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111
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I
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8
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I
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t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
-
120
112
ch
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co
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ar
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
d
o
n
o
t r
eq
u
ir
e
b
atter
ies f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
g
r
id
an
d
ca
n
f
ee
d
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
in
to
it.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
u
s
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
ain
s
f
ailu
r
es,
as
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ce
ases
.
Of
f
-
g
r
id
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
b
atter
i
es
f
o
r
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
s
to
r
ag
e.
Hy
b
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
co
m
b
in
e
o
n
-
g
r
id
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
f
ea
tu
r
es,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e.
Mo
s
t
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
wh
er
e
m
ain
s
p
o
wer
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
lim
ited
,
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
m
o
d
e
.
On
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
d
o
n
o
t
g
en
er
ate
p
o
we
r
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
o
u
tag
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
wasted
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
is
b
ei
n
g
c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
DSM)
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
s
ec
to
r
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
e
v
ie
ws
o
f
DSM
p
o
ten
tial,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
lly
au
to
m
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
Op
en
ADR
2
.
0
b
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
atu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
to
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
g
r
id
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
c
o
llectiv
ely
aim
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
lo
ad
s
h
if
tin
g
,
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
tellig
en
t
au
to
m
atio
n
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
On
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
s
id
e,
Gala
r
za
et
a
l.
[
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
to
m
itig
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
en
h
an
ce
d
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
a
r
ela
ted
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
Dr
ao
u
i
et
a
l.
[
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Flam
in
g
o
Sear
ch
Alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
esti
m
atio
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
Sah
r
in
et
a
l.
[
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
e
r
g
y
im
p
o
r
t
e
s
tim
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
r
o
o
f
to
p
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
in
tellig
en
t
MP
P
T
co
n
tr
o
l,
Salem
et
a
l.
[
7
]
c
o
m
b
in
ed
p
e
r
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
m
eth
o
d
s
with
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
W
ir
eles
s
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
tech
n
iq
u
es h
av
e
also
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
,
as
I
r
wan
to
e
t
a
l.
[
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
v
ia
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
s
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
g
r
id
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
Hy
b
r
id
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
also
f
ea
tu
r
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
tly
.
Fen
n
an
e
et
a
l.
[
9
]
9
ass
ess
ed
a
PV
-
win
d
-
d
iesel
-
b
atter
y
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
v
iab
il
ity
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
.
J
u
s
o
h
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
SS
)
,
en
ab
lin
g
b
etter
h
o
u
r
ly
p
o
wer
d
is
p
atch
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
ik
ewise,
J
af
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
ap
p
lied
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
to
en
h
an
ce
P&
O
MPPT,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
f
aster
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
J
ao
id
e
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
co
m
b
i
n
ed
MPPT
with
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
q
u
asi
-
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
t
h
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
g
r
id
-
tied
PVs
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
ese
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
Yu
an
d
J
u
n
g
[
1
3
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
to
ass
ess
PV b
eh
av
io
u
r
u
n
d
er
tr
an
s
ien
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
f
f
o
r
t
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
ar
e
also
ev
id
en
t.
Mish
r
a
et
al
[
1
4
]
u
s
ed
f
ilter
s
an
d
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
ed
b
y
g
r
id
-
tied
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ou
ah
ab
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
-
b
ased
f
ast
MPPT
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
r
ap
id
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Sin
g
h
[
1
6
]
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
d
itio
n
er
(
UPQC
)
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
t
em
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
at
io
n
s
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
o
r
ab
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
with
P&
O,
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
tim
ize
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Me
n
s
ik
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
izin
g
,
co
n
t
r
o
l stra
teg
ies,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
I
o
T
i
n
o
p
t
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
lo
w
-
en
e
r
g
y
b
u
ild
in
g
d
esig
n
in
d
e
n
s
e
u
r
b
an
ar
e
as,
u
tili
zin
g
I
o
T
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
s
ts
.
Stu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
an
d
[
2
1
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
r
em
o
te
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
d
etec
t
f
au
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
Ah
m
ad
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
r
ev
iews
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
5
G
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ex
ch
an
g
e
an
d
g
r
id
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Sev
er
a
l
r
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
Sp
ec
if
ica
lly
,
Pal
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
u
s
in
g
PLCs
with
in
a
tr
an
s
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
e
n
h
an
c
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
Similar
ly
,
Saleem
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
to
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
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o
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er
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I
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th
e
co
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tex
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
Saleem
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ate
d
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
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T
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r
ess
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
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8
7
0
8
E
fficien
cy
en
h
a
n
ce
me
n
t o
f
o
ff
-
g
r
id
s
o
la
r
s
ystem
(
S
a
tis
h
K
u
m
a
r
)
113
Sin
g
ar
av
elan
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ap
p
lie
d
th
e
two
-
p
h
ase
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
(
T
PS
M)
to
r
e
d
u
ce
p
ea
k
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
co
s
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Han
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t
en
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m
a
n
ag
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t
in
I
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T
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etwo
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k
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f
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ter
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o
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e
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R
esear
ch
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y
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s
,
wh
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e
B
ad
o
n
i
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
g
r
id
-
tied
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
q
u
ality
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
an
ad
ap
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alize
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im
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g
p
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wer
q
u
ality
a
n
d
g
r
id
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
r
ec
en
tly
,
Mu
k
h
er
jee
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
lig
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tin
g
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
m
in
im
izi
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
wastag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
o
lar
c
h
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
r
etr
o
f
it.
A
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
q
u
an
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
u
n
u
s
ed
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
.
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ical
ly
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
n
i
g
h
ttime
h
o
u
r
s
u
s
in
g
a
lo
ad
-
p
r
io
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
u
tili
z
atio
n
o
f
a
v
ailab
le
s
o
lar
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g
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ay
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th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
itig
ati
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
wastag
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
ax
im
izes
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
m
in
im
izes
g
r
id
p
o
wer
r
elian
ce
,
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
elec
tr
icity
co
s
ts
,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
wastag
e
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
Descr
ib
es
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
m
ar
t
s
ch
ed
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ler
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an
d
c
o
n
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o
l
b
o
ar
d
,
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
b
u
ilt,
in
teg
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ated
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an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
a
r
ea
l
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w
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ld
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e
tu
p
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
Pre
s
en
ts
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
s
tallatio
n
d
ata
(
e.
g
.
,
d
ail
y
wastag
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
9
3
.
1
W
to
1
3
.
1
W
)
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
An
aly
ze
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
wea
th
er
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e;
d
is
cu
s
s
es
s
y
s
tem
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
es
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
f
its
th
e
jo
u
r
n
al’
s
s
co
p
e
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
t
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
r
ac
tical,
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
t
io
n
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
wastag
e
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
ts
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
ad
ap
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ak
es
it
h
ig
h
ly
citab
le
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
v
alid
ated
,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
in
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
is
tech
n
ically
r
o
b
u
s
t,
s
o
cially
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
well
-
s
u
ited
to
t
h
e
jo
u
r
n
al’
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
esear
c
h
.
I
n
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
b
atter
y
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
ax
im
u
m
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
th
at
d
y
n
am
ically
s
witch
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ain
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ased
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tim
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ito
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atter
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em
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d
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an
d
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o
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en
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
b
lo
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k
d
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ag
r
am
o
f
t
h
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ed
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e,
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e
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ig
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t
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atter
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ize
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W
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le
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n
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th
e
b
atter
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6
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ak
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atter
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atter
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ased
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atter
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ain
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p
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ly
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lled
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atter
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f
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T
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o
r
ith
m
is
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s
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ated
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th
e
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
'
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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m
ea
s
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r
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a
PZE
M
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An
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a
d
p
r
io
r
ity
d
ev
ice.
A
Py
t
h
o
n
-
b
ased
in
te
g
r
ated
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
DE
)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
An
AC
en
er
g
y
m
eter
,
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
lo
ad
'
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
o
m
in
im
ize
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
wastag
e,
a
lo
ad
p
r
i
o
r
ity
d
e
v
ice
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
A
DC
en
er
g
y
m
eter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
'
s
g
en
er
ated
an
d
wasted
en
er
g
y
.
An
AC
en
er
g
y
m
eter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
lo
ad
'
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
p
r
io
r
ity
d
ev
ice
s
tr
ateg
i
ca
lly
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
atter
y
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
n
r
is
e
b
y
an
am
o
u
n
t e
q
u
iv
alen
t to
th
e
esti
m
ated
wasted
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
p
r
ee
m
p
tiv
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
h
as
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
o
r
n
in
g
,
th
er
e
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
aim
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
wastag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
,
d
em
a
n
d
,
an
d
wastag
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
co
m
p
r
is
es th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
-
T
o
tal
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
So
l
ar
PV:
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
a
d
ay
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
DC
en
er
g
y
m
eter
(
PZ
E
M
-
0
0
3
/0
1
7
DC
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
m
o
d
u
le)
.
-
T
o
tal
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
: T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
also
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
-
C
alcu
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
wastag
e
p
o
wer
:
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
is
in
ter
r
u
p
t
ed
,
th
e
wastag
e
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
-
120
114
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
am
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
with
I
o
T
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
en
ti
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
fficien
cy
en
h
a
n
ce
me
n
t o
f
o
ff
-
g
r
id
s
o
la
r
s
ystem
(
S
a
tis
h
K
u
m
a
r
)
115
T
h
e
wastag
e
p
o
wer
P wa
s
te
ca
lcu
lated
as f
o
llo
w:
=
−
W
h
er
e:
=
So
lar
en
er
g
y
wasted
(
W
h
/d
ay
)
=
T
o
tal
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ate
d
(
W
h
/d
ay
)
=
T
o
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
(
W
h
/d
a
y
)
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
an
y
u
n
d
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
q
u
an
tifie
d
,
a
n
d
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
tellig
en
t lo
a
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
2.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el,
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
es
a
5
5
-
watt
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
an
el,
a
5
0
0
VA,
1
2
-
v
o
lt
in
v
e
r
ter
,
an
d
a
2
8
Ah
b
atter
y
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
wastag
e
d
at
a
co
llected
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
wastag
e
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
1
3
:
0
0
an
d
1
6
:0
0
h
o
u
r
s
,
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
was
f
u
lly
ch
ar
g
ed
an
d
th
e
l
o
ad
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
was
m
in
im
al.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
r
etr
o
f
its
ty
p
ically
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
in
v
er
t
er
'
s
m
ain
s
p
o
wer
o
n
ly
d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el
ex
ce
ed
s
6
0
%.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
if
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
we
r
d
em
an
d
is
les
s
th
an
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
a
v
ailab
le
af
ter
th
e
b
att
er
y
is
f
u
lly
ch
ar
g
ed
,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
is
wasted
.
T
ab
le
2
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
af
ter
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
th
is
wastag
e.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
o
lar
ch
a
r
g
in
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
cu
m
r
etr
o
f
it
ef
f
icie
n
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
wasted
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
d
aily
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
wastag
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
d
ata,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ts
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
'
s
m
ain
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
r
io
r
to
s
u
n
r
is
e,
th
er
eb
y
m
in
im
izin
g
wa
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
to
tal
d
aily
p
o
w
er
wastag
e
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
was
9
3
.
1
watts
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Af
ter
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
t
h
is
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
3
.
1
watts,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
8
5
.
9
2
% r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
wasted
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
t
o
ty
p
e
m
o
d
el,
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
with
I
o
T
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
ty
p
ically
u
s
e
b
asic
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
s
with
o
u
t
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
r
lo
ad
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
tab
le
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
en
er
g
y
wastag
e
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
atter
ies
an
d
m
is
m
atch
ed
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
b
u
t
f
ew
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
a
u
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
with
r
e
al
-
tim
e
s
en
s
in
g
a
n
d
s
ch
ed
u
led
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
b
u
ild
s
u
p
o
n
s
u
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
p
r
ac
tical,
lo
w
-
co
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
wid
ely
av
ailab
le
m
o
d
u
les
lik
e
th
e
PZE
M
-
0
0
4
T
,
DC
/AC
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
,
an
d
a
Py
t
h
o
n
-
b
ased
I
DE
f
o
r
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
T
o
th
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
was
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
B
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
lo
ad
-
p
r
io
r
ity
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
tr
ateg
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
s
u
n
r
is
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
cr
ea
te
d
s
p
ac
e
in
th
e
b
atter
y
f
o
r
f
r
esh
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
th
e
n
ex
t
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
en
a
b
led
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
to
m
ak
e
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
at
m
in
im
ized
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
f
lo
w
an
d
id
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
allo
wed
m
o
r
e
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
to
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ay
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
o
th
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
an
d
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
g
r
id
p
o
wer
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
-
120
116
T
ab
le
1
.
W
astag
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
T
i
m
e
S
o
l
a
r
P
o
w
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r
(W)
Lo
a
d
P
o
w
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r
(W)
B
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t
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r
b
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s
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a
r
(W)
W
a
st
a
g
e
P
o
w
e
r
(W)
0
0
:
0
0
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
astag
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
m
ar
t
r
etr
o
f
it
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
b
atter
y
SOC
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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r
in
s
tan
ce
,
wh
e
n
th
e
b
atter
y
SOC
wa
s
b
elo
w
6
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%,
th
e
r
etr
o
f
it
en
s
u
r
ed
b
at
ter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
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o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
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ai
n
s
s
o
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.
On
ce
th
e
SOC
ex
ce
ed
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6
0
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th
e
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tem
i
n
tellig
en
tly
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
h
e
m
ai
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d
p
r
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r
itized
s
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lar
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r
lo
ad
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s
ag
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al
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,
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n
d
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d
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n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
g
r
id
r
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ce
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An
ad
ap
tiv
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c
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tr
o
l
ler
with
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ce
o
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o
f
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lar
s
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.
T
h
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wo
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n
tr
i
b
u
tes
n
ew
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ig
h
ts
in
to
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if
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lar
ir
r
ad
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n
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
Power
(W
att
)
Tim
e (H
r
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Solar Power
L
oad Power
Battery
Charging by
Solar Power
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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cc
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r
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5
.
Data
co
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p
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is
o
n
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f
Af
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th
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s
u
cc
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f
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l im
p
lem
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tatio
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f
o
f
f
g
r
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s
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in
v
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ter
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
c
o
n
clu
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,
th
is
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ap
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s
s
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ates
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ig
h
ttime
d
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h
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.
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p
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alid
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th
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y
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ly
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in
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e
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ab
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ly
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l a
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d
a
p
p
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a
n
a
g
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en
t.
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h
is
wo
r
k
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n
ce
s
th
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f
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o
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.
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t
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s
m
ar
t
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is
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o
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.
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e
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tal
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ir
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ts
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
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Po
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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I
n
t J E
lec
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o
m
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
1
1
1
-
120
118
ACK
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.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
jan
sa
ri
@iu
l.
a
c
.
in
.
Ani
l
K
u
m
a
r
S
i
n
g
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
fro
m
M
JP
Ro
h
il
k
h
a
n
d
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ba
re
il
l
y
,
th
e
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
NI
TT
TR
Ch
a
n
d
ig
a
r
h
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
1
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
D
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
IIT
(IS
M
),
D
h
a
n
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
jo
in
e
d
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
in
str
u
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
J
P
Ro
h
il
k
h
a
n
d
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ba
re
il
ly
,
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
i
n
g
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
4
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
n
il
k
s@
m
j
p
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
De
e
p
a
k
G
a
n
g
w
a
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Uttar
P
ra
d
e
sh
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
L
u
c
k
n
o
w,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
0
8
,
a
n
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
G
u
ru
G
o
b
i
n
d
S
i
n
g
h
In
d
ra
p
ra
sth
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
i
s
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
I
n
d
ian
I
n
st
it
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(IS
M
),
Dh
a
n
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
m
e
tam
a
teria
l
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
u
lt
ra
-
wid
e
b
a
n
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
m
e
tam
a
teria
l
fil
ters
,
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
se
lec
ti
v
e
s
u
rfa
c
e
s,
m
e
tas
u
rfa
c
e
s,
a
n
d
RCS
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
e
e
p
a
k
.
g
a
n
g
wa
r@m
jp
ru
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
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