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C
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T
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CC B
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C
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Her
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Selatan
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I
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2
7
@
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.
g
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.
i
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
en
s
u
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e
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r
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d
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ab
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s
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d
eliv
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s
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m
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v
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p
ar
t
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esig
n
,
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
an
d
o
p
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co
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d
itio
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s
h
a
v
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a
b
ig
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p
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f
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im
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n
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,
ir
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,
d
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tr
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[
2
]
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
C
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d
u
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r
r
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tan
ce
r
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r
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latio
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[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
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er
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f
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r
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to
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cr
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s
e
tr
an
s
f
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p
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p
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m
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ag
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tech
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es a
r
e
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tial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
7
0
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
25
-
35
26
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
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n
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cte
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to
in
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n
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v
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tio
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tech
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air
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atu
r
al
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AN)
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(
AF)
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ONAF)
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cir
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u
latio
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to
d
is
s
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p
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al
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y
[
8
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.
Ho
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ased
co
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lin
g
[
9
]
f
o
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cu
latio
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tem
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d
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[
1
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[
1
1
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.
T
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tu
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d
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s
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es
s
m
en
ts
to
an
aly
ze
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Stu
d
ies
b
ased
o
n
f
in
ite
elem
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
(
FEM
)
h
av
e
e
v
alu
ated
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
h
o
ts
p
o
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
a
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
tar
g
etin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
r
e
d
esig
n
,
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
g
eo
m
etr
y
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
lo
s
s
es
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
co
r
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
an
d
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
lack
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
d
iv
er
s
e
co
o
lin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
s
in
g
an
ac
tu
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
y
s
tem
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
co
n
d
itio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
elec
tr
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
e
r
to
o
ls
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
ea
r
ly
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
ies
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
iag
n
o
s
tic,
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
in
tellig
en
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
d
ef
ec
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
co
m
p
lem
e
n
t
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
at
a
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
1
]
.
C
r
y
o
g
en
ic
h
i
g
h
-
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
u
p
er
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
(
HT
S)
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
u
r
th
er
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
,
as
well
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
er
m
o
p
o
wer
-
b
ased
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
n
d
e
r
ex
tr
em
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
life
-
c
y
cle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
lo
wer
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
co
s
ts
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
all
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
r
id
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
8
]
.
E
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es
o
n
th
e
win
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
win
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
=
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
(
Ω
)
,
ρ
is
th
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
(
Ω
.
m
)
,
l
is
t
h
e
len
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
m
)
,
an
d
A
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
m
²)
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
a
g
i
v
e
n
co
n
d
u
cto
r
v
a
r
ies
with
its
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
in
a
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
ac
tice
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
r
esis
tan
ce
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
ter
m
in
al
p
o
ten
tio
m
et
r
ic
DC
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
2
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
y
im
m
er
s
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
in
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
(
7
7
K
o
r
-
1
9
6
°C
)
,
th
e
win
d
in
g
'
s
r
esis
t
iv
ities
d
r
o
p
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
I
n
[
2
]
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
esis
tiv
ity
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
T
°
C
is
g
iv
en
as
(
2
)
,
=
0
[
1
+
(
−
0
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
“
T
”,
an
d
0
is
a
co
n
d
u
cto
r
r
esis
tan
ce
at
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
α
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
T
i
s
co
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
d
e
g
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
,
an
d
T
0
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
th
at
α
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
at
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
E
lectr
ical
p
o
wer
in
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
with
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
3
)
,
=
2
.
(
3
)
wh
er
e
P
is
th
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
(
watt)
,
I
is
cu
r
r
en
t
(
A)
,
an
d
R
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
(
Ω
)
.
T
o
ca
l
cu
late
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
u
s
e
(
4
)
,
=
2
.
.
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
xp
erimen
ta
l c
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
a
ir
,
o
il,
a
n
d
liq
u
id
n
itr
o
g
en
co
o
lin
g
med
ia
o
n
…
(
Heri N
u
g
r
a
h
a
)
27
wh
er
e
E
is
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
(
watt
-
h
o
u
r
)
a
n
d
t
is
th
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
g
e
n
er
ated
w
h
en
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
p
er
ates c
an
ca
u
s
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es so
th
at
s
u
f
f
icien
t c
o
o
lin
g
m
ed
iu
m
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ee
t
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
ici
en
cy
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
co
m
p
ar
es
th
r
e
e
d
is
tin
ct
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
in
g
air
,
o
il,
an
d
liq
u
i
d
n
itro
g
e
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
er
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l.
Fu
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
esig
n
an
d
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
ay
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l i
n
s
ig
h
ts
it o
f
f
er
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tally
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
r
ee
co
o
lin
g
m
ed
ia
am
b
ien
t
air
,
m
in
er
al
o
il,
an
d
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
o
n
th
e
th
er
m
al
a
n
d
e
lectr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
1
k
VA
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
teg
r
ates
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
test
in
g
,
in
f
r
ar
ed
th
er
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
le
-
b
ased
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
an
d
co
p
p
er
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
b
e
with
in
a
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
m
ag
n
et
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
ab
les
p
r
ec
is
e
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
r
esis
tiv
ity
v
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1
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Feb
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2
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35
28
3.
RE
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.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
,
th
e
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
a
win
d
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
5
°C
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
id
es
at
f
u
ll
lo
ad
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
r
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
e
m
ain
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
3
7
°C
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
C
6
0
0
7
6
-
7
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
h
o
ts
p
o
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lim
it
f
o
r
l
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
lo
ad
in
g
is
1
2
0
°C
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
es r
em
ain
with
in
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
an
g
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
em
atic
tem
p
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atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
u
s
in
g
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
les
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
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8
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29
Fig
u
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4
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s
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ate
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e
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e
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lly
s
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b
m
er
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n
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e
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ath
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h
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atu
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l
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o
t
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e
o
b
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er
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ed
d
ir
ec
tly
,
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u
t
t
h
e
co
r
e
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atu
r
e
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clea
r
ly
v
is
ib
le,
av
er
a
g
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
3
5
°C
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
win
d
in
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
at
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
T
1
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d
T
2
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
2
6
°C
at
n
o
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ad
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4
°C
at
f
u
ll lo
ad
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
n
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
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th
e
r
m
o
c
o
u
p
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
o
led
b
y
(
a)
am
b
i
en
t a
ir
an
d
(
b
)
o
il
Hea
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
le
s
en
s
o
r
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
win
d
in
g
e
x
h
ib
ited
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
6
2
°C
,
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
t
h
at
was
co
o
led
b
y
am
b
ien
t
air
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
c
o
o
lin
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
was
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
with
a
b
o
ilin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
7
7
K.
T
h
er
m
al
in
f
r
a
r
ed
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
o
led
b
y
o
il
m
ed
iu
m
r
e
v
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
co
o
lin
g
in
c
o
r
e
an
d
win
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
At
a
1
0
v
o
lt
lo
ad
,
th
e
in
itial
co
r
e
an
d
win
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
av
er
ag
ed
2
8
°C
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
1
0
v
o
l
t
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
o
s
e
to
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
3
0
°C
in
b
o
th
th
e
win
d
in
g
an
d
c
o
r
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
At
f
u
ll
lo
a
d
,
th
e
wi
n
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
ch
ed
o
f
4
5
°C
.
1
0
V
1
1
0
V
2
2
0
V
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
er
m
al
in
f
r
ar
ed
o
f
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
o
led
b
y
o
il
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
was
co
o
led
b
y
liq
u
i
d
n
itro
g
en
.
I
t
co
u
ld
r
ea
ch
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
-
1
8
5
°C
.
I
n
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
co
p
p
er
wir
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
am
e
v
er
y
lo
w
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
s
co
u
ld
f
lo
w
well
s
o
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
an
s
m
o
o
th
ly
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t c
o
o
lin
g
m
e
d
ia
with
am
b
ien
t
air
,
m
in
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o
il,
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d
liq
u
id
n
itr
o
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en
.
At
f
u
ll
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
2
2
0
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o
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t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
ch
iev
ed
its
lo
west
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
0
.
7
%
u
n
d
er
a
m
b
ien
t
air
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o
o
lin
g
d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
er
h
ea
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
an
d
r
e
s
is
tiv
e
lo
s
s
e
s
.
W
h
en
co
o
led
with
m
in
er
al
o
il,
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
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to
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6
%,
s
h
o
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g
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etter
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ea
t
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ip
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r
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ig
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ici
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f
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9
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n
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er
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e
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ic
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e
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atu
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ig
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ican
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m
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ize
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p
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r
esis
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an
d
im
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r
o
v
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o
v
er
all
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
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,
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
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r
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s
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o
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e
r
tem
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atu
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r
ed
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y
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e
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m
o
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en
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d
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o
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y
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u
id
n
itro
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n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
esis
tan
ce
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
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o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
T
o
p
r
ec
is
ely
r
ec
o
r
d
r
esis
tiv
ity
v
alu
es
in
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
co
p
p
er
wir
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
lace
d
o
n
a
s
p
ec
ialized
s
am
p
le
h
o
ld
er
th
at
was
f
u
r
n
is
h
ed
with
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ca
b
l
es,
as
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
ts
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
as
lo
w
as
1
0
K
wer
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ein
g
h
o
u
s
ed
in
s
id
e
a
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
co
n
tain
er
with
ac
cu
r
ate
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
co
p
p
er
r
esis
tiv
ity
r
ed
u
ce
s
lin
ea
r
ly
with
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
cr
y
o
g
en
i
c
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
elec
t
r
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
B
y
lo
wer
in
g
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
s
s
es
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
its
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lar
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er
l
o
ad
s
with
o
u
t
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ien
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g
t
h
er
m
a
l
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
,
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p
p
er
g
r
ea
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
e
f
f
icien
c
y
at
v
er
y
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
f
r
ee
p
ass
ag
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
win
d
in
g
'
s
r
esi
s
tiv
ity
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
b
e
m
eth
o
d
in
a
cr
y
o
g
en
ic
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
y
s
tem
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
wh
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
n
t
r
o
lle
d
lo
w
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
1
0
K
a
n
d
3
0
0
K,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
.
W
ith
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
,
c
o
p
p
e
r
win
d
in
g
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ay
b
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
o
v
er
a
b
r
o
ad
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
,
g
u
ar
an
teei
n
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
cr
y
o
g
en
ic
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
a
n
d
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tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
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e
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ir
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tly
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elate
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s
ee
n
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y
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e
win
d
in
g
m
ater
ial'
s
co
n
s
id
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ab
le
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ec
r
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s
e
in
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esis
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ce
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th
e
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er
atu
r
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r
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ea
s
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s
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o
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f
icien
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,
t
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
cr
u
cial.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
-10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Power
(wat
t)
Resistan
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oh
m)
Pow
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room
t
em
perature
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in
liquid nit
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er
in
oil
m
edium
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
xp
erimen
ta
l c
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
a
ir
,
o
il,
a
n
d
liq
u
id
n
itr
o
g
en
co
o
lin
g
med
ia
o
n
…
(
Heri N
u
g
r
a
h
a
)
31
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
co
p
p
e
r
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ea
ch
q
u
asi
-
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
r
e
s
is
tiv
ity
at
1
0
K.
C
o
p
p
er
'
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
d
r
esis
tiv
ity
r
ed
u
ce
s
J
o
u
le
h
ea
ti
n
g
a
n
d
p
er
m
its
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
esig
n
s
,
e
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
c
o
p
p
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
b
ec
o
m
e
co
m
p
letely
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tate.
L
o
n
g
er
in
s
u
latio
n
life
an
d
less
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
a
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
l
ess
h
ea
t
s
tr
ess
o
n
t
h
e
win
d
in
g
s
.
L
iq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
-
b
ased
cr
y
o
g
en
ic
co
o
lin
g
h
as
i
n
tr
ig
u
in
g
u
s
es
in
s
cien
tific
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
air
cr
a
f
t,
d
ef
e
n
s
e
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
o
wer
d
e
v
ices,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
u
cial,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
is
n
o
t
y
et
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
S
a
m
p
l
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
A
V
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
e
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
1
2
3
4
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t (
a)
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
m
ag
n
et
s
y
s
tem
an
d
(
b
)
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
c
o
p
p
e
r
wir
e
(
at
5
K
–
3
0
0
K
)
an
d
(
c)
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
r
e
s
is
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
c
o
r
r
elate
s
with
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
win
d
i
n
g
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
m
o
d
el
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esis
tiv
ity
[
2
]
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
r
o
m
8
0
.
7
%
(
a
ir
)
to
8
9
.
9
%
(
L
N
2
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
ac
h
iev
a
b
le
with
c
r
y
o
g
en
ic
c
o
o
lin
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
is
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
[
1
0
]
t
h
at
n
o
ted
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
cr
y
o
g
en
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
u
s
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
in
er
al
o
il
co
o
lin
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
to
8
6
.
0
%,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ev
id
en
ce
[
8
]
th
at
o
il
im
m
er
s
e
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
o
f
f
e
r
r
eliab
le,
p
r
ac
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
g
ain
s
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ad
d
s
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
co
o
lin
g
r
eg
im
es,
wh
ich
h
ad
n
o
t b
ee
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
m
p
a
r
ed
in
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
wo
u
ld
b
e
n
ef
it
g
r
ea
tly
f
r
o
m
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
c
o
o
l
in
g
u
s
in
g
s
u
b
co
o
led
liq
u
i
d
n
itro
g
en
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t
n
ess
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
co
p
p
er
r
esis
tiv
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
u
n
d
er
l
iq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
co
o
lin
g
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
8
9
.
9
%,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
8
6
.
0
%
with
o
il
an
d
8
0
.
7
%
with
air
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
ese
co
o
lin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
ep
ar
ately
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
ir
ec
t,
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
lo
a
d
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
u
n
iq
u
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
co
o
lin
g
-
m
e
d
ia
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
a
d
e
o
f
f
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
r
ee
co
o
lin
g
m
ed
ia
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
e
n
,
m
i
n
e
r
al
o
il,
a
n
d
a
m
b
ien
t
ai
r
o
n
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
1
k
VA
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
was
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
ass
ess
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
co
p
p
er
win
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
a
t c
r
y
o
g
en
ic
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
th
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
liq
u
id
n
itr
o
g
en
co
o
lin
g
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
g
r
ea
test
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
wh
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
il
an
d
air
co
o
lin
g
.
A
lin
ea
r
d
r
o
p
in
r
esis
tiv
ity
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
en
h
a
n
ce
d
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
g
e
n
er
al.
Alth
o
u
g
h
liq
u
id
n
itr
o
g
en
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
icien
cy
in
cr
e
ases
,
co
s
t,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
s
af
ety
co
n
ce
r
n
s
lim
it
its
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e
in
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t,
m
in
er
al
o
il
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
o
lin
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
p
lan
s
an
d
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
i
ty
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
lo
o
k
in
g
at
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
le
cr
y
o
g
e
n
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
s
u
p
e
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
wir
e
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
an
d
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
b
ased
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Scalab
ilit
y
ev
alu
atio
n
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
ater
ial
s
tab
ilit
y
,
in
s
u
latio
n
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
lo
n
g
ev
ity
u
n
d
e
r
h
ar
s
h
c
o
o
lin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
c
o
n
clu
d
es
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
ef
f
icie
n
cy
m
a
y
b
e
g
r
ea
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
lo
w
er
in
g
co
p
p
er
r
esis
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
icien
t
t
h
er
m
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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8
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I
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t J E
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m
p
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,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
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1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
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-
35
32
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an
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t.
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Natio
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Ag
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NC
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[
1
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33
[
5
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[
8
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T.
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[
9
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S
.
M
.
B
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