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R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
c
o
s
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
G
l
o
b
a
l
b
e
s
t
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
v
e
c
t
o
r
in
B
A
B
ER
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
v
g
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
,
R
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
v
e
c
t
o
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
B
A
B
E
R
s
e
a
r
c
h
P
D
R
P
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
%)
w
₁,
w
₂,
w
₃
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
λ,
μ,
ν
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
–
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
in
B
A
B
E
R
n
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
C
H
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
ter
est
in
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
g
r
o
win
g
ac
r
o
s
s
s
e
v
er
al
s
ec
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
a
n
d
b
an
k
in
g
[
1
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
[
2
]
.
Par
ty
tr
ad
es
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
o
f
an
y
ce
n
tr
al
au
th
o
r
it
y
o
r
in
ter
m
e
d
iar
y
b
o
d
y
.
A
t
r
u
s
tles
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
an
im
p
ed
im
en
t
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
n
o
t
d
o
ab
le
[
3
]
.
Sin
ce
ad
v
en
t
o
f
in
ter
n
et
a
n
d
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
[
4
]
,
n
ew
tr
e
n
d
s
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
t
cities,
h
o
s
p
it
als,
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
h
a
v
e
em
e
r
g
ed
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
e
-
b
u
s
in
ess
,
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t,
a
n
d
e
-
s
er
v
ice
b
r
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
h
a
v
e
all
ch
a
n
g
ed
way
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
o
f
f
er
ed
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
u
e
to
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
h
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
esti
m
ates,
I
o
T
will
g
r
o
w
f
r
o
m
$
3
0
b
illi
o
n
to
$
7
0
b
illi
o
n
b
y
2
0
2
5
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
it
will
h
av
e
a
m
ajo
r
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
m
an
y
p
a
r
ts
o
f
p
eo
p
le'
s
liv
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
with
wi
r
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
ed
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
k
n
o
wn
as
p
r
o
o
f
-
of
-
au
th
o
r
ity
(
Po
A)
with
in
c
lu
s
ter
ed
W
SN
s
[
5
]
.
I
o
T
h
as
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
attac
k
s
,
an
d
d
ev
ice
h
eter
o
g
en
e
ity
[
6
]
.
W
ith
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices,
I
o
T
[
7
]
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es
in
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ca
lab
ili
ty
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
its
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
at
u
r
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es m
ig
h
t b
e
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
d
u
e
t
o
lim
ited
v
ar
iety
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies in
I
o
T
[
8
]
d
ev
ices.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
I
o
T
,
f
o
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as
latel
y
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
9
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
I
o
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
r
em
ain
u
n
r
eso
lv
e
d
.
New
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
s
ec
r
ec
y
,
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
ar
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
I
o
T
[
1
0
]
d
ev
ices.
Secr
ec
y
is
m
ain
tain
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ess
ag
es.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
m
ess
ag
e
r
ea
ch
es
its
in
t
en
d
ed
r
ec
ip
ien
t
an
d
th
at
an
y
attem
p
t a
t ta
m
p
er
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
all
r
elev
an
t p
ar
ties
in
a
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Ob
tain
ab
ilit
y
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
an
y
d
ata
f
ac
ilit
y
is
av
ailab
le
wh
en
ev
er
n
ee
d
ed
wh
ile
tak
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
d
ev
ices
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
wh
ic
h
is
cr
u
cial
b
ec
au
s
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ar
e
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
a
n
d
lac
k
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Min
i
m
izin
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
icin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
an
o
th
er
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
d
at
a
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
an
I
o
T
[
1
2
]
n
etwo
r
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
b
r
an
d
-
n
ew
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
E
s
s
en
tially
,
ap
p
licatio
n
,
p
h
y
s
ical,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
lay
er
s
o
f
I
o
T
n
ee
d
an
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
t
h
at
ca
n
s
tab
ilize
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
I
o
T
.
T
h
is
lead
s
u
s
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
e
f
in
ed
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
SDN)
an
d
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
s
u
ch
an
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
b
ette
r
m
an
ag
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
SDN
-
b
ased
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
a
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
I
o
T
,
SDN,
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ar
e
th
r
e
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
o
r
ch
estra
tio
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
A
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
witch
es,
b
esid
es
u
s
er
s
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
n
ew
SD
N
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
4
]
.
W
h
ile
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
witch
es
h
an
d
le
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
,
a
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
r
u
n
s
o
n
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
lik
e
Op
en
Flo
w
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
u
les
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
witch
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
SD
N
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
tellig
en
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
i
n
g
to
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
to
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
SD
N
co
n
tr
o
ller
allo
ws
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
u
n
i
f
ied
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
f
ac
ilit
ies
s
u
ch
as
r
o
u
tin
g
,
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
u
s
e.
T
h
e
ev
e
r
-
ch
an
g
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ic
es
also
m
ak
es
th
e
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
u
p
d
ates
[
1
6
]
.
An
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
with
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
m
ig
h
t
b
e
th
e
an
s
wer
to
th
is
d
ilem
m
a
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
to
p
ics
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
is
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
SDN
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e.
On
e
way
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
f
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
s
in
SDN
is
to
u
s
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
k
ill.
T
h
e
SDN
n
etwo
r
k
wo
u
ld
m
ak
e
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
'
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
by
-
d
esig
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
tects
u
s
er
d
ata
an
d
s
to
p
s
illeg
al
ad
m
is
s
io
n
to
r
eso
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f
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Dig
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
5
1
8
-
534
520
[
1
7
]
.
Dis
p
er
s
ed
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
m
an
a
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t
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u
s
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p
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f
ce
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tr
ali
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ad
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is
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A
d
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tin
ct
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ata
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ter
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e
a
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d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
ef
f
icien
t
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
Pro
tectin
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
i
n
teg
r
ity
,
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
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an
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ailu
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tech
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to
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p
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r
a
r
ch
itectu
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h
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o
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el
f
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AB
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h
ain
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d
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elia
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d
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ity
o
f
I
o
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-
e
n
ab
led
W
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h
e
co
r
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
I
n
tellig
en
t
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
s
im
ilar
ity
m
atr
ix
(
FS
M)
:
A
d
y
n
am
ic
f
u
zz
y
s
im
ilar
ity
m
atr
ix
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
ized
clu
s
ter
s
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
b
o
t
h
s
p
atial
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
n
o
d
e
s
im
ilar
ities
,
m
in
im
izin
g
in
tr
a
-
cl
u
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
s
t.
−
E
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
with
B
A
B
E
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:
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B
in
ar
y
Al
-
B
ir
u
n
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ea
r
th
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ad
i
u
s
o
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tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
elec
t
o
p
tim
al
clu
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ter
h
ea
d
s
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C
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ased
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a
m
u
lti
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o
b
jectiv
e
f
itn
ess
f
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n
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im
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r
o
v
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g
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
n
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r
k
life
tim
e.
−
Ad
ap
tiv
e
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
v
ia
SR
OA:
T
h
e
s
h
ip
r
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e
o
p
ti
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izatio
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alg
o
r
ith
m
is
in
teg
r
at
ed
to
id
en
tif
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n
d
d
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ctiv
ate
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n
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n
t
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o
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es
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ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
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0
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n
et
wo
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k
c
o
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er
ag
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,
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h
ie
v
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
−
Secu
r
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
:
A
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
m
o
d
if
ied
p
r
ac
tical
b
y
za
n
tin
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f
au
lt
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ler
an
ce
(
PB
FT)
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
s
u
r
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tam
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er
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p
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f
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d
e
ce
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tr
alize
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in
ter
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clu
s
ter
d
ata
ex
ch
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g
e
with
m
in
im
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Un
i
f
i
ed
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
o
b
je
cti
v
e
:
A
h
o
l
is
ti
c
co
s
t
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
cl
u
s
te
r
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
,
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
c
y
,
late
n
cy
,
a
n
d
p
a
ck
et
d
eli
v
e
r
y
r
a
tio
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
e
v
a
lu
ate
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
er
r
e
alis
ti
c
c
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
.
−
E
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
v
alid
atio
n
: T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
m
at
h
em
atica
l m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
aly
s
is
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
le
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
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s
s
u
ch
as sm
ar
t c
ities
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
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s
ec
tio
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m
en
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th
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elate
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p
r
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ts
th
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tem
m
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etailed
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ed
m
eth
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o
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ex
p
lain
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th
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r
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lt
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aly
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is
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d
f
in
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e
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m
ad
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at
s
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.
2.
RE
L
AT
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D
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RK
S
Hig
h
d
is
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m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
itu
atio
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s
ar
e
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
b
y
Su
g
u
m
ar
an
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
at
a
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
(
B
lo
ck
-
DSD)
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
wo
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
s
)
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ec
u
r
e
zo
n
es
u
s
in
g
a
z
o
n
e
-
b
as
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
(
Z
C
A)
,
an
d
t
h
e
b
est
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
u
s
in
g
an
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S).
T
wo
-
s
tep
s
ec
u
r
e
(
STS)
an
d
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
y
(
E
C
C
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
ag
g
r
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ati
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
elep
h
an
t
h
er
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
I
E
HO)
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Vali
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atin
g
th
e
e
f
f
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an
d
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b
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s
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ess
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y
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tr
ates
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HA
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.
T
h
e
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
d
e
v
ices m
u
s
t f
ir
s
t b
e
ad
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th
e
FOG
s
er
v
er
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s
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eg
is
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y
.
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h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
is
to
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
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u
s
i
n
g
th
e
B
P
-
K
-
m
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n
s
alg
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ith
m
.
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h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
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is
ac
co
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n
tab
le
f
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
d
ata
an
d
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
its
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
en
s
ed
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
en
cr
y
p
ted
u
s
in
g
Gau
s
s
Mo
n
tg
o
m
er
y
cu
r
v
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
(
GM
C
C
)
.
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o
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
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ted
f
ile
s
y
s
tem
(
HDFS)
FOG
is
wh
er
e
th
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
d
ata
is
k
ep
t.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
Sch
wef
el
G
r
o
u
p
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
tim
izatio
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alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SGSOA
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is
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
d
ata
af
ter
BP
-
K
-
m
ea
n
s
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
m
ap
p
in
g
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata,
th
e
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
I
D,
an
d
th
e
FOG
s
er
v
er
I
D
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
a
Me
r
k
le
t
r
ee
(
MT
)
u
s
in
g
C
h
o
lesk
y
-
HAVA
L
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
to
s
ig
n
u
p
an
d
lo
g
in
to
th
e
s
er
v
er
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Af
t
er
th
at,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
clo
u
d
,
th
e
u
s
er
s
u
b
m
its
a
q
u
er
y
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
is
o
p
tim
ize
d
b
y
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
SGSOA.
At
la
s
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
ed
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[
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,
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L
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alg
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m
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to
f
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is
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ib
u
tio
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s
ter
in
g
,
Z
h
o
u
et
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l.
[
2
2
]
cr
ea
te
a
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
em
p
o
wer
ed
clu
s
ter
d
is
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ate
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B
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C
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f
r
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k
th
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d
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o
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e
n
eity
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cr
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d
ical
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Kh
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[
2
3
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s
u
g
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ests
a
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ew
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in
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p
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lly
cu
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o
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ter
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d
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elec
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g
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t
p
ath
s
is
p
r
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p
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s
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b
y
Oth
m
en
et
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l.
[
2
4
]
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
I
o
T
-
en
ab
le
d
s
elec
tio
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s
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d
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PS
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ter
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as
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Pra
m
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l.
[
2
5
]
f
o
r
f
ly
in
g
a
d
-
h
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etwo
r
k
s
(
FANE
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f
r
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ass
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MI
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(
C
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to
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o
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
er
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
d
eg
r
ee
s
(
HC
D)
,
an
d
lo
west
I
D
(
L
I
)
ar
e
all
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Fed
C
h
ain
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ex
ce
ls
ab
o
v
e
c
o
m
p
etin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
Fed
C
h
ain
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
p
r
o
to
c
o
l m
ak
e
it a
n
ex
ce
llen
t
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
FANE
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
an
an
d
Ng
u
y
e
n
[
2
6
]
h
av
e
cr
ea
ted
a
n
ew
en
er
g
y
-
p
r
o
to
co
l
n
am
ed
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
lev
er
ag
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
E
E
R
HA
)
th
at
is
m
ea
n
t
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
I
o
T
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
W
SN.
E
E
R
HA
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
cr
itical
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
I
o
T
-
b
ased
W
SNs
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
b
e
g
in
s
with
s
tr
ateg
ic
s
en
s
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
k
-
Me
d
o
i
d
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
E
lb
o
w
m
eth
o
d
to
cr
ea
te
o
p
ti
m
al
n
etwo
r
k
clu
s
ter
s
.
I
t
th
e
n
s
elec
ts
C
Hs
u
s
in
g
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
en
tr
o
p
y
weig
h
t
co
ef
f
icien
t
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
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r
esi
d
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
in
ter
/in
tr
a
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clu
s
te
r
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
d
e
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
B
ellm
an
-
Fo
r
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
t
ilized
to
estab
lis
h
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
i
n
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
an
d
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
E
E
R
HA
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
(
lo
w
en
er
g
y
ad
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
(
L
E
AC
H
)
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
v
en
an
t
o
n
C
iv
il
an
d
Po
liti
ca
l
R
ig
h
ts
(
I
C
C
H
R
)
,
p
r
i
v
ac
y
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
(
PECR
)
,
T
E
Z
E
M)
in
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ex
ten
d
s
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
.
An
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
m
eg
a
-
cl
u
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
E
MCR
)
p
r
o
to
co
l,
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
lar
g
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
s
,
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Prin
ce
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l'
s
d
esig
n
is
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
r
ad
io
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
u
s
es
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
m
eth
o
d
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
es
f
ix
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
d
iv
id
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
th
at
ar
e
s
q
u
ar
e
in
s
h
ap
e.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
all
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
em
ain
s
with
in
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
5
1
8
-
534
522
clu
s
ter
s
ize
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
m
in
d
ed
b
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e.
A
m
eg
a
-
clu
s
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
o
f
th
ese
clu
s
ter
s
,
with
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
s
er
v
i
n
g
as
th
e
m
e
g
a
-
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
(
MCH)
.
Af
ter
war
d
s
,
th
e
MCH
r
o
le'
s
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
s
p
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
clu
s
t
er
s
.
Data
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
at
two
l
ev
els,
th
e
C
H
lev
el
an
d
th
e
MCH
lev
el,
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
etwo
r
k
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
e
b
alan
ce
d
s
in
ce
two
d
ata
m
u
les ar
e
u
s
ed
r
o
u
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
Fen
g
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
h
a
v
e
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
u
s
ed
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
th
e
tim
e
-
s
h
if
ted
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
with
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
ea
k
-
tim
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
lo
ad
s
wh
ile
also
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
I
P
-
b
ased
m
o
b
ile
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
h
id
d
en
s
em
i
-
Ma
r
k
o
v
m
o
d
els
(
HSMM
)
t
o
p
r
ed
ict
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
a
n
g
le
o
f
ar
r
iv
al
(
AOA)
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
h
ar
d
war
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cies
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
h
an
d
le
s
tatic
n
o
d
e
f
ailu
r
es,
alo
n
g
with
a
r
ec
o
v
er
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
f
alse
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
in
m
o
b
ile
I
P
-
b
ased
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
9
]
.
J
av
ad
p
o
u
r
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tw
o
-
p
h
ase
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
i.e
.
,
f
u
zz
y
C
-
m
ea
n
s
(
FC
M)
an
d
PS
O
f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
cr
itical
en
er
g
y
d
e
p
letio
n
ch
allen
g
e
in
th
e
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
f
u
zz
y
-
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
lev
er
ag
es
n
o
d
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates,
s
p
ee
d
an
d
g
r
av
itatio
n
al
f
o
r
ce
s
b
etwe
en
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
in
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
t c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
2
.
1
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
n
s
um
m
a
r
y
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e:
−
No
v
el
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
FS
M,
B
AB
E
R
,
an
d
SR
OA
:
A
u
n
i
f
ied
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
ip
elin
e
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
f
u
zz
y
s
im
ilar
ity
m
atr
ix
(
FS
M)
-
b
ase
d
d
y
n
am
ic
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
,
B
in
ar
y
Al
-
B
ir
u
n
i
ea
r
th
r
ad
iu
s
(
B
AB
E
R
)
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
-
awa
r
e
C
H
s
elec
ti
o
n
,
an
d
s
h
ip
r
escu
e
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SR
OA)
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
-
aw
ar
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
l
in
g
:
D
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
u
l
ti
-
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
e
f
i
tn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
f
o
r
C
H
s
e
le
ct
io
n
an
d
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
r
e
d
u
ct
io
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
a
la
n
ce
d
en
er
g
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
ed
n
e
t
wo
r
k
lif
et
im
e.
−
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
-
en
a
b
led
s
ec
u
r
ity
:
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
m
o
d
if
ied
p
r
ac
tical
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
(
PB
FT)
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
W
SN
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
en
a
b
lin
g
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
an
d
lo
w
-
laten
cy
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
.
−
Un
if
ied
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
m
o
d
el
:
Fo
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
a
h
o
lis
tic
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
jo
in
tly
o
p
tim
izes
clu
s
ter
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
n
etwo
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e,
laten
c
y
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
u
n
d
e
r
r
ea
lis
tic
I
o
T
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
−
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
o
n
:
E
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
o
n
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
d
e
n
s
i
t
i
e
s
(
1
0
0
–
3
0
0
n
o
d
e
s
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
u
p
t
o
2
0
%
l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
,
1
8
%
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
,
a
n
d
1
5
%
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
DR
)
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
m
o
d
e
l
s
,
wi
t
h
a
d
d
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
ti
m
e
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
D
E
L
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
T
h
e
p
r
o
life
r
ati
o
n
of
I
o
T
-
en
ab
l
ed
W
SNs
h
as
r
ai
s
ed
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
d
ata
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
ten
f
all
s
h
o
r
t
in
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
tam
p
er
-
r
esis
tan
t
d
ata
h
an
d
lin
g
.
In
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
,
a
u
n
if
i
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
lev
er
a
g
es
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
in
tel
lig
en
t
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
leep
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
,
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
teg
r
ates
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
u
les:
i
)
Fu
zz
y
s
im
il
ar
ity
m
atr
ix
(
FS
M)
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
ii
)
B
in
ar
y
Al
-
B
ir
u
n
i
ea
r
th
r
a
d
iu
s
(
B
AB
E
R
)
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
C
H
s
e
lectio
n
,
iii
)
Sh
ip
r
escu
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SR
OA)
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
an
d
iv
)
A
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
tr
u
s
ted
d
ata
ex
ch
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
e
p
r
es
en
t th
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
3
.
2
.
Net
w
o
rk
m
o
del
a
nd
a
s
s
u
mp
t
i
o
ns
L
et
a
W
SN
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
N
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
{
1,
2,
...,
}
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
a
s
q
u
ar
e
a
r
ea
×
.
A
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S),
s
itu
ated
o
u
t
s
id
e
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
ield
,
ac
ts
as
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
d
ata
s
in
k
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
is
in
it
ialized
with
eq
u
al
en
er
g
y
0
an
d
is
ca
p
ab
l
e
o
f
b
o
th
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
F
S
M
-
BABER
-
S
R
OA
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t
…
(
A
ch
yu
t
Ya
r
a
g
a
l
)
523
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
er
v
iew
of
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
3
.
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
a
s
s
um
ptio
ns
No
d
es
ar
e
s
tatic
af
ter
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
a
n
d
a
r
e
lo
ca
tio
n
-
awa
r
e,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
on
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
n
o
d
e
lo
ad
,
each
n
o
d
e
ca
n
co
m
p
u
te
its
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
i
n
d
icatio
n
(
R
SS
I
)
a
n
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
en
er
g
y
-
u
n
lim
ited
an
d
h
as
g
lo
b
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
is
to
en
h
an
ce
n
et
wo
r
k
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
tim
e
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
b
o
th
n
o
d
e
an
d
clu
s
ter
lev
els.
3
.
3
.
F
uzzy
s
im
ila
rit
y
m
a
t
rix
-
ba
s
ed
c
l
us
t
e
r
in
g
T
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
es
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
n
o
d
es
b
ased
on
an
FSM
wh
ich
co
m
p
u
tes
s
im
ilar
ity
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
node
p
air
s
b
ased
on
s
p
atial
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
im
ilar
ity
s
c
o
r
e
(
,
)
f
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
a
s
:
(
,
)
=
e
xp
(
−
2
/
2
)
×
(
1
−
|
−
|
/
0
)
(
1)
w
h
er
e,
is
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
an
d
.
is
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
of
n
o
d
e
at
tim
e
,
is
s
c
al
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
en
s
iti
v
ity
to
d
is
tan
ce
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
im
il
ar
ity
m
atr
ix
to
f
o
r
m
clu
s
ter
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
with
in
a
clu
s
ter
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
m
u
tu
al
s
im
ilar
ity
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aid
s
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
3
.
4
.
Clus
t
er
hea
d
s
elec
t
io
n
u
s
ing
B
ina
ry
Al
-
B
irun
i
ea
rt
h
ra
diu
s
(
B
A
B
E
R)
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
s
elec
tin
g
o
p
tim
al
C
Hs
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
A
B
E
R
m
e
tah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
C
Hs
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
ag
g
r
e
g
atin
g
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
d
ata,
so
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
b
e
m
in
im
alize
d
f
o
r
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
as:
=
∑
(
1
×
(
)
+
2
×
)
=
1
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
is
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
C
H
to
each
clu
s
ter
m
em
b
er
j,
is
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
of
ca
n
d
id
ate
CH
an
d
1
,
2
is
W
eig
h
tin
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
B
AB
E
R
s
ea
rc
h
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
B
AB
E
R
alter
n
ates
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
p
h
a
s
es
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
CH
ca
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
:
(
+
1
)
=
+
×
(
−
)
+
×
s
in
(
)
×
(
−
)
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
5
1
8
-
534
524
w
h
er
e,
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
is
g
lo
b
al
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
,
,
is
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
a
n
d
,
,
is
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
co
n
v
er
g
en
c
e
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
C
Hs
with
o
p
tim
al
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
m
e
m
b
er
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
u
p
d
ated
at
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
B
AB
E
R
alg
o
r
ith
m
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
tep
wis
e
o
p
er
atio
n
of
th
e
B
AB
E
R
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
b
e
g
in
s
with
in
itializin
g
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
SR
OA,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
u
p
d
ate
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
B
AB
E
R
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
.
A
v
alid
atio
n
ch
ec
k
d
eter
m
in
es
if
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
m
et
;
if
n
o
t,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
tates
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
.
T
h
is
lo
o
p
co
n
tin
u
es u
n
til o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
AB
E
R
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
3
.
5
.
E
nerg
y
-
e
f
f
icient
s
leep
s
cheduli
ng
us
i
ng
s
hip
re
s
c
ue
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
(
E
E
SS
-
SRO
)
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
er
v
e
en
e
r
g
y
,
SR
OA
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tif
y
an
d
p
u
t
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
n
o
d
es in
to
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
co
m
p
u
tes
a
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
s
co
r
e
(
)
:
(
)
=
1
×
+
2
×
(
1
−
0
)
+
3
×
(
1
−
)
(
4
)
w
h
er
e,
is
o
v
er
lap
f
ac
to
r
(
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
v
er
ag
e
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
)
,
is
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
is
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
a
d
an
d
1
,
2
,
3
is
tu
n
ab
le
weig
h
ts
.
No
d
es with
(
)
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
δ a
r
e
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
d
ea
ctiv
ate
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
an
ef
f
icien
t
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
SR
OA
.
It
b
eg
in
s
with
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
m
o
d
elin
g
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
,
en
er
g
y
co
s
t,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
m
etr
ics,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
o
we
r
is
ad
a
p
ted
an
d
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
n
o
d
es
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
I
f
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
v
e
r
ag
e
r
em
ain
s
a
b
o
v
e
9
0
%,
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
n
o
d
es
m
ay
s
l
ee
p
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
;
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
ey
r
em
ain
ac
tiv
e
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
m
ain
tain
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
ile
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
waste
in
I
o
T
-
b
ased
W
SNs
.
S
R
O
A
n
o
d
e
u
p
d
a
t
e
r
u
l
e
:
(
+
1
)
=
+
×
(
(
−
)
/
|
−
|
)
+
ε
(
5)
W
h
er
e,
is
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
n
o
d
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ε
is
r
an
d
o
m
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
f
o
r
lo
ca
l sear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
F
S
M
-
BABER
-
S
R
OA
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
s
ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t
…
(
A
ch
yu
t
Ya
r
a
g
a
l
)
525
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
ch
ar
t
E
E
SS
-
SR
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
3
.
6
.
B
lo
c
k
cha
in
-
ba
s
ed
s
ec
ur
e
da
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
T
o
s
ec
u
r
e
in
ter
-
cl
u
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
in
t
eg
r
ity
,
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
m
o
d
u
le
with
a
m
o
d
if
ied
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
E
ac
h
C
H
ac
ts
as
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
p
ee
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
lo
ca
l
led
g
er
o
f
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
On
ce
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
d
ata
is
r
ea
d
y
,
C
Hs
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
b
lo
ck
s
th
at
ar
e
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t Raf
t
-
lik
e
PB
FT
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
:
C
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
h
a
s
es
:
−
Pro
p
o
s
al:
L
ea
d
er
CH
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
b
l
o
c
k
.
−
Valid
atio
n
:
Peer
s
v
er
if
y
th
e
b
l
o
ck
'
s
h
ash
an
d
s
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
−
C
o
m
m
itm
en
t:
On
m
ajo
r
ity
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t,
b
lo
ck
is
a
d
d
e
d
.
To
o
p
tim
ize
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
o
n
l
y
h
ash
d
ig
ests
an
d
tim
estam
p
s
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
,
a
v
o
id
in
g
f
u
ll
p
ay
lo
a
d
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
.
3
.
7
.
Unifie
d
o
bje
ct
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
T
h
e
to
tal
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
p
tim
iz
ed
by
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
i
s
:
=
1
×
+
2
×
∑
(
)
+
3
×
+
4
×
(
1
−
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e
,
is
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
ef
f
icien
cy
c
o
s
t,
(
)
is
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
co
s
t,
is
a
v
er
ag
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
laten
cy
,
P
DR
was
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
an
d
1
,
2
,
3
a
n
d
4
ar
e
c
u
s
to
m
izab
le
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
weig
h
ts
.
Ps
eu
d
o
co
d
e
f
o
r
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
O
AC
h
ain
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
Input:
Sensor
Nodes
=
{
1
,
2
,
..
.,
}
,
Initial
Energy
0
Output:
Secure
and
Energy
-
Efficient
C
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
t
i
o
n
1.
Initialize
FSM
and
perform
clusteri
ng
2.
Apply
BABER
for
CH
s
e
l
e
ct
i
o
n
3.
For
each
communication
r
ou
n
d
:
a.
Compute
redundancy
s
co
re
s
(i)
b.
Schedule
sleep
nodes
using
SROA
c.
Aggregate
and
tr
an
sm
it
data
to
CH
d.
Validate
and
log
data
blocks
using
blockchain
consensu
s
e.
Update
energy
and
st
at
us
for
each
node
4.
Repeat until network lifetime ends
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
5
1
8
-
534
526
C
o
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
:
−
FSM
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
:
(
²)
−
B
AB
E
R
o
p
tim
izatio
n
:
(
×
×
)
−
SR
OA
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
:
(
×
)
−
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
:
(
²)
wh
er
e
n
is
n
u
m
b
er
of
C
Hs
−
Ov
er
all:
(
²+
+
+
²)
p
er
r
o
u
n
d
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
To
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
of
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
a
s
er
ies
of
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
2
3
a
on
a
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
with
an
I
n
tel
i7
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
3
2
GB
R
AM
,
an
d
W
in
d
o
ws
11
OS.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
em
u
lat
e
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
-
W
SN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
teg
r
atin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
,
an
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
T
ab
le
1
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
:
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
ettin
g
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
/
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
/
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
D
e
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
a
r
e
a
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
m
(
2
D
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
)
D
a
t
a
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
(
E
_
d
a
)
5
n
J
/
b
i
t
/
s
i
g
n
a
l
N
u
mb
e
r
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
,
2
5
0
,
300
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
e
l
F
i
r
st
-
o
r
d
e
r
r
a
d
i
o
m
o
d
e
l
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
n
o
d
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
E
₀
)
2
J
o
u
l
e
s
S
l
e
e
p
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
(
δ
)
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
b
a
se
d
on
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
o
a
d
B
a
se
st
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
1
5
0
,
50)
(
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
se
n
s
o
r
f
i
e
l
d
)
N
u
mb
e
r
of
r
o
u
n
d
s
2000
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
n
g
e
2
5
m
e
t
e
r
s
R
o
u
n
d
s
p
e
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
c
y
c
l
e
50
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
i
z
e
5
1
2
b
i
t
s
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
b
l
o
c
k
s
i
z
e
5
k
B
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
i
z
e
6
4
b
i
t
s
C
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
(
C
H
s
)
5%
–
10%
of
t
o
t
a
l
n
o
d
e
s
M
A
C
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
T
D
M
A
-
b
a
s
e
d
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
u
n
s
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
o
v
e
r
10
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
t
r
i
a
l
s
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el’
s
ef
f
icac
y
,
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
:
−
E
E
DAM
:
E
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
ati
o
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
an
d
s
tatic
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
with
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
au
th
en
ticatio
n
.
−
E
E
HS:
E
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
ch
em
e
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
es
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
p
ar
tial
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
,
lack
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
leep
co
n
tr
o
l.
−
E
S
S
M:
E
n
e
r
g
y
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
l
e
e
p
m
o
d
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
t
at
ic
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
,
li
m
i
t
e
d
a
d
a
p
ta
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
−
L
E
AC
H
:
L
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
ad
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
(
tr
ad
itio
n
al
W
SN
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
)
.
−
PSO
-
C
B
D
C
:
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
with
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
with
o
u
t
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
p
r
u
n
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
v
is
u
alize
s
th
e
1
0
0
×1
0
0
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
a
r
ea
with
1
0
0
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
em
,
10
n
o
d
es
(
1
0
%
)
ar
e
d
esig
n
ated
as
C
Hs,
s
h
o
wn
as
r
ed
s
tar
s
.
T
h
ese
C
Hs
s
er
v
e
as
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
n
o
d
es
with
in
th
e
B
AB
E
R
-
SR
OACh
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
1
0
0
×1
0
0
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
ar
ea
p
o
p
u
late
d
with
3
0
0
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
wh
er
e
3
0
n
o
d
es (
1
0
%)
ar
e
d
esig
n
ated
as C
Hs r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
r
ed
s
tar
s
.
T
h
ese
C
Hs
act
as
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
B
AB
E
R
-
SR
OA
C
h
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
la
y
in
g
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
b
ased
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
es
en
ts
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
(
in
r
o
u
n
d
s
)
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ev
alu
ated
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
1
9
2
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
ch
em
e
s
s
u
ch
as
E
E
DAM
(
1
6
5
0
)
,
E
E
HS
(
1
4
9
0
)
,
E
SS
M
(
1
4
3
0
)
,
PSO
-
C
B
DC
(
1
3
8
0
)
,
a
n
d
L
E
AC
H
(
1
2
0
0
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
FS
M
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
v
ia
B
AB
E
R
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
SR
OA,
wh
ich
co
llectiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
e
n
er
g
y
wastag
e
an
d
b
alan
ce
th
e
lo
ad
am
o
n
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
m
p
etin
g
m
o
d
els
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
e
x
te
n
d
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
m
ak
in
g
it
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
I
o
T
-
W
SN
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ed
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
e
ath
(
FND)
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
y
in
g
at
5
8
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
ea
r
l
y
-
life
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
is
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
E
E
DAM
(
4
6
0
)
,
E
E
HS
(
4
2
0
)
,
E
SS
M
(
4
1
0
)
,
PSO
-
C
B
D
C
(
4
0
0
)
,
an
d
L
E
A
C
H
(
3
5
0
)
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
s
leep
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
F
S
M
-
BABER
-
S
R
OA
fr
a
mewo
r
k
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r
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ec
u
r
e
a
n
d
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A
ch
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t
Ya
r
a
g
a
l
)
527
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Simu
lated
v
iew
of
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
AB
E
R
-
S
R
OA
C
h
ain
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
(
a
)
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
a
r
e
a
(
1
0
0
×1
0
0
m
)
w
i
t
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
cl
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
a
n
d
(
b
)
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
a
r
e
a
(
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0
0
×
1
0
0
m
)
w
i
t
h
3
0
0
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
of
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
e
l
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
of
f
ir
s
t
node
d
ea
t
h
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
e
l
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.