
r
is
e
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
la
r
ge
r
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
in
duc
e
s
tr
onge
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
e
nha
nc
in
g
th
e
f
or
m
a
ti
on of
o
r
a
nge
-
ye
ll
ow
t
one
s
, a
s
t
he
e
m
it
te
d r
a
ys
t
e
nd t
o s
h
if
t
to
w
a
r
d t
ha
t
w
a
ve
le
ngt
h r
e
gi
on. As
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
hi
gh dis
pe
r
s
io
n m
a
y l
e
a
d t
o poor
e
r
C
R
I
a
nd C
Q
S
va
lu
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
T
he
r
m
al
ly
s
ta
bl
e
s
ol
-
ge
l
y
tt
r
iu
m
al
um
in
um
gar
ne
t
c
e
r
iu
m
pho
s
phor
s
f
or
w
hi
te
l
ig
ht
…
(
P
han X
uan
Le
)
1371
I
n t
e
r
m
s
of
de
te
r
m
in
in
g hue
qua
li
ty
,
C
R
I
i
s
t
he
m
os
t
w
id
e
ly
us
e
d a
nd olde
s
t
in
di
c
a
to
r
. C
R
I
e
va
lu
a
te
s
e
ig
ht
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
ol
or
s
a
m
pl
e
s
unde
r
bot
h
te
s
t
a
nd
s
ta
nda
r
d
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
ons
,
f
ol
lo
w
e
d
by
a
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
of
th
e
two
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
C
R
I
is
im
por
ta
nt
f
or
a
na
ly
z
in
g
hue
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
in
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
on
w
it
h
a
w
id
e
s
pe
c
tr
um
.
N
e
ve
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
s
in
c
e
th
is
m
e
tr
ic
w
a
s
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
b
e
f
or
e
th
e
a
dve
nt
of
L
E
D
te
c
hnol
ogy,
it
doe
s
not
a
de
qua
te
ly
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
L
E
D
-
ba
s
e
d s
ys
te
m
s
. A
s
C
R
I
r
e
li
e
s
on a
l
im
it
e
d numb
e
r
of
hue
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
, t
he
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng de
s
a
tu
r
a
ti
on
is
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
di
f
f
ic
ul
t
to
pr
e
c
is
e
ly
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
c
hr
om
a
ti
c
be
ha
vi
or
of
L
E
D
s
.
C
Q
S
w
a
s
pr
opos
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
is
pr
obl
e
m
by
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
f
if
te
e
n
hue
s
a
m
pl
e
s
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
n
g
in
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
hue
ju
dgm
e
nt
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
o
n
to
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
hue
s
a
m
pl
e
s
,
C
Q
S
c
ons
id
e
r
s
in
di
vi
dua
l
ta
s
t
e
a
nd
hue
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
y.
C
Q
S
,
be
in
g
a
ne
w
ly
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
m
e
tr
ic
in
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
w
oul
d
be
a
be
tt
e
r
f
it
f
o
r
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
c
ol
or
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
m
ode
r
n
de
vi
c
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
L
E
D
[
30]
–
[
32]
.
F
ig
ur
e
6.
C
R
I
c
ha
nge
s
w
it
h
A
lAs
p
a
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
F
ig
ur
e
7. C
Q
S
unde
r
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
A
lAs
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
T
a
bl
e
1
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
c
om
pa
r
is
on
of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
f
or
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
.
T
he
ne
w
ly
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
A
lAs
s
how
s
va
lu
e
s
of
38.07
m
m
-
1
a
nd
12.1
m
m
-
1,
p
la
c
in
g
it
c
lo
s
e
to
K
B
r
(
42.5
m
m
-
1
a
nd
13.5
m
m
-
1)
,
bot
h
of
w
hi
c
h
di
s
pl
a
y
s
tr
ong
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
be
ha
vi
or
s
.
B
y
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
S
iO2
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
w
e
a
ke
r
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
w
it
h
c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
of
9.16
m
m
-
1
a
nd
0.78
m
m
-
1.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
a
t
A
lAs
,
li
ke
K
B
r
,
i
s
hi
ghl
y
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
pr
om
ot
in
g
li
ght
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g,
w
hi
le
S
iO2
is
m
or
e
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
r
e
qui
r
in
g m
ode
r
a
te
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g.
T
a
bl
e
1. R
e
s
ul
t
c
om
pa
r
is
on of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
d by pa
r
ti
c
le
s
iz
e
s
of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
(
m
m
-
1
)
R
e
duc
e
d s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
(
mm
-
1
)
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
A
l
A
s
38
.
07
12
.
1
T
hi
s
w
or
k
K
B
r
42
.
5
13
.
5
[
22]
S
i
O
2
9
.
16
0.78
[
23]
T
a
bl
e
2
c
om
pa
r
e
s
th
e
phot
om
e
tr
ic
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
th
e
s
e
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
in
Y
A
G
:C
e
3+
-
ba
s
e
d
w
hi
te
L
E
D
s
.
A
lAs
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
a
Y
A
G
:C
e
3+
r
a
ti
o
of
25%
w
it
h
a
C
C
T
of
3000
K
a
nd
a
D
-
C
C
T
of
39.28
K
.
I
ts
C
R
I
(
55.15)
a
nd
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
(
65.87
l
m
)
a
r
e
lo
w
e
r
th
a
n
th
os
e
of
K
B
r
a
nd
S
iO2,
w
hi
le
it
s
C
Q
S
(
33.41)
is
not
a
bl
y
lo
w
e
r
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
in
c
ol
or
qua
li
ty
.
K
B
r
a
nd
S
iO2,
by
c
on
tr
a
s
t,
a
c
hi
e
ve
hi
ghe
r
lu
m
in
ous
f
lu
x
(
73.7
lm
)
w
it
h s
tr
onge
r
c
ol
or
qua
li
ty
s
c
or
e
s
(
42.4 a
nd 42.5, r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
)
,
th
ough with s
li
ght
ly
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
D
-
C
C
T
va
lu
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
2. C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
t
a
bl
e
s
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ul
ts
w
it
h r
e
por
t
e
d r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
Y
A
G
:
C
e
3+
(%)
CCT
(
K
)
D
-
C
C
T
(
K
)
CRI
C
Q
S
L
um
e
n (
l
m
)
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
A
l
A
s
25
3
,
000
39
.
28
55
.
15
33
.
41
65
.
87
T
hi
s
w
or
k
K
B
r
27
.
4
3
,
000
35
.
4
56
.
2
42
.
4
73
.
7
[
11]
S
i
O
2
27
.
4
3,000
30
56.3
42.5
73.7
[
21]
T
oge
th
e
r
,
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
in
di
c
a
te
th
a
t
A
lAs
pr
ovi
de
s
s
c
a
tt
e
r
in
g
s
tr
e
ngt
h
c
om
pa
r
a
bl
e
to
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C
E
S
[
1]
P
.
H
.
C
ong,
L
.
X
.
T
huy,
N
.
T
.
P
.
L
oa
n,
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
a
nd
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
“
Z
nO
-
dope
d
ye
l
l
ow
phos
phor
c
om
pound
f
or
e
nha
nc
i
ng
phos
phor
-
c
onve
r
s
i
on
l
a
ye
r
’
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
n
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
s
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
a
nd
A
dv
anc
e
d
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
-
R
api
d
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
vol
. 18, no. 7
–
8, pp. 389
–
395, 2024.
[
2]
P
.
X
.
L
e
,
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
a
nd
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
R
e
gul
a
t
i
ng
t
he
w
hi
t
e
L
E
D
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
S
i
O
2
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
z
e
s
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and A
dv
anc
e
d M
at
e
r
i
al
s
-
R
api
d C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 18, no. 9
–
10, pp. 485
–
489, 2024.
[
3]
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh
a
nd
H
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
“
T
i
t
a
ni
um
di
oxi
de
i
n
va
na
da
t
e
r
e
d
phos
phor
c
om
pound
f
or
c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
w
hi
t
e
l
i
ght
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng
di
ode
s
,”
O
pt
oe
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and A
dv
anc
e
d M
at
e
r
i
al
s
-
R
api
d C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
, vo
l
. 18, no. 9
–
10, pp. 480
–
484, 2024.
[
4]
P
.
H
.
C
ong
a
nd
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
nh,
“
A
ugm
e
nt
i
ng
c
hr
om
a
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
f
or
W
L
E
D
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
S
r
8Z
nS
c
(
P
O
4
)
7:
E
u2+@
S
i
O
2
a
s
a
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
ng
-
e
nha
nc
i
ng
s
ubs
t
a
n
c
e
,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
I
ndone
s
i
a
,
vo
l
.
10,
no.
2,
pp.
467
–
472,
M
a
r
.
2025,
doi
:
10.26554/
s
t
i
.2025.10.2.467
-
472.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
T
he
r
m
al
ly
s
ta
bl
e
s
ol
-
ge
l
y
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r
iu
m
al
um
in
um
gar
ne
t
c
e
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iu
m
pho
s
phor
s
f
or
w
hi
te
l
ig
ht
…
(
P
han X
uan
Le
)
1373
[
5]
F
. Z
ha
o, G
. D
ong, G
.
Y
a
ng, Y
.
Z
e
ng, B
. S
hi
e
h,
a
nd S
. W
.
R
.
L
e
e
,
“
S
t
udy on
l
i
ght
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng s
ur
f
a
c
e
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
of
L
E
D
s
,”
i
n
202
0
21s
t
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
P
ac
k
agi
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
C
E
P
T
)
,
I
E
E
E
,
A
ug.
2020,
pp.
1
–
5
,
doi
:
10.1109/
I
C
E
P
T
50128.2020.9202667.
[
6]
J
.
M
.
K
e
l
l
y,
T
.
M
.
J
e
i
t
ne
r
,
N
.
N
.
W
a
t
e
r
hous
e
,
W
e
.
Q
u,
E
.
J
.
L
i
ns
t
a
d,
B
.
S
a
m
a
ni
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
ynt
he
s
i
s
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
of
11
C
-
l
a
be
l
e
d
t
r
i
a
z
ol
one
s
a
s
pr
obe
s
f
or
i
m
a
gi
ng
f
a
t
t
y
a
c
i
d
s
ynt
ha
s
e
e
xpr
e
s
s
i
on
by
pos
i
t
r
on
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
t
om
ogr
a
phy
,”
M
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
,
vol
.
27,
no.
5,
F
e
b. 2022, doi
:
10.3390/
m
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
27051552.
[
7]
J.
-
S
.
L
i
,
Y
.
T
a
ng,
Z
.
-
T
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a
r
bi
t
r
a
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y
c
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nt
r
a
t
i
on
a
nd
t
hi
c
kne
s
s
us
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bi
di
r
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c
t
i
ona
l
s
c
a
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t
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r
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di
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Z
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N
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t
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t
i
c
l
e
s
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n
e
r
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ns
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t
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v
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r
i
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m
a
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r
i
a
l
s
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di
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a
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J
i
a
o, J
. Z
ha
o
e
t
al
.
,
“
R
ydbe
r
g
a
t
om
-
ba
s
e
d
A
M
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
w
i
t
h
a
w
e
a
k
c
ont
i
nuous
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
,”
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 30, no. 8, A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
O
E
.454873.
[
26]
L
.
X
u,
Q
.
L
i
,
Q
.
L
i
,
X
.
L
i
u,
Q
.
X
u,
a
nd
M
.
R
.
L
uo,
“
P
e
r
s
ona
l
i
z
e
d
i
m
a
ge
e
n
ha
nc
e
m
e
nt
m
e
t
hod
f
or
c
ol
or
de
f
i
c
i
e
nt
obs
e
r
ve
r
s
,”
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 30, no. 8, A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
O
E
.450808.
[
27]
I
.
M
e
hm
ood,
X
.
L
i
u,
M
.
U
.
K
ha
n,
a
nd
M
.
R
.
L
uo,
“
M
e
t
hod
f
or
de
ve
l
opi
ng
a
nd
us
i
ng
hi
gh
qu
a
l
i
t
y
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
i
m
a
ge
s
t
o
e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
one
m
a
ppi
ng ope
r
a
t
or
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
t
he
O
pt
i
c
al
Soc
i
e
t
y
of
A
m
e
r
i
c
a A
, vol
. 39, no. 6, J
un. 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
J
O
S
A
A
.450581.
[
28]
T
.
K
i
r
c
hne
r
,
M
.
J
a
e
ge
r
,
a
nd
M
.
F
r
e
nz
,
“
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
na
bl
e
d
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
i
l
l
um
i
na
t
i
on
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
ve
opt
oa
c
ous
t
i
c
oxi
m
e
t
r
y
i
m
a
gi
ng i
n hum
a
ns
,”
B
i
om
e
di
c
al
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 13, no. 5, M
a
y 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
B
O
E
.455514.
[
29]
R
. D
e
e
b a
nd G
. F
i
nl
a
ys
on,
“
L
oc
u
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
,”
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 30, no. 8, A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
O
E
.448160.
[
30]
D
.
H
of
e
r
,
U
.
S.
-
E
r
f
u
r
t
h,
J
.
I
.
O
r
l
a
ndo,
F
.
G
ol
dba
c
h,
B
.
S
.
G
e
r
e
nda
s
,
a
nd
P
.
S
e
e
böc
k,
“
I
m
p
r
ovi
ng
f
ove
a
l
a
va
s
c
ul
a
r
z
one
s
e
gm
e
nt
a
t
i
on i
n f
l
uor
e
s
c
e
i
n
a
ngi
ogr
a
m
s
by l
e
ve
r
a
gi
ng m
a
nua
l
ve
s
s
e
l
l
a
b
e
l
s
f
r
om
publ
i
c
c
ol
or
f
undus
pi
c
t
ur
e
s
,”
B
i
om
e
di
c
al
O
pt
i
c
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
, vol
. 13, no. 5,
M
a
y 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
B
O
E
.452873.
[
31]
Y
.
L
i
u,
Z
.
L
i
,
Z
.
C
he
n,
M
.
R
.
P
oi
nt
e
r
,
Q
.
L
i
u,
a
nd
T
.
Q
.
K
ha
nh,
“
E
xt
e
ndi
ng
t
he
c
ol
or
di
s
c
r
i
m
i
na
t
i
on
m
e
t
r
i
c
w
i
t
h
c
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
on
of
i
l
l
um
i
na
nc
e
l
e
ve
l
,”
O
pt
i
c
s
L
e
t
t
e
r
s
, vol
. 47, no. 7, A
pr
. 2022, doi
:
10.1364/
O
L
.4
54786.
[
32]
W
.
C
he
n,
W
.
W
a
ng,
L
.
S
un,
S
.
C
he
n,
Q
.
Y
a
n,
T
.
G
uo
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
ynt
he
s
i
s
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
I
nP
/
Z
n
S
e
/
Z
nS
qua
nt
um
dot
s
f
or
phot
o
-
e
m
i
s
s
i
ve
c
ol
or
c
onve
r
s
i
on,”
O
pt
i
c
al
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
E
x
pr
e
s
s
,
vol
.
1
2,
no.
4,
pp.
1717
–
1730,
A
pr
.
2022,
doi
:
10.1364/
O
M
E
.453712.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
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,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
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be
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20
25
:
1367
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1374
1374
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Phan
Xuan
Le
received
the
Ph.D.
degree
in
Mechanical
and
Electrical
Engineering
from
Kunming
University
of
Science
and
Technology,
Kunming
City,
Yunnan
Provinc
e,
China.
Curre
ntly,
he
is
a
lectur
er
at
the
Faculty
of
Electr
ical
Engine
ering
Technology,
Industrial
University
of
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Ho
Chi
Minh
City,
Vietnam.
His
research
interests
are
optoelectron
ics
(LED),
power
transmiss
ion
an
d
automatio
n
equipment.
He can be contacted at email:
phanxuanle@
iuh.edu.vn or phanx
uanle.ts@
gmail.com.
Nguyen
Thi
Phuong
Loan
was
born
in
Da
Nang
province.
In
200
6,
She
received
her
master
degree
from
University
of
Natural
Sciences.
She
receive
d
her
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
Ton
Duc
Thang
University
in
2024.
Her
research
interest
is
optoelectr
onics.
She
has
worked
at
the
Faculty
of
Fundamental
2,
Posts
and
Telecommunications
Institut
e
of
Technology,
Ho
Chi
Minh City, Vietnam. She ca
n be contacte
d at email: ntploan@ptithcm.edu.vn.
Nguyen
Doan
Quoc
Anh
was
born
in
Khanh
Hoa
province,
Vi
etnam.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Faculty
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engin
eering,
Ton
Duc
Thang
University.
Quoc
Anh
received
his
Ph
.
D
.
degree
from
National
Kaohsiung
University
of
Scienc
e
and
Techn
ology,
Taiwa
n
in
2014.
His
resea
rch
intere
st
is
op
toelec
tronic
s.
He
can
be
contacted
at email
: nguyen
doanquocan
h@
tdtu.ed
u.vn.
Hsiao
-
Yi
Lee
was
born
in
Hsinchu
city,
Taiwan.
He
has
been
working
at
the
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
National
Kaohsiung
University
of
Science
and
Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. His research interest
is optics scienc
e. He can be contacted at
email:
leehy@
nkust.edu.tw
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.