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Vo
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14
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[
1
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.
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[
2
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[
3
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[
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.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t J Ad
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Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
9
3
-
1
4
0
1
1394
ar
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9
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,
NE
I
o
ils
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
v
ar
ian
ts
:
i
)
u
n
u
s
ed
n
atu
r
al
ester
o
r
v
i
r
g
in
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
il
(
VVO)
,
m
ain
ly
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es
(
wh
e
r
e
th
r
ee
f
att
y
ac
id
s
ar
e
attac
h
ed
to
a
g
l
y
c
er
o
l
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e)
,
an
d
ii
)
lo
w
v
is
co
s
ity
in
s
u
latin
g
f
lu
id
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
es
ter
s
(
wh
ich
m
ain
ly
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
atty
ac
id
ester
s
o
r
m
ix
tu
r
es
o
f
tr
ig
ly
ce
r
id
es
a
n
d
f
atty
ac
id
ester
s
)
.
Fatty
ac
id
s
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
two
ty
p
es:
i
)
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
s
an
d
ii
)
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
att
y
ac
id
s
.
Satu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
i
d
s
c
o
n
tain
ca
r
b
o
n
ch
ain
s
with
o
u
t
d
o
u
b
le
b
o
n
d
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
u
n
s
a
tu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
s
co
n
tain
ca
r
b
o
n
ch
ai
n
s
with
o
n
e,
two
,
o
r
th
r
ee
d
o
u
b
le
b
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
i
d
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
m
o
n
o
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
f
atty
ac
id
s
a
n
d
p
o
l
y
u
n
s
atu
r
ate
d
(
d
i
-
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
an
d
tr
i
-
u
n
s
atu
r
ated
)
f
atty
ac
id
s
.
N
E
I
o
i
l
s
a
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
es
t
o
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
M
I
o
i
l
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
h
i
g
h
f
i
r
e
p
o
i
n
t
s
a
n
d
f
l
a
s
h
p
o
i
n
ts
,
n
o
n
-
t
o
x
i
ci
t
y
,
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
b
i
o
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
I
n
ad
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
u
n
l
i
k
e
M
I
o
i
ls
,
N
E
I
o
i
l
s
d
o
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
a
in
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
v
e
s
u
l
p
h
u
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
e
o
i
l
s
a
r
e
h
y
g
r
o
s
c
o
p
i
c
f
l
u
i
d
s
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
N
E
I
o
i
ls
h
a
v
e
p
o
o
r
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
b
il
i
t
y
,
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
s
,
l
o
w
r
es
is
t
a
n
c
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
i
m
p
u
l
s
e,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
v
i
s
c
o
s
it
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
i
n
s
u
la
t
i
n
g
o
il
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
A
t
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
,
m
u
c
h
e
f
f
o
r
t
i
s
b
e
i
n
g
m
a
d
e
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
N
E
I
o
i
ls
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
ta
b
i
l
it
y
b
y
m
i
x
i
n
g
th
e
N
E
I
o
i
l
w
i
t
h
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
ts
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
i
l
v
is
c
o
s
i
t
y
b
y
e
s
t
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
s
o
r
b
e
n
t
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
e
tai
l
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DS U
S
E
D
T
O
I
M
P
RO
VE
T
H
E
P
H
YSI
CO
CH
E
M
I
CA
L
P
RO
P
E
R
T
I
E
S O
F
NE
I
O
I
L
S
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
p
r
in
cip
les,
ty
p
es,
an
d
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
n
tio
x
id
an
ts
,
ch
em
ical
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
ester
if
icatio
n
,
r
ef
in
in
g
,
a
n
d
ad
s
o
r
b
e
n
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
,
m
ak
in
g
it p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
life
tim
e
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
.
E
ac
h
m
eth
o
d
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail
as f
o
llo
ws
.
2
.
1
.
Ant
io
x
ida
nts
Fo
r
th
e
last
5
0
y
ea
r
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
m
eth
o
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
o
r
p
h
y
s
i
co
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
h
as
b
ee
n
b
y
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
a
d
d
itiv
es.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
s
ev
er
al
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
d
u
cts
wh
ich
o
p
er
ate
as
in
h
ib
ito
r
s
,
p
ass
iv
ato
r
s
,
elec
tr
o
n
s
ca
v
en
g
er
s
,
an
d
p
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
d
ep
r
ess
an
ts
[
2
]
.
T
h
eir
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
o
il
m
ay
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
a
d
d
itiv
e,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
ts
p
er
m
illi
o
n
to
s
ev
er
al
p
er
ce
n
t.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
n
tio
x
id
a
n
ts
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ess
en
tial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
,
s
u
ch
as
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
.
An
tio
x
id
an
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
r
ad
ical
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
p
er
o
x
id
e
s
ca
v
en
g
er
a
d
d
itiv
e
th
at
p
r
o
te
cts
v
ar
io
u
s
k
in
d
s
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
f
r
o
m
f
r
ee
r
a
d
icals
an
d
o
x
id
atio
n
.
An
tio
x
id
an
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical,
f
o
o
d
s
af
et
y
,
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
,
an
d
lu
b
r
ican
ts
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
N
E
I
o
ils
is
th
ei
r
lo
w
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
5
]
.
Ox
id
atio
n
s
tab
il
ity
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
o
x
id
ativ
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
x
id
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
g
r
ad
u
al,
it
ca
n
b
e
h
asten
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
etal
p
ar
ticles,
as
well
as
h
ea
t
an
d
lig
h
t
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
x
id
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
life
tim
e
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
.
N
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
ca
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
b
i
li
t
y
o
f
N
E
I
o
i
ls
b
y
th
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
t
s
c
a
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
ta
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
s
l
o
w
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
N
E
I
o
i
l
s
[
2
7
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
A
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
ts
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
r
e
e
r
a
d
i
c
a
ls
,
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
cc
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
o
n
[
3
2
]
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
ts
r
e
m
o
v
e
f
r
e
e
r
a
d
i
c
a
l
s
,
t
h
i
s
w
i
ll
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
o
n
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
AC
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,
f
l
a
s
h
p
o
i
n
t
,
f
i
r
e
p
o
i
n
t
,
a
n
d
a
cid
i
t
y
)
o
f
N
E
I
o
i
l
s
b
y
t
h
e
a
d
d
i
t
io
n
o
f
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
t
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
is
al
s
o
r
e
v
ie
w
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
e
c
ti
o
n
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
p
h
e
n
o
l
i
c
a
n
t
i
o
x
i
d
a
n
t
s
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
ly
u
s
e
d
i
n
v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
o
i
ls
a
n
d
b
i
o
d
i
e
s
e
ls
o
w
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
s
t
,
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
it
y
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
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]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
n
eu
tr
aliza
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
ey
u
s
ed
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
ca
u
s
tic
s
o
d
a
an
d
m
ix
e
d
it
with
cr
u
d
e
p
alm
k
e
r
n
el
o
il
f
o
r
5
m
in
to
n
eu
t
r
alize
th
e
f
r
ee
f
atty
ac
i
d
s
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
o
il.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
n
eu
tr
alize
d
o
il
was
wash
ed
with
d
is
till
ed
h
o
t
wate
r
an
d
f
ilter
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
n
e
u
tr
aliza
tio
n
s
lu
d
g
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ac
id
ity
an
d
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
th
e
o
il
b
y
9
9
.
6
an
d
1
8
.
7
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
cr
u
d
e
p
alm
k
e
r
n
el
o
il
also
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
y
ello
w
t
o
b
r
i
g
h
t
y
ello
w.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e,
f
lash
p
o
in
t,
an
d
f
ir
e
p
o
in
t
wer
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
1
.
2
,
2
5
,
a
n
d
2
8
.
4
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Das
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
as
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
Ma
th
ar
ag
e
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
r
ef
in
in
g
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
(
n
eu
tr
alizi
n
g
an
d
b
leac
h
in
g
)
o
n
v
ir
g
in
c
o
co
n
u
t
o
il
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
ef
i
n
ed
co
co
n
u
t
o
il.
T
h
ey
th
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
r
ef
in
e
d
co
co
n
u
t
o
il
to
co
m
m
e
r
cial
n
atu
r
al
ester
s
an
d
m
in
er
al
o
ils
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
ac
id
ity
,
v
is
co
s
ity
,
an
d
f
lash
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
o
il
b
y
9
7
.
7
,
1
1
.
4
,
an
d
3
2
.
4
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ef
in
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
in
e
d
co
co
n
u
t o
il
b
y
4
1
.
7
%.
C
h
air
u
l
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
im
ilar
m
eth
o
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
u
s
ed
v
eg
etab
le
o
il
(
UVO)
.
T
h
ey
s
elec
ted
UVO
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
o
win
g
t
o
th
e
lack
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
UVOs
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
n
s
u
latin
g
o
ils
,
a
s
well
as
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
id
ity
o
f
th
ese
o
ils
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
t
h
er
v
eg
eta
b
le
o
ils
.
T
h
ey
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
a
two
-
s
tep
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
alk
ali
r
ef
in
i
n
g
an
d
b
leac
h
i
n
g
.
Alk
ali
r
ef
in
in
g
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
NaO
H
(
n
o
r
m
ality
:
2
.
0
N
)
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
eu
tr
alize
d
UVO
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
r
e
e
f
atty
ac
id
s
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
o
il.
T
h
e
o
il
ac
id
ity
wa
s
th
e
lo
west
af
ter
th
e
alk
ali
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
9
4
.
8
3
%
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
t
h
e
UVO.
Nex
t,
th
ey
ap
p
lied
a
two
-
cy
cle
b
leac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
f
u
ller
’
s
ea
r
th
ad
s
o
r
b
en
t
(
to
tal
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
:
2
0
wt.
%)
,
an
d
th
ey
f
ilte
r
ed
th
e
o
il
with
a
m
em
b
r
an
e
f
i
lter
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
co
lo
r
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
th
e
o
il.
Af
ter
th
e
b
leac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
co
lo
r
r
a
tin
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
il
was
en
h
an
ce
d
to
L
0
.
5
w
h
ile
th
e
ac
id
ity
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
0
.
1
2
2
8
m
g
KOH/g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ac
i
d
ity
was
s
till
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
v
al
u
e
s
tip
u
lated
in
th
e
B
S E
N
6
2
7
7
0
s
tan
d
a
r
d
(
0
.
0
6
m
g
KOH/g
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
W
u
an
d
Z
h
a
n
g
[
4
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
alk
ali
r
ef
in
in
g
with
KOH
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
cr
u
d
e
Ja
tr
o
p
h
a
cu
r
ca
s
o
il
.
T
h
ey
o
p
tim
ized
th
e
KOH
ca
taly
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
KOH
ca
taly
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
:
0
.
0
,
0
.
1
,
0
.
5
,
1
.
0
,
3
.
0
,
an
d
5
.
0
wt.
%.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
KOH
ca
taly
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
alk
ali
r
ef
in
i
n
g
tim
e
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
t
h
e
o
il.
T
h
e
ac
id
ity
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
9
.
3
4
2
to
0
.
0
9
6
m
g
KOH/g
wh
en
th
e
KOH
ca
taly
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Meth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
p
h
ysico
ch
emic
a
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f
n
a
tu
r
a
l e
s
ter
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
ya
h
r
a
n
i J
o
h
a
l)
1397
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
to
1
.
0
wt.
%.
Nex
t,
t
h
e
cr
u
d
e
Ja
tr
o
p
h
a
cu
r
ca
s
o
il
was
tr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
1
wt.
%
o
f
KOH
an
d
s
tirr
ed
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
ef
in
i
n
g
tim
es
(
5
,
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
6
0
,
an
d
9
0
m
in
)
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
th
e
o
il
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
with
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
r
ef
in
in
g
t
im
e.
T
h
e
ac
id
ity
r
ea
ch
ed
its
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
(
0
.
0
9
6
m
g
KOH/g
)
wh
e
n
th
e
r
ef
in
in
g
tim
e
was
3
0
m
i
n
,
af
t
er
wh
ich
th
e
ac
id
ity
ten
d
ed
t
o
s
tab
ilize
.
T
h
e
o
il
ac
id
ity
was
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
9
9
%.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
il
ac
id
i
ty
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
9
.
3
4
2
to
0
.
0
9
6
m
g
KOH/g
,
t
h
e
ac
id
ity
was
s
till
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
v
alu
e
s
et
in
th
e
B
S
E
N
6
2
7
7
0
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
0
.
0
6
m
g
KOH/g
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
NE
I
o
ils
af
ter
th
e
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
th
a
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
ils
,
it
is
b
est
to
co
m
b
in
e
a
f
ew
ch
em
ical
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
a
s
in
g
le
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ph
y
s
ico
c
h
em
ical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
NE
I
o
il
s
af
ter
th
r
ee
s
tag
es o
f
r
e
f
in
in
g
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
8
]
R
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
O
i
l
I
n
su
l
a
t
i
n
g
o
i
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
A
c
i
d
i
t
y
(
mg
K
O
H
/
g
)
C
o
l
o
u
r
AC
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
F
l
a
s
h
p
o
i
n
t
(
°
C
)
F
i
r
e
p
o
i
n
t
(
°
C
)
K
i
n
e
mat
i
c
v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
a
t
4
0
°
C
(
mm
2
/
s)
M
o
i
st
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
(
mg
/
k
g
)
D
e
n
si
t
y
a
t
1
5
°
C
(
g
/
c
m
3
)
P
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
(
°
C
)
D
e
g
u
mm
i
n
g
J
a
t
ro
p
h
a
c
u
r
c
a
s
o
i
l
1
.
5
9
0
0
-
-
3
1
2
3
5
4
3
3
.
7
6
-
0
.
9
1
−
9
UVO
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
J
a
t
ro
p
h
a
c
u
r
c
a
s
o
i
l
0
.
0
1
0
0
-
-
3
2
8
3
5
8
3
4
.
0
1
-
0
.
9
1
−
9
UVO
0
.
2
8
2
5
L2
.
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
J
a
t
ro
p
h
a
c
u
r
c
a
s
see
d
o
i
l
0
.
0
9
6
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P
a
l
m
k
e
r
n
e
l
o
i
l
0
.
0
5
B
r
i
g
h
t
y
e
l
l
o
w
7
6
.
3
2
1
0
2
4
0
2
9
.
6
0
-
-
-
C
o
c
o
n
u
t
o
i
l
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
B
l
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
J
a
t
ro
p
h
a
c
u
r
c
a
s
o
i
l
0
.
0
4
0
0
-
-
3
3
0
3
6
2
3
3
.
4
7
-
0
.
9
1
−
9
UVO
0
.
1
2
2
8
L0
.
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P
a
l
m
k
e
r
n
e
l
o
i
l
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
o
c
o
n
u
t
o
i
l
0
.
0
5
0
0
-
35
2
9
8
-
2
5
.
7
0
-
-
-
2
.
4
.
Ads
o
rbent
s
Ab
d
er
r
az
za
q
a
n
d
Hijazi
[
2
7
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
f
iltra
t
io
n
m
eth
o
d
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
o
liv
e
o
il.
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h
e
o
liv
e
o
il
was
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
p
ass
s
ev
er
al
test
s
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b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e,
ac
id
it
y
,
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
v
is
co
s
ity
,
an
d
f
lash
p
o
i
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
f
iltra
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
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h
e
m
eth
o
d
was
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
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e
s
u
cc
ess
f
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l
o
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o
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f
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n
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th
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s
e
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f
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n
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h
e
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id
ity
o
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h
e
o
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e
o
il
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ed
u
ce
d
b
y
7
0
-
8
0
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ter
th
e
th
ir
d
f
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n
s
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d
icatin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
.
C
h
a
i
r
u
l
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
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Č
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[
4
9
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ev
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c
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ize
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mi
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s
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s
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pe
a
ted
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or
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our
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s
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by
36%
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he
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r
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.
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a
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s
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duc
e
d
by
~
70
-
80%
a
f
ter
thi
s
s
tage
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mu
lti
-
s
tag
e
f
iltra
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
o
liv
e
o
il
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
NE
I
o
ils
p
r
esen
t
a
v
iab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
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le
alter
n
ativ
e
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MI
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ils
in
tr
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s
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er
ap
p
licatio
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s
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f
f
er
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g
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ig
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ican
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ad
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tag
es
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ter
m
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f
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ir
e
s
af
ety
an
d
en
v
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r
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n
m
en
tal
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m
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atib
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.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
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b
r
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ad
er
ad
o
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tio
n
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
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m
itatio
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x
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d
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tab
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lo
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p
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f
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.
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n
th
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m
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h
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Ad
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f
lo
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ch
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ester
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th
e
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r
ts
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r
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icatio
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v
en
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ch
m
eth
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d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
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e
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r
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o
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ltip
le
m
eth
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d
s
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
g
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ea
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p
o
ten
tial
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o
r
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h
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g
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ig
h
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p
er
f
o
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m
a
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ce
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s
u
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id
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m
ee
t
o
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n
al
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g
u
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r
y
r
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ir
em
e
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ts
.
C
o
n
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ed
r
esear
ch
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tial
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h
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n
g
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ter
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io
r
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m
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ar
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ized
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Ad
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s
will
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ce
ler
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e
tr
an
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d
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a
m
ain
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ic
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