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2252
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8814
,
D
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R
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J
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23
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2025
A
c
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J
ul
14
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2025
The
study
of
unethical
pro
-
organizational
behavior
(UPB)
has
seen
a
sharp
rise
in
recent
years,
with
research
results
explaining
that
a
potential
ca
use
of
UPB is organi
zational identifi
cation (OI). However, there are
inconsist
encies
in
the
findings
regarding
the
eff
ect
of
O
I
on
UPB
in
the
workplac
e.
This
study
seeks
to
test
the
direct
effect
of
OI
on
UPB,
and
to
explo
re
the
mediating
role
of
fit
to
-
organization
(
Fit
-
O).
To
evaluate
data
collecte
d
from
employees
of
micro
and
small
enterprises
,
this
study
utili
zed
str
uctural
equation
modelin
g
-
partial
least
squares
(
SEM
-
PLS
)
analysi
s
,
along
w
ith
the
variance
accounted
for
(VAF)
method
to
test
the
mediation
between
OI
and
UPB.
The
findings
confirm
that
the
fit
or
compatibility
of
an
individu
al
with
the
organization
can
strengthen
the
effect
of
OI
on
UPB.
The
inter
vening
role
of
Fit
-
O
in
the
OI
-
UPB
relationship
is
a
crucial
theoretical
contri
bution.
This
research
also
implies
that
organizations
must
balance
increasi
ng
OI
with strong et
hical standards to
mitigate UP
B.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
F
it
t
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
M
ic
r
o a
nd s
m
a
ll
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
id
e
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if
ic
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ti
on
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
U
ne
th
ic
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
V
a
r
ia
nc
e
a
c
c
ount
e
d f
or
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
H
a
ny A
z
z
a
U
m
a
m
a
D
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r
tm
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nt
of
E
nt
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pr
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ur
s
hi
p, B
I
N
U
S
B
us
in
e
s
s
S
c
hool
U
nd
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gr
a
dua
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m
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in
a
N
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r
a
U
ni
v
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r
s
it
y
J
a
ka
r
ta
11480, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
ha
ny.uma
m
a
@
m
hs
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oe
d.a
c
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d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
U
ne
th
ic
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
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ti
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
(
U
P
B
)
c
a
n
be
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
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s
vol
unt
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r
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be
ha
vi
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r
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out
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pe
r
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onne
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to
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ol
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ti
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ge
ne
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a
ll
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c
c
e
pt
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d
nor
m
s
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C
onc
r
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xa
m
pl
e
s
of
U
P
B
in
c
lu
de
c
onc
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a
li
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pr
oduc
t
de
f
e
c
t
s
to
m
e
e
t
s
a
l
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s
t
a
r
ge
ts
or
hi
di
ng
c
or
por
a
te
m
is
ta
ke
s
f
r
om
th
e
publ
ic
, a
s
s
e
e
n
in
th
e
S
a
nl
u
M
e
la
m
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s
e
,
th
e
C
ha
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s
he
ng
pha
r
m
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r
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in
vol
vi
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Q
ih
oo
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S
e
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in
vol
vi
ng
f
a
ls
e
dr
ug
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dve
r
ti
s
e
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e
nt
s
[
1]
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
ot
he
r
c
a
s
e
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th
a
t
ha
v
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in
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s
[
1]
–
[
3]
.
T
hi
s
phe
nom
e
non
pos
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s
a
s
e
r
io
us
th
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U
m
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al
.
[
4]
,
one
of
th
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pr
im
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r
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c
ont
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o
r
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to
th
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B
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ip
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nt
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c
a
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c
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U
P
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H
ow
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r
s
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m
a
in
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T
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ir
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[
4]
in
di
c
a
te
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th
a
t
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le
U
P
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m
a
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pr
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de
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hor
t
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ne
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it
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ha
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th
e
pot
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nt
ia
l
to
ha
r
m
a
n
or
ga
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ti
on’
s
r
e
put
a
ti
on
a
nd
lo
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te
r
m
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
H
ow
e
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r
,
to
da
t
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,
th
e
r
e
h
a
s
be
e
n
no
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pt
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ode
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th
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t
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y
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te
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a
ti
c
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ll
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te
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te
s
bot
h
ps
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hol
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c
a
l
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or
ga
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z
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ti
ona
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f
a
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xpl
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g t
hi
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phe
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non.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
U
P
B
r
e
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
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d
in
s
c
ope
[
4]
,
[
5]
,
a
s
in
di
c
a
t
e
d
by
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
s
how
in
g
onl
y
142
a
r
ti
c
le
s
s
in
c
e
U
m
phr
e
s
s
e
t
al
.
[
4]
f
ir
s
t
in
tr
oduc
e
d
t
he
c
onc
e
pt
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
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n
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d
to
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xpa
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pe
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[
6]
.
T
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tr
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ga
r
d
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
s
e
tb
a
c
k
s
a
s
pe
r
s
ona
ll
y
m
e
a
ni
ngf
ul
[
7]
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
s
ta
te
d
th
a
t
O
I
is
a
ke
y
dr
iv
e
r
of
U
P
B
[
8]
,
[
9]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
lt
hough
O
I
is
of
te
n
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
pos
it
iv
e
out
c
om
e
s
,
e
vi
de
nc
e
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
it
c
a
n
a
ls
o
tr
ig
ge
r
c
ount
e
r
pr
oduc
ti
ve
be
ha
vi
or
s
w
he
n
not
pr
ope
r
ly
m
a
na
ge
d.
R
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
s
uc
h
a
s
by
K
oç
a
k
a
nd
K
e
r
s
e
[
10]
a
nd
A
hm
a
d
e
t
al
.
[
11]
,
h
ig
hl
ig
ht
s
th
e
pos
it
iv
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
O
I
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
e
m
pl
oye
e
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
,
jo
b
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
w
or
k
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
.
U
nf
or
tu
na
te
ly
,
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
of
O
I
r
e
m
a
in
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
in
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
due
to
li
m
it
e
d
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
[
5
]
,
[
12]
,
[
13]
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
th
e
ga
p
by
pr
opos
in
g
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
r
a
r
e
ly
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
in
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
not
onl
y
e
xpa
nd
th
e
s
c
ope
of
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
but
a
ls
o
p
r
ovi
de
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
in
m
a
na
gi
ng t
he
a
dve
r
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
O
I
.
M
os
t
pr
e
vi
ous
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ha
s
f
oc
u
s
e
d
on
th
e
be
n
e
f
it
s
of
O
I
w
hi
le
ove
r
lo
oki
ng
it
s
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
on
e
th
ic
a
l
nor
m
s
.
S
tu
di
e
s
by
V
e
r
m
a
a
nd
M
oha
pa
tr
a
[
5]
,
N
a
s
e
e
r
e
t
al
.
[
13]
,
a
nd
D
in
g
a
nd
L
iu
[
14]
ha
ve
be
gun
to
a
na
ly
z
e
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
,
but
onl
y
w
it
hi
n
a
na
r
r
ow
s
c
ope
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
u
r
ge
nc
y
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
d
by
in
c
o
ns
is
te
nt
f
in
di
ngs
,
bot
h
in
te
r
m
s
of
c
or
r
e
la
ti
on
a
nd
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
.
S
om
e
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
s
how
n
c
ont
r
a
di
c
to
r
y
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
[
4]
,
[
9]
,
[
15]
,
w
hi
le
ot
he
r
s
r
e
por
t
c
onf
li
c
ti
n
g
c
or
r
e
la
ti
ons
[
14]
,
[
16]
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
a
n
unc
le
a
r
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
unde
r
ly
in
g
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
M
or
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y,
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
ne
e
d
to
e
xpl
or
e
how
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
F
it
-
O
c
a
n
he
lp
e
xpl
a
in
th
is
dyna
m
ic
,
a
n
a
r
e
a
th
a
t
r
e
m
a
in
s
unde
r
e
xpl
or
e
d
in
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
a
tt
e
m
pt
e
d
to
e
xpl
a
in
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
th
r
ough
ne
ut
r
a
li
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
m
or
a
l
di
s
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
[
9]
,
[
17]
,
w
hi
c
h
pr
e
dom
in
a
nt
ly
f
oc
us
on
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
.
W
h
a
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
te
s
th
is
s
tu
dy
f
r
om
pr
e
vi
ous
one
s
is
it
s
f
oc
u
s
on
th
e
c
onc
e
pt
of
ne
e
d f
ul
f
il
lm
e
nt
be
twe
e
n i
ndi
vi
dua
ls
a
nd t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on. T
he
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
on
-
s
e
le
c
ti
on
-
a
tt
r
it
io
n (
A
S
A
)
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
th
e
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
f
ounda
ti
on
of
th
is
uni
que
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
r
a
r
e
ly
be
e
n
us
e
d
in
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
.
T
he
A
S
A
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
m
or
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
pe
r
s
p
e
c
ti
ve
th
a
n
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
th
a
t
of
te
n
ne
gl
e
c
t
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
.
H
e
nc
e
,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
doe
s
m
or
e
th
a
n
ju
s
t
f
i
ll
a
n
unde
r
e
xpl
or
e
d
a
r
e
a
in
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
a
nd
of
f
e
r
s
a
n
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
e
xpl
a
na
ti
on
f
or
U
P
B
m
ot
iv
a
ti
on.
B
y
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
th
e
F
it
-
O
va
r
ia
bl
e
a
nd
e
m
pl
oyi
ng
th
e
A
S
A
th
e
or
y,
th
is
s
tu
dy
m
a
ke
s
a
uni
que
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
in
e
xpl
a
in
in
g
th
e
r
ol
e
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
-
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
li
gnm
e
nt
in
e
it
he
r
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ng
or
in
hi
bi
ti
n
g
U
P
B
, a
di
m
e
ns
io
n t
ha
t
ha
s
not
b
e
e
n a
de
qu
a
te
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d i
n pr
e
vi
ous
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
.
T
he
A
S
A
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
th
is
s
tu
dy
of
f
e
r
s
a
s
upe
r
io
r
a
nd
m
or
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
o
r
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
dyna
m
ic
s
of
O
I
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
th
e
dom
in
a
nt
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
P
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
f
oc
us
on
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
,
of
te
n
ov
e
r
lo
oki
ng
th
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
-
F
it
-
O
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
th
e
A
S
A
th
e
or
y
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
th
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
by
f
oc
us
in
g
on
th
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
of
va
lu
e
s
,
goa
ls
,
a
n
d
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ul
tu
r
e
.
I
n
th
is
c
ont
e
xt
,
F
it
-
O
e
m
e
r
ge
s
a
s
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
t
ha
t
e
xpl
a
in
s
how
t
hi
s
a
li
gnm
e
nt
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
or
w
e
a
ke
ns
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
O
I
o
n
U
P
B
. B
y c
ons
id
e
r
in
g t
he
a
li
gnm
e
nt
of
va
lu
e
s
a
nd goa
ls
, F
it
-
O
not
onl
y a
c
c
ount
s
f
or
pr
e
vi
ous
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
i
e
s
i
n
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
O
I
but
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n
e
w
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
f
or
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
w
he
n
O
I
le
a
ds
to
e
th
ic
a
l
or
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
he
r
e
by
a
ll
ow
s
a
de
e
p
e
r
in
s
ig
ht
in
to
th
e
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
of
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
is
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
c
r
os
s
-
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
ons
,
i
nc
lu
di
ng
r
e
li
gi
ous
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
hi
ghl
y
r
e
le
va
nt
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g e
th
ic
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
i
n gl
oba
l
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
s
.
F
it
-
O
is
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
to
pi
c
s
.
R
e
c
e
nt
l
y,
th
e
r
e
ha
s
be
e
n
a
not
a
bl
e
r
is
e
in
th
e
num
be
r
of
publ
is
he
d
pa
pe
r
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
F
it
-
O
[
18]
,
[
19]
,
w
hi
c
h
te
nd
to
ha
ve
a
po
s
it
iv
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
[
20]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
de
ba
te
s
a
bout
it
s
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
f
f
e
c
ts
[
19]
a
nd
e
ve
n
doubts
a
bout
th
e
pos
it
iv
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
F
it
-
O
on
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
r
e
m
a
in
[
19]
.
T
he
la
c
k
of
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
di
s
c
us
s
in
g
t
he
m
ode
r
a
ti
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
F
it
-
O
in
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
a
nd
th
e
unr
e
s
ol
ve
d
de
b
a
te
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
th
e
n
e
ga
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
of
F
it
-
O
unde
r
s
c
or
e
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
a
na
ly
z
in
g
th
is
va
r
ia
bl
e
.
F
it
-
O
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
’
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
of
th
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
be
twe
e
n
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
ona
l
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
,
va
lu
e
s
,
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
nor
m
s
[
21]
,
[
22]
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
A
S
A
th
e
or
y,
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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nt
J
A
dv A
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c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1050
-
1060
1052
a
tt
r
a
c
te
d t
o or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
w
he
n t
he
ir
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
s
a
li
gn w
it
h t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on, a
nd t
he
r
e
i
s
a
t
e
nde
nc
y t
o
le
a
ve
t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on w
he
n
s
uc
h a
li
gnm
e
nt
doe
s
not
e
xi
s
t
[
20]
, [
23]
, [
24]
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
in
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ga
ps
r
e
l
a
te
d
to
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
a
nd ma
ke
s
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n by f
oc
us
in
g on the
da
r
k s
id
e
of
O
I
, w
hi
c
h di
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
om
p
r
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
le
a
n
m
or
e
to
w
a
r
d
th
e
pos
it
iv
e
a
s
p
e
c
ts
of
O
I
.
B
y
in
tr
oduc
in
g
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
va
r
ia
bl
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
not
onl
y
of
f
e
r
s
a
pr
om
is
in
g
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
but
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
s
a
nove
l
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
th
r
ough
th
e
r
a
r
e
ly
ut
i
li
z
e
d
A
S
A
th
e
or
y.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
by
pr
opos
in
g
m
or
e
e
th
ic
a
l
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
pol
ic
ie
s
th
a
t
t
a
ke
in
to
a
c
c
ount
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
O
I
a
nd
F
it
-
O
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
pr
ovi
de
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ha
s
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
d
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
O
I
in
e
nha
nc
in
g
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
'
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
tt
a
c
hm
e
nt
a
nd
h
a
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
th
a
t
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
O
I
c
a
n
e
nc
our
a
ge
be
h
a
vi
or
s
th
a
t
vi
ol
a
te
e
th
ic
a
l
nor
m
s
[
5]
,
[
12]
–
[
14]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
e
xpl
or
a
ti
o
n
of
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
of
O
I
r
e
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d.
T
hi
s
li
m
it
a
ti
on
is
th
e
m
a
in
f
oc
us
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
in
t
r
oduc
in
g
a
ne
w
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
th
r
ough
th
e
F
it
-
O
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
. T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
r
a
is
e
s
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
qu
e
s
ti
on:
how
a
nd
unde
r
w
ha
t
c
ondi
ti
ons
do
e
s
s
tr
ong
O
I
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
U
P
B
?
T
hi
s
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
f
ur
th
e
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
he
n
c
on
s
id
e
r
in
g
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
f
a
c
to
r
th
a
t
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
is
is
s
ue
in
a
r
e
li
gi
ous
c
ont
e
xt
, a
s
t
he
r
e
i
s
s
ti
ll
a
l
a
c
k of
s
tu
di
e
s
l
in
ki
ng t
hi
s
a
s
pe
c
t
to
t
he
dyna
m
ic
s
of
O
I
a
nd U
P
B
.
T
h
is
s
tu
dy
i
s
not
on
ly
r
e
le
va
nt
t
o c
a
ll
s
in
th
e
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
t
o
in
ve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
t
h
e
da
r
k s
i
de
of
O
I
[
5]
,
[
1
2]
–
[
14]
,
but
a
ls
o
m
a
k
e
s
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
in
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
not
be
e
n
pr
e
vi
ous
ly
a
na
ly
z
e
d.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
a
s
s
is
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
in
de
s
ig
ni
ng
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
th
ic
a
l
pol
ic
ie
s
by
c
ons
id
e
r
in
g
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
F
it
-
O
in
m
a
na
gi
ng
O
I
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
is
s
tu
dy
pr
ovi
de
s
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
how
r
e
li
gi
ous
c
ont
e
xt
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
U
P
B
,
e
nr
ic
hi
ng
bot
h
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ngs
of
t
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
i
m
pa
c
t
of
O
I
. T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h of
f
e
r
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n t
o
t
he
de
ba
te
r
e
ga
r
di
n
g
th
e
in
c
ons
is
te
nt
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
,
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
m
a
ki
ng
a
va
lu
a
bl
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
to
e
xi
s
ti
ng
a
c
a
de
m
ic
di
s
c
our
s
e
.
T
he
goa
l
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
ga
p
in
th
e
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
de
ba
te
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
th
e
r
ol
e
of
O
I
in
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
U
P
B
.
I
t
s
e
e
ks
to
c
la
r
if
y
th
e
in
c
ons
is
te
nc
ie
s
in
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
f
ound
in
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
by
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
in
th
is
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
T
hi
s
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
is
a
nt
ic
ip
a
t
e
d
to
of
f
e
r
a
b
r
oa
de
r
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
io
n of
t
he
dyna
m
ic
s
be
twe
e
n O
I
a
nd U
P
B
. T
he
us
e
of
t
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
t
o
th
e
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
th
e
or
y
gl
oba
ll
y
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
of
f
e
r
in
g
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
in
s
ig
ht
s
to
he
lp
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
de
s
ig
n
th
e
ir
hum
a
n
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
it
s
f
in
di
ngs
a
r
e
r
e
le
va
nt
to
bot
h
th
e
a
c
a
de
m
ic
c
om
m
uni
ty
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
in
c
lu
de
:
f
ir
s
t,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
a
r
a
r
e
l
y
e
xpl
or
e
d
a
r
e
a
-
na
m
e
ly
,
th
e
da
r
k
s
id
e
of
O
I
.
S
e
c
ond, by int
e
gr
a
ti
ng F
it
-
O
a
s
a
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
i
n t
he
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
l
a
ti
ons
hi
p, i
t
of
f
e
r
s
a
m
or
e
hol
is
ti
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h t
o
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
dyna
m
ic
s
be
twe
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
.
T
hi
r
d,
it
f
il
ls
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
ga
ps
by e
xpl
or
in
g t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
r
e
li
gi
ous
c
ount
r
ie
s
.
T
he
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p be
twe
e
n O
I
, F
it
-
O
,
a
nd
U
P
B
c
a
n be
e
xpl
a
in
e
d
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
. F
ir
s
t,
O
I
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n t
he
e
m
pl
oye
e
’
s
s
e
lf
-
im
a
ge
a
li
gns
w
it
h t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
i
m
a
ge
, pe
r
c
e
iv
in
g t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
l
os
s
e
s
a
nd ga
in
s
a
s
pe
r
s
ona
l
f
a
il
ur
e
s
a
nd
s
uc
c
e
s
s
e
s
[
5]
.
P
os
it
iv
e
s
oc
ia
l
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
w
it
hi
n
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
f
e
e
li
ngs
of
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
pr
id
e
in
be
in
g
pa
r
t
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
c
a
n
s
ha
pe
O
I
[
11]
.
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
O
I
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
e
n
s
e
of
c
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
or
f
it
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
dr
iv
e
n
by
a
f
e
e
li
ng
o
f
c
onne
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
to
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on'
s
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
a
nd
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
.
T
hi
s
le
a
ds
to
gr
e
a
te
r
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
in
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
a
nd
e
f
f
or
ts
to
a
da
pt
to
it
s
c
ul
tu
r
e
a
nd
va
lu
e
s
.
O
I
is
be
li
e
ve
d
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
jo
b
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
th
r
ough
a
pos
it
iv
e
vi
e
w
of
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
li
gnm
e
nt
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
T
he
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
f
i
t
th
e
or
y
[
25]
e
xpl
a
in
s
th
a
t
f
it
a
r
is
e
s
w
he
n
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
m
a
tc
h
be
t
w
e
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
l
va
lu
e
s
,
p
e
r
s
ona
li
ty
,
a
nd
goa
l
s
a
nd
th
os
e
w
it
hi
n
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
O
I
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
e
nha
nc
in
g
th
e
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
of
th
i
s
f
it
,
a
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
w
it
h
hi
gh
O
I
te
nd
to
f
e
e
l
a
li
ke
ne
s
s
be
twe
e
n
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
a
nd
th
os
e
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
le
a
di
ng
to
a
te
nde
nc
y t
o a
li
gn t
he
t
w
o
[
11]
.
S
e
c
ond, UP
B
i
s
de
f
in
e
d a
s
une
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
ons
t
ha
t
vi
ol
a
te
ge
ne
r
a
l
nor
m
s
(
hype
r
no
r
m
s
)
a
nd a
r
e
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
by
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
f
or
th
e
be
ne
f
it
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
[
4]
.
T
he
s
e
une
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
ons
a
r
e
not
in
s
tr
uc
te
d
or
s
ta
te
d
in
f
or
m
a
l
jo
b
de
s
c
r
ip
ti
ons
a
nd
a
r
e
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
vol
unt
a
r
il
y
by
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
f
or
th
e
s
a
ke
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
be
n
e
f
it
,
r
e
ga
r
dl
e
s
s
of
th
e
f
in
a
l
out
c
om
e
s
,
f
oc
us
in
g
in
s
te
a
d
on
th
e
be
ha
vi
or
e
xhi
bi
te
d
a
t
th
e
m
om
e
nt
[
8]
,
[
17]
.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
f
it
c
a
n
be
de
f
in
e
d
a
s
th
e
c
ongr
ue
n
c
e
be
twe
e
n
a
n
in
di
vi
dua
l’
s
va
lu
e
s
a
nd
nor
m
s
a
nd
th
o
s
e
e
ndor
s
e
d
by
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
f
it
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
hi
ghe
r
s
a
t
is
f
a
c
ti
on,
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
.
T
he
th
e
or
y
of
F
it
-
O
pos
it
s
th
a
t
w
he
n
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
,
th
e
y
te
nd
to
m
e
e
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
, w
hi
c
h w
il
l
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
t
he
ir
be
ha
vi
or
[
25]
.
T
he
t
e
nde
nc
y t
o m
e
e
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
m
a
y
c
r
e
a
te
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
go
a
ls
,
le
a
di
ng
to
un
e
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
to
f
ul
f
il
l
th
e
s
e
e
xp
e
c
ta
ti
ons
,
w
hi
le
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
in
g s
uc
h be
ha
vi
or
a
s
be
in
g
f
or
th
e
be
ne
f
it
o
f
t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on. R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h ha
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d t
ha
t
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
’
e
th
ic
a
l
d
e
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
is
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
by
th
e
a
li
g
nm
e
nt
be
twe
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
[
8]
,
[
26]
.
W
he
n i
nd
iv
i
du
a
l
s
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
a
s
tr
ong
f
it
w
i
th
t
he
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
o
n, t
h
e
y a
r
e
m
or
e
pr
on
e
to
e
ng
a
g
e
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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F
it
t
o
-
or
gani
z
at
io
n am
pl
if
ie
s
une
th
ic
al
pr
o
-
or
gani
z
at
io
nal
be
ha
v
io
r
(
H
any
A
z
z
a U
m
am
a)
1053
a
c
ti
o
n
s
t
ha
t
b
e
ne
f
it
th
e
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on,
e
v
e
n
if
th
o
s
e
a
c
ti
on
s
v
io
l
a
t
e
e
th
ic
a
l
n
or
m
s
.
F
it
-
O
c
a
n
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
t
o
une
th
i
c
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
,
a
s
in
d
iv
i
du
a
l
s
m
a
y
vi
e
w
s
uc
h
a
c
ti
o
n
s
a
s
j
us
ti
f
ia
b
le
w
he
n
a
im
e
d
a
t
o
r
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
l
go
a
l
s
[
27]
.
T
hi
r
d,
OI
is
a
s
e
lf
-
c
onc
e
pt
s
ha
pe
d
by
a
n
in
di
vi
dua
l’
s
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
in
a
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
I
de
nt
if
y
in
g
one
s
e
lf
a
s
pa
r
t
of
th
e
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
f
os
te
r
s
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
goa
ls
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
in
te
r
e
s
ts
,
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
c
onc
e
pt
[
11]
,
[
28]
.
T
hi
s
te
nde
nc
y
pr
om
ot
e
s
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
in
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
ve
in
te
r
e
s
ts
—
n
a
m
e
ly
,
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
in
te
r
e
s
ts
[
29]
a
nd
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
e
xt
r
a
-
r
ol
e
be
ha
vi
or
s
or
vol
unt
a
r
y
a
c
ti
ons
ta
ke
n
to
be
ne
f
it
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
s
a
w
a
y
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
one
'
s
s
e
lf
-
c
onc
e
pt
[
29]
,
[
30]
.
T
hi
s
in
c
li
na
ti
o
n
le
a
ds
to
une
th
ic
a
l
d
e
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
a
nd
th
e
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
of
une
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
ons
,
ju
s
ti
f
yi
ng
th
e
m
in
th
e
na
m
e
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on'
s
in
te
r
e
s
t
s
[
31]
.
A
li
gne
d
w
it
h
s
oc
ia
l
id
e
nt
it
y
th
e
or
y
[
32]
,
w
hi
c
h
e
xpl
a
in
s
how
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
f
or
m
th
e
ir
id
e
nt
it
ie
s
th
r
ough
a
f
f
il
ia
ti
on
w
it
h
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
,
in
di
vi
dua
ls
pos
s
e
s
s
in
g
s
tr
ong
O
I
a
r
e
pr
one
to
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
ti
ng
in
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
s
a
nd
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
e
s
uc
h a
c
ti
on
s
a
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y or
j
us
ti
f
ie
d
[
4]
,
[
33]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
in
di
vi
dua
ls
w
it
h
s
tr
ong
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
te
nd
to
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
a
hi
ghe
r
d
e
gr
e
e
of
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
f
it
w
it
h
th
e
ir
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
ir
li
ke
li
hood
of
e
nga
gi
ng
in
U
P
B
.
V
a
lu
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
is
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
th
e
s
tr
onge
s
t
m
ot
iv
a
to
r
f
or
e
xc
e
e
di
ng
s
e
t
ta
r
ge
t
s
(
vol
unt
a
r
il
y
pe
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
w
o
r
k
be
yond
jo
b
r
e
s
pons
ib
il
it
ie
s
)
[
29]
,
[
30
]
.
T
hi
s
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
f
it
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
un
iq
ue
ly
a
nd
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
to
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
V
a
lu
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
a
l
s
o
dr
iv
e
s
e
f
f
or
ts
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
goa
ls
[
18]
,
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
le
a
di
ng
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
ove
r
lo
ok
e
th
ic
a
l
c
on
s
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
s
uc
h
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
m
a
y
f
os
te
r
a
s
e
ns
e
of
e
nt
it
le
m
e
nt
to
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
te
in
U
P
B
by
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
in
g
une
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ts
a
s
nobl
e
pur
s
ui
ts
f
or
a
c
ol
le
c
ti
ve
good.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
O
I
c
a
n
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
th
r
ough
th
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
va
l
ue
s
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on'
s
goa
ls
—
a
n
id
e
a
c
ons
is
te
nt
w
it
h
s
oc
ia
l
id
e
nt
it
y
th
e
or
y
[
32]
,
w
hi
c
h
pos
it
s
th
a
t
s
tr
ong
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
pr
om
ot
e
s
a
c
ti
ons
th
a
t
a
li
gn
w
it
h
gr
oup
nor
m
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
of
une
th
ic
a
l
c
onduc
t.
E
th
ic
a
l
ju
s
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
th
e
or
y
[
34
]
a
ls
o
s
ta
te
s
th
a
t
in
di
vi
dua
ls
c
a
n
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
e
th
e
ir
une
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
ons
w
he
n
th
e
y
be
li
e
ve
th
e
y
a
r
e
p
e
r
f
or
m
in
g
in
th
e
in
te
r
e
s
t
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
F
ig
ur
e
1
s
how
s
th
e
c
on
c
e
pt
ua
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k.
I
n
li
ght
of
th
e
pr
e
c
e
di
ng
di
s
c
us
s
io
n,
th
e
s
ubs
e
que
nt
hypoth
e
s
e
s
a
r
e
put
f
or
w
a
r
d:
–
H
ypot
he
s
is
1
:
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
pos
it
iv
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p be
tw
e
e
n O
I
a
nd F
it
-
O.
–
H
ypot
he
s
is
2
:
F
it
-
O
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
U
P
B
.
–
H
ypot
he
s
is
3
:
O
I
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
U
P
B
.
–
H
ypot
he
s
is
4
:
F
it
-
O
m
e
di
a
te
s
t
he
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p b
e
twe
e
n O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
2.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.1.
P
r
oc
e
d
u
r
e
an
d
s
am
p
le
H
ypot
he
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
te
s
te
d
u
s
in
g
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
te
d
th
r
ough
a
que
s
ti
o
nna
ir
e
.
S
e
ve
n
s
tu
de
nt
s
w
e
r
e
in
vol
ve
d
a
s
f
ie
ld
te
a
m
m
e
m
be
r
s
to
a
s
s
is
t
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
in
c
om
pl
e
ti
ng
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
da
ta
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
c
om
pl
e
te
ne
s
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
f
or
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
w
it
h
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
ba
c
kgr
ounds
th
a
t
m
ig
ht
hi
nde
r
th
e
ir
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
s
tu
de
nt
s
w
e
r
e
s
e
le
c
te
d
ba
s
e
d
on
pr
io
r
tr
a
in
in
g
in
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
a
dm
in
is
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
s
ponde
nt
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
to
e
n
s
ur
e
c
ons
is
te
n
c
y
in
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on.
T
hi
s
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
a
ppr
oa
c
h
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
lo
gi
s
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
of
te
n
e
nc
ount
e
r
e
d
in
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h i
nvol
vi
ng r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
f
r
om
di
ve
r
s
e
e
du
c
a
ti
ona
l
ba
c
kg
r
ounds
.
B
e
f
or
e
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
w
a
s
di
s
tr
ib
ut
e
d,
r
e
s
pond
e
nt
s
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
e
xpl
a
na
ti
on
of
th
e
s
tu
dy’
s
a
c
a
de
m
ic
pur
pos
e
, e
ns
ur
in
g volunt
a
r
y pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
ti
on a
nd da
ta
c
onf
id
e
nt
ia
li
ty
. T
he
y w
e
r
e
t
ol
d t
ha
t
th
e
r
e
w
a
s
no
c
or
r
e
c
t
or
in
c
or
r
e
c
t
r
e
s
pons
e
,
w
it
h
th
e
in
te
nt
io
n
of
r
e
duc
in
g
s
oc
ia
l
de
s
ir
a
bi
li
ty
bi
a
s
a
nd
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
s
e
ns
e
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
os
te
r
e
d
tr
us
t,
a
ll
e
vi
a
t
e
d
c
on
c
e
r
ns
,
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
pot
e
nt
ia
l
c
om
m
on
m
e
th
od
bi
a
s
[
4]
,
[
26]
,
[
35]
.
T
he
pr
oc
e
dur
e
w
a
s
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
s
p
a
r
t
of
a
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
da
t
a
qua
li
ty
a
nd
va
li
di
ty
, w
hi
c
h w
a
s
a
ke
y pr
io
r
it
y i
n t
h
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h. T
o l
im
it
s
oc
ia
l
de
s
ir
a
bi
li
ty
bi
a
s
, r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
c
om
pl
e
te
d t
he
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
a
nonymous
ly
vi
a
a
n
onl
in
e
li
nk,
a
voi
di
ng
e
xt
e
r
na
l
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
f
r
om
s
upe
r
vi
s
or
s
or
bus
in
e
s
s
ow
ne
r
s
[
36]
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
de
s
ig
n
a
ll
ow
e
d
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
to
a
ns
w
e
r
a
t
th
e
ir
ow
n
pa
c
e
w
it
hout
ti
m
e
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
, t
hus
i
m
pr
ovi
ng r
e
s
pons
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
T
he
s
a
m
pl
e
c
ons
is
te
d
of
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
f
r
om
m
ic
r
o
a
nd
s
m
a
ll
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
(
M
S
E
s
)
in
C
e
nt
r
a
l
J
a
va
,
I
ndone
s
ia
,
s
e
le
c
te
d
u
s
in
g
s
im
pl
e
r
a
ndom
s
a
m
pl
in
g.
C
e
nt
r
a
l
J
a
va
w
a
s
c
ho
s
e
n
due
to
it
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
to
I
ndone
s
ia
'
s
M
S
E
s
e
c
to
r
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
gr
ow
n
by
2
10%
ove
r
th
e
pa
s
t
de
c
a
de
.
E
xpl
or
a
to
r
y
s
tu
di
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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2252
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8814
I
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dv A
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14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1050
-
1060
1054
ha
d
pr
e
vi
ous
ly
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
a
hi
gh
pr
e
va
l
e
nc
e
of
U
P
B
w
it
hi
n
th
e
r
e
gi
on.
A
n
a
ggr
e
ga
te
of
153
c
om
pl
e
te
r
e
s
pons
e
s
w
a
s
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
w
it
hi
n
on
e
w
e
e
k,
e
x
c
e
e
di
ng
th
e
m
in
i
m
um
of
120
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
f
or
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
e
qua
ti
on
m
ode
li
ng
us
in
g
pa
r
ti
a
l
le
a
s
t
s
qua
r
e
s
(
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
)
w
it
h
S
m
a
r
tP
L
S
3.0
s
of
twa
r
e
.
T
he
s
a
m
pl
e
s
iz
e
i
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
w
it
h
H
a
ir
e
t
al
.
[
37
]
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
on
o
f
us
in
g
f
iv
e
to
te
n
ti
m
e
s
th
e
num
be
r
of
in
di
c
a
to
r
s
in
th
e
m
ode
l.
T
o
e
n
s
ur
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
,
th
e
da
ta
w
e
r
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
a
ga
in
s
t
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
ge
nde
r
, a
ge
, a
nd e
duc
a
ti
on l
e
ve
l.
2
.2.
M
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
al
e
T
he
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
th
r
e
e
m
a
in
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
.
U
P
B
w
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
us
in
g
a
s
e
ve
n
-
it
e
m
L
ik
e
r
t
s
c
a
le
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
s
ta
te
m
e
nt
s
li
ke
,
“
I
f
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y,
I
w
oul
d
c
on
c
e
a
l
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
r
om
th
e
publ
ic
th
a
t
m
ig
ht
ne
ga
ti
ve
ly
a
f
f
e
c
t
m
y
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
”
[
4]
.
O
I
w
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
w
it
h
f
iv
e
it
e
m
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
“
W
h
e
n
ot
he
r
s
c
r
it
ic
iz
e
m
y
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
,
I
ta
ke
i
t
pe
r
s
ona
ll
y”
[
38]
.
F
it
-
O
w
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
w
i
th
ni
ne
it
e
m
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
“
I
f
it
in
w
e
ll
w
it
h
m
y
c
ow
or
ke
r
s
a
t
m
y w
or
kpl
a
c
e
”
[
39]
. A
ll
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
w
e
r
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d t
hr
ough a
f
iv
e
-
poi
nt
L
ik
e
r
t
s
c
a
le
t
ha
t
s
pa
nne
d
f
r
om
“
s
tr
ongl
y
di
s
a
gr
e
e
”
to
“
s
tr
ongl
y
a
gr
e
e
”
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
w
a
s
in
te
nde
d
to
e
nha
n
c
e
th
e
s
e
ns
it
iv
it
y
of
th
e
da
ta
a
nd
e
na
bl
e
a
m
or
e
in
-
de
pt
h
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
of
be
ha
vi
or
s
.
T
h
e
it
e
m
s
ha
d
be
e
n
pr
e
vi
ous
ly
va
li
da
t
e
d
in
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
,
e
n
s
ur
in
g
c
ons
tr
uc
t
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
va
li
di
ty
.
A
s
a
n
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
,
a
pi
lo
t
te
s
t
w
a
s
c
onduc
te
d
on
a
s
m
a
ll
s
ubs
a
m
pl
e
b
e
f
or
e
t
he
m
a
in
s
tu
dy t
o e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
a
ll
i
te
m
s
w
e
r
e
c
le
a
r
ly
unde
r
s
to
od by r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
3.1.
D
e
m
ogr
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
T
he
gr
e
a
t
e
r
pa
r
t
of
th
e
153
r
e
s
pond
e
nt
s
w
e
r
e
f
e
m
a
le
(
54%
)
,
a
nd
41%
w
e
r
e
a
ge
d
b
e
twe
e
n
20
a
nd
25
ye
a
r
s
ol
d.
M
os
t
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
ha
d
a
hi
gh
s
c
hool
e
du
c
a
ti
o
na
l
ba
c
kgr
ound
(
59%
)
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
th
e
ty
pi
c
a
l
pr
of
il
e
of
S
M
E
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
in
C
e
nt
r
a
l
J
a
va
.
D
e
ta
il
e
d
de
m
og
r
a
phi
c
da
ta
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
1,
w
hi
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n of
t
he
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
1. D
e
m
ogr
a
phi
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
C
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
A
m
ount
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
G
e
nde
r
M
a
n
70
46
W
om
e
n
83
54
A
ge
<19 ye
a
r
s
4
3
20
-
25 ye
a
r
s
63
41
26
-
35 ye
a
r
s
23
15
>5 ye
a
r
s
63
41
E
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
ba
c
kgr
ound
E
l
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y S
c
hool
19
12
J
uni
or
H
i
gh S
c
hool
18
12
S
e
ni
or
H
i
gh S
c
hool
91
59
B
a
c
he
l
or
25
16
3.2.
V
al
id
it
y,
r
e
li
ab
il
it
y, a
n
d
good
n
e
s
s
of
f
it
t
e
s
t
V
a
li
di
ty
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
te
s
ts
c
onf
ir
m
e
d
th
a
t
a
ll
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
s
m
e
t
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
th
r
e
s
hol
d
s
:
f
a
c
to
r
lo
a
di
ng
e
xc
e
e
d
e
d
0.60,
C
r
onba
c
h’
s
a
lp
ha
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
d
0.70,
c
om
pos
it
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
w
a
s
a
bov
e
0.70,
a
nd
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
r
ia
nc
e
e
xt
r
a
c
te
d
(
A
V
E
)
a
bove
0.50.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
c
onf
ir
m
th
e
c
ons
tr
uc
t
va
li
di
ty
,
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
m
ode
l
f
it
.
D
e
ta
il
e
d i
ndi
c
a
to
r
s
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n T
a
bl
e
2, pr
ovi
di
ng c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on on s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
.
T
a
b
le
2. V
a
li
di
ty
,
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
, a
nd goodne
s
s
of
f
it
t
e
s
t
F
i
t
-
O
OI
U
P
B
L
oa
di
ng
f
a
c
t
or
F
O
1
0.883
O
I
1
0.845
U
P
B
-
1
0.828
F
O
2
0.896
O
I
2
0.890
U
P
B
-
2
0.874
F
O
3
0.903
O
I
3
0.874
U
P
B
-
3
0.880
F
O
4
0.918
O
I
4
0.852
U
P
B
-
4
0.861
F
O
5
0.902
O
I
5
0.884
U
P
B
-
5
0.851
F
O
6
0.879
U
P
B
-
6
0.812
F
O
7
0.862
U
P
B
-
7
0.842
U
P
B
-
8
0.793
C
r
onba
c
h'
s
-
a
l
pha
0.957
0.919
0.942
R
ho
-
A
0.958
0.920
0.945
C
om
pos
i
t
e
-
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
0.965
0.939
0.952
AVE
0.796
0.755
0.711
R
s
qua
r
e
0.486
0.451
R
s
qua
r
e
d
a
dj
us
t
e
d
0.482
0.440
F
s
qua
r
e
F
i
t
-
O
0.114
OI
0.945
0.068
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
F
it
t
o
-
or
gani
z
at
io
n am
pl
if
ie
s
une
th
ic
al
pr
o
-
or
gani
z
at
io
nal
be
ha
v
io
r
(
H
any
A
z
z
a U
m
am
a)
1055
3.3.
H
yp
ot
h
e
s
is
t
e
s
t
T
he
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
a
na
ly
s
is
s
uppor
ts
a
ll
pr
opos
e
d
hypoth
e
s
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
k
e
y
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
a
r
e
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
ll
y
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
OI
po
s
it
iv
e
ly
im
pa
c
ts
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
f
it
(
β
=
0.697,
p=
0.000)
,
im
pl
yi
ng
th
a
t
gr
e
a
te
r
O
I
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
s
tr
onge
r
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
f
f
in
it
y
to
w
a
r
d
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
s
uppor
ti
ng
hypothe
s
is
1.
S
e
c
ond,
F
it
-
O
w
a
s
f
ound
to
ha
ve
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
pos
it
iv
e
im
pa
c
t
on
U
P
B
(
β
=
0.350,
p=
0.001)
,
a
li
gni
ng
w
it
h
hypothe
s
is
2.
T
hi
r
d,
O
I
w
a
s
f
ound
to
di
r
e
c
tl
y
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
U
P
B
(
β
=
0.272,
p=
0.016)
,
pr
ovi
di
ng e
vi
de
nc
e
t
ha
t
gr
e
a
te
r
i
de
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
t
o hi
ghe
r
U
P
B
, s
uppor
ti
ng hypothes
is
3.
T
he
in
te
r
ve
ni
ng
r
ol
e
of
F
it
-
O
in
th
e
a
s
s
oc
i
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
w
a
s
te
s
te
d
by
a
ppl
yi
ng
th
e
va
r
ia
nc
e
a
c
c
ount
e
d
f
or
(
V
A
F
)
m
e
th
od,
w
hi
c
h
is
c
on
s
id
e
r
e
d
t
he
m
os
t
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
f
or
m
e
di
a
ti
on
a
na
ly
s
is
in
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
[
40]
.
T
he
V
A
F
c
r
it
e
r
ia
a
r
e
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
:
V
A
F
>
80
%
s
ugge
s
ts
f
ul
l
m
e
di
a
ti
on;
20%
≤V
A
F
≤80%
im
pl
ie
s
pa
r
ti
a
l
m
e
di
a
ti
on;
a
nd
V
A
F
<
20%
in
di
c
a
te
s
no
m
e
di
a
ti
on
[
41]
.
T
he
V
A
F
r
e
s
ul
t
of
30.5%
in
di
c
a
te
s
pa
r
ti
a
l
m
e
di
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
F
it
-
O
a
c
ts
a
s
a
m
e
di
a
to
r
th
a
t
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
th
e
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
.
T
he
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
r
e
di
s
pl
a
y
e
d i
n T
a
bl
e
4.
T
a
bl
e
3. R
e
s
ul
ts
of
t
he
t
e
s
t
of
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n va
r
ia
bl
e
s
P
a
t
h c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
S
t
. de
v
P
va
l
ue
F
i
t
-
O
→
U
P
B
0.350
0.109
0.001
OI
→
F
i
t
-
O
0.697
0.053
0.000
OI
→
U
P
B
0.272
0.112
0.016
T
a
bl
e
4. V
A
F
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
ul
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
on
C
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
O
I
→
U
P
B
0.577
I
ndi
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
O
I
→
F
i
t
-
O
→
U
P
B
(
0.697*0.363)
0.253
T
ot
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
0.83
V
A
F
=
i
ndi
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
/
t
ot
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
0.305
4.
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
na
ly
z
e
s
th
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
by
e
xpl
o
r
in
g
th
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
W
hi
le
pr
e
vi
ou
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
f
oc
us
e
d
on
in
di
vi
dua
l
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ons
[
9]
,
[
13]
,
[
17]
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
e
e
ks
to
f
il
l
th
is
ga
p
by
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
ng
how
th
e
c
ongr
ue
n
c
e
be
twe
e
n
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
’
pr
o
pe
ns
it
y
to
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
te
in
U
P
B
in
f
a
vor
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
dds
to
a
br
oa
de
r
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
dr
iv
e
U
P
B
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
not
onl
y
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
but
a
ls
o hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
t
ha
t
m
a
y e
it
he
r
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
or
m
it
ig
a
te
U
P
B
t
e
nde
nc
ie
s
i
n t
he
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
.
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
O
I
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
F
it
-
O
(
β
=
0.697,
p=
0.000)
,
c
onf
i
r
m
in
g
th
e
va
li
di
ty
of
hypothe
s
is
1.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
hi
ghe
r
O
I
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
a
da
pt
to
a
nd
a
c
c
e
pt
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
,
th
e
r
e
by
e
nha
n
c
in
g
c
om
f
or
t,
a
li
gnm
e
nt
,
a
nd
f
it
w
it
hi
n
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
s
oc
ia
l
id
e
nt
it
y
th
e
or
y
[
32]
pos
it
s
th
a
t
in
di
vi
dua
ls
in
he
r
e
nt
ly
a
li
gn
th
e
m
s
e
lv
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
ir
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
W
hi
le
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
in
v
e
s
ti
ga
te
d
th
e
li
nk
be
tw
e
e
n
O
I
a
nd
e
m
pl
oye
e
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
[
5]
,
[
12]
,
[
13
]
,
f
e
w
ha
ve
e
xa
m
in
e
d
how
O
I
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
s
va
lu
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
in
th
e
c
on
te
xt
of
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
e
xt
e
nds
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
by
de
m
ons
tr
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
l
s
o
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
th
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
be
tw
e
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
(
F
it
-
O
)
.
E
m
pl
oye
e
s
w
hos
e
p
e
r
s
ona
l
id
e
nt
it
y
a
li
gns
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
e
xhi
bi
t
gr
e
a
te
r
e
m
ot
io
na
l
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
a
li
gnm
e
nt
f
os
te
r
s
th
e
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
th
a
t
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
s
uppor
ts
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
a
nd goa
l
s
, t
he
r
e
by e
nha
n
c
in
g F
it
-
O
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
F
it
-
O
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
a
f
f
e
c
ts
U
P
B
(
β
=
0.350,
p=
0.0
01)
,
r
e
in
f
o
r
c
in
g
th
e
id
e
a
th
a
t
a
s
tr
ong
f
it
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
li
ke
li
hood
of
e
nga
gi
ng
in
U
P
B
.
C
om
f
or
t,
a
li
gn
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
c
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
m
a
y
e
nc
our
a
ge
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
to
a
c
t
in
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
in
te
r
e
s
t,
e
ve
n
if
s
u
c
h
a
c
ti
ons
vi
ol
a
te
s
oc
ie
t
a
l
nor
m
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
tr
oduc
e
s
n
e
w
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
e
vi
de
nc
e
a
f
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
of
va
lu
e
f
it
in
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ng
une
th
ic
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
hi
s
im
pl
ie
s
th
a
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
m
us
t
c
ons
id
e
r
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
s
id
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
va
lu
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nd
a
r
ds
.
W
hi
le
pr
io
r
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ha
s
m
os
tl
y
f
oc
us
e
d
on
in
te
r
na
l
m
ot
iv
a
ti
on,
th
is
s
tu
dy
de
m
on
s
tr
a
te
s
how
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
io
na
l
c
ont
e
xt
c
a
n
in
te
n
s
if
y
te
nde
nc
ie
s
to
w
a
r
d
U
P
B
. T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
li
gn w
it
h
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on f
it
T
he
or
y
[
25]
, w
hi
c
h pos
it
s
t
ha
t
gr
e
a
te
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on a
nd
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
in
U
P
B
oc
c
ur
w
he
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
ir
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
E
m
pl
oye
e
s
w
it
h
s
tr
ong
F
it
-
O
te
nd
to
m
e
e
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
,
in
te
n
s
if
yi
ng
s
e
lf
-
im
pos
e
d
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
to
d
e
m
ons
tr
a
te
lo
ya
lt
y,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
l
e
a
d
to
un
e
th
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
ons
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
go
a
ls
[
31]
.
T
hi
s
be
h
a
vi
or
is
of
te
n r
a
ti
ona
li
z
e
d a
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y f
or
t
he
ove
r
a
ll
be
ne
f
it
of
t
he
or
g
a
ni
z
a
ti
on
[
42]
, [
43]
.
T
he
a
na
ly
s
is
a
l
s
o
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
a
di
r
e
c
t
pos
it
iv
e
im
pa
c
t
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
(
β
=
0.272,
p=
0.016)
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
O
I
m
ot
iv
a
te
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
e
nga
ge
in
U
P
B
.
A
lt
hough
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
c
onc
e
pt
ua
ll
y
s
ugge
s
te
d
th
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1050
-
1060
1056
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
e
vi
de
n
c
e
a
nd
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
r
ol
e
of
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
m
e
di
a
to
r
. H
ig
h O
I
f
os
te
r
s
e
m
ot
io
na
l
[
12]
a
nd c
ogni
ti
ve
a
tt
a
c
hm
e
nt
t
o t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on, pr
om
pt
in
g i
ndi
vi
dua
ls
to
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
in
te
r
e
s
ts
ove
r
pe
r
s
ona
l
m
or
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
e
une
th
ic
a
l
be
h
a
vi
or
[
18]
,
[
44]
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
th
e
s
tr
onge
r
th
e
O
I
,
th
e
gr
e
a
te
r
th
e
li
ke
li
hood
of
c
om
pr
om
is
in
g
pe
r
s
ona
l
e
th
ic
a
l
va
lu
e
s
f
or
th
e
s
a
k
e
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
goa
l
s
.
H
ig
h
O
I
r
e
duc
e
s
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
di
s
ta
n
c
e
be
tw
e
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
a
nd
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
bl
ur
r
in
g
of
bounda
r
ie
s
c
a
us
e
s
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
to
in
te
r
na
li
z
e
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
or
s
e
tb
a
c
k
a
s
th
e
ir
ow
n,
dr
iv
in
g
th
e
m
to
s
e
c
ur
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
a
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
—
e
v
e
n
th
r
ough
U
P
B
[
7]
.
O
I
m
a
y
c
om
pe
l
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
di
s
r
e
ga
r
d
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
(
e
.g.,
pe
r
s
on
a
l
va
lu
e
s
,
nor
m
s
,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
)
in
pur
s
ui
t
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
goa
l
s
[
17]
,
[
18]
,
[
44]
.
T
he
a
na
ly
s
i
s
a
l
s
o
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
a
di
r
e
c
t
pos
it
iv
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
(
β
=
0.272,
p=
0.016)
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
O
I
m
ot
iv
a
te
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
e
nga
ge
in
U
P
B
.
A
lt
hough
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
c
onc
e
pt
ua
ll
y
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
th
is
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
ovi
de
s
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
e
vi
de
n
c
e
a
nd
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
r
ol
e
of
F
it
-
O
a
s
a
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
m
e
di
a
to
r
.
H
ig
h
O
I
f
os
t
e
r
s
e
m
ot
io
na
l
[
12]
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
tt
a
c
hm
e
nt
to
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
pr
om
pt
in
g
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
in
te
r
e
s
ts
ove
r
pe
r
s
ona
l
m
or
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd
r
a
ti
ona
li
z
e
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
[
18]
,
[
44]
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
o
r
ds
,
th
e
s
tr
onge
r
th
e
O
I
,
th
e
gr
e
a
te
r
th
e
li
ke
li
hood
of
c
om
pr
om
is
in
g
pe
r
s
ona
l
e
th
ic
a
l
v
a
lu
e
s
f
or
th
e
s
a
ke
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
goa
ls
.
H
ig
h
O
I
r
e
duc
e
s
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
di
s
ta
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
a
nd
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
bl
ur
r
in
g
of
bounda
r
ie
s
c
a
us
e
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
in
te
r
na
li
z
e
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
s
or
s
e
tb
a
c
ks
a
s
th
e
ir
ow
n,
pr
om
pt
in
g
th
e
m
to
e
n
s
ur
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
s
uc
c
e
s
s
—
e
ve
n
th
r
ough
U
P
B
[
7]
.
O
I
m
a
y
c
om
p
e
l
in
di
vi
dua
l
s
to
s
e
t
a
s
i
de
m
or
a
l
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
(
e
.g.,
pe
r
s
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
,
nor
m
s
,
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
)
f
or
th
e
be
ne
f
i
t
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
[
17]
,
[
18]
,
[
44]
.
H
ig
he
r
O
I
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
pe
r
s
on’
s
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
to
ta
ke
a
c
ti
on
f
o
r
t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
be
ne
f
it
,
e
ve
n
i
f
it
r
e
qui
r
e
s
c
om
pr
om
is
in
g e
th
ic
a
l
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
[
8]
,
[
12]
–
[
14
]
,
[
45
]
. T
hi
s
i
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
w
it
h
s
oc
ia
l
id
e
nt
it
y t
he
or
y
[
32]
,
w
hi
c
h
s
ta
te
s
th
a
t
in
di
vi
dua
ls
w
it
h
hi
gh
O
I
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on’
s
in
te
r
e
s
ts
ove
r
pe
r
s
ona
l
m
or
a
li
ty
,
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
le
a
di
ng
to
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
a
s
be
ne
f
ic
ia
l
to
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
th
a
t
e
nc
our
a
ge
hi
gh
O
I
ne
e
d
to
be
a
w
a
r
e
of
th
e
in
he
r
e
nt
r
is
k
s
th
a
t
m
a
y
a
r
is
e
a
nd
de
s
ig
n
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
pol
ic
ie
s
to
r
e
duc
e
i
nc
e
nt
iv
e
s
f
or
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
he
V
A
F
m
e
th
od
s
how
s
th
a
t
F
it
-
O
pa
r
ti
a
ll
y
m
e
di
a
te
s
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
(
V
A
F
=
0.305)
,
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
hypo
th
e
s
iz
e
d
m
e
di
a
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
unde
r
s
c
or
e
how
O
I
f
os
te
r
s
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
le
a
di
ng
to
c
om
f
or
t
,
ha
r
m
ony,
a
nd
c
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
,
w
hi
c
h
in
tu
r
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
w
il
li
ngne
s
s
to
a
c
t
f
or
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
—
e
ve
n
u
ne
th
ic
a
ll
y.
T
hi
s
te
nde
nc
y
m
a
y
a
r
is
e
be
c
a
us
e
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
w
it
h
hi
gh
O
I
of
te
n
f
e
e
l
c
om
pe
ll
e
d
to
pr
ove
th
e
ir
lo
ya
lt
y
to
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on;
th
is
p
r
e
s
s
ur
e
m
ot
iv
a
te
s
in
di
vi
dua
ls
to
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
t
h
ig
he
r
le
ve
ls
a
nd
c
a
n
te
m
pt
th
e
m
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
goa
ls
th
r
ough
une
th
ic
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
m
a
ni
pul
a
ti
on
or
s
hor
tc
ut
s
.
T
hi
s
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
m
a
y
be
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
te
d
by
hi
g
h
-
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
in
c
o
m
pe
ti
t
iv
e
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
nt
s
.
S
u
c
h
be
h
a
vi
or
be
c
o
m
e
s
m
or
e
in
t
e
ns
e
w
he
n
in
di
vi
du
a
l
s
w
i
th
s
tr
ong
F
it
-
O
de
v
e
lo
p
hi
gh
lo
ya
lt
y
th
a
t
m
ot
iv
a
te
s
th
e
m
to
p
a
r
ti
c
i
pa
t
e
in
une
t
hi
c
a
l
a
c
ti
on
s
f
or
th
e
a
dva
nt
a
g
e
of
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
.
T
he
s
e
im
pl
ic
a
ti
on
s
hi
g
hl
ig
ht
t
he
im
p
or
ta
n
c
e
of
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
in
f
os
t
e
r
in
g
a
c
ul
t
ur
e
of
lo
ya
lt
y
w
hi
l
e
a
ls
o
up
hol
di
n
g
s
tr
ong
e
th
ic
a
l
nor
m
s
.
C
on
s
i
s
te
nt
w
it
h
T
r
e
vi
ño
e
t
al
.
[
31]
a
nd
D
i
ng
a
nd
L
iu
[
14]
,
th
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
be
twe
e
n i
ndi
vi
d
ua
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
l
ue
s
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
e
th
i
c
a
l
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
a
nd
c
a
n l
e
a
d t
o U
P
B
.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
a
li
gn
w
it
h
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
f
it
th
e
o
r
y
[
25
]
,
w
hi
c
h
s
ta
te
s
th
a
t
va
lu
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
e
nha
nc
e
s
a
n
in
di
vi
dua
l'
s
e
m
ot
io
na
l
bond
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
pa
r
a
dox
of
hi
gh
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h,
a
lt
h
ough
li
nke
d
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
jo
b
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
,
c
a
n
a
ls
o
r
a
is
e
th
e
r
is
k
of
U
P
B
.
T
hi
s
pa
r
a
dox
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
m
u
s
t
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ba
la
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
e
nha
nc
in
g
va
lu
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
f
f
e
c
ts
th
a
t
m
a
y
a
r
is
e
f
r
om
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
nor
m
a
ti
ve
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
dds
a
n
e
w
di
m
e
ns
io
n
by
e
m
ph
a
s
iz
in
g
how
F
it
-
O
,
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
r
e
ga
r
de
d
a
s
a
pos
it
iv
e
f
a
c
to
r
,
c
a
n
a
ls
o
h
a
ve
ne
g
a
ti
ve
c
on
s
e
que
nc
e
s
th
r
ough
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
r
is
k
of
U
P
B
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
th
os
e
by
P
ie
r
c
y
a
nd
C
a
r
r
[
33]
a
nd
C
h
ha
br
a
a
nd
S
r
iv
a
s
ta
v
a
[
46]
,
a
r
gue
d
th
a
t
hi
gh
O
I
dr
iv
e
s
U
P
B
,
but
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
dds
a
ne
w
di
m
e
ns
io
n
by
s
how
in
g
th
a
t
F
it
-
O
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
th
is
e
f
f
e
c
t.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy not onl
y c
onf
ir
m
s
pr
e
vi
ous
f
in
di
ngs
but
a
ls
o de
e
pe
ns
th
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
io
n of
t
he
dyna
m
ic
i
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
a
nd
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
in
s
ha
pi
ng
e
m
pl
oye
e
be
ha
vi
or
.
C
om
pa
r
e
d
to
e
a
r
li
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
th
a
t
f
oc
us
e
d
on
th
e
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ons
dr
iv
i
ng
U
P
B
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
of
f
e
r
s
a
n
e
w
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
te
nde
d
to
r
e
ly
on
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
u
nde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
U
P
B
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
by
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
r
ol
e
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
a
li
gnm
e
nt
(
F
it
-
O
)
in
dr
iv
in
g
U
P
B
,
br
oa
de
ni
ng
th
e
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
th
e
c
a
us
e
s
of
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
f
or
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
be
ne
f
it
.
T
hi
s
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
in
te
gr
a
te
s
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
m
or
e
hol
is
ti
c
in
s
ig
ht
in
to
th
e
dyna
m
ic
s
of
e
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
w
it
hi
n t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
.
4.1.
L
im
it
at
io
n
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
e
c
t
io
n
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
w
a
s
c
onduc
te
d
in
I
ndone
s
ia
n
M
S
E
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
e
d
by
a
c
ol
le
c
ti
vi
s
t
c
ul
tu
r
e
,
th
us
li
m
it
in
g
th
e
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
to
la
r
ge
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
or
in
di
vi
dua
li
s
ti
c
c
ount
r
ie
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
r
e
c
om
m
e
nde
d
to
te
s
t
th
is
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
in
in
d
iv
id
ua
li
s
ti
c
c
ount
r
ie
s
a
nd
la
r
ge
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
,
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it
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[
47]
.
I
n
e
xpl
o
r
in
g
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
O
I
,
F
it
-
O
,
a
nd
U
P
B
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
m
pl
oye
d
a
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
S
E
M
-
P
L
S
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
ha
v
e
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
in
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
e
s
ta
bl
is
hi
ng
c
a
us
a
l
c
onc
lu
s
io
ns
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
houl
d
c
onf
ir
m
th
e
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
in
dus
tr
ie
s
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
e
xpl
or
in
g
ot
he
r
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
th
a
t
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
th
e
O
I
-
U
P
B
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p,
s
uc
h
a
s
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
r
ol
e
s
,
e
th
ic
a
l
nor
m
s
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ul
tu
r
e
,
a
n
d
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
a
y
a
ls
o
in
ve
s
ti
ga
t
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
of
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
va
lu
e
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
on
U
P
B
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
th
ic
s
tr
a
in
in
g
or
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
f
oc
us
e
d
on
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
ju
s
ti
c
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ng
w
it
h
F
it
-
O
in
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
U
P
B
c
oul
d
c
r
e
a
te
a
m
or
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
e
m
pl
oye
e
be
h
a
vi
or
in
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
e
xt
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
lo
ngi
tu
di
na
l
de
s
ig
ns
s
houl
d
be
c
on
s
id
e
r
e
d
to
c
a
pt
ur
e
th
e
te
m
por
a
l
dyna
m
ic
s
of
th
is
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
of
f
e
r
a
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
di
e
s
to
e
xpl
or
e
ho
w
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
—
s
uc
h
a
s
c
ul
tu
r
e
,
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
a
nd
le
a
de
r
s
hi
p
—
c
a
n
im
pa
c
t
th
e
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
O
I
a
nd
U
P
B
.
T
he
s
e
out
c
om
e
s
m
a
y
a
ls
o
be
a
ppl
ie
d
in
de
s
ig
ni
ng t
r
a
in
in
g pr
ogr
a
m
s
t
ha
t
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
e
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
.
4.2.
I
m
p
li
c
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
b
e
h
avi
or
al
s
c
ie
n
c
e
T
he
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d t
ha
t
th
e
i
m
m
e
di
a
te
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
O
I
on U
P
B
i
s
l
e
s
s
t
ha
n t
he
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
m
e
di
a
te
d
by
F
it
-
O
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
a
hi
gh
de
gr
e
e
of
f
it
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
s
tr
e
n
gt
he
ns
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
O
I
on
U
P
B
.
I
n
be
h
a
vi
or
a
l
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
th
is
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
a
t
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
n
iz
a
ti
on
c
a
n
a
m
pl
if
y
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
O
I
on U
P
B
.
T
hi
s
h
a
s
im
pl
ic
a
ti
on
s
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
m
or
e
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
w
or
k
be
ha
vi
or
m
ode
ls
th
a
t
a
c
c
ount
f
or
th
e
r
ol
e
of
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on f
it
i
n pr
e
di
c
ti
ng une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
s
t
ha
t
s
u
ppor
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
goa
ls
.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
ha
ve
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
hum
a
n
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
e
th
ic
s
.
I
f
F
it
-
O
c
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
te
nde
nc
ie
s
to
w
a
r
d
U
P
B
,
c
a
ut
io
n
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
w
he
n
a
ppl
yi
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
a
li
gni
ng
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
is
k
of
da
m
a
gi
ng
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
r
e
put
a
ti
on
c
a
n
a
r
is
e
f
r
o
m
m
is
a
ppl
ie
d
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
ls
o
in
di
c
a
te
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
gr
e
a
te
r
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
to
m
a
n
a
gi
ng
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
a
nd
nor
m
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
he
lp
m
it
ig
a
te
th
e
ne
g
a
ti
ve
c
on
s
e
que
nc
e
s
of
O
I
.
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
m
us
t
ba
la
n
c
e
e
m
pl
oye
e
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
w
it
h e
th
ic
a
l
c
ont
r
ol
s
.
4.3.
T
h
e
or
e
t
ic
al
c
on
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
T
he
or
e
ti
c
a
ll
y,
th
is
s
tu
dy
h
e
lp
s
br
oa
de
n
th
e
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
t
he
r
ol
e
of
O
I
in
dr
iv
in
g
U
P
B
.
W
hi
le
pr
io
r
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
ha
s
li
nke
d
O
I
to
U
P
B
,
th
is
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
hi
gh
li
ght
s
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
m
e
di
a
ti
ng
r
ol
e
of
F
it
-
O
i
n
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
th
a
t
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p.
T
h
e
s
tu
dy
a
dva
nc
e
s
OI
th
e
or
y
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
th
e
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
th
a
t
in
di
vi
dua
l
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ona
l
a
li
gnm
e
nt
c
a
n
a
m
pl
if
y
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
O
I
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
e
nr
ic
he
s
O
I
th
e
or
y
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
U
P
B
,
pr
e
s
e
nt
in
g
a
nove
l
v
ie
w
poi
nt
th
a
t
e
nha
nc
e
d
a
li
gnm
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
c
oul
d
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
he
ig
h
te
ne
d
une
th
ic
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
to
a
s
s
i
s
t
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
w
he
n
in
di
vi
dua
ls
c
lo
s
e
ly
id
e
nt
if
y
th
e
m
s
e
lv
e
s
a
s
pa
r
t
of
t
he
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
4.4.
P
r
ac
t
ic
al
c
on
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy r
e
c
om
m
e
nd
s
t
ha
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
s
houl
d d
e
li
be
r
a
te
on
th
e
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
of
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
im
e
d
a
t
e
nha
nc
in
g
OI
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
te
r
m
s
of
in
di
vi
dua
l
f
it
w
it
h
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
W
hi
le
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
O
I
a
nd
F
it
-
O
c
a
n
be
ne
f
it
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
,
in
c
e
r
ta
in
c
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
y
m
a
y
a
ls
o
pos
e
a
r
is
k
of
e
nc
our
a
gi
ng
U
P
B
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
c
a
n
de
s
ig
n
e
m
pl
oye
e
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
pr
ogr
a
m
s
w
it
h
a
n
e
m
pha
s
is
on
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ta
nd
a
r
ds
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
f
or
in
di
vi
dua
ls
w
it
h
hi
gh
O
I
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
s
h
oul
d
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
e
th
ic
s
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
in
in
te
r
na
l
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
U
P
B
is
not
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
a
s
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
,
e
v
e
n
w
he
n
in
te
nde
d
to
be
n
e
f
it
th
e
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
s
tr
ong
e
vi
de
nc
e
th
a
t
O
I
not
onl
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
pe
r
s
on
-
or
ga
ni
z
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on:
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D
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1, 2025, doi:
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3f
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F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
L
.
Z
onghua
,
L
.
J
unyun,
G
.
Y
ul
a
ng,
Z
.
M
i
ng,
a
nd
W
.
X
u,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
or
por
a
t
e
s
oc
i
a
l
r
e
s
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
y
on
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
:
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
on
of
m
or
a
l
i
de
nt
i
t
y
a
nd
m
ode
r
a
t
i
on
of
s
upe
r
vi
s
or
-
e
m
pl
oye
e
va
l
ue
c
ongr
ue
nc
e
,”
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
, vol
. 42, no. 17, pp. 14283
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X
.
Z
ha
ng,
G
.
T
i
a
n,
C
.
M
a
,
Y
.
T
i
a
n,
Z
.
L
i
,
a
nd
L
.
L
i
a
ng,
“
‘
T
oo
m
uc
h
of
a
go
od
t
hi
ng?
’
:
e
xpl
or
i
ng
t
he
da
r
k
s
i
de
of
e
m
pow
e
r
i
ng
l
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
by
l
i
nki
ng
i
t
w
i
t
h
une
t
hi
c
a
l
p
r
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
,”
L
e
ade
r
s
hi
p
&
O
r
gani
z
at
i
on
D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
J
our
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Z
.
Y
a
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J
.
L
uo,
N
.
F
u,
X
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
Q
.
W
a
n,
“
R
a
t
i
ona
l
c
ount
e
r
a
t
t
a
c
k:
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
bul
l
yi
ng
on
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
a
nd
pr
o
-
f
a
m
i
l
y
be
ha
vi
or
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
B
us
i
ne
s
s
E
t
hi
c
s
,
vol
.
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682,
D
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s
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04918
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[
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E
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E
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U
m
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s
s
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J
.
B
.
B
i
ngha
m
,
a
nd
M
.
S
.
M
i
t
c
he
l
l
,
“
U
ne
t
hi
c
a
l
b
e
ha
vi
or
i
n
t
he
na
m
e
of
t
he
c
om
pa
ny:
t
he
m
ode
r
a
t
i
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
pos
i
t
i
ve
r
e
c
i
pr
oc
i
t
y
be
l
i
e
f
s
on
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
,”
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
i
e
d
P
s
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P
.
V
e
r
m
a
a
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S
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M
oha
pa
t
r
a
,
“
S
t
r
ong
I
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on,
w
e
a
k
i
de
ol
ogy,
or
ga
ni
s
a
t
i
ona
l
c
ul
t
ur
e
or
a
l
l
:
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t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
s
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
our
i
n
I
ndi
a
,”
i
n
W
ar
,
P
e
ac
e
and
O
r
gani
z
at
i
onal
E
t
hi
c
s
,
E
m
e
r
a
l
d
P
ubl
i
s
hi
ng
L
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m
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t
e
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A
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r
ne
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r
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H
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F
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P
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e
S
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a
,
M
.
A
.
P
.
D
i
ni
s
,
a
nd
Â
.
L
e
i
t
e
,
“
H
um
a
n
va
l
ue
s
a
nd
r
e
l
i
gi
on:
e
vi
de
nc
e
f
r
om
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
s
oc
i
a
l
s
ur
ve
y,”
Soc
i
al
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
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[
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D
.
V
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K
ni
ppe
nbe
r
g,
“
W
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k
m
ot
i
va
t
i
on
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
:
a
s
oc
i
a
l
i
de
nt
i
t
y
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,”
A
ppl
i
e
d
P
s
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E
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A
l
ni
a
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i
k,
E
.
F
.
E
.
K
e
l
e
be
k,
a
nd
U
.
A
l
ni
a
c
i
k,
“
T
he
m
ode
r
a
t
i
ng
r
ol
e
of
m
e
s
s
a
ge
f
r
a
m
i
ng
on
t
he
l
i
nks
be
t
w
e
e
n
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
,”
M
anage
m
e
nt
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
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M
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M
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C
he
n,
C
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C
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C
he
n,
a
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O
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J
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S
he
l
don,
“
R
e
l
a
xi
ng
m
or
a
l
r
e
a
s
oni
ng
t
o
w
i
n:
h
ow
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
t
o
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
,”
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
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d P
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[
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D
.
K
oç
a
k
a
nd
G
.
K
e
r
s
e
,
“
H
ow
pe
r
c
e
i
ve
d
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
obs
t
r
uc
t
i
on
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
s
j
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a
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i
s
f
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t
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r
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s
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nt
e
r
a
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j
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t
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r
ol
e
of
or
ga
ni
z
a
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i
f
i
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a
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kpl
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:
P
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c
e
i
ve
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r
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s
our
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e
m
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T
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ona
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m
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bi
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t
y
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om
ot
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s
e
m
pl
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s
’
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t
hi
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a
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pr
o
-
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ga
ni
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a
t
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l
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r
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m
pl
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e
une
t
hi
c
a
l
pr
o
-
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ona
l
be
ha
vi
or
:
a
m
ode
r
a
t
e
d
m
e
di
a
t
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l
di
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e
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ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
ow
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ke
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t
hi
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,”
L
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