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[
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Nev
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37
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n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
,
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
an
d
i
n
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
n
cCo
n
d
)
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
p
r
o
v
e
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
u
n
d
e
r
r
ap
id
ly
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
t
u
r
n
ed
to
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
ANFI
S
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
b
etter
ad
ap
ta
tio
n
.
I
n
p
a
r
allel,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
r
o
tatin
g
f
r
am
e
(
SR
F)
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
ec
o
u
p
le
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
d
y
n
am
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ili
ty
[
6
]
.
Des
p
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
s
ea
m
less
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
with
m
o
d
er
n
HVDC
g
r
id
s
an
d
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
I
s
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
f
au
lt
r
esil
ien
ce
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
co
n
tin
u
e
to
d
r
iv
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
ten
s
i
v
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
t
o
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Var
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
d
ir
e
ct
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
d
r
o
o
p
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
a
n
d
m
ain
tai
n
v
o
lta
g
e/f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
in
v
esti
g
ated
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
m
in
im
ize
to
tal
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
th
e
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
-
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
an
d
i
n
cr
em
en
ta
l
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
;
h
o
we
v
er
,
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ete
r
io
r
ates
u
n
d
er
r
ap
id
l
y
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
—
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
ANFI
S
—
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t a
d
ap
t
ab
ilit
y
to
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ics o
f
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
HVDC)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
d
as
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
er
s
is
ten
t
ch
allen
g
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
d
e
r
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
in
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
o
m
ain
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
o
r
HVDC
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
f
er
a
h
o
l
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ad
d
r
ess
es
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
r
e
al
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
o
p
e
r
atio
n
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
au
lt
t
o
ler
an
c
e,
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
atch
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
m
an
ag
e
as
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
n
et
wo
r
k
s
in
teg
r
ate
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ea
c
h
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
u
n
iq
u
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
AC
/DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es,
co
n
v
er
t
er
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
f
ailu
r
es
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
s
y
s
tem
-
wid
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
eg
r
ad
e
b
o
t
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
s
tab
le
g
r
i
d
o
p
er
atio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies ca
p
ab
le
o
f
an
ticip
ati
n
g
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
s
u
ch
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
q
u
alit
y
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
,
th
e
p
ap
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
m
u
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
v
ia
HVDC
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
ased
o
n
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
r
o
tatin
g
f
r
am
e
(
SR
F)
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
,
aim
e
d
at
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
in
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
a
n
o
v
el
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
ANFI
S
an
d
Kalm
an
f
ilter
s
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
f
ar
m
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t e
n
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
y
to
o
n
s
h
o
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
36
-
48
38
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
teg
r
atin
g
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
elec
tr
ic
al
g
r
id
s
.
I
t
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els,
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
p
r
in
cip
les
th
at
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
t
r
o
l
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
d
v
an
ce
d
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
to
v
alid
ate
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
2
.
1
.
Adv
a
nced
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
(
S
RF
)
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
r
o
tatin
g
f
r
a
m
e
(
SR
F)
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
p
r
ec
is
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
with
th
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
SR
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
th
e
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
allo
win
g
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ea
ch
an
d
t
h
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
lev
er
ag
es
th
e
SR
F
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
a
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
SR
F
m
eth
o
d
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
b
etwe
en
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
win
d
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
,
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
h
ea
t
an
d
p
o
wer
(
C
HP)
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
m
ain
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
SR
F
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
a
b
les
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
ac
tiv
e
(
P)
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
(
Q)
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws,
allo
win
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
r
e
g
u
late
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
with
h
ig
h
er
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
[
1
8
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
r
ap
id
ly
a
d
ap
t
to
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
,
wh
ic
h
is
esp
ec
ially
cr
itical
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
in
ter
m
itten
t
an
d
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
o
u
t
p
u
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
S
R
F
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
i
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
SR
F
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
m
u
ltil
ev
el
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
q
u
ality
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
f
aster
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
to
m
ain
tain
in
g
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
in
im
izin
g
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
to
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
SR
F
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
to
o
l
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
b
o
th
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
o
p
tim
iz
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
P
P
T
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n (
A
NF
I
S + F
iltr
e
de
K
a
lm
a
n)
A
n
o
v
el
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
(
ANFI
S)
an
d
Kalm
an
f
ilter
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ap
ts
to
r
ap
i
d
ly
f
lu
ctu
a
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
aim
in
g
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
win
d
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ile
m
i
n
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
B
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
ANFI
S
with
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
Kalm
an
f
ilter
in
g
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
r
e
n
e
wab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
y
n
am
ically
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
o
f
win
d
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
win
d
s
p
e
ed
.
T
h
e
ANFI
S
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
elf
-
a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
m
o
d
el
h
ig
h
ly
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
an
e
x
p
licit
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el.
I
t
ad
a
p
ts
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
p
er
at
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics,
m
a
k
in
g
it
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
ANFI
S,
th
e
Kalm
an
f
ilter
is
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
MPPT
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
ac
ts
as
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
esti
m
ato
r
th
at
f
ilte
r
s
o
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
r
eliab
le
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
tr
u
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
B
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
at
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tate
b
ased
o
n
b
o
th
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
r
ed
icted
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
,
th
e
f
i
lter
m
in
im
izes e
s
tim
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
two
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
r
esu
lts
in
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
ested
f
r
o
m
wi
n
d
an
d
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
u
t
also
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
en
h
an
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
g
r
id
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANFI
S
-
Kalm
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MPPT
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o
r
ith
m
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r
esen
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a
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l
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l
f
o
r
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tim
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er
g
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o
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tim
izatio
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in
h
y
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r
en
ewa
b
le
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e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
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g
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
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ch
allen
g
es in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
e
r
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics,
win
d
p
o
wer
(
MA
DA,
PMSG)
,
an
d
a
c
o
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
it
(
C
HP)
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
g
r
i
d
.
Simu
latio
n
s
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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8
N
ew co
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tr
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l str
a
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xtra
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(
Oth
ma
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Ma
a
ko
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39
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
ar
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u
cted
to
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alid
ate
s
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a
v
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d
test
th
e
in
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r
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f
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two
-
lev
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VSC
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HVDC sy
s
tem
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
th
r
ee
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lev
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NPC
co
n
v
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ter
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Sy
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
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d
p
er
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c
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aly
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ar
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b
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ar
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s
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es.
Ad
v
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tech
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e
ap
p
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ied
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ax
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p
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d
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s
in
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n
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ed
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ize
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ce
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e
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ce
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en
s
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r
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ilit
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d
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im
ize
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ar
m
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T
h
e
s
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d
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ex
p
lo
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es
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y
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r
i
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
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aly
zin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
lo
ad
s
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
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d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
o
to
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ltaic
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
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te
g
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
VSC
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HVDC
n
etwo
r
k
.
2
.
3
.
Desig
n o
f
hy
brid s
y
s
t
ems
co
nn
ec
t
ed
t
o
t
he
elec
t
rica
l
g
rid
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
co
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
its
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
r
ely
o
n
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
t
h
e
tu
r
b
in
e,
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
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n
t
m
ag
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et
s
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n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
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r
ato
r
(
PMSG)
,
an
d
th
eir
ass
o
ciate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
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te
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ter
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o
f
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o
u
r
ce
s
in
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t
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tr
ical
g
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id
b
ec
o
m
es
in
cr
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ly
co
m
p
lex
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e
to
t
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to
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in
ter
m
itten
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atu
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e,
wh
ich
ca
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
f
lu
ctu
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n
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
m
a
y
d
eg
r
a
d
e
en
er
g
y
q
u
ality
,
le
ad
in
g
to
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
th
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r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
in
teg
r
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n
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
esig
n
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
o
p
tim
al
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
all
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
e
s
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
2
.
4
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
du
le
a
nd
f
ield
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
ev
alu
ated
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
ch
o
s
en
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
s
er
ies/
p
ar
allel)
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
a
s
im
p
le
an
aly
tical
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
f
ield
'
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
q
u
ick
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
in
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
g
iv
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
h
ib
u
k
o
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t e
lectr
ical
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
PV c
ell
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ℎ
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
(
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
)
an
d
ℎ
(
p
ar
a
llel
r
esis
tan
ce
)
m
o
d
el
th
e
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
ar
ce
ll m
o
d
el
[
2
9
]
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
:
ℎ
=
+
ℎ
+
;
=
ℎ
−
−
ℎ
(
1
)
W
ith
ℎ
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
th
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
d
u
e
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
ef
ec
ts
in
t
h
e
m
ater
ial,
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes th
e
J
o
u
le
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
io
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
36
-
48
40
=
0
(
⁄
−
1
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(
2
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W
ith
0
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ein
g
th
e
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e
v
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
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en
t o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e,
an
d
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
=
.
+
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t e
lect
r
ical
cir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
PV c
ell
m
o
d
el
2
.
5
.
M
o
delin
g
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l o
f
t
he
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
p
ar
allel
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
a
s
tat
ic
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
f
an
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
b
y
s
tep
p
in
g
u
p
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
A
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
cu
r
r
en
t
-
s
h
ar
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
s
tep
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
r
elea
s
e
m
ec
h
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is
m
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
wh
i
ch
en
ab
les
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
ex
ce
ed
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
r
elies
o
n
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
,
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
(
I
GB
T
)
wh
o
s
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
witch
in
g
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
s
witch
is
clo
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
b
lo
ck
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
te
r
v
al
0
< t
< α
T
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
4
)
:
=
;
=
−
;
=
−
(
4
)
T
h
e
s
tate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
is
wr
itten
as
(
5
)
:
̇
(
)
=
1
.
(
)
+
1
.
;
[
]
=
[
0
0
0
−
1
]
[
]
+
[
1
0
]
(
5
)
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
ex
p
lain
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
Fo
r
α
T <
t <
T
,
th
e
s
witch
is
o
p
en
,
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
6
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
N
ew co
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y
fo
r
ma
xi
miz
in
g
p
o
w
er e
xtra
ctio
n
in
…
(
Oth
ma
n
e
Ma
a
ko
u
l
)
41
=
−
(
6
)
T
h
e
s
tate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
is
wr
i
tten
as
(
7
)
:
̇
(
)
=
2
.
(
)
+
2
.
;
[
]
=
[
0
−
1
1
−
1
]
[
]
+
[
1
0
]
(
7
)
T
o
r
elate
th
e
two
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
:
=
1
.
+
2
.
(
1
−
)
ℎ
=
1
.
+
2
.
(
1
−
)
(
8
)
=
[
0
−
(
1
−
)
(
1
−
)
−
1
]
=
[
1
0
]
(
9
)
T
h
e
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
as
(
1
0
)
:
[
]
=
[
0
−
(
1
−
)
(
1
−
)
−
1
]
[
]
+
[
1
0
]
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l la
w
is
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
(
1
1
)
:
=
−
(
1
−
)
=
=
1
+
−
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
law
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws,
with
“
u
”
b
ei
n
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
PI
r
e
g
u
lato
r
is
ad
o
p
ted
,
wh
ich
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
∗
)
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t (
i
L
)
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
PI
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
[
3
0
]
:
(
)
=
+
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
g
ain
,
is
th
e
in
teg
r
al
g
ai
n
,
an
d
s
is
th
e
L
ap
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
v
a
r
iab
le.
2
.
6
.
M
o
delin
g
a
co
g
ener
a
t
io
n uni
t
(
CH
P
)
A
C
HP
g
en
er
ato
r
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
an
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
s
p
ee
d
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
,
wh
ich
d
r
i
v
es
th
e
alter
n
ato
r
,
t
o
g
eth
er
with
a
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
en
tire
u
n
it
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
co
g
en
e
r
atio
n
u
n
its
g
e
n
er
ally
co
n
s
id
er
s
m
ec
h
an
ical,
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
er
m
o
ch
em
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ic
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
h
ea
t
en
g
in
e
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
e
d
b
y
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
3
)
:
=
3
2
[
(
.
+
.
+
2
.
)
+
(
.
−
.
)
−
(
2
+
2
+
2
2
)
]
(
13
)
[
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
]
[
El
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
]
[
Jo
u
l
e
s
l
o
ss]
2
.
7
.
O
f
f
s
ho
re
wind
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
is
co
u
p
le
d
with
a
2
MW
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
(
PMSG)
.
T
h
e
s
tato
r
o
f
t
h
e
PMSG
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
y
s
tem
(
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
two
-
lev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
)
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
s
etu
p
in
clu
d
es
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
(
MPPT)
.
B
o
th
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
r
e
r
e
g
u
lated
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t D
C
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
to
r
el
iab
ly
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
s
h
af
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
g
iv
en
b
y
[
3
3
]
an
d
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
(
)
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
:
=
1
2
3
with
=
2
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
36
-
48
42
w
h
er
e
C
p
is
th
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
S
is
th
e
s
wep
t a
r
ea
o
f
th
e
b
lad
es.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
two
v
alu
es:
th
e
tip
-
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
λ
an
d
th
e
b
lad
e
p
itc
h
an
g
le
β
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
win
d
.
B
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
is
an
g
le,
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
ab
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
[
3
5
]
.
(
,
)
=
1
(
2
−
3
.
−
4
)
−
5
+
6
;
1
=
1
+
7
−
8
1
+
2
(
1
5
)
W
ith
1
,
2
…
.
8
wer
e
win
d
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
o
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
p
e
ed
o
f
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
tip
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
es r
el
ativ
e
to
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
u
s
ed
,
an
d
it is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
6
)
:
λ
=
Ω
(
1
6
)
w
h
er
e
λ
is
th
e
tip
-
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
,
Ω
:
An
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
o
f
th
e
b
la
d
es
(
r
ad
/s
)
,
R
:
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
es
(
m
)
,
V
: Wi
n
d
s
p
ee
d
(
m
/s
)
.
T
h
e
C
p
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
is
alwa
y
s
b
elo
w
th
e
B
etz
lim
it
(
0
.
5
9
)
.
T
h
r
ee
-
b
lad
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ey
r
e
p
r
esen
t
a
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
win
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
a
n
d
th
e
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
o
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
r
ea
ch
e
s
h
ig
h
v
alu
es
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es g
r
ad
u
ally
as th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PMSG w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
2
.
8
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
t
he
P
M
SG
g
ener
a
t
o
r
T
h
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
d
y
n
am
i
c
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
laws.
T
h
e
Par
k
m
o
d
el
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
an
d
o
p
e
r
ate
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
q
u
an
titi
es.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
ax
is
o
f
p
h
ase
“
a
”
as
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
ax
is
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
x
es
d
an
d
q
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
h
a
s
es
o
f
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e,
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
b
ased
in
th
e
s
tatio
n
ar
y
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
an
d
t
h
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
Par
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
=
−
−
=
λ
−
−
−
(
1
7
)
Kn
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
1
8
)
:
=
=
λ
−
(
1
8
)
2
.
9
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
izing
po
wer
ex
t
r
a
ct
io
n
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
im
p
le
y
et
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
th
e
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
win
d
,
C
HP,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
o
th
is
en
d
,
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
an
d
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
a
two
-
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ich
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ter
f
ac
es
th
e
PV
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PMSG
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er
g
y
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o
u
r
ce
s
with
th
e
g
r
id
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T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
els
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alu
ated
an
d
v
alid
ated
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r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t i
n
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
2
.
1
0
.
F
uzzy
infe
re
nce
s
y
s
t
em
ba
s
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o
n a
da
ptiv
e
neura
l net
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Mu
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ato
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p
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with
h
ig
h
ac
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r
ac
y
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As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
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tr
u
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f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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C
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p
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n
g
I
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N:
2088
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ew co
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Oth
ma
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Ma
a
ko
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43
lear
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p
ab
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etwo
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h
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a
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ch
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3
7
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.
W
ith
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th
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ANFI
S
i
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d
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d
b
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an
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lu
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Fig
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5
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S f
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e
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(
,
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m
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es
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h
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ar
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eter
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is
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2
.
1
1
.
Unit
po
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f
a
ct
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r
Fo
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
u
n
it
p
o
wer
f
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cto
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
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o
m
p
en
s
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n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
e
n
er
ates
th
e
d
ir
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t
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ax
is
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
l
o
ad
c
u
r
r
en
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
lev
el.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
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e
q
u
ir
ed
t
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
l
o
s
s
es
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th
e
DC
b
u
s
o
f
th
e
VSC
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tate
at
a
g
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e
n
iter
atio
n
:
∗
(
)
=
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(
−
1
)
+
(
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(
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)
)
(
2
0
)
w
h
er
e
(
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=
(
)
is
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b
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v
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(
)
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d
its
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e
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ce
∗
(
)
,
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d
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d
ar
e
th
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teg
r
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
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g
ain
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e
r
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e
r
en
ce
AC
cu
r
r
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t is g
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∗
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ℎ
(
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1
2
.
DC
v
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it
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p P
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eg
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g
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win
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p
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c
o
n
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.
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h
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is
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in
tellig
en
t
co
n
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with
im
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r
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p
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r
p
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in
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lo
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s
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r
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ce
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.
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h
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er
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(
=
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d
if
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e
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T
h
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tio
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th
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if
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tial e
q
u
atio
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p
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ted
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elo
w:
(
)
=
(
1
−
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+
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(
1
−
)
−
.
−
(
2
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
36
-
48
44
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV
–
W
I
ND
-
C
H
P
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
as
well
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
v
a
lu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ate
s
b
o
th
a
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
(
PMSG)
d
r
iv
en
b
y
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
g
en
er
ato
r
,
ea
ch
ch
ar
ac
t
er
ized
b
y
v
ar
ia
b
le
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
i
ca
l
lo
ad
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
alan
ce
d
,
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
,
an
d
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
a
d
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
o
t
h
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
is
s
tab
ilit
y
is
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ap
t
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
3
.
1
.
Dy
na
m
ic
re
s
po
ns
e
a
nd
s
t
a
bil
it
y
un
der
irra
dia
nce
v
a
ria
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
es
6
an
d
7
illu
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
e
r
ato
r
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
ea
ch
s
u
b
f
ig
u
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
PV
g
en
er
at
o
r
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
P
V
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
cu
r
ately
tr
ac
k
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
d
ep
icts
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
PV
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
ap
id
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ex
h
ib
its
o
n
ly
m
in
o
r
t
r
an
s
ien
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
r
ap
i
d
ly
d
am
p
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
f
ast
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Fed
d
ao
u
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
PV
–
W
in
d
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l,
b
u
t
at
th
e
e
x
p
en
s
e
o
f
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
n
g
er
s
tab
ilizatio
n
tim
e.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
i
es,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
o
s
e
b
y
Nam
r
ata
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
,
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
im
ilar
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
b
u
t
r
ely
o
n
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
d
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
,
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cr
ea
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
m
o
d
elin
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
o
u
r
u
n
if
ied
o
p
tim
ize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
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ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
p
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i
o
r
b
alan
ce
b
e
twee
n
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im
p
licity
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
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d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
am
o
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
PV g
en
er
at
o
r
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
: (
a)
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
al
u
es)
an
d
(
b
)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
: (
a)
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
(
b
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
PV sy
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
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2088
-
8
7
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8
N
ew co
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
y
fo
r
ma
xi
miz
in
g
p
o
w
er e
xtra
ctio
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…
(
Oth
ma
n
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Ma
a
ko
u
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45
3
.
2
.
M
P
P
T
perf
o
rma
nce
a
nd
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
ula
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
es
8
(
a)
an
d
8
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
a
te
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
u
d
d
en
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ch
an
g
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
a
p
id
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
p
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we
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
with
o
n
ly
m
i
n
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
ien
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fig
u
r
es
9
(
a)
an
d
9
(
b
)
d
ep
ict
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
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r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ex
t
r
ac
ted
p
o
wer
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
u
s
tain
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ev
e
n
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
tr
asts
wi
th
class
ic
PV
–
W
in
d
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
o
s
e
b
y
R
am
li
et
a
l
.
[
4
1
]
,
wh
ich
ac
h
iev
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
b
u
t
ex
h
ib
it
n
o
ticea
b
l
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
Similar
ly
,
J
o
is
h
er
et
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
b
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
c
o
s
t.
Ou
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
h
iev
es
s
tab
le
r
eg
u
latio
n
with
lo
wer
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
a
x
im
u
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
u
d
d
en
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
c
h
an
g
es:
(
a)
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
(
b
)
PV v
o
ltag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
le
v
els
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
PMSG
-
b
ased
PV
–
W
in
d
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
e
r
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
:
(
a)
DC
–
DC
(
b
o
o
s
t)
co
n
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
its
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
an
d
(
b
)
esti
m
ated
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
PMSG
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
its
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
3
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
re
d t
o
t
he
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
t
he
-
a
r
t
,
o
ur
wo
r
k
s
t
a
nd
s
o
ut
in s
ev
er
a
l k
ey
a
s
pect
s
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
C
HP
u
n
it
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
PV
an
d
win
d
is
r
ar
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
es ser
v
ice
c
o
n
tin
u
ity
u
n
d
er
ex
tr
em
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3
.
4
.
Unifie
d inte
llig
ent
co
ntr
o
l
W
h
ile
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
lit
th
eir
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
MPPT
f
o
r
PV,
win
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
g
r
id
r
e
g
u
l
atio
n
)
,
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ized
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
c
o
n
f
licts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
:
Un
lik
e
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
i
d
ea
lized
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.