Indonesian J our nal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science V ol. 40, No. 3, December 2025, pp. 1337 ∼ 1344 ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v40.i3.pp1337-1344 ❒ 1337 Miniaturized r econgurable metamaterial based bandstop lter f or wir eless applications Kh yati Cha vda 1 , Ashish K. Sar v aiya 2 , Mehul K. V ala 1 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shantilal Shah Engineering Colle ge, Bha vnag ar , India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Go v ernment Engineering Colle ge, Bha vnag ar , India Article Inf o Article history: Recei v ed Jan 22, 2025 Re vised Aug 5, 2025 Accepted Oct 15, 2025 K eyw ords: Bandstop lter Metamaterial resonator Micro w a v e lter Recongurable W ireless application ABSTRA CT The design of compact size and high ef cienc y metamaterial based recong- urable microstrip bandstop lter for IEEE 802.11 WLAN applications is de- v eloped. This paper presents a switchable dual-mode lter , it resonant at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The he xagonal metamaterial resonator inserted switch as PIN diode which form recongurable lter . By changing the DC bias of the diode, the lter can be recongured with a controlled precision, resulting in the frequenc y recongurable. The CST simulator used to simulate lter de- sign, measuring a return loss o v er -29.12 dB and a lo w insertion loss less than -0.2 dB, which is a great performance. The lter is compact at the size of 8 mm × 12 mm × 1.6 mm design using Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate. This is an open access article under the CC BY -SA license . Corresponding A uthor: Kh yati Cha vda Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shantilal Shah Engineering Colle ge Bha vnag ar , Gujarat, India Email: kdcha vda@ec.ssgec.ac.in 1. INTR ODUCTION The adv ancement of wireless technologies has necessitated the de v elopment of compact, high- performance radio frequenc y (RF) components that can support v arious standards such as long-term e v olu- tion (L TE), wireless delity (W i-Fi), and wireless local area netw ork (WLAN). The research [1]-[7] microstrip lters ha v e become critical in minimizing interference and enhancing signal quality . Recently , designs based on metamaterials ha v e g ained attention for their distincti v e e lectromagnetic properties, which f acilitate the creation of lters that are both smaller and more ef cient [8]-[10]. This paper introduces a recongurable bandstop lter that emplo ys a no v el he xagonal metamaterial resonator [11]-[17]. The design utilizes the adapt- ability of PIN diodes for frequenc y reconguration, catering to the increasing demand for recongure solutions in wireless applicati o ns [13], [18]-[21]. Metamaterials, especially resonators such as split ring resonators for their ability to control el ectromagnetic w a v es in inno v ati v e w ays [9], [11], [16], [22]. The proposed lter inte- grates a he xagonal metamaterial structure with a microstrip line to establish highly selecti v e rejection bands at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The use of PIN diodes for recongurability presents an ef cient and practical approach, simplifying the traditional tuning processes while ensuring high performance [23]-[25]. F or modern wireless communication systems, this w ork presents a no v el, miniature, recongurable bandstop lter inspired by metamaterials. The proposed design uses a combination metamaterial structure made up of a complementary ring resonator (CSRR), split ring resonator (SRR) arranged in a special con- guration, in contrast to con v entional bandstop lters that ha v e limited tuning e xibility and size ef cienc y [9]. The primary reason behind this inte gration is the ability to use electronic swi tching to enable chang- ing frequenc y reconguration while achie ving unique s ize reduction and impro v ed s top band performance. J ournal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescor e .com Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1338 ❒ ISSN: 2502-4752 The design of compact size and high ef cienc y metamaterial based recongurable microstrip bandstop lter for IEEE 802.11 WLAN applications is de v eloped. PIN diode is inserted across the no v el he xagonal metama- terial cell (NHMC) structure to pro vide recongurability , enabling the lter to function in tw o dif ferent modes: passband and stopband. This switching beha vior gi v es the lter design adaptability , allo wing it to be used in man y dif ferent frequencies [12]. This paper presents a swi tchable dual-mode lter , it resonant at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The he xagonal metamaterial resonator inserted switch as PIN diode which form this recongurable lter . By changing the DC bias of the diode, the lter can be recongured with a controlled precision, resulting in the frequenc y recongurable. The CST simulator used to simulate lter design, measuring a return loss o v er -29.12 dB and a lo w insertion loss less than -0.2 dB, which is a great performance. The lter is compact at the size of 8 mm × 12 mm × 1.6 mm design using Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate. Figure 1 illustrates the e v olution of compact and recongurable metamaterial unit cells. The ini tial design Figure 1(a), the he xagonal split ring resonator (HSRR) [13], features tw o concentric he xagonal rings with splits. Though ef fecti v e, it occupies more space. T o impro v e compactness, design Figure 1(b), the he xag- onal metamaterial cell (HMC) [12], replaces the dual rings with a single split ring, reducing inductance and simplifying the structure. Further renement leads to Figure 1(c), the proposed NHMC [15], which includes an e xtended inner cut for frequenc y tuning and a C-shaped loop for enhanced miniaturization. This results in a highly compact and ef fecti v e structure. The nal v ersion Figure 1(d) inte grates a PIN diode (B AR 64002) on the inner arm, enabling recongurability and dual-mode operation by v arying the diode bias. This optimized design functions as an adaptable bandstop lter , supporting switchable ltering modes. The w ork represents a k e y adv ancement in recongurable metamaterial design for wireless applications. Figure 1. Dif ferent metamaterial resonator design; (a) HSRR, (b) HMC, (c) fundamental structure of inno v ati v e modied NHMC, (no v el he xagonal metamaterial cell), and (d) recongurable structure of inno v ati v e he xagonal meta unit with PIN diode 2. B ANDST OP FIL TER DESIGN The proposed methodology includes the design, simulation, f abrica tion, and e xperimental v alidation of a miniaturized, recongurable metamaterial-based bandstop lter (BSF) for IEEE 802.11 WLAN applica- tions. It is di vided into tw o parts: (i) x ed bandstop lter design and (ii) frequenc y-recongurable BSF design. The design uses a microstrip line loaded with a metamaterial unit cell e xhibiting single ne g ati v e (SNG) proper - ties—either ne g ati v e permitti vity or permeability—resulting in strong attenuation at resonance due to coupling ef fects. Placing the metamaterial resonator along the microstrip line induces a localized stopband, determined by the resonator’ s geometry and material [26] . F or enhanced rejection, tw o identical resonators are symmet- rically placed to impro v e coupling and depend the stopband through mutual interaction. Rogers R T Duroid 5880 is chosen for its lo w dielectric loss and stable permitti vity ( ε r = 2 . 2 ), ensuring lo w insertion loss and high performance at micro w a v e frequencies. The resonator is modeled in CST Micro w a v e Studio and opti- mized to produce a sharp attenuation at 3.6 GHz, suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G communication. Its dimensions are ne-tuned to ensure strong rejection at the tar get frequenc y with minimal loss outside the stopband. 2.1. Design and simulation Figure 2 presents the design and simulation results of the proposed BSF using a NHMC. The sym- metric conguration of the NHMC unit cells ensures balanced electromagnetic eld distrib ution and impro v ed coupling ef cienc y . Figure 2(a) sho ws the CST -simulated surf ace current distrib ution on the microstrip line embedded with the NHMC structure, highlighting the ef fecti v e interaction between the resonator and the line. Figure 2(b) depicts the simulated S-parameter response of the BSF , clearly demonstrating a stopband centered Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, V ol. 40, No. 3, December 2025: 1337–1344 Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 ❒ 1339 at 3.6 GHz with signicant signal rejection. The structure consists of a he xagonal metamaterial resonator sym- metrically placed on a 50-ohm microstrip line, generating a rejection band at 3.6 GHz. The resonator has a ring thickness of 0.8 mm, outer ring length of 4 mm, and inner ring size of 3.2 mm with 1.6 mm thickness. The feedline width is 1.2 mm. The microstrip is implemented on a Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate, kno wn for its stability , lo w dielectric loss, and relati v e permitti vity of 2.2. (a) (b) Figure 2. Bandstop lter design and simulation results, (a) NHMC-based BSF structure and current distrib ution simulated in CST , illustrating symmetric current o w on the microstrip and (b) simulated S-parameter response of the BSF sho wing a sharp stopband centered at 3.6 GHz with signicant return loss This conguration permits the resonator to ef fecti v ely absorb the unw anted frequenc y band at 3.6 GHz when the 50-ohm microstrip line is ener gized. CST simulation results, illustrated in Figure 2(b). It v alidate the resonance occurring at 3.6 GHz, achie ving signicant rejection with a return loss (S21) of -29.12 dB. The insertion loss at this frequenc y is mi nimal, recorded at -0.15 dB, indicating lo w po wer dissipation and ef cient operation. This design methodology promotes a compact and reliable lter , maki ng it suitable for adv anced wireless applications operating at 3.6 GHz. 2.2. F abricated bandstop lter pr ototype based on metamaterial The x ed BSF prototype is f abricated using Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate with dim ensions 8 mm × 12 mm × 1.6 mm sho wn in Figure 3. After f abrication, the lter is tested using a v ector netw ork analyzer (VN A) to v alidate the S-parameter performance. The R oger R T Duroid 5880 material w as used to de v elop the NHMC-based BSF prototype, which is sho wn in Figure 3(a). A VN A included of the measurement setup to e v aluate the prototype’ s perfor mance sho wn i n Figure 3(b) sho ws t he connections. Fi gu r e 3(c) pres ents the results of the e xperiment for the NHMC-based BSF , correctly illustrating the insertion loss and return loss. (a) (b) (c) Figure 3. NHMC metamaterial-based bandstop lter; (a) f abricated prototype, (b) measurement setup (VN A Agilent 8722ES 50 MHz-40 GHz), and (c) measured result of the BSF at 3.6 GHz Miniaturized r econgur able metamaterial based bandstop lter for wir eless applications (Khyati Chavda) Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1340 ❒ ISSN: 2502-4752 Figure 4 presents a comparison between the simulated and f abricated result s of the metamaterial BSF . The Figure 4 sho ws simulated NHMC-based BSF sho ws resonance at 3.6 GHz, with a measured return loss of -28.12 dB, compared to the simulated v alue of -29.12 dB. Correspondingly , the measured insertion loss at 3.6 GHz is -0.2 dB, whereas the simulations indicated -0.15 dB. These minor v ariations, as highlighted in the accompan ying results, underscore the practical challenges encountered when t ransitioning from simulation to f abrication. Figure 4. NHMC-based bandstop lter - simulated and measured results The dif fere nce in result observ ed can be attrib uted to se v eral f actors. F abrication tolerances, including minor v ariations during the etching process and slight misalignments during assembly . The measurement setup may also introduce potential inaccuracies due to connector losses and calibrati on errors within the VN A. Despite these v ariations, the NHMC-based BSF e xhibits e xcellent rejection characteristics and lo w insertion loss, conrming its reliable and ef cient operation in real-w orld applications. 3. RECONFIGURABLE B AND ST OP FIL TER T o achie v e frequenc y recongurability [14], [27]-[30], a no v el HMC with a C-shaped inner arm cut is designed. This introduces addit ional capacitance by modifying the current path and enhanci n g electric eld concentration. A PIN di ode placed across the slit acts as a switch, and its bias controls the lter’ s stopband frequenc y . The structure is simulated in CST Design Studio, incorporating the diode’ s equi v alent circuit (Rs, Ls, Cp). In the OFF state, it resonates at 3.6 GHz; in the ON state, increased capacitance shifts the frequenc y to 2.4 GHz. This dual-mode operation supports 5G (3.6 GHz) and 4G/WLAN (2.4 GHz) within a single design. The lter is f abricated on a Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate, with PIN diodes inte grated and biased via RF chok es and bias tees for signal isolation. Recongurability is enabled by the PIN diodes in the inner arm, which alter the resonator’ s frequenc y response based on applied DC bias. Simulated current distrib ution in Figure 5 sho ws concentration along the inner cut and slit, emphasizing the g ap’ s role in enabling frequenc y switching. 3.1. Simulation design In Figure 5 sho ws the recongurable BSF . In Figure 5(a) illustrates the simulation conguration using CST Design Studio for modeling and analyzing the recongurable BSF . CST Design Studio allo ws for the inte gration of equi v alent inductance and capacitance v alues to replic ate the beha vior of the B AR 64002 PIN diode. By incorporating the diode’ s equi v alent parameters, the design can alternate between ON and OFF states to operat e at t he specied frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The softw are’ s ability to simulate PIN diodes pro vides an accurate representation of the recongurable characteristics of the BSF . 3.2. Measur ement setup f or r econgurable BSF Figure 5(b) sho ws the measurement setup for the NHMC-based recongurable BSF , where a PIN diode is placed between the inner cut arm and an added se gment to enable recongurability . The diode is connected through a decoupling netw ork to isolat e DC and RF signals ef fecti v ely . Measurements using a VN A are tak en with the diode in both ON and OFF states. In the OFF state, the stopband appears at 3.6 GHz, Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, V ol. 40, No. 3, December 2025: 1337–1344 Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 ❒ 1341 while switching the diode ON shifts it to 2.4 GHz, demonstrating frequenc y recongurability . The lter main- tains acceptable return and insertion losses in both modes. T w o PIN diodes (Switch 1 and Switch 2) enable dual-mode operation: both OFF – operates at 3.6 GHz and both ON – operates at 2.4 GHz. Jumper wires connect the diodes to RF chok es and resistors, ensuring isolation between RF signals and DC bias. The B AR 64002 diode, chosen for its lo w 1.35-ohm forw ard resistance at 100 mA, is biased using a 9V battery , 1 k ohm resistor , and a 2.2 mH RF chok e (RL873S-222K-RC) as sho wn in Figure 5(b). (a) (b) Figure 5. Recongurable BSF design, (a) simulation structure using CST design studio, and (b) measurement setup of recongurable BSF using VN A 3.3. Simulated and measur ed r esults In Figure 6 sho ws the simulates mesured result for both cases. Figure 6(a) sho ws the case-1 (when both diode ON ) condition , the BS F operate at 2.4 GHz. The results display the s imuaed result. The simulated result return loss -20.2 dB with insertion loss -0.2dB. The measured result -19.5 dB and insertion loss -0.24 dB. The strong correlation between simulation and measurement, conrming the design’ s ef fecti v eness. The lter achie v es signicant rejection at the intended frequencies while maintaining minimal insertion loss, making it suitable for wireless applications. Figure 6(b) sho ws case-2, where both diodes are OFF and the BSF operates at 3.6 GHz. The simulated return loss is -29.12 dB and insertion loss is -0.2 dB, while measured results sho w -28.12 dB and -0.24 dB, respecti v ely , conrming the NHMC-based lter’ s functionality and recongurability for dual-frequenc y use. (a) (b) Figure 6. Simulation result for recongurable lter design (a) case 1 (Diodes D1 and D2 in the ON state) operating at 2.4 GHz and (b) case 2 (Diodes D1 and D2 in the OFF state) operating at 3.6 GHz T able 1 compares the proposed lt er with recent designs. Although pre vious w orks used PIN diodes for recongurability , their performance v aried, wi th return losses of -34.39 dB and -15 dB, and lar ger sizes of 15 × 15 mm 2 and 10 × 8 mm 2 . In contrast, the proposed lter is more compact (8 × 12 mm 2 ), with lo w insertion loss (less than -0.2 dB) and high return loss (greater than -29 dB), making it ideal for modern wireless systems. Miniaturized r econgur able metamaterial based bandstop lter for wir eless applications (Khyati Chavda) Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1342 ❒ ISSN: 2502-4752 T able 1. Comparison of metamaterial-based bandstop lters in recent literature and the proposed design P aper no. (Ref.) Y ear of publication Band Size of lter (mm) Insertion loss (dB) Return loss (dB) Recongurable [14] 2024 SB 1.21 λ g × 0.69 λ g -3.5 dB -22.5 dB Y es [15] 2023 SB 15 × 15 × 1.57 mm 3 -0.22, -0.39 -34.39, -21.52 Y es (PIN Diode) [16] 2022 SB 10 mm × 8 mm -0.3 dB -15 dB Y es (PIN Diode) [17] 2021 DB 12 mm × 12 mm - -18 dB Y es (PIN Diode) [18] 2019 SB 10 mm × 10 mm -0.5 dB -20 dB No Proposed design SB 8 mm × 12 mm -0.2 dB -29.12 dB Y es The recongurable feature of the no v el he xagonal resonator enables precise switching between 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz, supporting both 4G and 5G applications. Its compact size and dual-frequenc y operation mak e it suitable for future wireless front-end modules requiring e xibility and performance. The proposed dual-band lter operates at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz, of fering v ersatility for WLAN and wireless systems. W ith dimensions of 8 × 12 × 1.6 mm 3 , it is more compact than man y e xisting designs and e xhibits impro v ed return and insertion loss compared to pre vious w orks. 4. CONCLUSION This paper presents an inno v ati v e approach for de v e loping recongurable metamaterial-based diodes. The proposed lter achie v es single-band operation with dual-mode recongurability , ef fecti v ely switching be- tween tw o frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The design is notable for its compact size of 8 × 12 × 1.6 mm³, which is smaller than man y e xisting lters reported in the literature. It demonstrates e xcel lent electrical per - formance, meeting the IEEE 802.11 standards for WLAN and wireless applications. Simulation results sho w a high return loss of more than –29.12 dB and a v ery lo w insertion loss of less than –0.2 dB, indicating superior performance compared to pre vious w orks. The lter is f abricated using a Rogers R T Duroid 5880 substrate, further contrib uting to its high ef cienc y and compactness. Ov erall, the successful implementation highlights the potential of metamaterial-based designs in o v ercoming the challenges of modern wireless communication systems. FUNDING INFORMA TION The authors state no funding is in v olv ed. A UTHOR CONTRIB UTIONS ST A TEMENT This journal uses the C ontrib utor Roles T axonomy (CRediT) to recognize indi vidual author contrib u- tions, reduce authorship disputes, and f acilitate collaboration. Name of A uthor C M So V a F o I R D O E V i Su P Fu Kh yati Cha vda ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Ashish K. Sarv aiya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Mehul K. V ala ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ C : C onceptualization I : I n v estig ation V i : V i sualization M : M ethodology R : R esources Su : Su pervision So : So ftw are D : D ata Curation P : P roject Administration V a : V a lidation O : Writing - O riginal Draft Fu : Fu nding Acquisition F o : F o rmal Analysis E : Writing - Re vie w & E diting CONFLICT OF INTEREST ST A TEMENT The authors state no conict of interest. D A T A A V AILABILITY The data that support the ndings of this study are a v ailable on request from the corr esponding author , [Kh yati Cha vda]. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, V ol. 40, No. 3, December 2025: 1337–1344 Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Miniaturized r econgur able metamaterial based bandstop lter for wir eless applications (Khyati Chavda) Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1344 ❒ ISSN: 2502-4752 [28] H. Islam, T . Bose, and S. Das, “ A recongurable bandpass-bandstop micro w a v e lter using PIN diode for wireless applications, ” in Lectur e Notes in Electrical Engineering , v ol. 776, 2022, pp. 195–202. [29] W . Chen, L.-F . Qiu, and L.-S. W u, “Recongurable lter with switchable operating frequenc y , bandwidth, and response type using RF switches and circulators, ” IEEE T r ansactions on Micr owave Theory and T ec hniques , v ol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1708–1716, Mar . 2025, doi: 10.1109/TMTT .2024.3448497. [30] A . So wjan ya and D. V akula, “Microstrip band pass lter using symmetrical split ring resonator for X band applications, ” in 2019 IEEE Indian Confer ence on Antennas and Pr opo gation (InCAP) , Dec. 2019, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/In- CAP47789.2019.9134507. BIOGRAPHIES OF A UTHORS Dr . Kh yati Cha vda recei v ed her B.T ech. de gree in electronics and communication from GEC Bha vnag ar , the M.E. de gree in communication systems engineering from Gujarat T echnolog- ical Uni v ersity , Ahmedabad in 2012, and the Ph.D. de gree from Gujarat T echnological Uni v ersity , Ahmedabad in 2024. She is a full-time assistant professor at the Electronics and Communication Department at Shantilal Shah Engineering Colle ge, Bha vnag ar . Her research w ork is mostly inte- grated with micro w a v e engi neering, antenna and w a v e propag ation, and electromagnetic theory . She has published numerous papers in recognized national and internat ional conference proceedings. She can be contacted at email: kdcha vda@ec.ssgec.ac.in. Dr . Ashish K. Sar v aiya recei v ed the B.E. de gree in electronics and communication en- gineering from Sardar P atel Uni v ersit y , V .V . Nag ar in 2002, the M.E. de gree in communication sys- tems engineering from Gujarat Uni v ersity , Ahmedabad in 2006, and the Ph.D. de gree from Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication T echnology (D AIICT), Gandhinag ar in 2016. He has been serving as a research supervisor at Gujarat T echnological Uni v ersity since 2016. Cur - rently , he is w orking as an assistant professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department at Go v ernment Engineering Colle ge, Bha vnag ar . His research areas include micro w a v e engineering, antenna engineering, and adv anced electromagnetics. He can be contacted at email: andaks.sarv aiya@gmail.com. Dr . Mehul K. V ala he recei v ed his B.E. de gree in electronics and communication engi- neering in 2008 from Saurashtra Uni v ersity , Gujarat (India) and his M.E. de gree in electronics and communication engineering in 2015 from Gujarat T echnological Uni v ersity , Gujarat (India). He w as a w arded a Ph.D. in Electroni cs and Communication Engineering from Atmiya Uni v ersity , Gujarat (India) in 2023. He is currently w orking as an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Shantilal Shah Engineering Colle ge, Bha vnag ar . His research interests include wireless communication, ad hoc netw orks, and v ehicular communication. He can be contacted at email: mehul1123@gmail.com. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, V ol. 40, No. 3, December 2025: 1337–1344 Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.