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I
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r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
n
o
is
e
lim
it
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
d
is
aster
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
h
av
e
m
o
tiv
ated
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
,
r
e
n
ewa
b
le,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
-
elec
tr
o
n
ics
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
o
f
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
av
ail
ab
le
alt
er
n
a
tiv
es,
p
o
r
t
ab
le
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
la
r
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
h
a
v
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
d
as
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
c
an
d
i
d
ates
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ie
n
c
e
i
n
d
is
a
s
ter
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
A
d
v
an
ce
s
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
(
PV
)
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
at
te
r
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
el
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
h
a
v
e
e
n
a
b
l
ed
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t,
s
ca
l
ab
le
,
a
n
d
r
a
p
i
d
ly
d
e
p
l
o
y
a
b
l
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
cr
i
tic
al
l
o
ad
s
s
u
c
h
as
li
g
h
ti
n
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
o
n
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
m
e
d
ic
al
d
ev
ices
,
an
d
em
er
g
en
c
y
s
h
el
te
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
Fr
o
m
a
p
o
w
er
el
ec
tr
o
n
ics
p
er
s
p
e
cti
v
e
,
th
es
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
r
el
y
h
ea
v
il
y
o
n
ef
f
ic
ie
n
t
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
,
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
,
b
at
te
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t sy
s
te
m
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
a
b
le
o
p
er
ati
o
n
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
ly
v
a
r
i
ab
le
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es,
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
m
u
ch
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
ad
d
r
e
s
s
es
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
is
o
l
ated
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
with
o
u
t
ex
p
licitly
f
r
am
in
g
th
eir
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
esil
ien
ce
is
o
f
ten
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
lev
el,
with
lim
ited
lin
k
ag
e
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
th
at
en
ab
le
r
esil
i
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Key
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
h
o
w
co
n
v
e
r
ter
d
esig
n
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
i
es,
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
s
p
ee
d
r
em
ain
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
s
y
n
th
esized
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
s
ize,
weig
h
t,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
im
p
o
s
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
esig
n
c
h
allen
g
es.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
e
s
ilien
ce
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
s
y
n
th
esizes
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
co
n
v
er
te
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies,
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
la
r
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
t
h
at
en
ab
le
r
esil
ien
t
em
er
g
en
cy
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
B
o
th
tech
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
etica
l d
esig
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
is
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
a)
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
m
etr
ics
r
elev
an
t
to
p
o
we
r
-
ele
ctr
o
n
ics
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
.
b)
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
o
r
tab
l
e
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
with
em
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
d
esig
n
s
.
c)
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eliab
l
e
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
d
is
aster
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
d)
I
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
ical
c
h
allen
g
es
an
d
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
esil
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
Sectio
n
2
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
en
e
r
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
to
p
o
wer
-
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
r
e
v
iews
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
;
iii)
Sectio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
p
o
wer
ele
ctr
o
n
ics
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
en
h
an
ce
r
esil
ie
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
;
iv
)
Sectio
n
5
e
x
am
in
es
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
; v
)
a
n
d
Fin
ally
,
Sectio
n
6
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
a
p
er
an
d
o
u
tlin
es f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
E
NE
RG
Y
RE
SI
L
I
E
NC
E
C
O
NCEPT
S IN P
O
W
E
R
E
L
E
CT
RO
NIC
–
B
AS
E
D
SYS
T
E
M
S
E
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
h
as
e
m
er
g
e
d
as
a
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
b
ject
iv
e
in
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ex
tr
em
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
r
esil
ien
ce
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
eliab
i
lity
m
etr
ics
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
to
with
s
tan
d
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
ad
ap
t
to
d
eg
r
ad
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
r
e
co
v
er
r
ap
id
l
y
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
to
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fo
r
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
–
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
ally
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
k
ey
a
ttrib
u
tes
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
erg
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
a
s
ter
-
p
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o
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e
r
eg
io
n
s
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
o
r
t
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b
le
a
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mo
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la
r
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
o
)
2881
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
2
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
n o
f
ener
g
y
re
s
ilience
in ele
ct
rica
l sy
s
t
em
s
E
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
an
ticip
ate,
ab
s
o
r
b
,
ad
ap
t t
o
,
an
d
r
ap
id
ly
r
ec
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
ev
en
ts
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
ess
en
tial
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Un
lik
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
esil
ien
ce
ex
p
licitly
co
n
s
id
er
s
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t,
lo
w
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ev
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
n
atu
r
a
l
d
is
aster
s
an
d
ex
tr
em
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
[
2
4
]
.
Fro
m
a
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
r
esil
ien
ce
in
v
o
lv
es
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
p
r
o
tectin
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
r
at
h
er
th
an
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
s
h
u
td
o
wn
[
2
1
]
.
Po
r
tab
le
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
q
u
ir
e
r
esil
ien
ce
to
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
r
elate
d
to
s
ize,
weig
h
t,
en
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
u
s
er
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
K
ey
a
t
t
ribute
s
o
f
re
s
ilient
po
wer
elec
t
ro
nic sy
s
t
em
s
R
esil
ien
t
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
f
o
u
r
co
r
e
attr
ib
u
tes:
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
cy
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ap
id
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
3
]
.
I
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
–
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
ese
attr
ib
u
tes
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l d
esig
n
ch
o
ices
[
2
1
]
:
a)
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
to
to
ler
ate
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
lo
a
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
ts
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
with
o
u
t
f
ailu
r
e.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
th
er
m
al
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t to
ler
a
n
ce
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t sh
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
a
n
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
[
2
6
]
.
b)
R
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
u
lar
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
p
ar
allel
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
m
o
d
u
les,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
I
n
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
en
ab
les
co
n
tin
u
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ev
en
if
in
d
iv
id
u
al
u
n
its
f
ail
[
2
7
]
.
c)
Ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
ad
ju
s
t
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
ts
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ch
an
g
in
g
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
o
r
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
MPPT,
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
,
an
d
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
DC
b
u
s
es c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
th
is
attr
ib
u
te
[
2
1
]
.
d)
R
ap
id
r
ec
o
v
er
y
is
e
n
ab
led
b
y
f
ast
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
f
a
u
lt
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
r
estar
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
esu
m
e
o
p
er
atio
n
q
u
ick
l
y
af
ter
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
with
o
u
t m
an
u
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
[
2
8
]
.
2.
3
.
Resili
ence
m
et
rics a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
io
n c
rit
er
ia
Qu
an
tify
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
r
em
ain
s
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
its
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
–
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
ev
er
al
m
etr
ics
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
r
esil
ien
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
,
f
a
u
lt
r
i
d
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
r
ec
o
v
er
y
tim
e
af
ter
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
d
eg
r
a
d
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
cr
iti
ca
l lo
ad
s
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esil
ien
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
also
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
-
r
elate
d
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
tim
e
to
en
er
g
izatio
n
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
lo
ad
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
u
n
d
e
r
p
a
r
tial
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2879
-
2
8
9
4
2882
[
3
1
]
.
Un
lik
e
la
r
g
e
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
e
cted
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esil
ien
ce
m
etr
i
cs
in
p
o
r
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
io
r
itized
lo
a
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
4
.
Ro
le
o
f
po
wer
elec
t
r
o
nics
in enha
nci
ng
ener
g
y
re
s
ili
ence
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
lay
a
ce
n
t
r
al
r
o
le
in
en
a
b
lin
g
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
ast,
f
lex
ib
le,
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
[
3
3
]
.
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
eg
u
late
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
is
o
late
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
in
v
er
ter
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
er
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
3
4
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
allo
w
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
to
o
p
er
ate
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
is
aster
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t is u
n
av
ailab
le
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
er
eb
y
e
x
ten
d
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
e
n
er
g
y
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
[
3
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
a
b
le
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
te
ctiv
e
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
t
h
at
en
h
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
b
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
2.
5
.
Resili
ence
in
dece
ntr
a
lized
a
nd
m
o
du
la
r
a
rc
hite
ct
ures
Dec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
in
h
er
en
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
I
n
s
u
ch
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
p
o
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
ac
t
as
th
e
e
n
ab
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
allo
ws m
u
ltip
le
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
n
its
to
o
p
er
ate
i
n
a
co
o
r
d
in
ated
m
an
n
e
r
[
3
8
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
co
n
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
allo
win
g
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
r
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
as
n
ee
d
ed
[
3
9
]
.
I
n
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
tag
ed
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
a
n
d
lo
ca
lized
en
er
g
y
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
c
r
itical
f
o
r
em
e
r
g
en
cy
s
h
elter
s
an
d
f
ield
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
m
o
d
u
lar
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tr
o
l th
u
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
esil
ien
t
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
2
.
6
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
po
rt
a
bl
e
s
o
la
r
po
wer
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
r
esil
ien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
3
]
.
B
y
lin
k
in
g
r
esil
ien
ce
attr
ib
u
tes
d
ir
ec
tly
to
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ass
ess
h
o
w
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
er
e
x
tr
em
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
is
n
o
t
an
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
p
r
o
p
er
ty
b
u
t
a
n
o
u
tco
m
e
of
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
in
telli
g
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
in
cip
les
g
u
id
e
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
e
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies ar
e
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
g
r
ea
ter
d
etail
[
4
4
]
.
3.
P
O
RT
AB
L
E
A
ND
M
O
D
UL
AR
SO
L
AR
P
O
W
E
R
SY
ST
E
M
AR
CH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
S
Po
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
o
f
ce
n
tr
alize
d
g
r
id
s
,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
r
a
p
id
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
m
ak
es
th
em
well
s
u
ited
f
o
r
em
er
g
en
cy
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
6
]
.
Fr
o
m
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
s
y
s
t
em
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
l
y
v
ar
iab
le
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tan
d
-
al
o
n
e,
clu
s
ter
ed
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
en
ts
,
as
well
as
th
e
ass
o
ciat
ed
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
o
f
po
rt
a
ble a
nd
m
o
du
la
r
s
o
la
r
po
wer
s
y
s
t
em
s
Po
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
d
esig
n
ed
as
co
m
p
ac
t,
s
elf
-
co
n
tain
ed
u
n
its
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les,
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
in
ter
f
ac
es
[
4
9
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
ex
ten
d
th
is
c
o
n
ce
p
t
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
m
u
ltip
le
u
n
its
o
r
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
to
b
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
,
allo
win
g
ca
p
ac
ity
ex
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
d
is
aster
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
,
p
o
r
ta
b
ilit
y
en
s
u
r
es
f
ast
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
wh
ile
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
em
er
g
en
cy
s
h
elter
s
,
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
m
ed
ical
f
ac
ilit
ies,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
u
b
s
,
an
d
f
ield
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
eir
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
co
m
p
etin
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
5
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
erg
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
a
s
ter
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
o
r
t
a
b
le
a
n
d
mo
d
u
la
r
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
o
)
2883
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
r
ta
b
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
la
r
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
3.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
co
nfig
ura
t
io
ns
a
nd
deplo
y
m
ent
m
o
dels
Po
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
s
ev
er
al
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t scale
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
a)
Stan
d
-
alo
n
e
p
o
r
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
lo
ca
lized
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
io
r
itize
s
im
p
licity
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
o
f
ten
u
s
in
g
in
teg
r
ated
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
lim
ited
AC
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
h
elter
s
o
r
m
o
b
ile
em
e
r
g
en
cy
u
n
its
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
b)
C
lu
s
ter
ed
o
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
o
lv
e
th
e
p
ar
allel
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
o
r
tab
le
u
n
its
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
en
ab
le
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
,
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
,
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
am
o
n
g
u
n
its
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
allo
win
g
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
b
e
p
o
o
led
an
d
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
ted
as
n
ee
d
ed
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
c)
Hy
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ate
p
o
r
t
ab
le
s
o
lar
u
n
its
with
o
th
er
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
d
iesel
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
o
r
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
a
cilitate
s
ea
m
le
s
s
s
o
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
s
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
h
ases
[
5
8
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
3.
3
.
DC
-
f
irst
a
nd
hy
brid
AC
/DC
a
rc
hite
ct
ures
Ar
ch
itectu
r
al
ch
o
ice
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
[
6
0
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
em
er
g
en
cy
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ten
ad
o
p
t
AC
-
ce
n
tr
ic
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
atib
il
ity
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ap
p
lian
ce
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
p
o
r
t
ab
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es sy
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
3
6
]
.
a)
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
p
r
io
r
itize
DC
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
co
m
p
atib
le
lo
a
d
s
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
b
u
s
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
in
v
er
te
r
s
o
n
ly
wh
en
AC
p
o
wer
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es,
im
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ili
ty
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
u
n
d
er
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
[
4
2
]
,
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
.
b)
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
co
m
b
in
e
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
p
r
in
cip
les
with
s
elec
tiv
e
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
ad
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
p
la
y
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
m
an
ag
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
DC
an
d
AC
d
o
m
ain
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
f
l
ex
ib
l
e
lo
ad
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
6
2
]
,
[
6
3
]
,
[
6
4
]
.
3.
4
.
M
o
du
la
r
co
nv
er
t
er
t
o
po
lo
g
ies a
nd
s
ca
la
bil
it
y
Mo
d
u
lar
ity
in
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
is
lar
g
ely
en
ab
l
ed
b
y
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
d
esig
n
[
6
5
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
in
v
er
ter
u
n
its
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
o
r
s
er
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2879
-
2
8
9
4
2884
ca
p
ac
ity
o
r
ad
ap
t
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
[
6
6
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
wh
ile
m
ain
t
ain
in
g
m
a
n
ag
ea
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t sizes.
Mo
d
u
lar
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
ce
b
y
allo
win
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
m
o
d
u
les
to
b
e
is
o
lated
o
r
b
y
p
ass
ed
with
o
u
t
d
is
ab
lin
g
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
[
6
7
]
,
[
6
8
]
.
I
n
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
u
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
d
esp
ite
p
ar
tial
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
o
d
u
l
ar
d
esig
n
s
s
im
p
lify
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
c
r
em
en
tal
u
p
g
r
ad
es
[
6
9
]
.
3.
5
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n
o
f
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
a
nd
lo
a
d inte
rf
a
ce
s
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
a
ce
n
tr
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
l
o
w
s
o
lar
av
ailab
ilit
y
[
7
0
]
.
B
atter
ies
ar
e
ty
p
ically
in
ter
f
ac
ed
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
r
eg
u
l
ate
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
i
le
p
r
o
tectin
g
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
[
7
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
.
L
o
ad
in
ter
f
ac
es
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
DC
an
d
A
C
lo
ad
s
,
with
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
lo
ad
is
o
latio
n
[
7
3
]
.
Prio
r
ity
-
b
ased
lo
ad
in
ter
f
ac
es
en
ab
le
cr
itical
s
er
v
ices
to
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
ev
e
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
4
]
,
[
7
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
lo
ad
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
b
u
s
is
a
d
ef
in
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
r
esil
ien
t p
o
r
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
es
[
7
3
]
.
3.
6
.
Arc
hite
ct
ura
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
ener
g
y
re
s
ilience
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
er
en
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
[
4
5
]
.
Dec
en
tr
alize
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
wh
ile
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
an
d
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
d
esig
n
en
h
an
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
au
lt to
ler
a
n
c
e
[
6
0
]
,
[
7
6
]
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
em
er
g
e
n
cy
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
5
]
,
[
7
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
p
r
in
cip
les
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
d
is
aster
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ex
am
in
e
d
in
g
r
ea
te
r
d
etail
[
7
8
]
.
4.
P
O
WE
R
E
L
E
CT
RO
N
I
CS A
ND
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
RAT
E
G
I
E
S F
O
R
RE
SI
L
I
E
NT
O
P
E
RATI
O
N
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
r
esil
ien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
in
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
o
p
er
ate
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
ly
v
ar
iab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
lo
ad
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
f
ten
with
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
7
9
]
,
[
8
0
]
.
E
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
t
ab
le
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
r
a
p
id
f
au
lt
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
ly
to
c
r
itical
lo
ad
s
[
8
1
]
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
k
ey
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies th
at
co
llectiv
ely
en
ab
le
r
esil
ien
t o
p
er
atio
n
in
p
o
r
ta
b
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics an
d
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies f
o
r
r
esil
ien
t o
p
er
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
erg
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
a
s
ter
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
o
r
t
a
b
le
a
n
d
mo
d
u
la
r
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
o
)
2885
4
.
1
.
DC
–
DC
c
o
nv
er
t
er
s
a
nd
m
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
po
int
t
r
a
cking
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
eg
u
latin
g
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
lo
ad
s
[
8
2
]
,
[
8
3
]
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
in
clu
d
e
b
u
ck
,
b
o
o
s
t,
b
u
ck
–
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
is
o
lated
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
p
o
wer
l
ev
els,
an
d
s
af
ety
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
8
4
]
,
[
8
5
]
,
[
8
6
]
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
8
7
]
,
[
8
8
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
i
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
r
em
ain
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
im
p
l
icity
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
8
9
]
.
M
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
MPPT,
o
f
f
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
r
ap
i
d
ly
c
h
an
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
d
is
aster
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
g
o
f
PV m
o
d
u
les
[
9
0
]
.
4
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
a
n
d bid
irec
t
io
na
l po
wer
co
nv
er
s
io
n
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
r
ely
o
n
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
m
an
ag
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
9
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
r
eg
u
late
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
iles
[
9
2
]
.
B
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
em
s
(
B
MS)
m
o
n
ito
r
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
e,
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
[
9
3
]
.
Fro
m
a
r
esil
ien
ce
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
in
tellig
en
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
en
ab
les
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
o
f
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
wh
en
e
n
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
i
s
lim
ited
[
9
4
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
lim
its
to
e
x
ten
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
eser
v
e
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
em
e
r
g
en
cy
u
s
e
[
9
5
]
.
4
.
3
.
I
nv
er
t
er
c
o
ntr
o
l f
o
r
emer
g
ency
lo
a
ds
Alth
o
u
g
h
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
o
p
ted
,
m
an
y
em
er
g
en
cy
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
e
AC
p
o
wer
[
9
6
]
.
I
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
a
s
tab
le
AC
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
u
n
d
er
is
lan
d
e
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
9
7
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
with
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
iv
er
s
e
lo
a
d
ty
p
es,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t lo
ad
s
[
9
8
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l,
v
ir
tu
al
im
p
e
d
an
ce
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
en
h
a
n
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
a
d
-
s
h
a
r
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
clu
s
ter
ed
o
r
m
o
d
u
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
ab
le
m
u
ltip
le
in
v
e
r
ter
s
to
o
p
er
ate
in
p
ar
a
llel
with
o
u
t
ce
n
tr
a
lized
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
an
d
f
au
lt to
le
r
an
ce
[
9
9
]
,
[
1
0
0
]
,
[
1
0
1
]
.
4
.
4
.
E
nerg
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
a
n
d lo
a
d prio
rit
iza
t
io
n str
a
t
eg
i
e
s
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
E
MS
)
co
o
r
d
i
n
at
e
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w
am
o
n
g
PV
s
o
u
r
c
es,
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
l
o
ad
s
t
o
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
r
es
ilie
n
ce
.
I
n
p
o
r
ta
b
l
e
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
E
MS
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
m
u
s
t
b
ala
n
ce
ef
f
i
cie
n
cy
wit
h
s
i
m
p
li
cit
y
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
el
ia
b
le
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
wit
h
o
u
t
e
x
c
ess
iv
e
c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
a
l
co
m
p
le
x
i
ty
[
1
0
2
]
,
[
1
0
3
]
,
[
1
0
4
]
.
L
o
ad
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
is
a
k
ey
r
esil
ien
ce
f
ea
tu
r
e,
allo
win
g
ess
e
n
tial
s
er
v
ices
to
r
em
ain
p
o
wer
ed
d
u
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
h
o
r
tag
es
[
1
0
5
]
.
Pri
o
r
i
ty
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
wh
e
n
b
atter
y
lev
els
f
all
b
elo
w
p
r
e
d
ef
in
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
eser
v
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
cr
itical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ed
ical
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
e
v
ices
[
1
0
6
]
.
A
u
to
m
ated
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
p
er
at
o
r
b
u
r
d
e
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
s
u
r
v
iv
ab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
em
er
g
en
cy
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
0
7
]
.
4
.
5
.
F
a
ult
det
ec
t
io
n,
pro
t
ec
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
f
a
ult
-
t
o
lera
nt
co
ntr
o
l
Fau
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
a
m
ag
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
in
h
ar
s
h
d
is
aster
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
ty
p
ically
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t p
r
o
tectio
n
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
m
al
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
is
o
latio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
1
0
8
]
,
[
1
0
9
]
.
Fau
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
co
n
tin
u
ed
o
p
er
a
tio
n
u
n
d
e
r
p
ar
tial
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
e.
Mo
d
u
l
ar
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
allo
w
f
a
u
lty
m
o
d
u
les
to
b
e
is
o
lated
o
r
b
y
p
ass
ed
,
w
h
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
u
n
its
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
[
2
8
]
.
Fas
t
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
r
estar
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
m
in
im
ize
d
o
wn
tim
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t r
ap
id
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
af
te
r
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
1
1
0
]
.
4
.
6
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
re
s
ilien
t
s
y
s
t
em
des
ig
n
T
h
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
r
e
s
ilien
ce
in
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
is
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
en
ab
led
b
y
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
6
0
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
v
er
ter
co
n
t
r
o
l,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
l
y
u
n
ce
r
tain
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
d
u
lar
p
o
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
with
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
ath
way
to
war
d
r
esil
ien
t
em
er
g
en
cy
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
ical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2879
-
2
8
9
4
2886
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
h
allen
g
es a
r
e
ex
am
in
e
d
[
1
1
3
]
.
5.
DE
P
L
O
Y
M
E
NT
,
P
E
RF
O
R
M
ANC
E
,
AND
P
RAC
T
I
CA
L
CO
NSI
DE
R
AT
I
O
NS
W
h
ile
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
r
esil
ien
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
u
lti
m
ately
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
eir
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
5
]
.
Pra
ctica
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ea
s
e
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
d
u
r
in
g
em
e
r
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
h
ases
[
5
0
]
.
5
.
1
.
Deplo
y
m
ent
a
nd
ins
t
a
lla
t
io
n c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
R
ap
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
is
a
k
ey
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
em
e
r
g
en
c
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Po
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
p
l
u
g
-
an
d
-
p
la
y
in
s
tallatio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
b
y
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
with
lim
ited
tech
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e.
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
c
o
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
e
n
clo
s
u
r
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
etu
p
tim
e
an
d
lo
wer
lo
g
is
tical
b
u
r
d
en
[
1
1
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
lex
i
b
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
b
y
allo
win
g
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
e
s
ca
led
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
itu
atio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
[
1
1
4
]
,
[
1
1
5
]
.
I
n
d
is
aster
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
i
n
cr
em
en
tally
,
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les ad
d
e
d
as l
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es o
r
as r
e
co
v
er
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
ex
p
an
d
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
ea
m
les
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
m
o
d
u
les with
o
u
t
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
o
n
g
o
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
9
]
.
5.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
un
der
v
a
r
ia
ble o
pera
t
ing
co
nd
it
io
ns
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ly
v
ar
iab
le
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
lu
ctu
at
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
,
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
[
1
1
6
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
lay
a
c
en
tr
al
r
o
le
in
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
d
esp
ite
th
ese
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
[
1
1
7
]
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
b
atter
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es
g
en
er
ally
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
er
o
v
er
al
l
ef
f
icien
cy
d
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es,
w
h
ic
h
tr
an
s
l
ates
in
to
lo
n
g
e
r
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
tr
an
s
ien
t lo
a
d
s
an
d
p
ar
tial sh
ad
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
2
]
,
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
.
5.
3
.
Relia
bil
it
y
,
du
ra
bil
it
y
,
a
nd
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l r
o
bu
s
t
nes
s
R
e
li
a
b
i
li
t
y
i
s
a
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
i
n
d
i
s
as
t
e
r
-
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
c
a
n
h
a
v
e
s
e
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
es
.
P
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
h
ar
s
h
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
,
d
u
s
t
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
s
,
a
n
d
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
s
h
o
c
k
s
[
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Du
r
ab
ilit
y
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
en
clo
s
u
r
e
d
esig
n
,
th
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
[
1
1
8
]
.
Ad
eq
u
ate
in
g
r
ess
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
s
h
o
ck
-
r
esis
tan
t
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
o
r
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Po
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
u
s
t b
e
s
el
ec
ted
an
d
d
esig
n
e
d
to
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
u
n
d
er
wid
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
es a
n
d
ir
r
eg
u
l
ar
d
u
ty
c
y
cles
[
1
1
9
]
.
5.
4
.
M
o
nito
ring
,
dia
g
no
s
t
ics
,
a
nd
us
er
inte
ra
ct
io
n
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
.
Ma
n
y
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
b
asic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
b
atter
y
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
in
d
icato
r
s
,
f
au
lt
alar
m
s
,
an
d
lo
a
d
s
tatu
s
d
is
p
lay
s
.
Mo
r
e
ad
v
an
c
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
ter
f
ac
es th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
y
s
tem
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
User
in
ter
ac
tio
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
as
e
m
er
g
en
cy
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ated
b
y
non
-
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
.
C
lear
v
is
u
al
i
n
d
icato
r
s
,
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
es,
an
d
au
to
m
ate
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
is
u
s
e
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
H
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
d
esig
n
en
h
an
ce
s
u
s
er
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
s
tain
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tr
e
s
s
f
u
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
2
0
]
.
5.
5
.
L
ess
o
ns
f
ro
m
f
ield deplo
y
m
ent
s
a
nd
ca
s
e
s
t
ud
ies
Field
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
an
d
r
ep
o
r
te
d
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
a
b
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
l
ar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
tech
n
ical
s
o
p
h
is
tic
atio
n
with
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
im
p
l
icity
.
Sy
s
tem
s
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
ay
en
co
u
n
ter
u
n
f
o
r
eseen
ch
allen
g
es
wh
en
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
d
is
aster
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
g
is
tica
l
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
u
s
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
[
1
2
1
]
,
[
1
2
2
]
.
L
ess
o
n
s
lear
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
f
ield
ap
p
licatio
n
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
ar
ity
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
clo
s
e
alig
n
m
en
t b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
E
n
erg
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
a
s
ter
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
o
r
t
a
b
le
a
n
d
mo
d
u
la
r
s
o
la
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p
o
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er
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
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)
2887
5.
6
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l
cha
lleng
es a
n
d lim
it
a
t
io
ns
Desp
ite
th
eir
ad
v
an
tag
es,
p
o
r
t
ab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
f
ac
e
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es.
L
im
ited
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
x
ten
d
ed
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
lo
w
s
o
lar
av
aila
b
ilit
y
.
C
o
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
s
m
ay
also
lim
i
t
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
r
e
g
io
n
s
[
1
2
3
]
,
[
1
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
izatio
n
r
em
ain
o
n
g
o
in
g
ch
allen
g
es,
as
s
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
ea
s
ily
in
teg
r
ate
d
[
1
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
t
in
u
ed
r
esear
ch
in
p
o
wer
elec
t
r
o
n
ics,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
5
.
7
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
re
s
ilien
t
em
er
g
ency
po
wer
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
ct
i
o
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
at
r
e
s
i
li
e
n
c
e
is
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
v
an
c
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
u
t
a
ls
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
f
u
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
es
i
g
n
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
[
4
3
]
.
P
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
,
a
n
d
u
s
a
b
i
l
it
y
o
f
f
e
r
a
v
i
a
b
l
e
p
a
th
w
a
y
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
d
i
s
as
t
e
r
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
[
4
5
]
,
[
1
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
clu
d
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
b
y
illu
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
r
esil
ien
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
is
aster
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
A
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
r
esil
ien
t
f
ield
o
p
er
atio
n
em
er
g
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
r
ap
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
s
tab
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
iab
le
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
d
esig
n
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
f
a
cto
r
s
lin
k
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices
with
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
er
eb
y
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
k
e
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
g
u
i
d
in
g
t
h
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dep
l
o
y
m
en
t,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
la
r
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
itical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
elec
t
r
ical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
e
r
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
am
ag
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
o
u
tag
es
ca
n
s
ev
er
ely
d
is
r
u
p
t
e
m
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
e
f
f
o
r
ts
.
T
h
is
r
e
v
iew
h
as
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
la
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
en
ab
le
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
ex
tr
e
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
v
er
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
em
er
g
e
n
cy
p
o
wer
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
g
r
id
s
a
n
d
f
u
el
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
s
.
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
A
C
/D
C
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
ef
f
icien
t D
C
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
r
o
b
u
s
t in
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
,
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
k
ey
en
ab
ler
s
o
f
r
esil
ien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Mo
d
u
la
r
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
allo
win
g
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
b
e
tailo
r
ed
t
o
ev
o
lv
in
g
em
er
g
en
cy
n
ee
d
s
.
Fro
m
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2879
-
2
8
9
4
2888
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es,
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
lo
ad
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
i
n
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
ly
to
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
.
Fau
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
f
au
lt
-
t
o
ler
an
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
ap
id
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
aster
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
en
a
b
les
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
to
o
p
er
ate
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
an
d
r
elia
b
ly
i
n
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Pra
ctica
l
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ea
s
e
o
f
i
n
s
tallatio
n
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
wer
e
also
s
h
o
wn
t
o
b
e
d
ec
i
s
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Field
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
r
esil
ien
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
tech
n
ical
s
o
p
h
is
ticatio
n
b
u
t
also
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
licity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
d
esig
n
.
Desp
ite
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
.
L
im
itatio
n
s
in
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
u
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
co
n
s
tr
ain
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
e
n
h
an
cin
g
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
a
te
g
ies,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
o
d
u
lar
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
d
ig
ital
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
ar
e
also
ex
p
ec
ted
to
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
y
s
tem
r
esil
ien
ce
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
en
d
esig
n
ed
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
v
iab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
ci
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
C
o
n
tin
u
ed
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
is
ar
e
a
will
b
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
to
p
r
ac
tical,
r
esil
ien
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
l
an
(
UAD)
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
,
an
d
th
e
E
m
b
ed
d
e
d
Sy
s
tem
s
an
d
Po
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
E
SP
E
R
G)
f
o
r
th
eir
in
v
al
u
ab
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
f
a
cilities
,
g
u
id
an
ce
,
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wer
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
m
p
leti
o
n
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
AI
to
o
l
(
C
h
atGPT
)
was
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
f
o
r
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
an
d
illu
s
tr
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
All
s
cien
tific
co
n
ten
t
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
n
d
v
e
r
if
ied
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
PT.
I
n
telek
tu
al
Pu
s
tak
a
Me
d
i
a
Utam
a
(
I
PMU)
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
n
u
m
b
er
0
1
/R
ST
-
E
/I
PMU/I
/2
0
2
5
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
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