I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
1217
~
1228
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v14.
i
4
.
pp1217
-
1228
1217
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
C
yb
e
r
se
c
u
r
i
t
y sk
i
l
l
s i
n
n
e
w
gr
ad
u
at
e
s:
a
Ph
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
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p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
ve
Joh
n
P
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P
. M
ir
an
d
a
1
, M
ar
lo
n
I
. T
ayag
2
, Joe
l
D
. C
an
la
s
3
1
C
ol
l
e
ge
of
C
om
put
i
ng S
t
udi
e
s
, P
a
m
pa
nga
S
t
a
t
e
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, M
e
xi
c
o, P
hi
l
i
ppi
ne
s
2
S
c
hool
of
C
om
put
i
ng, H
ol
y A
nge
l
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ni
ve
r
s
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t
y, A
nge
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e
s
C
i
t
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hi
l
i
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ne
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3
C
ol
l
e
ge
of
C
om
put
i
ng S
t
udi
e
s
, P
a
m
pa
nga
S
t
a
t
e
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, B
a
c
ol
or
, P
hi
l
i
ppi
n
e
s
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
M
a
r
6
,
2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
O
c
t
1
,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
N
ov 4
,
2025
This
study
investigates
the
key
skills
and
competencies
needed
b
y
new
cybersecurit
y
graduates
in
the
Phili
ppines
for
entry
-
level
positions.
Using
a
descriptive
cross
-
sectional
researc
h
design,
it
combines
analysis
of
job
listings
from
Philippine
online
platforms
with
surveys
of
students,
te
achers,
and
professionals.
The
aim
is
to
identify
required
skills
and
areas
n
eeding
improvement
,
highlighting
the
balance
between
technical
skills
and
other
competenci
es
like
ethical
conduct,
suggest
ing
a
shift
away
from
trad
itional
cybersecurit
y
skills
towards
a
more
diverse
skills
et.
Furtherm
ore,
the
results
revealed
common
agreement
on
the
importance
of
communicati
on,
critical
thinking,
problem
-
solving,
and
adaptability
skills,
albeit
with
slight
variations
in
their
prioritization.
It
recommends
th
at
aspiring
cybers
ecurity
professionals
develop
an
inclusive
skill
set
encompassing
te
chnical
knowledge,
soft
skills,
and
personal
competencies,
with
a
foc
us
on
adaptabil
ity,
continu
ous
learning,
and
ethics.
Skill
s
such
as
busi
ness
a
cumen
are
considered
less
vital
for
entry
-
level
roles,
proposing
a
prep
aration
strategy that aligns w
ith the changing de
mands of the cybe
rsecurity industry.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y e
duc
a
ti
on
E
m
pl
oya
bi
li
ty
s
ki
ll
s
E
nt
r
y
-
le
ve
l
qua
li
f
ic
a
ti
on
Q
ua
li
ty
e
duc
a
ti
on
W
or
kf
or
c
e
pr
e
pa
r
e
dne
s
s
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
J
ohn P
a
ul
P
. M
ir
a
nda
C
ol
le
ge
of
C
om
put
in
g S
tu
di
e
s
, P
a
m
pa
nga
S
ta
te
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
S
a
n J
ua
n
, M
e
xi
c
o, P
a
m
p
a
nga
, P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
E
m
a
il
:
jp
pm
ir
a
nda
@
pa
m
pa
nga
s
ta
te
u.e
du.ph
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
C
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
is
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
r
e
a
in
to
da
y’
s
di
gi
ta
l
s
oc
ie
ty
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
r
e
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
gl
oba
l
s
hor
ta
ge
of
s
ki
ll
e
d
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
w
ho
c
a
n
r
e
s
pond
to
gr
ow
in
g
s
e
c
ur
it
y
th
r
e
a
ts
.
I
n
th
e
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
,
th
is
s
hor
ta
ge
is
m
or
e
s
e
ve
r
e
due
to
li
m
it
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
r
a
pi
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dopt
io
n,
a
nd
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
num
be
r
o
f
c
ybe
r
a
tt
a
c
ks
.
A
lt
hough
c
ol
le
ge
s
a
nd
uni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
in
th
e
c
ou
nt
r
y
ha
ve
in
tr
oduc
e
d
pr
ogr
a
m
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
th
e
r
e
is
s
ti
ll
a
ga
p
be
tw
e
e
n
th
e
s
ki
ll
s
t
a
ugh
t
in
s
c
hool
a
nd
th
e
s
ki
ll
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
by
th
e
in
dus
tr
y
[
1]
, [
2]
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
ha
ve
a
lr
e
a
dy e
xpl
or
e
d w
a
ys
t
o r
e
duc
e
t
he
s
ki
ll
s
ga
p i
n c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
[
3]
,
f
oc
us
e
d
on
m
e
a
s
ur
in
g
th
e
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
s
ki
ll
s
of
non
-
I
T
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
,
w
hi
le
[
4]
de
ve
lo
pe
d
m
ode
ls
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
of
s
tu
de
nt
s
in
c
om
put
in
g.
I
n
[
5]
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
c
ha
ngi
ng
la
nds
c
a
pe
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
e
duc
a
ti
on
in
E
ur
ope
a
nd highl
ig
ht
e
d t
he
ne
e
d t
o i
nc
lu
de
s
of
t
s
ki
ll
s
.
In
[
6]
a
ls
o l
ooke
d i
nt
o how w
e
ll
un
iv
e
r
s
it
y c
ur
r
ic
ul
a
in
th
e
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
m
a
tc
h
in
dus
tr
y
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
.
A
lt
hough
th
e
s
e
s
tu
di
e
s
pr
ovi
de
he
lp
f
ul
in
s
ig
ht
s
,
m
os
t
of
th
e
m
do
not
f
ul
ly
e
xa
m
in
e
th
e
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
e
tt
in
g
or
gi
ve
e
qua
l
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
to
bot
h
te
c
hni
c
a
l
a
nd
non
-
te
c
hni
c
a
l
s
ki
ll
s
.
R
e
c
e
nt
gl
oba
l
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
ha
ve
a
ls
o
s
tr
e
s
s
e
d
th
a
t
gr
a
dua
te
s
ne
e
d
a
ba
la
nc
e
of
te
c
hni
c
a
l
s
ki
ll
s
,
r
is
k m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
, a
nd pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
c
onduc
t
[
7]
,
[
8]
w
hi
c
h a
r
e
s
ti
ll
unde
r
de
ve
lo
pe
d i
n t
he
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
[
9]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
t
il
l
s
e
ve
r
a
l
u
n
s
ol
ve
d
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
.
E
m
p
lo
y
e
r
s
in
t
he
P
h
il
ip
pi
ne
s
pr
e
f
e
r
c
a
nd
id
a
t
e
s
w
ho
a
lr
e
a
dy
ha
v
e
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
,
c
e
r
t
if
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
,
a
nd
s
tr
o
ng
s
o
f
t
s
ki
ll
s
.
M
a
n
y n
e
w
gr
a
du
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
u
na
bl
e
t
o m
e
e
t
t
he
s
e
e
xp
e
c
t
a
ti
on
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1217
-
1228
1218
due
to
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
im
i
ta
t
io
ns
,
l
a
c
k
of
in
du
s
tr
y
e
xp
os
ur
e
,
a
nd
li
m
it
e
d
de
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-
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ic
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a
b
il
i
ty
,
a
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e
th
ic
a
l
ju
dgm
e
n
t
[
10]
,
[
1
1]
.
T
hi
s
s
it
u
a
t
io
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
s
i
nt
e
r
n
a
ti
on
a
l
w
or
kf
or
c
e
r
e
p
or
t
s
[
9]
,
[
12]
.
A
s
e
c
ur
it
y
w
or
kf
or
c
e
s
t
ud
y
no
te
d
a
gl
o
ba
l
s
hor
tf
a
ll
of
m
or
e
t
ha
n
th
r
e
e
m
il
li
o
n
pr
of
e
s
s
io
n
a
l
s
[
12]
,
w
h
il
e
th
e
W
or
l
d
E
c
ono
m
i
c
F
or
um
’
s
F
u
tu
r
e
of
J
ob
s
R
e
por
t
hi
g
hl
i
gh
te
d
c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
s
a
n
a
r
e
a
w
h
e
r
e
b
ot
h
di
gi
t
a
l
a
n
d
s
of
t
s
ki
ll
s
a
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
ly
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
[
13]
.
A
t
t
he
r
e
gi
o
na
l
l
e
v
e
l
,
th
e
A
S
E
A
N
C
y
be
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
C
o
op
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r
a
ti
o
n
S
tr
a
te
gy
a
nd
A
S
E
A
N
D
i
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t
a
l
M
a
s
te
r
pl
a
n
20
25
bo
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c
a
ll
f
or
s
tr
o
ng
e
r
s
k
il
l
s
de
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
[
14]
,
[
1
5]
.
L
o
c
a
l
ly
,
t
he
D
e
p
a
r
tm
e
n
t
o
f
I
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
io
ns
T
e
c
h
nol
og
y
(
D
I
C
T
)
a
nd
th
e
C
om
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
H
ig
h
e
r
E
du
c
a
ti
on
(
C
H
E
D
)
h
a
v
e
i
nt
r
o
du
c
e
d
p
ol
i
c
i
e
s
t
o
s
tr
e
n
gt
h
e
n
c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
tr
a
in
in
g
,
a
lt
hou
gh
t
h
e
ir
a
li
g
nm
e
nt
w
it
h
i
n
te
r
na
ti
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na
l
be
nc
hm
a
r
k
s
is
s
ti
l
l
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n
pr
ogr
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s
s
[
2]
,
[
16]
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
by
a
na
ly
z
in
g
th
e
s
ki
ll
s
a
nd
c
om
pe
te
nc
i
e
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
f
or
e
nt
r
y
-
le
ve
l
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
jo
bs
in
th
e
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
.
I
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
a
n
a
na
ly
s
is
of
onl
in
e
jo
b
li
s
ti
ngs
w
it
h
a
s
ur
ve
y
of
s
tu
de
nt
s
,
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
.
U
nl
ik
e
e
a
r
li
e
r
s
tu
di
e
s
,
th
is
pa
pe
r
c
om
p
a
r
e
s
th
e
vi
e
w
s
of
m
ul
ti
pl
e
s
ta
ke
hol
de
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s
a
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id
e
nt
if
ie
s
th
e
ga
ps
be
twe
e
n
a
c
a
de
m
ic
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
in
dus
tr
y
de
m
a
nds
.
I
t
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
s
ki
ll
s
th
a
t
m
a
y
be
ove
r
lo
oke
d
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
tr
a
in
in
g
pr
ogr
a
m
s
. T
he
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
li
e
s
in
it
s
c
om
bi
ne
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h:
it
dr
a
w
s
f
r
om
jo
b
m
a
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ke
t
a
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ly
s
is
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te
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18]
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c
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s
r
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por
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be
twe
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n
5
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ye
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c
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n
3
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20
y
e
a
r
s
.
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nc
om
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le
v
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ls
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
th
e
s
e
di
f
f
e
r
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nc
e
s
:
pr
of
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w
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r
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s
pr
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d
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t
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r
ni
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be
twe
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n
₱
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₱
84,574,
w
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r
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a
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te
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r
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m
or
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onc
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nt
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₱
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T
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s
e
c
ond
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ti
on
of
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k
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bout
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c
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jo
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A
to
ta
l
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f
36
vi
ta
l
jo
b
-
r
e
l
a
te
d
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
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r
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c
ur
it
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w
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r
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pi
npoi
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e
d
th
r
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th
is
a
na
ly
s
is
in
T
a
bl
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2
(
s
e
e
A
pp
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x
)
.
R
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s
ponde
nt
s
r
a
te
d
e
a
c
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s
ki
ll
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in
g
a
10
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poi
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t
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r
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c
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“
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”
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c
a
t
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d
“
le
a
s
t
us
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ul
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y a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
d
a
s
e
c
ond
r
a
ti
ng
to
in
di
c
a
te
w
he
th
e
r
th
e
s
ki
ll
r
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qui
r
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d
f
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th
e
r
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ve
lo
pm
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nt
.
T
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s
dua
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
ll
ow
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d
th
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s
ur
ve
y
to
c
a
pt
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e
bot
h
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
im
por
ta
nc
e
a
nd
tr
a
in
in
g
ga
ps
.
T
he
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
w
a
s
s
ubj
e
c
te
d
to
va
li
di
ty
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nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
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s
ti
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F
or
va
li
di
ty
,
two
pr
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f
e
s
s
or
s
w
it
h
e
xpe
r
ti
s
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in
c
ybe
r
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c
ur
it
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e
duc
a
ti
on
r
e
vi
e
w
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d
th
e
in
s
tr
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nt
to
e
ns
ur
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it
s
a
ppr
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s
s
f
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a
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pa
s
s
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r
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r
r
e
li
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s
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c
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T
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s
tu
dy
ut
il
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d
G
oogl
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F
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m
s
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ti
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a
c
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w
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s
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a
bout
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ir
knowle
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xpe
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, or
ba
c
kgr
ound in c
ybe
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s
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pa
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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C
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be
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k
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w
gr
aduate
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a
P
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s
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(
J
ohn P
aul
P
. M
ir
anda)
1219
T
a
bl
e
1. D
e
m
ogr
a
phi
c
de
t
a
il
s
D
e
m
ogr
a
phi
c
F
r
e
que
nc
y
S
t
ude
nt
t
e
a
c
he
r
P
r
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
A
ge
(
m
e
a
n±
S
D
)
(
21.78±
3.19)
(
39.42±
7.59)
(
36.14±
8.53)
S
e
x a
t
bi
r
t
h
–
M
a
l
e
–
F
e
m
a
l
e
–
P
r
e
f
e
r
not
t
o s
a
y
65
24
1
15
11
-
28
8
-
H
i
ghe
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t
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l
–
S
e
c
onda
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B
a
c
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or
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M
a
s
t
e
r
–
D
oc
t
or
a
t
e
90
-
-
-
-
6
13
7
-
23
11
2
P
r
i
m
a
r
y na
t
ur
e
of
w
o
r
k
–
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
T
)
a
nd
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
-
2
18
–
B
us
i
ne
s
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
out
s
our
c
i
ng
(
B
P
O
)
/
c
a
l
l
c
e
nt
e
r
s
-
-
1
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M
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng a
nd
pr
oduc
t
i
o
n
-
-
3
–
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
-
-
1
–
E
duc
a
t
i
on a
nd
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
-
24
9
–
G
ove
r
nm
e
nt
a
nd
non
-
pr
of
i
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
ons
-
-
4
T
ype
of
w
or
k
–
P
ubl
i
c
-
15
13
–
P
r
i
va
t
e
-
11
23
N
o. of
ye
a
r
s
w
or
ki
ng (
m
e
a
n±
S
D
)
-
(
13.62±
7.77)
(
11.61±
8.45)
I
nc
om
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
–
L
e
s
s
t
ha
n
₱
12,082
-
-
1
–
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
₱
12,082 a
nd
₱
24,164
-
2
5
–
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
₱
24,164 a
nd
₱
48,328
-
18
8
–
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
₱
48,328 a
nd
₱
84,574
-
6
12
–
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
₱
84,574 a
nd
₱
144,984
-
-
6
–
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
₱
144,984 a
nd
₱
241,640
-
-
4
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
a
bl
e
3
pr
ovi
de
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
ti
v
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
of
t
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
of
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
m
os
t
n
e
e
d
e
d s
k
il
l
s
a
nd
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
f
or
s
e
c
ur
i
ng
a
n
e
nt
r
y
-
l
e
v
e
l
jo
b
in
c
y
be
r
s
e
c
ur
i
ty
,
a
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
b
y
s
tu
de
nt
s
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
pr
of
e
s
s
io
n
a
l
s
.
T
h
e
ta
bl
e
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
ha
t
s
k
il
l
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
o
n,
c
r
it
i
c
a
l
t
hi
nki
ng,
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
v
in
g
,
te
a
m
w
or
k
,
p
e
r
s
on
a
l
va
l
u
e
s
,
e
th
i
c
a
l
m
i
nd
s
e
t,
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
i
s
m
,
c
o
nt
in
uo
us
le
a
r
n
in
g
,
r
i
s
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,
a
da
pt
a
b
il
it
y,
s
e
lf
-
m
ot
i
va
ti
o
n,
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
a
n
d
s
tr
e
s
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
,
p
e
r
s
o
na
l
a
c
c
oun
ta
bi
l
it
y
,
a
nd
s
e
l
f
-
c
onf
i
de
nc
e
a
r
e
d
e
e
m
e
d
hi
gh
ly
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y.
T
h
e
s
e
s
ki
l
l
s
w
e
r
e
pr
i
m
a
r
il
y
r
a
te
d
w
it
h
a
m
e
d
ia
n
of
1
or
1.
5,
in
di
c
a
ti
n
g
a
s
tr
on
g
c
o
n
s
e
ns
u
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
i
on
a
l
s
r
e
ga
r
di
n
g
th
e
ir
im
p
or
t
a
n
c
e
.
W
hi
l
e
a
br
o
a
d
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
e
xi
s
t
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
pa
r
t
ic
ip
a
nt
gr
ou
p
s
on
t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
a
di
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
t
of
s
k
il
l
s
a
nd
c
om
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
pr
of
e
s
s
i
on
a
l
s
e
m
ph
a
s
i
z
e
d
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
na
tu
r
e
of
22
out
of
3
6
s
k
il
l
s
a
nd
c
om
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
m
a
r
k
in
g
th
e
m
w
it
h
t
he
hi
g
he
s
t
im
por
t
a
nc
e
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
li
g
ht
s
th
e
v
ie
w
of
t
he
pr
of
e
s
s
i
on
a
l
s
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
s
ki
l
l
s
a
r
e
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
or
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
n
e
nt
r
y
-
l
e
v
e
l
r
ol
e
s
[
1
9]
.
T
he
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
of
te
a
c
he
r
s
v
a
r
ie
d
s
li
ght
ly
,
w
it
h
c
e
r
ta
in
s
ki
ll
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
th
in
ki
ng,
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng,
te
a
m
w
or
k,
pe
r
s
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
,
e
th
ic
a
l
m
in
ds
e
t,
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
li
s
m
,
c
ont
in
uous
le
a
r
ni
ng,
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
c
onf
li
c
t
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
be
in
g
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
a
s
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
im
por
ta
nt
[
19]
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
s
tu
de
nt
s
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
a
s
s
ig
ne
d
a
r
a
ti
ng
of
2
to
th
e
m
a
jo
r
it
y
of
s
ki
ll
s
,
r
e
c
og
ni
z
in
g
th
e
ir
im
por
ta
nc
e
but
w
it
h
a
m
a
r
gi
na
ll
y
lo
w
e
r
s
e
ns
e
of
ur
ge
nc
y c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
.
T
hi
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
m
a
y s
te
m
f
r
om
th
e
s
tu
de
nt
s
’
r
e
la
ti
ve
in
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
im
pe
ndi
ng
e
nt
r
y
in
to
th
e
jo
b
m
a
r
ke
t
[
20]
.
I
nt
e
r
e
s
ti
ngl
y,
s
tu
de
nt
s
pl
a
c
e
d a
hi
gh va
lu
e
on c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
ons
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
ll
s
ki
ll
s
a
nd c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
ls
o
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
d
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
r
ol
e
of
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
,
c
ont
in
uous
le
a
r
ni
ng,
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
a
nd
s
tr
e
s
s
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
t
y,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
s
e
a
s
uni
ve
r
s
a
ll
y
im
por
ta
n
t
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
gr
oups
.
T
hi
s
r
e
f
le
c
ts
th
e
dyna
m
ic
na
tu
r
e
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
w
or
k,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
not
ju
s
t
te
c
hni
c
a
l
s
ki
ll
s
but
a
ls
o
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
ongoing
le
a
r
ni
ng,
s
tr
e
s
s
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
in
a
r
a
pi
dl
y
e
vol
vi
ng
f
ie
ld
[
11]
.
I
t
is
in
te
r
e
s
ti
ng
to
not
e
th
a
t
s
ki
ll
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
ons
,
in
c
id
e
nt
ha
ndl
in
g
a
nd
f
or
e
ns
ic
s
ki
ll
s
,
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
w
e
r
e
r
a
nke
d
lo
w
e
r
by
p
r
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
[
21]
,
w
hi
c
h
s
ugge
s
ts
th
e
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
m
ig
ht
be
m
or
e
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
a
t
la
te
r
c
a
r
e
e
r
s
ta
ge
s
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
a
t
th
e
e
nt
r
y
le
ve
l.
T
hi
s
in
s
ig
ht
poi
nt
s
to
a
nua
nc
e
d
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
s
ki
ll
im
por
ta
nc
e
,
di
s
ti
ngui
s
hi
ng
be
twe
e
n
f
ou
nda
ti
ona
l
c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
a
nd
th
os
e
th
a
t
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
r
e
le
va
nt
a
s
one
’
s
c
a
r
e
e
r
pr
ogr
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
4
pr
ovi
de
s
a
r
a
nk
e
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
s
ki
ll
s
a
nd
c
om
pe
te
nc
i
e
s
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
ir
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
ur
ge
nc
y
f
or
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
le
ve
ls
w
it
hi
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
gr
oups
.
T
he
m
a
jo
r
it
y
of
th
e
s
ki
ll
s
a
r
e
uni
f
or
m
ly
r
a
nke
d
a
nd
ha
ve
a
m
e
di
a
n
of
2
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
th
r
e
e
gr
oups
,
w
hi
c
h
in
di
c
a
te
s
a
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
on
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
a
s
de
m
a
nd
th
e
m
os
t
a
tt
e
nt
io
n.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
c
e
r
ta
in
s
ki
ll
s
e
xhi
bi
t
m
in
or
va
r
ia
nc
e
s
in
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
a
m
ong
th
e
gr
oups
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
c
r
it
ic
a
l
th
in
k
in
g,
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogy/
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
s
ki
ll
s
,
pl
a
nni
ng,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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14
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4
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be
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20
25
:
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1228
1220
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng a
r
e
de
e
m
e
d m
or
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
by t
e
a
c
he
r
s
[
22]
, w
ho a
s
s
ig
n t
he
m
a
m
e
di
a
n r
a
nk of
1, c
om
pa
r
e
d t
o
s
tu
de
nt
s
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
s
,
w
ho
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
a
s
s
ig
n
a
m
e
di
a
n
r
a
nk
of
2.
T
hi
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
li
ke
ly
m
ir
r
o
r
s
th
e
be
li
e
f
of
te
a
c
he
r
s
in
th
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
r
ol
e
th
e
s
e
s
ki
ll
s
pl
a
y
in
f
os
te
r
in
g
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
th
e
ir
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
w
it
hi
n
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
s
e
tt
in
gs
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
s
ki
ll
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
r
os
s
-
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
knowle
dge
a
nd
a
s
s
e
r
ti
ve
ne
s
s
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
a
s
li
ght
ly
l
ow
e
r
ur
ge
nc
y r
a
ti
ng of
2.5 f
r
o
m
s
tu
de
nt
s
, s
ugge
s
ti
ng t
he
y vi
e
w
t
he
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
a
s
l
e
s
s
i
m
m
e
di
a
te
i
n t
he
ir
ne
e
d
f
or
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
ot
he
r
s
.
S
i
m
il
a
r
ly
,
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
ons
,
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
s
ki
ll
s
,
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
a
r
e
r
a
nke
d
a
t
3
by
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t,
f
r
om
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
,
w
hi
le
s
ti
ll
im
por
ta
nt
, t
he
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
do not r
e
qui
r
e
a
s
i
m
m
e
di
a
t
e
a
tt
e
nt
io
n a
s
ot
he
r
s
.
T
a
bl
e
3. M
e
di
a
n r
a
nk of
th
e
m
os
t
ne
e
de
d
s
ki
ll
s
t
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2.5
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um
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n r
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2
2
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nf
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ybe
r
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y s
ki
l
l
s
2
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1
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l
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2
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ont
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2
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2
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V
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m
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2
2
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us
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s
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c
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2
2
2
I
nc
i
de
nt
ha
ndl
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nd f
or
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ns
i
c
s
ki
l
l
s
2
2
2
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onf
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1
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s
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2
2
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2
2
2
F
i
na
nc
i
a
l
l
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3
2
3
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e
got
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t
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2
2
3
C
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2
3
T
he
K
r
us
ka
l
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W
a
ll
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H
te
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t
w
a
s
ut
il
iz
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d
to
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va
lu
a
te
if
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
r
a
nki
ngs
a
s
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ig
ne
d
to
va
r
io
us
s
ki
ll
s
by
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
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nt
ly
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d
f
or
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n
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nt
r
y
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le
ve
l
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
pos
it
io
n
(
s
e
e
T
a
bl
e
5)
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
in
di
c
a
te
d
th
a
t
c
e
r
ta
in
s
ki
ll
s
s
p
e
c
if
ic
a
ll
y,
c
r
it
ic
a
l
t
hi
nki
ng
(
H
=
7.654;
p=
0.02)
,
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
(
H
=
7.712;
p=
0.02)
,
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
to
de
ta
il
(
H
=
7.049;
p=
0.03)
,
a
n
d
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
(
H
=
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p=
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w
e
r
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
r
a
nke
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ly
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
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g
th
e
ir
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
im
por
ta
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e
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or
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y
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le
ve
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ol
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in
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ybe
r
s
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ur
it
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ur
th
e
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m
or
e
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oup
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s
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a
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ic
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nc
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p
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r
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ne
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ly
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ig
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ic
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nt
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T
he
s
e
in
c
lu
de
te
a
m
w
or
k
(
H
=
5.811;
p=
0.06)
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f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
(
H
=
5.685;
p=
0.06)
,
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
li
s
m
(
H
=
5.511;
p
=
0.06)
,
r
is
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
(
H
=
4.888;
p=
0.09)
,
pe
r
s
ona
l
va
lu
e
s
(
H
=
4.784;
p
=
0.09)
,
e
th
ic
a
l
m
in
ds
e
t
(
H
=
4.5
38;
p=
0.10)
,
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
(
H
=
4.595;
p=
0.10)
.
W
hi
le
th
e
s
e
s
ki
ll
s
di
d
not
m
e
e
t
th
e
c
onv
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nt
io
na
l
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
th
r
e
s
hol
d,
th
e
y
s
how
a
tr
e
nd
th
a
t
m
a
y
r
e
a
c
h
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
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l
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ig
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f
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nc
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w
it
h
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n
in
c
r
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s
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d
s
a
m
pl
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iz
e
or
unde
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di
f
f
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r
e
nt
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i
r
c
um
s
ta
nc
e
s
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
va
r
ia
bi
li
ty
i
n t
he
ir
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d i
m
por
ta
nc
e
f
or
e
nt
r
y
-
le
ve
l
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y pos
it
io
ns
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
a
ls
o
f
ound
a
ge
ne
r
a
l
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
on
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
m
os
t
s
ki
ll
s
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
c
ons
is
te
nt
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
a
m
ong
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
a
bout
th
e
ir
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
s
e
c
ur
in
g
a
n
e
nt
r
y
-
le
ve
l
jo
b
in
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
S
ki
ll
s
w
it
h
th
e
le
a
s
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
,
s
uc
h
a
s
bus
i
ne
s
s
a
c
um
e
n
(
H
=
0.37;
p=
0.83)
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
(
H
=
0.18;
p
=
0.91)
,
w
e
r
e
s
e
e
n
a
s
not
di
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
nt
ly
a
m
ong
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
.
T
he
di
f
f
e
r
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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C
y
be
r
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
s
k
il
ls
i
n n
e
w
gr
aduate
s
:
a
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
(
J
ohn P
aul
P
. M
ir
anda)
1221
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
on t
he
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
ki
ll
s
a
m
ong s
tu
de
nt
s
, t
e
a
c
he
r
s
, a
nd pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
, e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y t
hos
e
w
it
h
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
s
c
or
e
s
w
hi
c
h
im
pl
y
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
f
or
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
e
duc
a
ti
on
a
nd
tr
a
in
in
g
[
23]
.
T
hi
s
va
r
ia
nc
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
s
a
dj
us
tm
e
nt
s
in
c
ur
r
ic
ul
um
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
to
be
tt
e
r
a
li
gn
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
pr
ogr
a
m
s
w
it
h
in
dus
tr
y
ne
e
ds
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
a
ga
p
in
c
a
r
e
e
r
pr
e
pa
r
e
dne
s
s
t
ha
t
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
n
e
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
ugge
s
t
th
a
t
c
ur
r
ic
ul
a
m
a
y
pl
a
c
e
gr
e
a
te
r
e
m
pha
s
is
o
n
s
of
t
s
ki
ll
s
,
c
a
s
e
-
ba
s
e
d
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng,
a
nd
th
os
e
r
e
la
te
d
to
e
th
ic
a
l
ju
dgm
e
nt
.
I
nt
e
r
ns
hi
p
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
c
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
pa
th
w
a
ys
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
he
lp
s
tu
de
nt
s
c
onne
c
t
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
w
it
h
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
.
A
t
th
e
pol
ic
y
le
ve
l,
a
ge
nc
ie
s
s
uc
h
a
s
D
I
C
T
a
nd
C
H
E
D
m
a
y
us
e
th
e
s
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
to
r
e
f
in
e
tr
a
in
in
g
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd
c
ur
r
ic
ul
a
.
C
lo
s
e
r
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
uni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
a
nd
in
dus
tr
y
c
a
n
a
ls
o
s
uppor
t
a
s
tr
onge
r
ta
le
nt
pi
pe
li
ne
.
T
hi
s
a
ls
o
poi
nt
s
to
th
e
s
tu
di
e
s
w
he
r
e
a
ne
e
d
f
or
ongoing
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
tr
a
in
in
g
ta
il
or
e
d
to
th
e
m
os
t
va
lu
e
d
s
ki
ll
s
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
e
nha
nc
e
d m
e
nt
or
s
hi
p f
or
s
tu
de
nt
s
a
nd
e
nt
r
y
-
le
ve
l
pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
[
24]
, [
25]
.
T
a
bl
e
4. M
e
di
a
n
r
a
nk o
f
s
ki
ll
s
ne
e
di
ng t
he
m
o
s
t
a
tt
e
nt
io
n ba
s
e
d
on e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
S
ki
l
l
/
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
S
t
ude
nt
s
T
e
a
c
he
r
s
P
r
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
2
2
2
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
hi
nki
ng
2
1
2
H
um
a
n r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
2
2
2
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy/
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
2
1
2
L
e
a
de
r
s
hi
p
2
2
2
P
l
a
nni
ng
2
1
2
P
r
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
2
1
2
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
2
2
2
T
r
a
i
ni
ng/
c
oa
c
hi
ng
2
2
2
T
e
a
m
w
or
k
2
2
2
P
e
r
s
ona
l
va
l
ue
s
2
2
2
E
t
hi
c
a
l
m
i
nds
e
t
2
2
2
F
l
e
xi
bi
l
i
t
y
2
2
2
P
r
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
i
s
m
2
2
2
L
e
ga
l
a
nd
c
om
pl
i
a
nc
e
know
l
e
dge
2
2
2
T
i
m
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
2
2
2
A
t
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
d
e
t
a
i
l
2
2
2
R
i
s
k a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
2
2
2
A
da
pt
a
bi
l
i
t
y
2
2
2
C
r
os
s
-
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
know
l
e
dge
2.5
2
2
V
e
ndor
a
nd
t
ool
f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
i
t
y
2
2
2
C
ont
i
nuous
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
2
2
2
B
us
i
ne
s
s
a
c
um
e
n
2
2
2
I
nc
i
de
nt
ha
ndl
i
ng a
nd f
or
e
ns
i
c
s
ki
l
l
s
2
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2
2
2
P
e
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l
a
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l
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2
2
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onf
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2
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s
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f
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t
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2
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2
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3
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nt
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a
l
2
2
3
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i
na
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2
2
3
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
is
s
it
ua
ti
on
unde
r
li
ne
s
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
m
ong
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duc
a
ti
ona
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
,
in
dus
tr
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pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
ls
,
a
nd
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
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tr
a
in
in
g
a
nd
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duc
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
d
a
r
e
r
e
le
va
nt
a
nd
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f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
pr
e
pa
r
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g
a
s
ki
ll
e
d
w
or
kf
or
c
e
r
e
a
dy
to
ta
c
kl
e
th
e
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
to
m
or
r
ow
[
26
]
,
[
27
]
.
A
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
s
e
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
ie
s
is
vi
ta
l
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
s
tr
a
te
gy
th
a
t
br
id
ge
s
th
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p
be
twe
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duc
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ti
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l
out
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om
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s
a
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in
dus
tr
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xpe
c
ta
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T
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s
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a
y
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nha
nc
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th
e
ove
r
a
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f
f
ic
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c
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s
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ur
it
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a
c
ti
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s
a
nd w
or
kf
or
c
e
r
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di
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s
s
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T
a
bl
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6
pr
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s
th
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r
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s
ul
ts
of
th
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K
r
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por
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ig
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25
:
1217
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1228
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pr
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nt
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um
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on
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T
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ge
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s
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r
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pr
io
r
i
t
iz
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d
a
c
r
os
s
g
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in
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d
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t
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ly
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di
f
f
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m
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a
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p
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r
ont
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,
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c
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k
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ul
ly
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a
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in
a
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(
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s
how
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r
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ol
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ic
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.
A
l
th
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h
t
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in
f
l
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by
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ve
l
o
f
e
xpe
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nc
e
of
th
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r
e
s
p
ond
e
nt
s
.
T
hi
s
e
m
e
r
g
in
g
di
s
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
nt
w
a
r
r
a
nt
e
d
f
ur
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e
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lo
r
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r
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t
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na
m
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th
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c
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s
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pe
r
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t
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pt
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on
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n
d
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a
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a
c
r
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s
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xpe
r
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ve
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T
he
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vi
de
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e
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s
ti
nc
t
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
on
c
r
it
ic
a
l
s
ki
ll
s
a
m
ong
th
e
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
in
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
poi
nt
e
d
to
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
dyna
m
ic
,
r
e
s
pons
iv
e
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
[
28]
.
T
he
s
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
s
houl
d
not
onl
y
br
id
ge
th
e
ga
p
be
twe
e
n
th
e
or
y
a
nd
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a
c
ti
c
e
but
a
ls
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c
a
te
r
to
th
e
e
vol
vi
ng
de
m
a
nds
of
th
e
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
la
nds
c
a
pe
.
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a
il
or
in
g
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a
ti
on
a
nd
tr
a
in
in
g
pr
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a
m
s
to
a
c
c
o
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m
oda
te
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e
s
e
va
r
ie
d
p
e
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
c
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d
he
lp
e
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e
th
a
t
a
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J
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P
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1223
T
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6.
T
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0.931
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T
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por
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ll
gr
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w
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ly
lo
w
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nc
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T
hi
s
di
f
f
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r
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nc
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m
a
y
r
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f
le
c
t
li
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d
e
xpos
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t
o a
c
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a
l
w
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kpl
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c
ondi
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. I
n
t
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P
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in
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s
, w
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ny i
ns
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r
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is
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ul
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s
how
s
th
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d
to
s
tr
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ngt
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th
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onn
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ta
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.
S
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por
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in
ot
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c
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s
a
r
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c
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te
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por
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nc
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t
s
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s
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uc
h
a
s
c
r
it
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a
l
th
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a
da
pt
a
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li
ty
, a
nd e
th
ic
a
l
ju
dgm
e
nt
, a
lo
ng w
it
h t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
e
.
T
he
r
e
s
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of
th
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a
r
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us
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ul
f
or
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s
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s
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nm
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nt
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c
ie
s
th
a
t
a
im
to
im
pr
ove
c
ybe
r
s
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c
ur
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tr
a
in
in
g.
I
ns
ti
tu
ti
ons
in
th
e
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
s
c
a
n
us
e
th
is
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vi
de
nc
e
to
e
nha
nc
e
pr
ogr
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m
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by
in
c
lu
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m
or
e
pr
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c
ti
c
a
l
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xpe
r
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nc
e
s
,
im
pr
ovi
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s
of
t
s
ki
ll
in
s
tr
uc
ti
on,
a
nd
e
nc
our
a
gi
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c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
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w
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in
dus
tr
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T
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s
e
a
c
ti
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c
a
n
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om
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m
or
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r
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bs
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t
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ti
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ve
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th
e
f
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di
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c
a
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uppor
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pol
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s
th
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t
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oc
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ve
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pt
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tu
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c
ont
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br
oa
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unde
r
s
ta
ndi
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of
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to
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s
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ur
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duc
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ti
on
w
it
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th
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ne
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ds
of
th
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di
gi
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c
onomy.
F
ut
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r
c
h
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ki
ll
s
in
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a
l
w
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k
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e
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in
gs
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duc
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ti
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tr
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c
a
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r
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pond to c
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gl
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l
c
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ur
it
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a
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c
a
pe
.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
id
e
nt
if
ie
s
th
e
w
id
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r
a
nge
of
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ne
e
d
e
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to
s
uc
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d
in
c
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c
ur
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ho
w
s
th
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t
pr
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, t
e
a
c
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r
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tu
de
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s
a
gr
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on t
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va
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c
om
m
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ti
on, c
r
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pha
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da
pt
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c
ont
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uous
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a
r
ni
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r
e
s
il
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nc
e
a
s
c
or
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r
e
qui
r
e
m
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nt
s
.
T
e
a
c
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r
s
r
a
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c
r
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pe
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por
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r
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l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
I
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J
A
dv A
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S
c
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V
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.
14
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4
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be
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20
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:
1217
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1228
1224
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R
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p di
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put
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a
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ohn P
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ir
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g
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oe
l
D
. C
a
nl
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s
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:
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onc
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f
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w
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t.
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om
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ll
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de
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it
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ts
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B
e
lm
ont
R
e
por
t,
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e
ls
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ki
D
e
c
l
a
r
a
ti
on,
a
nd
th
e
P
hi
li
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ne
D
a
ta
P
r
iv
a
c
y
A
c
t
of
2012
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
be
e
n
a
ppr
ove
d
by
th
e
a
ut
hor
s
'
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ona
l
r
e
vi
e
w
boa
r
d.
D
A
T
A
A
V
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I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
T
he
da
ta
th
a
t
s
uppor
t
th
e
f
in
di
ngs
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
bl
e
f
r
om
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
ut
hor
,
[
J
P
M
]
,
upon r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
T
.
G
hos
h
a
nd
G
. F
r
a
nc
i
a
,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
us
i
ng
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
n
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y,”
J
our
nal
of
C
y
be
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
and
P
r
i
v
ac
y
, vol
. 1, no. 4, pp. 539
–
552, 2021, doi
:
10.3390/
j
c
p1040027.
[
2]
N
.
M
.
D
e
R
a
m
os
a
nd
F
.
D
.
E
.
I
I
,
“
C
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
pr
ogr
a
m
f
or
P
hi
l
i
ppi
ne
hi
g
he
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
ons
:
a
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
-
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
v
al
uat
i
on
and
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
11,
no.
3,
pp.
1198
–
1209,
2022,
doi
:
10.11591/
i
j
e
r
e
.v11i
3.22863.
[
3]
M
.
C
a
r
l
t
on,
Y
.
L
e
vy,
a
nd
M
.
R
a
m
i
m
,
“
M
i
t
i
ga
t
i
ng
c
ybe
r
a
t
t
a
c
ks
t
hr
ough
t
he
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
of
non
-
I
T
p
r
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
’
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on and C
om
put
e
r
Se
c
u
r
i
t
y
, vol
. 27, no. 1, pp. 101
–
121, 2019, doi
:
10.1108/
I
C
S
-
11
-
2016
-
0088.
[
4]
A
.
A
l
a
m
m
a
r
i
,
O
.
S
oha
i
b,
a
nd
S
.
Y
oune
s
,
“
D
e
ve
l
opi
ng
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
i
ng
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
f
or
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n
c
om
put
i
ng
pr
ogr
a
m
s
,”
P
e
e
r
J
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, vol
. 8, 2022, doi
:
10.7717/
pe
e
r
j
-
c
s
.827.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
C
y
be
r
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
s
k
il
ls
i
n n
e
w
gr
aduate
s
:
a
P
hi
li
ppi
ne
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
(
J
ohn P
aul
P
. M
ir
anda)
1225
[
5]
B
.
J
.
B
l
a
ž
i
č
,
“
C
ha
ngi
ng
t
he
l
a
nds
c
a
pe
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
E
U
:
w
i
l
l
t
he
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
c
h
p
r
oduc
e
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
d
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
?
,”
E
duc
at
i
on
and
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
vol
.
27,
no.
3,
pp.
3011
–
3036,
2022,
doi
:
10.1007/
s
10639
-
021
-
10704
-
y.
[
6]
C
. M
. D
.
T
oque
r
o a
nd D
.
M
. P
. U
l
a
nda
y,
“
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y gr
a
dua
t
e
s
’
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
t
he
r
e
l
e
va
nc
e
of
t
he
c
ur
r
i
c
ul
um
t
o t
he
l
a
bor
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n t
he
P
hi
l
i
ppi
ne
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
n E
duc
at
i
on
, vol
. 9, no. 1, pp. 19
–
37, 2021, doi
:
10.5296/
i
r
e
.v9i
1.17421.
[
7]
O
.
O
s
unj
i
,
“
B
r
i
dgi
ng
t
he
di
s
c
onne
c
t
w
i
t
hi
n
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
w
or
kf
or
c
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n,”
J
our
nal
of
C
ol
l
oqui
um
on
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
E
duc
at
i
on
, vol
. 9, no. 1, pp. 1
–
6, 2022.
[
8]
F
.
K
i
t
s
i
os
,
E
.
C
ha
t
z
i
di
m
i
t
r
i
ou,
a
nd
M
.
K
a
m
a
r
i
ot
ou,
“
T
he
I
S
O
/
I
E
C
27001
i
n
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
t
a
nda
r
d:
how
t
o
e
xt
r
a
c
t
va
l
ue
f
r
om
da
t
a
i
n t
he
I
T
s
e
c
t
or
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 15, no. 7, 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u15075828.
[
9]
A
S
E
A
N
I
nnova
t
i
on
B
us
i
ne
s
s
P
l
a
t
f
or
m
,
“
C
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n
A
S
E
A
N
:
n
a
vi
ga
t
i
ng t
he
e
vol
vi
ng
t
hr
e
a
t
l
a
nds
c
a
pe
.”
A
I
B
P
R
e
por
t
,
2025.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
. A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.a
i
bp.s
g/
a
i
bp
-
r
e
por
t
s
/
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
-
r
e
por
t
-
a
s
e
a
n
[
10]
M
. C
oe
nr
a
a
d,
A
. P
e
l
l
i
c
one
, D
. J
. K
e
t
e
l
hut
, M
.
C
uki
e
r
, J
. P
l
a
ne
, a
nd D
. W
e
i
nt
r
op, “
E
xpe
r
i
e
nc
i
ng c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y one
ga
m
e
a
t
a
t
i
m
e
:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
di
gi
t
a
l
ga
m
e
s
,”
Si
m
ul
at
i
on
and
G
am
i
ng
,
vol
.
51,
no.
5,
pp.
586
–
611,
2020,
doi
:
10.1177/
1046878120933312.
[
11]
T
.
S
i
ngh,
A
.
C
.
J
ohns
t
on,
J
.
D
’
A
r
c
y,
a
nd
P
.
D
.
H
a
r
m
s
,
“
S
t
r
e
s
s
i
n
t
he
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
pr
of
e
s
s
i
on:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
a
nd
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,”
O
r
gani
z
at
i
onal
C
y
b
e
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
J
our
nal
:
P
r
ac
t
i
c
e
,
P
r
oc
e
s
s
,
P
e
opl
e
,
vol
.
3,
no.
2
,
pp. 100
–
126, 2023, doi
:
10.1108/
O
C
J
-
06
-
2022
-
0012.
[
12]
I
S
C
2,
“
(
I
S
C
)
2
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
w
or
kf
or
c
e
s
t
udy,”
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
O
c
t
.
01,
2025,
2022.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
e
dge
.s
i
t
e
c
or
e
c
l
oud.i
o/
i
nt
e
r
na
t
i
onf
173
-
xm
c
4e
73
-
pr
odbc
0f
-
9660/
m
e
di
a
/
P
r
oj
e
c
t
/
I
S
C
2/
M
a
i
n/
M
e
di
a
/
doc
um
e
nt
s
/
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h/
I
S
C
2
-
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ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
-
W
or
kf
or
c
e
-
S
t
udy
-
2022.pdf
.
[
13]
W
or
l
d
E
c
onom
i
c
F
or
um
,
F
ut
ur
e
of
J
obs
R
e
por
t
2025,
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
O
c
t
.
01,
2025,
2025.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
r
e
por
t
s
.w
e
f
or
um
.or
g/
doc
s
/
W
E
F
_F
ut
u
r
e
_of
_J
obs
_R
e
por
t
_2025.pdf
.
[
14]
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on
of
S
out
he
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
n
N
a
t
i
ons
(
A
S
E
A
N
)
,
A
S
E
A
N
C
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
on
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
(
2021
–
2025)
,
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
O
c
t
.
01,
2025,
2024.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
s
e
a
n.or
g/
w
p
-
c
ont
e
nt
/
upl
oa
ds
/
2022
/
02/
01
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A
S
E
A
N
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C
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r
s
e
c
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i
t
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C
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a
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i
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s
s
oc
i
a
t
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on
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he
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
n
N
a
t
i
ons
(
A
S
E
A
N
)
,
A
S
E
A
N
D
i
gi
t
a
l
M
a
s
t
e
r
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a
n
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t
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a
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nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
D
I
C
T
)
,
na
t
i
ona
l
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
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n,
N
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l
l
i
,
a
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.
V
e
r
non,
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T
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
t
w
e
nt
y
-
f
i
r
s
t
c
e
nt
ur
y
s
ki
l
l
s
a
nd
c
om
put
i
ng
c
ogni
t
i
on
c
ybe
r
s
ki
l
l
s
on
gr
a
dua
t
e
s
’
w
or
k
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
i
n
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y,”
i
n
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n
Se
c
ur
i
t
y
,
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
and
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
,
K
.
D
a
i
m
i
,
H
.
R
.
A
r
a
bni
a
,
L
.
D
e
l
i
gi
a
nni
di
s
,
M
.
-
S
.
H
w
a
ng,
a
nd
F
.
G
.
T
i
ne
t
t
i
,
E
ds
.
C
ha
m
:
S
pr
i
nge
r
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
P
ubl
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s
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M
a
ur
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r
,
M
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ne
r
,
D
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ol
a
,
K
.
P
e
a
r
l
s
on,
a
nd
T
.
J
a
c
ks
,
“
T
he
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
s
ur
ve
y:
r
e
s
pon
s
e
t
o
t
he
2020
S
I
M
I
T
t
r
e
nds
s
t
udy,”
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
2021
C
om
put
e
r
s
and
P
e
opl
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
(
SI
G
M
I
S
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C
P
R
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M
.
H
i
r
uda
ya
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a
j
,
R
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B
a
ke
r
,
F
.
B
a
ke
r
,
a
nd
M
.
E
a
s
t
m
a
n,
“
S
of
t
s
ki
l
l
s
f
or
e
nt
r
y
-
l
e
ve
l
e
ngi
ne
e
r
s
:
w
ha
t
e
m
pl
oye
r
s
w
a
nt
,”
E
duc
at
i
on
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
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G
a
r
y,
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n
t
e
r
ns
hi
p
a
nd
j
ob
a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
of
ve
t
e
r
a
ns
i
n
a
gr
a
d
ua
t
e
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
de
gr
e
e
pr
ogr
a
m
.”
D
i
s
s
e
r
t
at
i
on,
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
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nl
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.
B
e
ndl
e
r
a
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e
l
de
r
e
r
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om
pe
t
e
nc
y
m
ode
l
s
f
or
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
nd
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
:
A
na
l
ys
i
s
of
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
w
or
k a
nd a
ne
w
m
ode
l
,”
A
C
M
T
r
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ac
t
i
ons
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om
put
i
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P
huong,
“
T
e
a
c
hi
ng
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y:
a
pr
oj
e
c
t
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
gui
de
d
i
nqui
r
y
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h.”
T
he
s
e
s
,
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
of
T
e
nne
s
s
e
e
at
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hat
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A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
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ht
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ps
:
/
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s
c
hol
a
r
.ut
c
.e
du/
c
gi
/
vi
e
w
c
ont
e
nt
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gi
?
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
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e
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G
.
H
a
t
z
i
va
s
i
l
i
s
e
t
al
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,
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M
ode
r
n
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
c
ybe
r
-
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd
c
ont
i
nuo
us
a
da
pt
a
t
i
on
of
pr
ogr
a
m
m
e
s
t
o
t
r
a
i
ne
e
s
,”
A
ppl
i
e
d
Sc
i
e
nc
e
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ni
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l
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M
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ul
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a
r
ke
y,
a
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M
.
A
gr
a
w
a
l
,
“
R
Q
l
a
bs
:
a
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
w
or
kf
or
c
e
s
ki
l
l
s
d
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
o
n
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
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O
E
C
D
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“
B
ui
l
di
ng
a
s
ki
l
l
e
d
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
w
or
kf
or
c
e
i
n
L
a
t
i
n
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
:
i
ns
i
ght
s
f
r
om
C
hi
l
e
,
C
ol
om
bi
a
a
nd
M
e
xi
c
o.
”
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a
r
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A
hm
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M
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T
.
F
a
t
t
a
ni
,
S
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R
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A
l
i
,
a
nd
R
.
N
.
E
na
m
,
“
S
t
r
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
t
he
br
i
d
ge
be
t
w
e
e
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
nd
t
he
i
ndus
t
r
y
t
hr
ough
t
h
e
a
c
a
de
m
i
a
-
i
ndus
t
r
y c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on pl
a
n de
s
i
gn m
ode
l
,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
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L
i
,
“
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e
s
ki
l
l
i
ng
a
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ups
ki
l
l
i
ng
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
-
r
e
a
dy
w
or
kf
o
r
c
e
f
or
I
ndus
t
r
y
4.0
a
nd
be
yond,”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
F
r
ont
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e
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C
how
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r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
f
or
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on:
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
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c
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l
s
ki
l
l
s
ne
e
de
d
by
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
gr
a
dua
t
e
s
,”
i
n
2020
I
E
E
E
G
l
obal
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
E
duc
at
i
on
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
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C
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t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
i
n
t
he
U
K
l
a
bour
m
a
r
ke
t
2020.”
F
i
ndi
n
gs
r
e
por
t
,
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
f
or
D
i
gi
t
al
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ul
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e
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M
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di
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t
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O
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t
s
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s
hi
ng.s
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y
be
r
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e
c
ur
i
t
y_s
ki
l
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s
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r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
:
a
c
ont
e
nt
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
j
ob
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
ons
i
n
S
out
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
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n
P
r
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e
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V
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nt
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r
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M
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L
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k
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M
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C
oe
t
z
e
e
,
M
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l
of
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and
J
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E
l
of
f
,
C
ha
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r
I
nt
e
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na
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ubl
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t
r
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but
i
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of
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ki
l
l
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
gr
a
dua
t
e
s
i
n
I
ndone
s
i
a
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t
y
f
or
t
he
s
t
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
of
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
d
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
i
n
t
he
di
gi
t
a
l
e
c
onom
y
m
a
r
ke
t
s
,”
i
n
A
nt
i
-
C
r
i
s
i
s
A
ppr
oac
h t
o t
he
P
r
ov
i
s
i
on of
t
he
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
Su
s
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
of
E
c
ono
m
y
, E
. G
. P
opkova
a
nd
B
. S
. S
e
r
gi
, E
ds
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i
nga
por
e
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S
pr
i
nge
r
N
a
t
ur
e
S
i
nga
por
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N
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m
a
ngo a
nd
T
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undu, “
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e
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s
e
c
ur
i
t
y a
s
a
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
f
or
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nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
,”
i
n
Sout
h A
f
r
i
c
an
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
an
d
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
T
r
e
nds
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A
.
G
e
r
be
r
,
E
d.
C
ha
m
:
S
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N
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.
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pa
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“
I
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i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on,
va
l
i
di
t
y,
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
21s
t
-
c
e
nt
ur
y
w
or
kp
l
a
c
e
s
ki
l
l
s
f
or
on
-
t
he
-
j
ob
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
um
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
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J
our
nal
of
E
v
al
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ur
i
t
y
a
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w
ha
t
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
s
ki
l
l
s
a
r
e
e
m
pl
oye
r
s
s
e
e
ki
ng?
,”
I
s
s
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s
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n
I
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r
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C
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t
t
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c
ki
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c
ybe
r
t
hr
e
a
t
s
:
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
t
he
f
ut
u
r
e
of
c
ybe
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e
c
ur
i
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e
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t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
s
ki
l
l
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
i
ndus
t
r
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s
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ur
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t
r
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t
e
gi
e
s
on
t
he
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m
pr
ove
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e
nt
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
e
duc
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:
h
ow
s
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d
bi
ol
ogy
be
t
a
ught
i
n
a
f
l
e
xi
bl
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
oda
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
P
hi
l
i
ppi
ne
s
,”
Sout
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E
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l
i
t
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s
k
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s
of
r
e
a
l
e
s
t
a
t
e
gr
a
dua
t
e
s
i
n
N
i
ge
r
i
a
:
a
s
ki
l
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ga
p
a
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l
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i
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ė
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R
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m
a
ppi
ng
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
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y
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
e
s
i
n a
s
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t
i
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i
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h
e
ne
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y:
t
he
c
a
s
e
of
E
T
T
C
S
C
ybe
r
T
e
a
c
h
pr
oj
e
c
t
,”
I
nf
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m
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i
on
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C
om
put
e
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Se
c
u
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he
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d
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K
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N
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P
ol
e
m
i
,
“
T
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
ha
r
m
oni
s
a
t
i
on
of
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
nd
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
i
n
t
he
E
ur
ope
a
n
U
ni
on
t
h
r
ough
i
nnova
t
i
on
p
r
oj
e
c
t
s
,”
i
n
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I
E
E
E
G
l
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E
ng
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ne
e
r
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ng
E
duc
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C
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S
O
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onf
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i
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s
i
n
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r
s
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c
ur
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y:
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i
va
c
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ve
r
s
us
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c
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c
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y
:
t
he
s
t
r
at
e
gy
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k
i
l
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e
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uc
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ge
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e
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a
pp
f
or
a
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i
t
h
i
nf
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a
t
i
c
s
s
t
u
de
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.”
M
I
nf
P
r
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e
c
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(
P
ar
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1)
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i
nf
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m
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a
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ke
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M
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H
.
G
e
or
ge
,
“
T
he
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
e
of
c
yb
e
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
m
e
di
c
i
ne
:
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
ng
i
m
pl
a
nt
e
d
de
vi
c
e
s
f
r
om
c
ybe
r
t
hr
e
a
t
s
,”
P
ar
t
ne
r
s
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
I
nnov
at
i
on R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h P
ubl
i
c
at
i
ons
, vol
. 1, no. 2, pp. 93
–
11
1, 2023, doi
:
10.5281/
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e
nodo.10206563.
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R
.
Z
ue
ge
r
,
M
.
N
i
e
de
r
ha
us
e
r
,
C
.
U
t
z
i
nge
r
,
H
.
A
nne
n,
a
nd
U
.
E
hl
e
r
t
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
on
m
e
nt
a
l
,
e
m
ot
i
ona
l
,
a
nd
phys
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
e
s
s
out
c
om
e
s
i
n
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
of
f
i
c
e
r
c
a
de
t
s
,”
M
i
l
i
t
ar
y
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
,
vol
.
35,
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6,
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566
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576,
2023,
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K
.
H
a
ne
ga
n,
f
ut
ur
e
-
pr
oof
i
ng
you
r
c
a
r
e
e
r
:
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
s
ki
l
l
s
f
or
2024,
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d:
A
pr
.
10,
2025,
2024.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.t
ur
ni
ngda
t
a
i
nt
ow
i
s
dom
.c
om
/
f
ut
ur
e
-
pr
oo
f
i
ng
-
your
-
c
a
r
e
e
r
-
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
-
s
ki
l
l
s
-
f
or
-
2024/
.
[
57]
M
. A
. R
a
hi
m
,
M
anagi
ng c
onf
l
i
c
t
i
n or
gani
z
at
i
ons
, 5t
h e
d.
N
e
w
Y
or
k:
R
out
l
e
dg
e
, 2023. doi
:
10.4324/
9781003285861.
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58]
J
. O
a
na
a
nd A
. I
. O
na
, “
A
s
s
e
r
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
i
n
s
e
l
f
-
f
ul
f
i
l
l
m
e
nt
a
nd pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
uc
c
e
s
s
:
i
nt
e
r
pe
r
s
ona
l
dyna
m
i
c
s
i
n t
he
di
d
a
c
t
i
c
r
e
l
a
t
i
on,”
P
s
y
c
hol
ogy
, vol
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–
1247, 2019, doi
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ps
yc
h.2019.108
079.
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H
. M
ohe
l
s
ka
a
nd V
. Z
ubr
, “
F
i
na
nc
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y a
s
a
p
a
r
t
of
l
i
f
e
l
ong e
duc
a
t
i
on,”
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
16t
h I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on C
ogni
t
i
on and E
x
pl
or
at
or
y
L
e
ar
ni
ng i
n D
i
gi
t
al
A
ge
, 2019, pp. 1
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8. doi
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c
e
l
da
2019_201911L
028.
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M
.
Y
.
B
.
M
.
I
s
a
,
W
.
N
.
B
.
W
.
I
br
a
hi
m
,
a
nd
Z
.
M
oha
m
e
d,
“
T
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
i
na
nc
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
nd
publ
i
c
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
o
n
c
om
ba
t
i
ng
t
he
t
hr
e
a
t
o
f
c
ybe
r
c
r
i
m
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
,”
J
our
nal
of
I
ndus
t
r
i
al
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
and B
us
i
ne
s
s
,
vol
.
12,
no.
12,
pp.
1
–
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2021,
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O
.
S
one
r
a
nd
C
.
K
a
nde
m
i
r
,
“
P
r
opos
i
ng
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
s
ki
l
l
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
m
a
r
i
t
i
m
e
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y,”
C
ogni
t
i
on,
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and
W
or
k
, 2024, doi
:
10.1007/
s
10111
-
024
-
00760
-
y.
A
P
P
E
N
D
I
X
T
a
bl
e
2. K
e
y
s
ki
ll
s
a
nd c
om
p
e
t
e
nc
ie
s
S
ki
l
l
s
/
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
D
e
f
i
ni
t
i
on
B
a
s
i
s
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
T
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
onve
y
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
l
y
a
nd
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
t
o
t
e
a
m
m
e
m
be
r
s
,
c
l
i
e
nt
s
,
a
nd
s
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
s
, bot
h ve
r
ba
l
l
y a
nd i
n w
r
i
t
i
ng, i
n a
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y c
ont
e
xt
.
[
29]
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30]
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
hi
nki
ng
T
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
a
na
l
yz
e
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
e
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
obj
e
c
t
i
ve
l
y,
i
de
nt
i
f
y
vul
ne
r
a
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
nd
de
vi
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
s
ol
ut
i
ons
i
n a
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y c
ont
e
xt
.
[
31]
, [
32]
E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
i
a
l
T
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y t
o t
hi
nk c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
l
y, t
a
ke
i
ni
t
i
a
t
i
ve
, a
nd a
da
pt
qui
c
kl
y
t
o e
m
e
r
gi
ng c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
w
i
t
hi
n t
he
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y f
i
e
l
d.
[
33]
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34]
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