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Dec
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1
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P
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h
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e
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h
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ra
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teristics
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th
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m
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d
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o
f
h
e
a
lt
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les
is r
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K
ey
w
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:
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lth
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ty
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Par
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ts
Pre
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ch
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CC B
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Sch
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1.
I
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T
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p
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tan
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p
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Nu
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tio
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th
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ar
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ten
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to
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lth
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d
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p
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k
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ten
d
ed
f
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p
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r
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th
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f
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r
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in
p
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g
h
e
alth
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life
s
ty
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h
ab
its
i
s
u
n
d
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esti
m
ated
[
1
]
.
Su
ch
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
es
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r
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m
an
y
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f
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p
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u
cc
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T
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p
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a
q
u
an
titativ
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ap
p
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ac
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to
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ate
p
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p
a
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in
im
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g
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lth
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life
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ag
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t o
f
th
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b
e
h
av
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s
[
2
]
.
Un
d
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tan
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in
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f
ac
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r
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is
cr
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5
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5
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2
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.
R
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I
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I
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t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
37
-
1
8
48
1838
ch
ild
-
r
esp
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n
s
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f
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Var
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e
b
r
ea
d
,
f
r
u
its
,
an
d
v
eg
eta
b
les
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
b
etwe
en
ch
ild
r
e
n
wh
o
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
v
eg
etab
les
a
n
d
m
o
th
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
attain
e
d
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
]
.
L
o
wer
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
p
ar
e
n
ts
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
en
f
o
r
ce
ea
tin
g
r
u
les
at
h
o
m
e
th
an
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
p
ar
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
’
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
r
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
5
]
.
A
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
am
o
n
g
p
a
r
en
ts
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Gr
ee
ce
[
6
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
r
elate
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
ies ab
o
u
t p
ar
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Gr
ee
ce
ar
e
s
till
m
is
s
in
g
.
Ad
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
a
h
e
al
th
y
l
if
e
s
t
y
le
i
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
il
e
a
g
en
d
er
-
r
e
l
a
ted
v
ar
i
at
io
n
h
a
s
al
s
o
b
e
en
r
e
co
r
d
ed
.
Su
ch
v
ar
i
ab
le
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ex
a
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
wo
r
k
an
d
f
a
m
i
ly
b
eh
av
io
u
r
p
a
tt
er
n
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
h
e
al
th
.
Mu
lt
ip
le
jo
b
s
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
s
h
if
t
an
d
o
v
er
tim
e
w
o
r
k
,
r
e
s
tr
ic
t
p
ar
e
n
t
s
’
ab
i
li
ty
to
p
ar
t
ic
ip
a
te
in
f
am
i
l
y
m
ea
ls
[
7
]
.
W
o
r
k
-
r
el
at
ed
s
k
i
ll
s
o
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
ay
en
h
an
c
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
ab
i
l
ity
to
m
ee
t
f
am
ily
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
a
h
ea
l
th
ier
l
if
es
ty
le.
Mo
th
er
s
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
ei
r
r
o
le
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
il
ity
as
c
at
al
y
t
ic,
esp
ec
ia
lly
in
r
e
la
tio
n
to
f
e
ed
in
g
th
ei
r
ch
i
ld
r
en
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
e
f
a
m
i
ly
’
s
d
a
ily
f
o
o
d
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
cu
l
tu
r
a
l
co
n
tex
t
s
,
m
o
th
e
r
s
h
av
e
th
e
te
n
d
en
cy
t
o
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
t
im
e
c
ate
r
in
g
f
o
r
th
ei
r
ch
i
ld
r
en
an
d
f
am
i
li
es
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
eir
at
ti
tu
d
e
s
to
war
d
s
ea
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
ar
e
cr
u
c
ia
l.
Pr
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
a
r
g
u
e
th
a
t
m
o
th
er
s
’
wo
r
k
s
c
h
ed
u
le
i
s
cr
i
ti
ca
l
f
o
r
th
eir
ab
il
ity
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
a
l
an
ce
an
d
ad
ap
t
t
o
th
e
n
e
ed
s
o
f
th
e
ir
f
am
i
l
ie
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
m
o
t
h
er
s
’
f
lex
ib
l
e
w
o
r
k
s
ch
ed
u
l
e
s
al
lo
w
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
an
d
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
at
io
n
o
f
d
a
ily
f
a
m
i
ly
ea
tin
g
r
o
u
ti
n
e
s
.
Op
ti
m
i
z
ed
ea
ti
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
e
s
en
a
b
l
ed
s
ch
ed
u
le
s
t
a
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
am
i
ly
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
t
ed
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
e
al
th
y
l
if
es
ty
le.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
el
at
ed
d
a
ta
ab
o
u
t
p
ar
en
t
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
il
d
r
en
in
Gr
e
ec
e
[
6
]
,
b
u
t
th
e
av
ai
lab
le
d
ata
f
o
r
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
p
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l c
h
i
ld
r
en
ar
e
s
c
ar
c
e.
C
h
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
4
–
7
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
at
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
an
d
li
v
in
g
i
n
Nav
a
r
r
a,
Sp
ain
,
wer
e
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
ch
ild
r
e
n
w
h
o
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
h
ad
h
ea
lth
ier
lu
n
c
h
attitu
d
es
wer
e
less
lik
ely
to
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
m
ic
r
o
n
u
tr
ien
t
in
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
a
n
d
p
r
esen
ted
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
a
d
h
er
e
n
c
e
to
th
e
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
d
iet
[
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
was
wi
tn
ess
ed
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
an
s
wer
ed
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
y
-
ea
tin
g
attitu
d
es
in
d
e
x
t
en
d
ed
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
u
its
,
v
eg
etab
les,
an
d
f
is
h
,
a
n
d
less
b
u
tter
an
d
m
ea
t
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
d
ietar
y
in
tak
es o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
ies ten
d
ed
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
th
o
s
e
f
o
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
8
]
.
I
t w
ill b
e
v
er
y
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
s
ee
if
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Gr
ee
ce
an
d
o
th
er
Me
d
iter
r
a
n
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies.
-
Ob
s
tacle
s
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
W
HO
,
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ed
b
y
liv
in
g
in
a
way
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
is
k
s
o
f
s
er
io
u
s
illn
ess
o
r
p
r
em
atu
r
e
d
ea
th
[
9
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
T
h
ese
b
ar
r
ier
s
ar
i
s
e
f
r
o
m
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
in
ter
f
er
e
with
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
its
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
th
e
p
lan
o
f
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
in
g
b
eh
av
io
u
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
[
1
0
]
.
Facilitato
r
s
m
ap
p
ed
to
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
el
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
th
e
r
ea
lity
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
em
s
elv
es
as
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
ch
ild
o
b
esit
y
o
r
p
ar
en
tal
b
elief
th
at
cu
ltiv
atin
g
h
ea
lth
y
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
s
tar
t e
ar
l
y
i
n
a
ch
ild
'
s
life
[
1
1
]
.
P
a
r
e
n
ts
’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
l
i
v
i
n
g
p
l
a
y
s
a
d
e
ci
s
i
v
e
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
es
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
te
d
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
e
a
t
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
ts
,
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
i
g
n
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
m
e
a
l
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
ag
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
a
lt
h
-
l
i
m
it
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
l
i
k
e
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
[
1
2
]
.
D
a
l
m
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
b
a
r
r
ie
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
o
f
a
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
l
i
f
es
t
y
le
i
n
G
r
e
ec
e
.
T
h
e
i
r
r
e
s
u
l
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
h
i
b
it
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
e
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
i
v
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
s
:
i
)
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
’
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
d
i
s
t
r
es
s
,
ii
)
l
i
m
it
e
d
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
iii
)
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
r
e
s
is
t
a
n
ce
t
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
e
a
t
i
n
g
.
U
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
a
t
e
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
e
d
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
e
x
t
r
ac
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
ti
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
b
o
u
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
l
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
a
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
r
e
g
i
o
n
in
G
r
e
e
c
e
(
A
t
h
e
n
s
)
.
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
at
i
v
e
r
es
u
l
ts
w
i
ll
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
s
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
G
r
e
e
k
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
o
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
n
o
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
i
n
G
r
e
e
c
e
c
an
b
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
p
a
r
en
ts
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
2
-
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
wh
o
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ex
ter
n
al
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
ei
r
f
am
ily
'
s
h
ea
lth
y
liv
in
g
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
tim
e,
co
s
t,
wea
th
er
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
[
1
3
]
.
T
wo
p
r
im
a
r
y
th
em
es
e
m
er
g
ed
,
r
elate
d
to
cu
ltu
r
al
f
a
cto
r
s
.
On
e
was
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
b
ein
g
f
am
iliar
to
a
ce
r
tain
life
s
ty
le,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
was th
e
co
n
f
lict b
etwe
en
s
o
cia
l n
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
with
m
ain
s
tr
ea
m
cu
ltu
r
e
[
1
3
]
.
I
t is o
b
s
cu
r
e
if
cu
ltu
r
al
f
a
cto
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
p
ar
e
n
ts
'
ea
t
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
Gr
ee
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics’
imp
a
ct
o
f h
ea
lth
y
lifes
tyle
in
p
a
r
en
ts
w
ith
p
r
esch
o
o
lers
…
(
E
ir
in
i Ch
i
to
u
)
1839
So
m
etim
es,
b
ar
r
ier
th
em
es
ar
e
tim
e
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
co
s
t,
p
a
r
en
ts
’
lack
o
f
tim
e
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
f
am
ily
m
em
b
e
r
s
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
B
ar
r
ier
s
in
clu
d
e
d
b
elief
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
r
ewa
r
d
s
to
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
ch
ild
ea
tin
g
,
b
elief
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
cr
ee
n
s
as
b
ab
y
s
itter
s
,
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
d
is
em
p
o
wer
ed
to
c
h
an
g
e
s
leep
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
1
5
]
.
Par
en
ts
o
f
p
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
lack
o
f
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
h
e
alth
y
ea
tin
g
h
a
b
its
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ey
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
f
o
o
d
co
s
t,
lac
k
o
f
tim
e,
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
,
ea
tin
g
s
c
h
ed
u
les,
an
d
c
o
n
f
licts
o
v
er
f
o
o
d
[
1
6
]
.
So
m
e
p
a
r
en
ts
also
n
o
t
ed
a
lack
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
tim
e
as
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
ac
ti
v
e
p
lay
with
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
b
el
iev
ed
th
at
d
ietar
y
h
ab
its
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
[
1
6
]
.
T
y
p
ical
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
m
ak
in
g
h
ea
lth
y
ch
o
ices
in
clu
d
ed
lac
k
o
f
tim
e,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
af
ety
,
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
o
r
tio
n
s
ize
an
d
c
o
o
k
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
way
s
t
o
p
r
ep
ar
e
h
ea
lth
y
f
o
o
d
s
o
r
en
g
ag
e
in
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
o
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
,
as
well
a
s
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
o
p
tio
n
s
an
d
h
av
in
g
f
am
ily
m
em
b
e
r
s
wh
o
wer
e
p
ick
y
ea
ter
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
wo
u
l
d
b
e
v
er
y
in
te
r
esti
n
g
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
t
r
en
d
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
G
r
ee
k
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
em
p
l
o
y
er
s
o
f
ten
ten
d
to
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices,
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
ed
u
les,
wo
r
k
b
r
ea
k
s
,
o
v
er
tim
e
,
an
d
s
h
if
ts
,
f
o
r
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
d
is
co
u
r
ag
e
p
a
r
en
ts
f
r
o
m
im
p
l
em
en
tin
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
m
e
al
s
ch
ed
u
le
with
in
th
eir
f
am
ilies
.
Sch
ed
u
le
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
l
e
s
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
wo
r
k
i
n
g
f
ath
er
s
m
ay
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
am
o
n
g
p
ar
en
ts
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
th
em
es h
a
v
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
Gr
ee
k
p
a
r
en
ts
.
-
Aim
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
A
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
b
r
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
b
en
e
f
its
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
h
ea
lth
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
o
n
-
co
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
d
is
ea
s
es
;
th
u
s
,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
i
ts
is
o
f
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
way
o
f
liv
in
g
is
ex
tr
em
ely
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
n
o
n
-
co
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
d
is
ea
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
ty
p
e
I
I
d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
,
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
s
er
io
u
s
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
l
ar
-
r
elate
d
d
is
ea
s
es
,
an
d
m
ay
p
r
o
v
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
r
m
en
tal
illn
ess
[
1
8
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
h
a
v
e
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
a
n
d
a
h
ea
lth
y
s
tatu
s
[
1
7
]
.
R
ejec
tio
n
o
f
d
et
r
im
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
(
s
u
ch
as
alc
o
h
o
l
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
m
o
k
i
n
g
a
d
d
ictio
n
)
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
a
b
its
(
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
y
m
ea
ls
a
n
d
d
ail
y
ex
er
cise)
m
a
y
d
elay
th
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
ch
r
o
n
ic
d
is
ea
s
es
o
r
ev
en
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
eir
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
R
eg
u
lar
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
en
tails
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Ph
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
(
9
0
m
i
n
a
wee
k
o
r
1
5
m
in
a
d
a
y
)
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
life
s
p
an
an
d
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
all
-
ca
u
s
e
an
d
ca
n
ce
r
-
ca
u
s
e
m
o
r
tality
[
2
1
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ar
i
an
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
o
p
t
a
h
ea
lth
ier
life
s
ty
le
[
2
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
T
en
jin
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
a
n
d
W
ijay
ar
atn
e
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
th
e
f
am
il
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
life
s
ty
le
tr
en
d
s
)
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
f
ee
d
in
g
h
ab
its
o
f
th
e
f
a
m
ily
as a
wh
o
le.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
was
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
a
cto
r
s
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
f
am
ily
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
les
in
a
Gr
ee
k
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
(
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
with
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
,
[
6
]
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
elo
w:
i
)
T
o
wh
at
ex
t
en
t
d
o
Gr
ee
k
p
ar
en
ts
f
o
llo
w
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le?
ii
)
W
h
at
is
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
Gr
ee
k
p
ar
en
ts
’
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
ier
life
s
ty
l
e?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
p
ar
e
n
t
s
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
li
v
in
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
ca
p
ital,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
o
c
io
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
th
at
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
d
esig
n
e
d
t
o
in
clu
d
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
e
p
ast,
s
u
ch
as
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
elate
d
to
co
m
m
u
tin
g
tim
e
an
d
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
to
a
n
aly
s
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
its
,
d
ietar
y
p
r
ac
tices,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
a
h
e
alth
y
life
s
ty
le,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
ep
u
tab
le
o
u
tlets
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
ea
lth
y
liv
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
ad
h
er
e
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
lif
esty
le
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
m
an
y
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
e
v
alu
ated
d
ata
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
t
s
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
f
o
llo
w
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
5
]
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
d
i
r
ec
tly
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
iews
o
f
p
ar
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
n
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
les
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
cio
-
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
to
g
en
e
r
alize
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
en
tire
Gr
ee
k
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
in
d
u
ctiv
e
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
o
r
d
in
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t.
Un
lik
e
b
asic
clo
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
s
en
ab
le
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
g
ath
er
r
ich
er
,
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
d
ata,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
d
e
p
th
o
f
th
eir
in
s
ig
h
ts
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
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t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
37
-
1
8
48
1840
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
1
p
ar
en
ts
(
4
7
wo
m
en
an
d
4
m
e
n
)
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
a
r
eg
io
n
in
th
e
I
o
n
ian
I
s
lan
d
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
Gr
ee
k
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
m
o
th
er
s
’
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
eir
ch
il
d
r
en
'
s
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
is
ty
p
ically
ca
taly
tic,
wh
il
e
th
e
f
ath
er
’
s
r
o
le
is
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
.
T
h
is
lik
ely
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
lo
wer
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
f
ath
er
s
i
n
f
illi
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
atten
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
k
i
n
d
er
g
a
r
ten
s
an
d
n
u
r
s
er
ies,
wit
h
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ag
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
to
6
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
(
th
e
av
er
ag
e
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
was 4
.
4
y
ea
r
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
was
in
ten
tio
n
ally
lo
ca
ted
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
d
is
tin
ct
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
en
ts
'
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
Ν
ο
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
4
(
7
.
8
)
F
e
mal
e
4
7
(
9
2
.
2
)
A
g
e
25
-
34
1
2
(
2
3
.
5
)
35
-
44
3
0
(
5
8
.
8
)
45
-
54
7
(
1
3
.
7
)
>
5
5
2
(
3
.
9
)
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
–
c
o
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
3
4
(
6
6
.
7
)
S
i
n
g
l
e
8
(
1
5
.
7
)
D
i
v
o
r
c
e
d
9
(
1
7
.
6
)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s l
e
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
i
mary
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
p
l
o
ma
1
(
2
)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
p
l
o
ma
1
1
(
2
1
.
6
)
P
o
st
-
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
n
o
n
-
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
7
(
1
3
.
7
)
Te
r
t
i
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
1
(
4
1
.
2
)
M
a
s
t
e
r
/
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
1
1
(
2
1
.
6
)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s l
e
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
p
l
o
ma
1
0
(
1
9
.
6
)
P
o
st
-
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
n
o
n
-
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
7
(
1
3
.
7
)
Te
r
t
i
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
(
3
9
.
2
)
M
a
s
t
e
r
/
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
1
4
(
2
7
.
5
)
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
R
a
n
g
e
A
V
G
S
.
D
A
g
e
0
.
2
5
-
1
2
.
5
4
.
4
2
.
8
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
p
ar
e
n
ts
in
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
.
Du
e
to
th
e
r
estrictiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
an
d
co
llectin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
p
r
o
v
ed
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
o
p
en
.
T
h
e
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
p
ar
en
ts
)
was
b
ased
o
n
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
.
I
t
to
o
k
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
to
2
m
o
n
th
s
to
g
ath
er
th
e
co
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
B
y
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
Ma
y
,
all
th
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es h
a
d
b
ee
n
co
llec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
e
n
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
7
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es we
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
a
n
d
5
1
wer
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
f
u
lly
c
o
m
p
leted
.
T
h
is
n
u
m
b
er
was
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
an
d
n
o
a
d
d
itio
n
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
co
llected
s
in
ce
it
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
t
h
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
test
s
:
th
e
k
ap
p
a
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
test
(
1
5
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
)
,
th
e
i
n
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
(
2
2
p
ar
t
icip
an
t
s
)
an
d
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
te
s
t
(
2
4
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
)
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
a
2
0
.
0
%
an
ticip
ated
n
o
n
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate,
th
e
lar
g
est
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
s
am
p
le
s
i
ze
(
2
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
test
)
was
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
0
.
8
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
il
o
t
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
[
2
8
]
.
Similar
s
am
p
le
s
izes
(
4
6
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
in
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
Ma
y
2
0
2
2
,
an
d
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
en
r
o
ll
ed
s
in
ce
th
at
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
o
ci
o
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
en
ts
ar
e
d
etailed
in
T
ab
les 1
a
n
d
2
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ures
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
in
clu
d
ed
clo
s
ed
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
r
ela
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
was
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ed
b
y
clo
s
ed
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
f
r
o
m
1
=
n
e
v
er
t
o
5
=
alwa
y
s
)
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
e
life
s
ty
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t.
A
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
co
r
e
α
=
0
.
8
0
8
,
was
o
b
tai
n
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
u
r
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
i)
Hea
lth
y
h
ab
its
:
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
clu
d
ed
ten
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
eig
h
t
o
f
wh
ich
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
its
an
d
two
ex
am
i
n
ed
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
s
)
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
was
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
(α
=
0
.
7
4
6
,
T
ab
le
4
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics’
imp
a
ct
o
f h
ea
lth
y
lifes
tyle
in
p
a
r
en
ts
w
ith
p
r
esch
o
o
lers
…
(
E
ir
in
i Ch
i
to
u
)
1841
ii)
Hea
lth
y
d
iet:
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
n
in
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
s
ev
e
n
o
f
wh
ich
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet,
th
at
is
,
f
iv
e
d
aily
m
ea
ls
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
h
e
alth
y
d
aily
m
ea
ls
)
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
q
u
esti
o
n
was
ad
d
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
was
also
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
(α
=
0
.
7
0
5
,
T
ab
le
4
)
.
iii)
Ab
ilit
y
to
a
d
h
er
e
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le:
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
h
er
e
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
(
ta
k
in
g
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
eir
s
p
ar
e
tim
e
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
s
tatu
s
)
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
was satis
f
ac
to
r
y
(
α
=
0
.
7
4
1
,
T
ab
le
4
)
.
iv
)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
r
ep
u
tab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ab
o
u
t
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
t
y
le:
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
r
elied
o
n
f
o
u
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
aim
ed
at
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
s
u
ch
k
n
o
wled
g
e
was
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
ea
tin
g
h
a
b
its
,
as
well
as
th
e
r
ep
u
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
was
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
(
α
=
0
.
7
5
5
,
T
ab
le
4
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Par
en
t’
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
etails
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
d
e
t
a
i
l
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
Ν
o
(
%)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
1
7
(
3
3
.
3
)
S
e
l
f
-
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
2
0
(
3
9
.
2
)
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
1
0
(
1
9
.
6
)
P
a
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
3
(
5
.
9
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
1
(
2
)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
2
2
(
4
3
.
1
)
S
e
l
f
-
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
4
(
7
.
8
)
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
em
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
1
6
(
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1
.
4
)
P
a
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
6
(
1
1
.
8
)
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
3
(
5
.
9
)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s wo
r
k
i
n
g
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
F
u
l
l
-
t
i
m
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
(
6
h
o
u
r
s/
8
h
o
u
r
s)
P
a
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
s
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h
e
d
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l
e
M
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n
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n
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o
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r
s
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p
l
i
t
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
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r
e
e
l
a
n
c
e
3
1
(
6
2
.
0
)
2
(
4
.
0
)
3
(
6
.
0
)
9
(
1
8
.
0
)
5
(
1
0
.
0
)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s wo
r
k
i
n
g
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
F
u
l
l
-
t
i
m
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
(
6
h
o
u
r
s/
8
h
o
u
r
s)
P
a
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
M
o
r
n
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
S
p
l
i
t
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
F
r
e
e
l
a
n
c
e
3
4
(
7
0
.
8
)
3
(
6
.
3
)
1
(
2
.
1
)
3
(
6
.
3
)
2
(
4
.
2
)
5
(
1
0
.
4
)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s Av
g
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
0
-
1
5
m
i
n
16
-
3
0
mi
n
31
-
6
0
mi
n
>
6
0
m
i
n
3
5
(
7
0
.
0
)
9
(
1
8
.
0
)
2
(
4
.
0
)
4
(
8
.
0
)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s Av
g
t
i
me
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m h
o
m
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
0
-
1
5
m
i
n
16
-
3
0
mi
n
>
6
0
m
i
n
3
8
(
7
9
.
2
)
9
(
1
8
.
8
)
1
(
2
.
1
)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s m
o
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
W
a
l
k
Car
M
o
t
o
r
c
y
c
l
e
B
u
s
9
(
1
8
.
0
)
2
9
(
5
8
.
0
)
1
0
(
2
0
.
0
)
2
(
4
.
0
)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s m
o
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
o
r
k
W
a
l
k
Car
M
o
t
o
r
c
y
c
l
e
1
3
(
2
8
.
9
)
2
8
(
6
2
.
2
)
4
(
8
.
9
)
2.
4
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
SP
SS
Statis
t
ics)
v
er
s
io
n
2
4
s
o
f
twar
e
(
I
B
M,
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
,
USA)
.
So
ci
o
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
an
d
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
r
elate
d
to
a
h
e
alth
y
life
s
ty
le
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
wi
th
th
e
m
ea
n
(
AVG)
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
S.D.
)
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
p
ar
am
et
r
ic
test
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
two
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
t
h
eir
m
e
an
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
r
ee
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ca
teg
o
r
ies
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Facto
r
n
o
r
m
ality
w
as
test
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
test
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
test
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
etec
t
all
d
ep
ar
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
ality
.
T
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
th
esis
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
was
r
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ted
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e
p
u
tab
le/au
th
o
r
itativ
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
(
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
)
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
n
u
tr
i
tio
n
is
s
u
es
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
W
ijay
ar
atn
e
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
also
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
g
u
ar
d
ia
n
s
’
/car
eg
iv
er
s
’
d
esire
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
o
p
er
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
d
iet
f
o
r
th
eir
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
eir
n
u
tr
itio
n
liter
ac
y
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
h
i
g
h
ly
e
d
u
ca
ted
f
ath
er
s
(
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
-
d
o
cto
r
al
lev
el)
(
AVG=
3
.
9
8
)
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
r
ep
u
tab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
2
)
th
an
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
lo
wer
-
ed
u
ca
te
d
f
ath
er
s
(
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el)
(
AVG
=
3
.
1
3
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
y
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
p
r
ev
en
t
th
em
f
r
o
m
f
u
l
f
illi
n
g
s
u
c
h
a
g
o
al.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
f
id
en
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
estab
lis
h
ed
liter
atu
r
e.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
(
wh
ich
w
as c
o
n
d
u
cted
am
o
n
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
en
in
C
h
o
n
g
q
in
g
,
C
h
in
a)
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
f
ath
e
r
s
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
ea
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
s
[
3
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
b
ac
k
ed
b
y
s
im
ilar
ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
ea
tin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
s
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
C
h
o
n
g
q
in
g
ar
e
also
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
f
am
ily
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
ag
e,
m
o
th
er
's
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
f
o
r
ce
d
ea
tin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
b
o
d
y
s
h
ap
e
[
3
6
]
.
Similar
ly
,
m
o
th
er
s
’
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
(
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
)
(
AVG
=
2
.
9
5
)
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
s
tati
s
tically
lo
wer
im
p
ac
t
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
0
)
o
n
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
les,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
ig
h
l
y
-
ed
u
ca
ted
m
o
th
er
s
(
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
(
AVG
=
3
.
7
2
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
.
Mo
th
er
s
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
m
o
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
e
d
u
ca
ted
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
s
c
o
r
es
r
elate
d
to
f
o
o
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
3
3
]
.
Par
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tatu
s
wh
o
h
ad
s
u
p
er
io
r
n
u
t
r
itio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wer
e
m
o
r
e
awa
r
e
o
f
s
alted
a
n
d
s
u
g
ar
y
f
o
o
d
av
o
id
an
ce
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
m
o
t
h
er
s
with
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
th
o
s
e
with
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
tr
itio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e)
h
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
as
s
ess
ed
[
3
3
]
.
L
o
w
-
in
co
m
e
m
o
th
er
s
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
ler
s
with
o
u
t
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
o
f
te
n
f
ail
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
co
m
m
o
n
ly
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
f
o
o
d
s
(
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
f
r
u
it
ju
ices,
f
r
ied
f
o
o
d
s
,
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
Me
x
ican
d
is
h
es,
o
r
f
o
o
d
s
wi
th
s
o
u
r
c
r
ea
m
an
d
ch
ee
s
e)
as u
n
h
ea
lth
y
[
3
7
]
.
Hav
in
g
a
n
aly
s
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t so
cial
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
a
cto
r
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
’
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
el
is
a
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
b
o
th
h
ea
lth
ier
ea
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
f
o
o
d
an
d
n
u
t
r
itio
n
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
o
ld
e
r
p
a
r
en
ts
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
d
r
an
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
ewe
r
s
u
g
ar
y
d
r
in
k
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
ar
en
ts
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
is
a
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t stu
d
ies f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
av
er
ag
e
d
i
v
er
g
e
n
c
es
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
its
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
f
at
h
er
s
’
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
8
)
an
d
m
o
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e
r
s
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(
p
=
0
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0
4
0
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wo
r
k
s
ch
ed
u
les
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
was
s
tati
s
tic
ally
h
ig
h
er
o
n
f
ath
er
s
with
a
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
(
o
r
m
o
r
n
in
g
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er
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25
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h
o
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r
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9
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an
o
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ar
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r
k
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k
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r
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ab
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5
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o
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r
im
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o
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lth
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b
s
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ed
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an
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
with
f
am
ilies
wh
er
e
f
ath
e
r
s
wo
r
k
ed
a
f
ix
e
d
,
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
o
r
m
o
r
n
in
g
s
h
if
t [
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
a
n
o
n
-
f
i
x
ed
wo
r
k
s
ch
ed
u
le
r
aises
b
a
r
r
ier
s
to
th
e
d
es
ir
e
o
f
b
o
th
s
ex
es
to
f
u
lf
il
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
i
er
life
s
ty
le
[
7
]
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
o
th
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
I
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
p
r
o
f
ile
o
n
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
li
f
esty
le
D
e
mo
g
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a
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s m
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t
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Similar
ly
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
was
s
tatis
tically
h
ig
h
er
o
n
m
o
th
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r
s
with
a
f
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ll
-
tim
e
(
o
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r
n
in
g
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r
s
)
wo
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k
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ch
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le
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4
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0
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th
an
o
n
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wo
r
k
e
d
p
a
r
t
-
tim
e
o
r
as
f
r
ee
la
n
ce
r
s
o
r
h
ad
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f
lex
ib
le
wo
r
k
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ch
e
d
u
le
(
AVG=
3
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7
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as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
l
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
co
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
r
ev
ea
l sig
n
if
ican
t
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
a
m
o
th
er
'
s
wo
r
k
s
tatu
s
an
d
b
o
th
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
d
ietar
y
h
a
b
its
[
3
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
was
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
er
'
s
wo
r
k
s
tatu
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
h
o
m
e
f
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
two
d
ietar
y
o
u
tco
m
es.
A
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet
was
co
r
r
elate
d
with
m
o
th
er
s
’
f
ix
ed
wo
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
(
t
h
at
is
,
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
o
r
m
o
r
n
in
g
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
’
f
ix
ed
wo
r
k
s
ch
e
d
u
le
wit
h
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
ier
life
s
ty
le
b
y
th
e
en
tire
f
am
ily
.
Mo
t
h
er
s
with
a
s
tab
le
wo
r
k
s
ch
ed
u
le
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ea
g
er
t
o
ad
a
p
t
to
th
eir
f
am
ilies
’
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ad
o
p
t
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
cien
ti
f
ic
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
’
ea
tin
g
h
ab
its
(
e.
g
.
,
n
o
t
s
k
ip
p
in
g
m
ea
ls
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
h
o
m
e
-
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
o
d
)
ex
e
r
t
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ea
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
3
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Mo
th
er
s
w
h
o
wer
e
ab
le
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
wo
r
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
t
h
ey
wo
r
k
ed
l
o
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
,
f
o
u
n
d
it
e
asier
to
allo
ca
te
tim
e
f
o
r
leis
u
r
e
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
ten
d
e
d
to
h
av
e
a
h
ea
lth
ier
d
iet
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
o
th
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
s
ee
m
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
cr
itical
in
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
5
6
p
ar
en
ts
with
ch
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
2
t
o
5
y
ea
r
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
co
v
e
r
ed
a
n
eg
ativ
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
ar
e
n
ts
'
o
v
er
all
s
tr
es
s
lev
els
an
d
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet
[
3
8
]
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ay
ten
d
to
s
ele
ct
en
er
g
y
-
d
en
s
e
f
o
o
d
s
wit
h
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
u
g
ar
an
d
f
at
[
3
8
]
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ad
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lt
h
y
li
f
est
y
le
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
te
ti
m
e
(
t
h
at
is
,
t
im
e
s
p
e
n
t
t
r
a
v
eli
n
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
t
o
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
la
ce
a
n
d
v
i
ce
v
e
r
s
a
)
,
t
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
s
a
m
p
les
t
-
t
est
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
s
t
at
is
ti
c
all
y
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etw
ee
n
f
a
th
er
s
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
3
)
a
n
d
m
o
t
h
er
s
(
p
=
0
.
0
3
6
)
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
b
le
5
.
S
p
e
cif
ica
ll
y
f
o
r
f
a
t
h
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r
s
,
s
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
less
t
h
a
n
1
5
m
i
n
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tes
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n
c
o
m
m
u
te
(
AVG
=
3
.
5
1
)
h
a
d
a
s
t
atis
t
ica
ll
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h
ig
h
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r
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
a
d
o
p
ti
n
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a
h
ea
lt
h
y
lif
est
y
le
,
as
o
p
p
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e
d
t
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an
a
v
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r
a
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m
m
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1
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m
i
n
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(
AV
G
=
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.
7
7
)
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
5
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
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th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
a
d
o
p
ti
n
g
a
h
ea
l
th
y
l
if
est
y
le
w
as
s
tatis
t
ic
all
y
h
ig
h
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am
o
n
g
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
s
p
e
n
t
l
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Pu
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Hea
lth
Sci
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics’
imp
a
ct
o
f h
ea
lth
y
lifes
tyle
in
p
a
r
en
ts
w
ith
p
r
esch
o
o
lers
…
(
E
ir
in
i Ch
i
to
u
)
1845
th
a
n
1
5
m
i
n
u
tes
o
n
co
m
m
u
t
e
(
AVG
=
3
.
4
5
)
th
a
n
am
o
n
g
m
o
t
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e
r
s
w
h
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s
e
a
v
e
r
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g
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c
o
m
m
u
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e
t
im
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e
x
ce
e
d
e
d
1
5
m
i
n
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tes
(
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2
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7
0
)
,
as s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
5
.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
t
est
s
h
o
wed
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
ei
r
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
t
o
wo
r
k
(
p
=
0
.
0
2
5
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
th
er
s
wh
o
p
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
walk
in
g
to
wo
r
k
(
AVG
=
3
.
8
1
)
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
ad
o
p
t
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
th
an
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
w
h
o
o
p
ted
f
o
r
a
ca
r
o
r
m
o
to
r
b
ik
e
(
AVG
=
3
.
0
6
)
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Dalm
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
wo
r
k
p
lace
p
r
o
x
im
ity
(
a
v
er
ag
e
co
m
m
u
te
tim
e
o
f
u
p
to
1
5
m
in
u
tes)
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
to
war
d
s
p
ar
en
t
s
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
o
p
t
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
T
h
is
v
iew
was
ev
en
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
am
o
n
g
m
o
t
h
er
s
wh
o
c
o
m
m
u
te
d
o
n
f
o
o
t.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
tr
en
d
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
th
er
s
wh
o
,
d
u
e
to
a
lack
o
f
tim
e,
wer
e
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
h
ea
lth
y
m
ea
ls
an
d
f
o
llo
w
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
tim
e
h
as
o
f
ten
b
ee
n
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
in
s
tu
d
i
es,
an
d
r
elev
an
t in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
em
ain
s
l
im
ited
in
th
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
liter
atu
r
e.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
m
o
d
er
ate
a
b
ilit
y
to
g
en
e
r
ally
ad
h
e
r
e
to
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le,
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
tim
e
lim
i
tatio
n
s
.
Dalm
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
f
in
an
c
ial
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
lim
ited
s
p
ar
e
tim
e
ar
e
th
e
tw
o
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
b
y
Gr
ee
k
p
ar
en
ts
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
wed
a
n
o
tab
le
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
in
co
m
e
a
n
d
p
ar
en
tal
d
ie
tar
y
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
s
co
r
es
[
3
9
]
.
Par
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
(
ag
e
d
f
o
u
r
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
ix
)
r
e
p
o
r
ted
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
h
av
in
g
tim
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ac
tiv
ities
.
Par
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
d
at
least
o
n
e
ch
ild
ag
ed
2
to
u
n
d
er
6
y
ea
r
s
f
elt
th
ey
lack
ed
t
h
e
tim
e
to
f
u
lly
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
litt
le
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
to
en
g
ag
e
in
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
h
ea
lth
y
m
ea
ls
f
o
r
th
eir
ch
i
ld
r
en
.
Par
en
ts
'
lo
w
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
to
af
f
o
r
d
h
ea
lth
y
f
o
o
d
s
,
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
an
d
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ep
o
r
te
d
(
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
)
p
ar
e
n
tal
b
a
r
r
ier
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
i
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
2
to
5
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
ch
ild
r
e
n
m
ay
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
p
ar
en
tal
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
d
u
e
to
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
4
1
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
ea
ti
n
g
h
a
b
its
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
d
en
tifie
d
in
f
a
m
ilies
o
f
L
atin
o
r
ig
in
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
en
ts
m
ay
m
i
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
o
b
es
ity
in
ch
ild
r
en
as a
n
in
d
icato
r
o
f
g
o
o
d
h
ea
lth
[
4
1
]
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia,
in
clu
d
in
g
telev
is
io
n
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
o
f
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
f
o
o
d
s
an
d
m
ay
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
h
ab
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
4
1
]
.
Feed
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lty
h
as
also
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
p
a
r
en
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
(
4
to
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
,
an
d
th
is
o
b
s
tacle
is
ty
p
ically
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
eir
o
wn
f
ee
d
in
g
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
4
2
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
al,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
id
e
n
tifie
d
p
ar
en
tal
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
as
th
e
s
o
le
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
ass
o
ci
ated
with
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
-
a
g
ed
ch
ild
r
en
atten
d
in
g
k
in
d
er
g
ar
ten
.
Old
er
p
ar
en
ts
im
p
lem
en
t
s
tr
icter
d
ietar
y
r
estrictio
n
s
th
a
n
y
o
u
n
g
er
p
a
r
en
ts
,
an
d
th
ese
r
es
tr
ictiv
e
attitu
d
es
ex
er
t
a
g
r
ea
ter
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
ea
tin
g
h
ab
its
[
2
9
]
.
An
y
way
,
o
u
r
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ab
its
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
f
o
o
d
s
(
s
u
ch
as v
eg
etab
les,
f
is
h
,
a
n
d
n
u
ts
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
av
o
id
an
ce
o
f
f
ast f
o
o
d
an
d
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
b
ak
e
r
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts at
b
r
ea
k
f
ast)
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ab
o
v
em
en
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
i
es [
3
3
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
A
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
wh
at
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
a
h
ea
lt
h
y
d
iet
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
h
av
in
g
f
iv
e
m
ea
ls
d
aily
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
an
d
h
o
m
e
-
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
h
o
wev
er
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
e
x
ac
t
n
atu
r
e
(
in
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
ality
an
d
q
u
an
tit
y
)
o
f
wh
at
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
u
m
ed
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
y
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
/co
o
k
ed
s
u
ch
m
ea
ls
at
h
o
m
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
h
ab
its
an
d
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet
am
o
n
g
p
r
esch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
ar
en
ts
,
wh
o
s
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
r
elate
d
to
p
ics is
d
ee
m
ed
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
is
m
itig
ated
b
y
in
co
m
e
an
d
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
p
ar
tially
o
f
f
s
et
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
u
n
co
v
er
th
at
p
ar
e
n
ts
with
a
f
ix
ed
wo
r
k
s
ch
e
d
u
le
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
an
d
d
iet.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
wer
e
b
etter
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
is
s
u
es
p
er
tain
in
g
to
t
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
All
in
all,
it
is
d
ee
m
ed
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
a
lar
g
e
r
s
am
p
le
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
,
s
o
th
at
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
to
th
e
en
tire
Gr
e
ek
p
o
p
u
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[
1
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E.
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A
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A
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3
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L.
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[
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J.
A
.
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M
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Jarm
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.
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A
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[
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J.
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