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C
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Dep
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lex
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[
3
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–
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5
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I
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,
Vo
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1
6
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No
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1
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Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
65
-
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66
Mo
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u
s
ly
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
c
o
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t
th
a
t
in
ten
s
if
ies
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
ial
in
s
tab
ilit
ies
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Ov
er
tim
e,
t
h
ese
s
tr
ess
es
lead
to
a
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
lin
e
in
k
ey
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
u
ltima
tely
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
ag
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
v
er
m
ed
iu
m
-
t
er
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
e
r
io
d
s
,
with
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
m
o
d
u
les
d
u
e
to
th
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
p
an
els
h
av
e
o
cc
a
s
io
n
ally
b
ee
n
ex
am
in
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
im
ilar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ei
r
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
eir
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
o
u
td
o
o
r
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
r
em
ain
v
ir
tu
ally
n
o
n
ex
is
ten
t,
l
ea
v
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t g
ap
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t b
ec
au
s
e,
u
n
lik
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
lex
ib
le
a
-
Si m
o
d
u
les ar
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
ter
m
itten
tly
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
ir
r
eg
u
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
lea
d
in
g
to
u
n
i
q
u
e
s
tr
ess
p
atter
n
s
th
at
r
em
ain
p
o
o
r
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
-
y
ea
r
in
ter
m
itten
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
u
n
d
er
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
etailed
elec
tr
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
iza
tio
n
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ag
in
g
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
eir
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
n
e
w
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
le
x
ib
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
M
E
T
H
O
D
AND
SE
T
UP
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
eth
o
d
an
d
s
etu
p
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ag
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
f
lex
i
b
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
I
t
f
ir
s
t
d
escr
i
b
es
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ite
in
Or
an
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
its
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
th
en
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
m
ater
ial
an
d
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
m
o
n
ito
r
b
o
t
h
elec
tr
ical
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
Study
s
it
e
a
nd
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l c
o
nd
it
io
ns
A
p
r
ec
is
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
d
r
iv
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
d
etails
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
Or
an
,
d
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ite
o
f
ag
in
g
.
I
t
also
p
r
esen
ts
k
ey
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
lo
ca
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
r
elev
an
t to
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
lo
s
s
es
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
G
eo
g
ra
ph
ic
co
o
rdina
t
es o
f
O
ra
n
Or
an
is
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
lo
ca
te
d
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
5
.
7
0
2
8
°
N
L
atitu
d
e
an
d
-
0
.
6
4
9
2
5
6
°W
L
o
n
g
itu
d
e
(
3
5
°
4
2
’
1
0
’
’
N,
0
°
3
8
’
5
7
’
’
W
)
,
with
an
elev
atio
n
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
9
1
m
eter
s
ab
o
v
e
s
ea
lev
el
.
I
t
is
a
d
y
n
am
ic
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
city
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
Alg
er
ian
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
,
ly
in
g
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
wester
n
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
Or
an
with
in
th
e
Alg
er
ian
ter
r
ito
r
y
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
Or
an
city
in
Alg
er
ia
[
2
2
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
u
mu
la
tive
a
g
in
g
effec
ts
o
f fi
ve
-
ye
a
r
in
termit
ten
t e
xp
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
flexib
le
…
(
Djerr
o
u
d
S
a
lima
)
67
2.
1
.
2
.
M
et
eo
ro
lo
g
ic
a
l
f
a
ct
o
rs a
nd
lo
ca
l e
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l st
r
ess
o
rs
Or
an
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
M
ed
iter
r
an
ea
n
-
t
y
p
e
clim
ate,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
h
o
t
an
d
d
r
y
s
u
m
m
er
s
co
n
tr
asted
with
m
ild
an
d
m
o
d
er
ately
h
u
m
id
win
ter
s
.
Du
r
in
g
s
u
m
m
er
,
av
er
a
g
e
d
ay
tim
e
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
es
u
s
u
ally
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
3
0
°C
an
d
3
2
°C
,
o
cc
asio
n
ally
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
4
0
°C
d
u
r
i
n
g
in
ten
s
e
h
ea
twav
es.
I
n
win
ter
,
th
e
m
ea
n
m
in
im
u
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
7
°C
to
9
°C
,
wh
ile
b
r
i
ef
co
ld
e
p
is
o
d
es
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
d
r
o
p
s
to
ar
o
u
n
d
2
°C
to
3
°C
.
Fro
s
t e
v
en
ts
ar
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
r
ar
e
in
th
is
co
astal z
o
n
e
[
2
3
]
T
h
e
Or
an
r
eg
i
o
n
b
e
n
ef
its
f
r
o
m
n
ea
r
ly
3
0
0
0
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
an
n
u
al
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
with
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
o
f
ten
r
ea
ch
in
g
9
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
m
m
er
an
d
r
em
ain
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
0
–
6
0
0
W
/m
²
in
win
te
r
u
n
d
er
clea
r
s
k
ies.
Su
ch
h
ig
h
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
c
y
cles,
in
ten
s
if
y
th
er
m
al
an
d
p
h
o
to
n
ic
s
tr
ess
e
s
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ea
r
ly
s
ig
n
s
o
f
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
[
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Hu
m
id
ity
in
Or
an
s
h
o
ws
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
ab
o
u
t
5
0
%
–
6
0
%
in
s
u
m
m
er
to
70
%
–
9
0
%
i
n
win
ter
.
Un
d
e
r
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e,
th
ese
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
in
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
wit
h
f
lex
ib
le
o
r
n
o
n
-
h
er
m
etica
lly
s
ea
led
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
q
u
a
n
tify
in
g
th
ese
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ag
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les d
ep
lo
y
e
d
in
r
eg
i
o
n
s
u
ch
as Or
an
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
a
nd
ex
po
s
ure
pro
t
o
co
l
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
etails
th
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
two
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
p
h
a
s
es.
I
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
h
ase,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltime
ter
s
,
with
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
to
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
an
el
te
r
m
in
als.
I
n
th
e
au
to
m
ated
p
h
ase,
th
e
p
an
el
was
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
with
a
d
atalo
g
g
er
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
v
ar
iab
le
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
wer
e
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
m
em
o
r
y
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
to
a
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
f
o
r
d
at
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
p
lo
ttin
g
cu
r
v
es.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
h
ase
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t su
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
ST
E
P
1
:
I
nte
rm
it
t
ent
ex
po
s
ure
m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
a
nd
P
V
pa
nel sp
ec
if
ica
t
io
ns
I
n
ter
m
itten
t
v
s
.
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e:
t
o
war
d
a
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ag
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
f
lex
ib
le
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
m
o
b
ile
an
d
wea
r
ab
le
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
m
ar
t
tex
tiles
,
m
ed
ical
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
e
v
ices,
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS)
b
ea
co
n
s
.
I
n
s
u
ch
co
n
te
x
ts
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
h
ig
h
ly
v
ar
ia
b
le,
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
u
s
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
r
an
d
o
m
d
ev
ice
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
an
d
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
wea
th
er
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
illu
m
in
atio
n
is
n
eith
er
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
o
r
r
eg
u
la
r
,
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
m
o
d
eled
b
y
a
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
law.
Un
d
er
th
ese
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ass
ess
in
g
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
tim
e
is
s
cien
tifi
ca
lly
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate.
I
n
s
tead
,
ag
in
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
cy
cles,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
alter
n
atin
g
p
h
ases
o
f
ac
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
r
est th
at
d
if
f
er
in
d
u
r
atio
n
,
lig
h
t in
ten
s
ity
,
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
.
Stra
teg
y
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
as
r
ea
lis
tically
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
we
a
lter
n
ated
b
etwe
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
r
est
p
h
ases
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
way
.
W
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lace
d
th
e
p
an
el
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
an
d
ex
p
o
s
ed
it
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
d
ay
s
,
esp
ec
i
ally
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
m
m
e
r
wh
en
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
was
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
.
At
o
th
er
tim
es,
we
ex
p
o
s
ed
it
o
n
ly
f
o
r
a
f
ew
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
in
g
in
g
it
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
wh
er
e
it
r
em
ain
ed
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
d
ay
s
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
th
e
p
an
el
was
k
ep
t
in
d
o
o
r
s
in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
n
ea
r
ly
a
m
o
n
th
with
o
u
t
an
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
win
ter
s
ea
s
o
n
wh
en
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
w
as
lo
w.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
an
el
was
s
to
r
ed
in
d
o
o
r
s
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
th
a
n
it
was
ex
p
o
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
win
ter
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
we
d
id
n
o
t
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
ex
ac
t
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
r
r
est
p
h
ase,
s
in
ce
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
n
o
t
r
elev
an
t to
o
u
r
m
ai
n
o
b
jectiv
e.
Fo
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
t
h
e
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
an
el
was
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
th
e
E
lectr
o
n
ics De
p
ar
tm
en
t in
o
u
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
i
g
id
ity
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
p
an
el
was f
ir
s
t f
ix
ed
attac
h
ed
to
wo
o
d
en
p
late,
w
h
ich
was
th
e
n
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
an
ad
ju
s
tab
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
tilt
an
g
le
was
s
et
to
3
8
°
an
d
o
r
ie
n
ted
d
u
e
s
o
u
th
to
m
a
x
im
ize
s
o
lar
r
ec
eiv
ed
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
m
i
n
im
ize
s
h
ad
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
No
co
o
lin
g
o
r
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
was
ap
p
lied
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
ea
l
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
as
f
aith
f
u
lly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Fo
r
f
u
ll
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
f
l
ex
ib
le
a
-
Si
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
was
o
r
ig
in
all
y
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
tag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
a
d
em
ic
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
,
with
o
u
t
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
n
its
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
r
o
f
f
icial
STC
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
I
n
itially
in
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
s
m
all
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
,
it
was
later
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
es,
wh
ich
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
o
r
i
en
ted
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
to
war
d
ass
ess
in
g
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ag
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
No
in
ter
m
ed
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
as th
is
wa
s
n
o
t p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
itial e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
p
la
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
k
e
y
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
65
-
75
68
2
.
2
.
2
.
ST
E
P
2
:
M
ea
s
urem
ent
pro
ce
du
re
a
nd
da
t
a
a
cquis
it
io
n sy
s
t
em
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
r
e
f
er
en
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
:
I
n
a
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
au
to
m
atic
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
Vo
c
an
d
I
s
c
wer
e
m
an
u
ally
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
two
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
:
a
d
ig
ital
v
o
ltm
eter
(
AM
PR
OB
E
/3
0
X
R
-
A)
,
an
d
a
d
ig
ital
am
m
eter
(
FLUK
E
/1
1
1
)
.
T
h
e
I
–
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
wa
s
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
,
lo
w
-
v
al
u
e
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
to
r
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
th
e
lo
ad
.
A
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
wa
s
also
o
cc
asio
n
ally
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
d
atalo
g
g
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
ea
l
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
p
h
ase.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
PV
p
an
el
m
o
u
n
te
d
o
n
its
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(1
)
,
th
e
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
(2
)
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
(
v
o
ltm
eter
(3
)
an
d
am
m
eter
(4
)
)
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
(5
)
,
an
d
th
e
d
atalo
g
g
er
(6
)
(
in
ac
tiv
e
at
th
is
s
tag
e
)
.
T
h
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
all
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ar
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
a
d
o
p
te
d
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ph
o
to
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
T
h
ese
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
r
estricte
d
to
th
is
in
itial
p
h
a
s
e,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
an
u
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
d
id
n
o
t a
llo
w
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
a
d
en
s
e
s
et
o
f
d
ata
alo
n
g
th
e
I
–
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
d
atalo
g
g
e
r
,
wh
ic
h
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
o
n
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
e
r
s
ec
o
n
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
cien
tific
a
n
aly
s
is
r
elies
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Af
ter
th
is
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
f
le
x
ib
le
s
o
lar
p
an
el
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
d
a
talo
g
g
er
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
at
a
r
ate
o
f
o
n
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
e
r
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
th
at
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
an
u
ally
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
p
r
ec
i
s
io
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t a
n
aly
s
is
.
Data
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
:
A
l
o
w
-
co
s
t
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
el’
s
k
ey
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
u
td
o
o
r
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
I
ts
d
esig
n
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
to
s
u
it
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
test
ed
p
an
el,
en
ab
lin
g
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
o
u
tlin
in
g
th
e
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
its
an
d
th
eir
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
f
o
r
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
u
mu
la
tive
a
g
in
g
effec
ts
o
f fi
ve
-
ye
a
r
in
termit
ten
t e
xp
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
flexib
le
…
(
Djerr
o
u
d
S
a
lima
)
69
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
b
u
ilt
a
r
o
u
n
d
a
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
ler
an
d
in
teg
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
two
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
s
:
a
p
h
o
to
r
esis
to
r
(
L
DR
0
5
)
an
d
a
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
(
B
PW
2
1
)
,
to
m
o
n
ito
r
lig
h
t
in
t
en
s
ity
,
an
L
M3
5
an
al
o
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
r
ea
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
er
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
a
lo
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
s
h
u
n
t
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
m
o
d
u
le’
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
f
u
ll
-
r
an
g
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
its
I
–
V
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
An
elec
tr
o
n
ically
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
f
in
ely
d
etailed
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
t
ir
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
a
n
g
e.
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
an
au
to
m
atic
s
wee
p
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
a
b
le
ele
ctr
o
n
ics
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
eig
h
t
b
ip
o
lar
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
s
witch
in
g
m
o
d
e,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
s
elec
ted
r
esis
to
r
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
q
u
asi
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
alo
n
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
d
etailed
d
esig
n
d
etails
o
f
th
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
,
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
ch
em
atics
o
f
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
d
ed
icat
ed
p
ap
er
[
2
6
]
,
h
er
e
,
o
n
ly
t
h
e
ess
en
tial
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
to
av
o
id
d
i
v
er
tin
g
th
e
r
ea
d
e
r
’
s
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ea
l
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
etu
p
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
d
ev
ice.
(
a)
(
b
)
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
a)
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
s
y
s
tem
an
d
(
b
)
v
iew
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
wer
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
m
em
o
r
y
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
a
co
m
p
u
ter
v
ia
a
s
er
ial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
llected
d
a
ta
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
an
aly
s
ed
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
I
–
V
an
d
P
–
V
c
u
r
v
es
with
M
AT
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
is
f
u
lly
au
to
m
ated
p
r
o
to
co
l
en
ab
led
ac
c
u
r
ate
a
n
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
le
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
wh
ile
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
u
s
e
o
f
f
lex
ib
l
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
in
m
o
b
ile
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Key
e
lectr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
n
el’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
–
v
o
lta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
Fo
r
clar
ity
an
d
d
ir
ec
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
d
etailed
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
b
aselin
e
r
esu
lts
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
ag
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
p
ar
allel
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
R
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
ST
E
P
3
:
M
o
rpho
lo
g
ica
l
cha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
i
o
n us
ing
a
t
o
m
ic
f
o
rc
e
m
icro
s
co
py
(
AF
M
)
T
h
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
n
at
o
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
AFM)
at
t
h
e
L
a
b
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
E
lectr
o
n
Mic
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
an
d
Ma
ter
ial
Scien
ce
s
(
L
ME
SM)
,
with
in
o
u
r
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Or
an
.
T
h
is
to
o
l
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
im
ag
es
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
ess
en
tial f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
ag
in
g
A
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
in
itial
s
am
p
les
r
ev
ea
led
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
with
n
o
ap
p
ar
en
t
s
ig
n
s
o
f
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
r
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
ef
ec
ts
,
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
(
a)
a
n
d
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
a
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
an
el
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
te
r
in
ter
m
itten
t
n
at
u
r
al
ag
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
v
is
u
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ce
ll'
s
o
v
er
all
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
.
Fo
r
a
d
eta
iled
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
at
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
lev
el,
th
e
AFM
im
ag
es b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
a
f
ter
ag
in
g
will b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
R
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
65
-
75
70
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Flex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
an
el
,
(
a
)
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
(
b
)
af
ter
in
ter
m
itten
t n
atu
r
al
ag
i
n
g
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
-
y
ea
r
in
ter
m
itten
t
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
y
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
I
t
f
ir
s
t
ev
alu
ates
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
ag
in
g
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es,
th
en
c
o
m
p
ar
es th
ese
r
esu
lts
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ex
am
i
n
es th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
alter
atio
n
s
an
d
elec
t
r
ical
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
f
in
ally
o
u
tlin
e
s
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
3
.
1
.
P
o
s
t
a
g
ing
e
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
elec
t
rica
l per
f
o
rma
nce
deg
ra
da
t
io
n
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
itial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
Am
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
-
tim
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
two
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
b
est
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
alu
es
f
o
r
I
s
c,
an
d
Vo
c
an
d
Pm
a
x
.
T
h
ese
c
u
r
v
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7
we
r
e
o
b
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g
u
s
t
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n
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ien
t te
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9
.
6
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.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
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u
s
s
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lar
p
an
e
l b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t o
u
td
o
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l a
f
ter
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t o
u
td
o
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
an
d
f
ill f
ac
to
r
T
h
e
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
f
lex
i
b
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
af
ter
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
a
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
clim
ate,
is
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i
d
en
t
in
a
s
ig
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if
ican
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r
e
d
u
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ch
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ter
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in
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esis
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s
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T
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in
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ea
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to
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I
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C
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p
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n
g
I
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N:
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s
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d
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im
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a
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f
o
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o
n
th
r
ee
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itical
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n
es:
m
etal
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tacts,
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
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r
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d
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ter
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i
s
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th
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m
etal
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n
tacts
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
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8
,
r
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ls
a
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ical
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Fig
u
r
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8
(
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to
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d
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tr
u
ctu
r
e
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ter
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Fig
u
r
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8
(
b
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,
m
ar
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d
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n
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ed
s
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r
f
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r
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ess
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o
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ac
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s
,
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ities
,
an
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o
x
id
atio
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atter
n
s
.
T
h
ese
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
alter
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
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ate
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ac
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er
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ial
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s
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n
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all
o
f
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i
ch
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m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
tacts.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Scan
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
t
h
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m
etal
lic
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n
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s
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o
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g
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s
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r
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d
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b
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atter
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T
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e
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n
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t
ex
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ed
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e
ex
h
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its
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r
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ig
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r
ad
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tio
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.
AFM
p
r
o
f
iles
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
is
d
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r
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b
y
r
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l
ch
an
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
b
ef
o
r
e
ag
i
n
g
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
ag
ed
s
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ities
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
,
lik
ely
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
UV
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
ese
n
an
o
s
ca
le
f
ea
tu
r
es
alig
n
with
m
ac
r
o
s
co
p
ic
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
a
cr
ac
k
ed
,
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
t
h
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
lig
h
t a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
AFM
an
aly
s
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
ag
in
g
-
r
elate
d
d
ef
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
wir
es.
T
h
e
in
tact
s
ec
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
ag
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
ex
h
i
b
its
a
r
eg
u
lar
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
ag
ed
s
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
m
ar
k
s
an
d
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ities
.
T
h
ese
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
s
d
is
r
u
p
t
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t p
at
h
way
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
o
v
er
all
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
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h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
wir
es d
is
p
lay
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ir
r
e
g
u
lar
ities
,
lo
ca
lized
d
elam
in
atio
n
,
an
d
o
x
i
d
a
tio
n
m
ar
k
s
f
o
llo
win
g
ag
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
s
,
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
UV
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
ch
a
r
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
elec
tr
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
llectio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
65
-
75
72
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Scan
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
-
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
a)
in
tac
t sectio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
ag
in
g
,
with
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
an
d
(
b
)
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
s
ec
tio
n
af
ter
ag
in
g
,
with
v
is
ib
le
m
icr
o
-
c
r
ac
k
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Scan
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
wir
es b
etwe
en
s
o
l
ar
ce
lls
(
a)
in
tact
s
ec
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
a
g
in
g
,
s
h
o
win
g
r
eg
u
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
(
b
)
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
s
ec
tio
n
af
ter
ag
in
g
,
with
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
m
ar
k
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ities
3
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
wit
h pre
v
io
us
s
t
ud
ies a
nd
co
nt
ex
t
ua
liza
t
io
n
A
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
is
d
if
f
icu
lt,
as n
o
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
M
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
o
r
ac
ce
ler
ated
ag
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
s
tan
t
illu
m
in
a
tio
n
,
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
r
e
al
u
s
ag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ne
v
er
th
el
ess
,
s
ev
er
al
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
b
e
n
c
h
m
ar
k
s
o
n
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ates a
n
d
clim
atic
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
.
C
h
en
et
a
l.
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
m
e
ta
-
an
aly
s
is
o
f
1
6
8
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
(
2
0
1
9
–
2
0
2
4
)
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
g
lo
b
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ates
,
wh
er
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ated
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
ce
lls
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
h
ig
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
h
o
t
a
n
d
ar
id
clim
ates
(
e.
g
.
,
Alg
er
ia,
UAE
,
I
n
d
ia)
,
wh
er
e
d
r
y
h
ea
t
an
d
th
er
m
al
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
r
ed
u
ce
m
o
d
u
le
lif
etim
e
f
r
o
m
~4
0
to
1
5
–
2
0
y
ea
r
s
[
2
7
]
.
Field
s
tu
d
ies
in
Sah
ar
a
n
r
eg
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
T
ad
jer
et
a
l.
r
ep
o
r
ted
4
%
–
1
2
%
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
l
o
s
s
es
o
v
er
two
y
ea
r
s
at
Gh
ar
d
aïa,
in
Alg
er
i
a,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
m
o
d
u
les
to
h
ar
s
h
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ac
ce
le
r
ated
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
(
San
to
s
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
;
R
ah
ay
u
et
a
l.
[
3
]
)
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ev
er
e
lo
s
s
es
,
u
p
to
9
0
%
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ed
u
ctio
n
af
ter
m
ec
h
an
ical
cr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
5
%
Pm
ax
d
ec
lin
e
a
f
te
r
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
UV
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
—
th
o
u
g
h
s
u
ch
test
s
f
ai
l
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
r
e
al
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
tr
ess
cy
cles
.
I
n
M
ed
iter
r
an
ea
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
Ma
teo
et
a
l.
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
o
d
er
ate
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
eg
r
ad
at
io
n
o
f
a
-
Si:
H
m
o
d
u
les
in
Vale
n
cia,
with
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
%
Pm
ax
an
d
n
ea
r
ly
1
0
%
FF
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
,
wh
ile
an
d
ex
h
ib
ited
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
ab
o
u
t
6
–
7
%
an
d
4
–
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
af
ter
eig
h
t
y
ea
r
s
[
1
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
Ym
er
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
1
0
–
1
5
%
in
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
clim
ates
v
er
s
u
s
2
0
–
2
5
% in
d
eser
t r
e
g
io
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
u
m
id
ity
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
th
e
lack
o
f
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
d
ata
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
u
n
iq
u
ely
ex
am
in
es
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
f
ar
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
im
p
ac
t
o
f
clim
atic
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
cy
cles,
o
f
f
er
in
g
n
ew
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
r
elev
an
t
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
o
r
tab
le
PV a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
u
mu
la
tive
a
g
in
g
effec
ts
o
f fi
ve
-
ye
a
r
in
termit
ten
t e
xp
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
flexib
le
…
(
Djerr
o
u
d
S
a
lima
)
73
3.
4
.
Co
rr
el
a
t
io
n
b
et
wee
n
m
o
rpho
lo
g
ica
l a
nd
e
lect
rica
l
d
eg
ra
da
t
io
n
T
h
e
AFM
an
aly
s
is
an
d
m
ac
r
o
s
co
p
ic
im
ag
in
g
r
ev
ea
led
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
ag
ed
s
am
p
les,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
o
n
m
etal
co
n
tacts,
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
-
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
a
n
d
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
wir
es
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
,
m
icr
o
cr
ac
k
s
,
d
elam
in
atio
n
,
an
d
o
x
id
atio
n
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
UV
r
ad
i
atio
n
,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
c
y
clin
g
.
T
h
ese
n
an
o
s
ca
le
an
d
m
ac
r
o
s
c
ale
d
ef
ec
ts
co
r
r
elate
d
ir
ec
tly
with
th
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
s
s
es o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
:
˗
Mic
r
o
cr
ac
k
s
an
d
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ities
in
m
etallic
co
n
tacts
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
(
R
s
)
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
an
d
FF
.
˗
Su
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
an
d
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
ac
tiv
e
la
y
er
lo
wer
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
d
r
o
p
.
˗
Ox
id
atio
n
an
d
d
elam
i
n
atio
n
o
n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
d
is
r
u
p
t
ch
a
r
g
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
at
h
way
s
,
lead
in
g
to
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
s
ev
er
e
d
ec
lin
e
in
elec
tr
ica
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
t
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
e
s
.
3
.
5
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
f
uture
persp
ec
t
iv
es
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
e
r
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fro
m
an
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
ials
,
b
ar
r
ier
co
atin
g
s
,
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
ial
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
m
itig
at
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
in
g
r
ess
,
UV
-
in
d
u
ce
d
d
ef
ec
ts
,
an
d
d
elam
in
atio
n
,
wh
ich
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
At
th
e
r
esear
ch
lev
el,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
r
ee
k
ey
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
:
-
Ma
ter
ial
in
n
o
v
atio
n
:
Dev
elo
p
n
ew
en
ca
p
s
u
lan
ts
an
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
lay
er
s
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
er
m
al
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
r
esis
tan
ce
.
-
Acc
eler
ated
ag
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
:
R
ed
esig
n
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
to
r
ep
licate
in
ter
m
itten
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
c
y
clic
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ath
e
r
th
an
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
-
Pre
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
:
E
s
tab
lis
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
m
o
d
els
th
at
i
n
teg
r
ate
cu
m
u
lativ
e
cy
clic
ef
f
ec
ts
to
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
e
d
ict
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
i
g
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
g
u
id
e
b
o
th
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ia
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le
f
lex
ib
le
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le,
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
,
an
d
wea
r
ab
l
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
h
ig
h
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
to
in
ter
m
itten
t
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
a
Me
d
iter
r
a
n
ea
n
clim
ate.
Af
ter
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ag
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
ex
h
ib
ited
s
ev
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
,
with
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
lo
s
s
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
5
0
%
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
1
.
3
6
% to
5
.
5
%,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
an
a
cc
eler
ated
an
n
u
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
n
ea
r
ly
1
0
%.
Un
lik
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
r
elied
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
ac
ce
ler
ated
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
in
ter
m
itten
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
as
a
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
a
g
in
g
f
a
cto
r
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
f
ills
a
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
p
at
h
way
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
f
lex
i
b
le
th
in
-
f
ilm
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
a
-
Si
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
o
p
en
s
n
ew
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
g
u
id
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
izatio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
AUTHO
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CO
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h
is
jo
u
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th
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C
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r
ib
u
to
r
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o
les
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a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
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ed
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to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
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iv
i
d
u
al
au
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est.
DATA AV
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AB
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Der
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d
ata
s
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p
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ti
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in
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R
E
FE
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
L.
S
c
h
u
l
t
i
s
a
n
d
C
.
K
o
r
n
e
r
,
“
A
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
mo
d
u
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
g
r
i
d
s
,
”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
6
.
2
0
2
5
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
8
0
6
1
5
5
9
.
[
2
]
Z.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s:
D
u
s
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
–
2
2
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
2
5
4
/
2
7
5
5
-
2
7
2
1
/
2
3
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2
0
2
3
0
6
5
8
.
[
3
]
E.
R
.
R
a
h
a
y
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
a
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
n
p
o
l
y
mer
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
d
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
saf
e
t
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
y
b
e
r
a
n
d
I
T
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
–
1
6
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
4
3
0
6
/
i
j
c
i
t
sm
.
v
4
i
2
.
1
7
0
.
[
4
]
A
.
A
b
d
e
l
o
u
a
h
e
d
,
S
.
El
m
a
m
o
u
n
,
A
.
B
e
r
r
a
d
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
m
e
u
r
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
mo
d
u
l
e
s
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
a
ssess
me
n
t
u
si
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.