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CC B
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Dep
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
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th
is
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a
o
f
d
ig
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co
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ed
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latf
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lib
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ty
to
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r
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co
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tr
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ap
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co
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ten
t
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s
o
ci
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m
ed
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latf
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m
s
.
T
h
is
wid
esp
r
ea
d
p
r
ac
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h
as r
esh
ap
e
d
p
r
iv
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d
s
ec
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ity
in
cy
b
e
r
s
p
ac
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So
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m
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s
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s
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o
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f
ac
e
in
h
e
r
en
t
c
y
b
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s
ec
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ity
h
az
ar
d
s
[
1
]
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
elib
er
ate
d
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
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m
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s
t
ch
allen
g
i
n
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t
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ea
ts
to
ad
d
r
ess
[
1
]
.
M
a
l
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ci
o
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s
s
o
f
tw
a
r
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is
t
r
a
n
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d
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t
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m
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tr
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o
n
s
[
2
]
.
C
lo
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d
f
lar
e
r
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o
r
ted
th
at
7
8
%
o
f
cy
b
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s
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ity
m
a
n
ag
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s
a
cr
o
s
s
1
4
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ia,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
at
least
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n
e
cy
b
er
in
cid
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t
in
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0
2
3
.
Mo
r
e
th
an
6
0
%
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attac
k
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in
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r
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
tr
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d
was
s
u
p
p
o
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ted
b
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Su
r
f
s
h
ar
k
'
s
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t,
wh
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ex
p
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d
a
1
4
4
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in
cr
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in
b
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ea
ch
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ates
in
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th
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q
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2
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2
3
,
r
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in
th
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m
o
s
t
b
r
ea
ch
ed
co
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n
tr
y
[
4
]
.
Kasp
er
s
k
y
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ia
was
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
ig
h
est
co
u
n
tr
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in
So
u
th
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s
t
Asi
a
to
p
r
ev
en
t
m
o
b
ile
m
alwa
r
e
attac
k
s
in
2
0
2
2
[
5
]
.
A
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
s
ev
er
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
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s
h
as
id
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tifie
d
k
e
y
c
h
allen
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i
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c
y
b
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r
s
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ity
,
in
clu
d
in
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a
lac
k
o
f
awa
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n
e
s
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
[
6
]
.
I
t
was
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ian
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
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J
E
lec
E
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g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
52
C
yb
er
h
yg
ien
e
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
Ma
la
ysia
n
yo
u
th
(
A
mily
F
ikry
)
211
ex
h
ib
ited
a
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
lev
el
o
f
ig
n
o
r
an
ce
a
n
d
lack
o
f
ac
c
o
u
n
tab
ilit
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
u
r
g
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cy
f
o
r
in
itiativ
es
to
en
h
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ce
awa
r
en
ess
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d
s
tr
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g
th
en
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
cy
b
er
s
ec
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ity
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
escalatin
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th
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ea
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
attitu
d
e,
g
en
d
er
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
to
war
d
s
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
C
y
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
is
aim
ed
at
en
h
a
n
cin
g
u
s
er
s
'
ac
tiv
i
ties
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
aler
tn
ess
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
awa
r
en
ess
aid
s
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
u
s
er
s
with
r
elev
an
t
k
n
o
wled
g
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an
d
s
k
ills
,
b
esid
es
in
s
till
in
g
th
e
attitu
d
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
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o
m
ain
tain
h
ea
lth
y
n
e
two
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
d
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
[
7
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
1
.
G
ender,
educa
t
io
na
l le
v
el,
a
nd
cy
ber
hy
g
iene
a
wa
re
nes
s
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
h
u
m
an
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
r
ela
tin
g
to
h
u
m
a
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
g
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
g
e
n
d
er
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ic
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
h
ap
e
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al'
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
an
a
g
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
m
o
r
e
m
en
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
is
b
eh
av
io
r
th
an
wo
m
e
n
[
1
5
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
ettin
g
s
ex
h
ib
ited
th
at
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
(
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el)
ar
e
u
n
r
eliab
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Gen
d
er
a
n
d
ag
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
e
s
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ales
h
av
i
n
g
g
r
ea
ter
awa
r
e
n
ess
b
u
t
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
,
wh
il
e
a
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
wo
m
e
n
,
esp
ec
ially
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
atio
n
s
X
an
d
Y,
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
er
p
h
is
h
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
d
u
e
to
ca
u
tio
n
a
n
d
v
ig
ilan
ce
[
2
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
d
icate
s
ag
e
a
n
d
g
en
d
er
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tices,
b
u
t
ac
ad
em
ic
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t [
2
2
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
o
m
e
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
as
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
tin
g
awa
r
e
n
ess
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ix
ed
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
cy
b
er
h
y
g
i
en
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
wer
e
p
o
s
tu
lated
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
:
(
H1
)
:
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
a
n
d
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
t
h
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
(
H2
)
: t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
el
an
d
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
2
.
2
.
K
no
wledg
e,
r
a
t
io
na
lity
,
a
t
t
it
ud
e
a
nd
cy
ber
hy
g
iene
a
wa
re
nes
s
Kn
o
wled
g
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
with
h
ig
h
er
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
r
r
elatin
g
t
o
b
etter
awa
r
en
es
s
d
esp
ite
s
o
m
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
i
n
r
is
k
m
itig
atio
n
[
1
9
]
.
Kn
o
wle
d
g
ea
b
le
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
less
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
c
y
b
er
c
r
im
e
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ile
n
eg
lectin
g
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
g
u
i
d
elin
es
r
esu
lts
in
p
o
o
r
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
c
y
b
er
attac
k
r
is
k
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
lack
o
f
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
s
t
er
s
r
is
k
y
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
[
2
6
]
.
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
attitu
d
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
at
wo
r
k
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
m
o
d
el
g
o
o
d
h
ab
its
f
o
r
co
lleag
u
es
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
with
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
a
d
o
p
t
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
wer
e
p
o
s
tu
lated
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
(
H3
)
:
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
(
H4
)
:
r
atio
n
ality
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
l
ay
s
ia.
(
H5
)
:
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
2
.
3
.
Cy
ber
hy
g
iene
a
wa
re
nes
s
t
hro
ug
h t
he
len
s
o
f
T
RD
M
T
h
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
f
u
lly
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
(
T
R
DM
)
th
eo
r
y
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
v
ar
iab
les
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
a
b
les
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
h
o
lis
tically
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
att
itu
d
es)
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wh
en
f
ac
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
ea
ts
in
t
h
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
awa
r
en
ess
co
u
ld
ai
d
in
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tco
m
e
s
will
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
,
th
eir
att
itu
d
es
to
war
d
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
th
eir
r
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t o
n
o
v
er
all
c
y
b
e
r
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
26
:
2
1
0
-
2
1
9
212
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
Su
r
v
ey
Mo
n
k
ey
tar
g
eted
to
4
1
4
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
in
Pen
in
s
u
lar
M
alay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
c
o
n
tain
ed
a
m
u
lti
-
item
s
ca
le
o
f
C
y
b
er
Hy
g
ien
e
I
n
v
en
to
r
y
(
C
HI
)
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
[
3
1
]
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
e
s
s
an
d
th
e
Hu
m
a
n
Asp
ec
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Secu
r
ity
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
HAI
SQ)
[
3
2
]
to
ass
ess
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e
,
an
d
r
atio
n
ality
[
1
0
]
.
Up
o
n
f
in
alizin
g
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
8
to
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
all
r
esp
o
n
s
es g
ath
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Respo
nd
ent
s
' pro
f
iles
Th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
4
1
4
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
n
atio
n
ality
wh
o
r
esid
e
in
Pen
in
s
u
lar
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
g
en
d
e
r
im
b
ala
n
ce
,
with
f
em
ales
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
m
o
r
e
th
an
two
-
th
ir
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
(
7
2
.
0
%)
an
d
o
n
l
y
2
8
.
0
%
m
ales.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
elo
n
g
ed
to
th
e
<2
0
y
ea
r
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
(
5
1
.
9
%),
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
a
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
2
1
to
2
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
1
7
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
4
3
.
2
%).
W
h
en
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
wh
elm
i
n
g
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
9
5
.
1
%)
a
r
e
2
5
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
er
.
O
n
ly
a
s
m
all
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
alls
with
in
th
e
2
6
–
3
0
a
g
e
b
r
ac
k
et,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
ju
s
t
2
.
9
%,
wh
ile
th
e
3
1
t
o
3
5
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
n
ly
i
n
clu
d
ed
th
r
ee
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
0
.
7
%).
L
astl
y
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
ed
3
6
y
ea
r
s
an
d
ab
o
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
1
.
2
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
(
5
in
d
iv
id
u
als).
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ata
is
h
ea
v
ily
s
k
ewe
d
to
war
d
s
y
o
u
n
g
er
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
with
a
s
p
ar
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
o
s
e
o
ld
er
th
an
(
4
.
8
%),
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
(
y
o
u
th
)
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
a
c
er
tific
ate/d
ip
lo
m
a
(
1
7
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
4
1
.
8
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
SP
M/ST
PM
(
1
2
1
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
2
9
.
2
%),
b
ac
h
elo
r
'
s
d
eg
r
ee
(
1
1
7
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
2
8
.
3
%),
a
n
d
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
(
3
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
0
.
7
%).
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
m
ain
ly
o
f
ea
r
ly
-
ca
r
ee
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
a
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
esid
ed
in
Se
lan
g
o
r
(
5
0
%
(
2
0
7
in
d
iv
id
u
als),
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
attr
ib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
s
tate'
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
Pah
a
n
g
(
7
7
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
1
8
.
6
%),
Fed
er
al
T
er
r
ito
r
y
o
f
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
with
(
3
1
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als,
7
.
5
%),
an
d
Per
ak
(
3
2
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
7
.
7
%).
A
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
esid
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
o
th
er
s
tates
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
in
clu
d
in
g
J
o
h
o
r
(
3
.
6
%),
Ked
ah
(
3
.
4
%),
an
d
Me
lak
a
(
1
.
0
%).
An
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
m
ajo
r
ity
(
8
7
.
2
%)
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ar
e
ter
tiar
y
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
cler
ical
(
3
1
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
7
.
5
%),
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
(
1
4
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
3
.
4
%),
a
n
d
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
8
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
1
.
9
%).
4
.
2
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
m
a
j
o
r
v
a
ri
a
bles
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
a
ttit
u
d
e,
an
d
r
atio
n
ality
r
elate
d
to
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
y
o
u
th
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
in
d
icate
th
eir
v
iews u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t scale
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ten
d
ed
to
r
ep
o
r
t o
n
ly
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e,
with
m
an
y
lea
n
in
g
to
wa
r
d
th
e
lo
wer
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
(
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e=
3
.
9
8
7
8
)
.
As
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
o
n
th
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
n
eu
tr
ality
an
d
is
clo
s
e
to
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
,
t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
i
s
v
ar
iab
le
in
d
icate
s
s
o
m
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
awa
r
en
e
s
s
lev
els
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
0
.
4
8
2
1
2
)
i
m
p
lies
th
at
th
er
e
is
r
ela
tiv
ely
litt
le
v
ar
iatio
n
in
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
am
o
n
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
in
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
m
o
d
e
r
ate
s
elf
-
ass
ess
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ie
n
e
(
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e=
3
.
6
3
7
3
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
te
n
d
en
cy
t
o
war
d
s
n
eu
tr
ality
.
A
s
co
r
e
o
f
s
lig
h
tly
ab
o
v
e
3
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
m
ay
h
av
e
d
o
u
b
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
3
5
4
4
2
)
r
ef
lects
th
at
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
s
im
ilar
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
i
n
d
icatin
g
litt
le
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
eir
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
le
v
els.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
is
m
o
d
er
a
tely
n
eu
tr
al
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
cy
b
er
h
y
g
i
en
e
(
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e=
3
.
4
2
1
3
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
ei
r
am
b
iv
ale
n
ce
o
r
r
el
u
ctan
ce
t
o
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
(
0
.
3
4
3
6
2
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
attitu
d
e
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
with
s
tatem
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
asp
e
ct
o
f
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
(
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e=
4
.
1
3
3
5
)
.
A
s
co
r
e
ab
o
v
e
4
is
clo
s
er
t
o
th
e
"Disag
r
ee
"
o
p
tio
n
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
lack
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
o
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
b
ase
th
eir
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
n
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
5
6
7
3
5
)
in
d
icate
s
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
h
o
w
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
v
iew
th
e
r
atio
n
ality
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
r
ef
lectin
g
d
if
f
er
in
g
lev
els o
f
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
b
eh
in
d
th
eir
ac
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
yb
er
h
yg
ien
e
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
Ma
la
ysia
n
yo
u
th
(
A
mily
F
ikry
)
213
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
(
N=
4
1
4
)
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
1
6
28
F
e
mal
e
2
9
8
72
To
t
a
l
4
1
4
1
0
0
A
g
e
G
r
o
u
p
18
-
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
2
1
5
51
21
-
2
5
y
e
a
r
s
1
7
9
4
3
.
2
26
-
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
12
2
.
9
31
-
3
5
y
e
a
r
s
3
0
.
7
>
3
6
y
e
a
r
s
5
1
.
2
To
t
a
l
4
1
4
1
0
0
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
P
M
/
S
TP
M
o
r
b
e
l
o
w
1
2
1
2
9
.
2
C
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
/
d
i
p
l
o
m
a
1
7
3
4
1
.
8
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
's
d
e
g
r
e
e
1
1
7
2
8
.
3
M
a
s
t
e
r
/
d
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
/
d
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
3
0
.
7
To
t
a
l
4
1
4
1
0
0
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
C
l
e
r
i
c
a
l
31
7
.
5
Ex
e
c
u
t
i
v
e
14
3
.
3
.
4
4
M
a
n
a
g
e
r
i
a
l
8
19
U
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
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d
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r
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a
r
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e
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d
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t
3
6
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8
7
.
2
To
t
a
l
4
1
4
1
0
0
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u
r
r
e
n
t
p
l
a
c
e
o
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r
e
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e
F
e
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r
a
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Te
r
r
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r
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f
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u
a
l
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u
m
p
u
r
31
7
.
5
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e
l
a
n
g
o
r
2
0
7
50
M
e
l
a
k
a
4
1
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e
g
e
r
i
S
e
m
b
i
l
a
n
9
2
.
2
P
u
l
a
u
P
i
n
a
n
g
5
1
.
2
K
e
d
a
h
14
3
.
4
P
e
r
l
i
s
1
0
.
2
Jo
h
o
r
15
3
.
6
Te
r
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
5
1
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2
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e
l
a
n
t
a
n
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1
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4
P
a
h
a
n
g
77
1
8
.
6
S
a
b
a
h
6
1
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4
S
a
r
a
w
a
k
2
0
.
5
P
e
r
a
k
32
7
.
7
To
t
a
l
4
1
4
1
0
0
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
ajo
r
v
ar
iab
les
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
C
y
b
e
r
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
a
wa
r
en
e
ss
3
.
9
8
7
8
0
.
4
8
2
1
2
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
Kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
3
.
6
3
7
3
0
.
3
5
4
4
2
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
3
.
4
2
1
3
0
.
3
4
3
6
2
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
4
.
1
3
3
5
0
.
5
6
7
3
5
4
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
es t
esting
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etw
ee
n
g
en
d
er
an
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
(
H1
)
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
te
s
t.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
an
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
(
H2
)
wer
e
ev
alu
ate
d
v
ia
t
h
e
o
n
e
-
way
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
H3
,
H4
,
an
d
H5
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
d
etailed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
26
:
2
1
0
-
2
1
9
214
4
.
3
.
1
.
Dif
f
er
ence
s
bet
wee
n
g
ender,
educa
t
io
na
l
lev
el
a
nd
cy
ber
hy
g
iene
a
wa
re
nes
s
a
m
o
ng
y
o
uth
in
M
a
la
y
s
ia
(
H1
)
:
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
a
n
d
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
t
h
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
-
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
m
ales
(
M
=4
.
0
0
4
1
,
SD
=0
.
5
1
7
2
7
)
an
d
f
em
ales
(
M
=3
.
9
8
1
5
,
SD
=0
.
4
6
8
4
9
;
t
(
4
1
2
)
=0
.
4
2
8
,
p
=.
6
7
,
two
-
tailed
)
.
T
h
e
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
m
ea
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
s
(
E
t
a
s
q
u
ar
ed
,
η
2
=0
.
0
0
2
)
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
th
is
v
ar
iab
le
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
c
e
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
lev
els
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
H
1
was
r
ejec
ted
.
(
H2
)
:
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
el
an
d
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
es
s
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
teg
o
r
ized
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
to
f
o
u
r
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
lev
els
—
SP
M/ST
PM
an
d
b
elo
w,
ce
r
tific
ate/d
ip
lo
m
a,
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
,
an
d
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
—
to
ass
es
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
etwe
en
-
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
e
-
wa
y
ANOV
A
s
h
o
wed
n
o
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
s
tatis
t
ical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
at
p
<.
0
5
in
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els:
F
(
3
,
4
1
0
)
=
0
.
8
0
8
,
p
=.
4
9
0
.
T
h
u
s
,
H2
was r
ejec
ted
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n
ind
iv
id
ua
l
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
o
f
k
no
wledg
e,
ra
t
io
na
lit
y
,
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
e
t
o
wa
rds
cy
ber
hy
g
iene
a
wa
re
nes
s
a
mo
ng
y
o
uth
in M
a
la
y
s
ia
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
an
R
2
o
f
0
.
3
1
9
f
o
r
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
3
1
.
9
%
o
f
th
e
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
v
ar
ian
ce
w
as
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
all
th
r
ee
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
test
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F=6
3
.
8
8
8
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
A
clo
s
er
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
atio
n
ality
(
β=0
.
4
8
8
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
β=0
.
1
1
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
attitu
d
e
(
β=0
.
1
1
5
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
w
er
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
u
s
,
H3
,
H
4
,
an
d
H5
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
r
atio
n
ality
an
d
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
s
u
g
g
ests
m
o
r
e
r
atio
n
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
is
n
o
tab
le,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
r
atio
n
ality
is
a
cr
itical
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
h
ig
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
,
th
e
s
m
all
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
s
u
g
g
ests
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
h
as
a
m
o
d
est
im
p
ac
t
o
n
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Similar
ly
,
attitu
d
e
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
with
a
s
m
all
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
(
β=0
.
1
1
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
itio
n
o
r
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
tan
ce
to
war
d
s
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
h
ig
h
er
awa
r
en
ess
with
lim
ited
im
p
ac
t.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
r
atio
n
ality
,
attitu
d
e)
an
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
b
e
t
a
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
0
.
4
8
8
*
*
*
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
0
.
1
1
3
*
*
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
0
.
1
1
5
*
*
F
v
a
l
u
e
6
3
.
8
8
8
*
*
*
R
2
0
.
3
1
9
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
2
0
.
3
1
4
*
p
<
0
.
1
0
,
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
,
*
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
1
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
R
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
d
id
n
o
t
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
e
r
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ian
y
o
u
th
g
en
e
r
ally
r
ec
eiv
e
s
im
ilar
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
p
ar
ity
m
ay
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
k
p
lace
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
a
war
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
[
3
3
]
b
u
t c
o
n
tr
ast
with
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
m
en
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
a
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
y
wh
e
r
e
f
em
ales
s
h
o
wed
g
r
ea
te
r
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
p
h
is
h
in
g
th
r
ea
ts
[
2
1
]
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
wo
m
en
’
s
h
ei
g
h
ten
e
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
d
is
tr
u
s
t
in
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t a
n
d
telec
o
m
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
o
licies [
3
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
[
3
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
f
em
ales to
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
m
an
ag
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
ales,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ad
icts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
eir
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
r
atio
n
ality
,
a
n
d
att
itu
d
es.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
ev
ea
led
co
m
p
ellin
g
r
esu
lts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
atio
n
ality
,
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
an
d
attitu
d
e
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
lain
ed
3
1
%
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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&
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m
p
Sci
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N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
yb
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h
yg
ien
e
a
w
a
r
en
ess
a
mo
n
g
Ma
la
ysia
n
yo
u
th
(
A
mily
F
ikry
)
215
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
r
atio
n
ality
e
m
er
g
ed
as
th
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
with
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
to
awa
r
e
n
ess
lev
els.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
atio
n
ality
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
s
itiv
e,
alb
eit
m
o
d
est,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
less
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
r
atio
n
ality
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
r
ef
lects
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
atti
tu
d
es
an
d
r
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
e
r
s
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
awa
r
e
o
f
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
th
an
th
o
s
e
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t e
x
h
i
b
it th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
An
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
o
s
t
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
lack
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
h
ib
it
p
o
o
r
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
,
d
ele
g
at
in
g
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
r
elate
d
to
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices
to
th
e
tech
n
ical
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
an
d
to
p
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
i
n
th
eir
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
awa
r
en
ess
b
u
t
n
o
t
attitu
d
e
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
p
r
o
te
ctiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
an
d
co
m
p
lian
c
e
with
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
o
licies
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
L
i
k
ewise,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
attitu
d
e
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
y
g
ien
e
[
4
1
]
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ca
ter
s
to
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
s
[
4
2
]
-
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
wa
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
n
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
i
n
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
te
n
d
en
c
y
to
ad
o
p
t
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
9
]
.
B
esid
es,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
c
y
b
er
h
y
g
ie
n
e
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
,
m
o
n
etar
y
in
ce
n
tiv
es
g
i
v
e
n
to
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
[
4
9
]
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
’
s
p
o
licy
r
ev
i
s
io
n
[
5
0
]
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t c
y
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices will f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tices a
m
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
y
o
u
th
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
awa
r
e
n
ess
lev
els.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
g
en
d
er
-
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
ie
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
t
cy
b
er
s
af
ety
k
n
o
wled
g
e
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
as
s
u
b
tle
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
m
ay
ex
is
t
d
esp
ite
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
q
u
alita
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
ca
n
u
n
co
v
e
r
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
ev
ea
lin
g
g
en
d
e
r
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
o
r
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
wo
u
l
d
clar
if
y
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
an
d
id
e
n
tify
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
E
x
p
lo
r
in
g
o
th
er
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
es
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
is
ess
en
tial to
en
h
an
c
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cy
b
er
h
y
g
i
en
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
also
d
is
co
v
er
ed
a
lack
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
g
e
n
d
er
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
lev
el
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
cy
b
er
h
y
g
ien
e
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t n
ec
ess
ar
ily
h
av
e
to
b
e
g
e
n
d
er
-
o
r
ien
ted
am
o
n
g
M
alay
s
ian
y
o
u
th
.
N
o
n
eth
eless
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
l
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
ag
e,
f
ield
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
in
te
r
ac
t
with
g
en
d
er
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
cy
b
e
r
h
y
g
ie
n
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tco
m
es c
o
u
ld
ai
d
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
ta
r
g
eted
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
,
tail
o
r
ed
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
p
r
o
f
iles
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
wh
o
h
an
d
le
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Awa
r
en
ess
in
itiativ
es
s
h
o
u
ld
tar
g
et
all
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
g
en
d
er
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
ati
o
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
r
elev
a
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
attitu
d
es.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
ap
p
s
,
g
am
if
ied
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
a
n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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52
I
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
E.
v
a
n
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W
a
l
t
,
J
.
H
.
P
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.
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m
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v
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.
c
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se.
2
0
1
8
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0
5
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0
1
5
.
[
2
]
B
.
B
h
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t
i
,
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C
y
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sec
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p
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5
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4
.
[
3
]
h
t
t
p
s
:
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:
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6
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P
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[
7
]
C
.
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M
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I
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d
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.
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h
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c
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tac
ted
a
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m
a
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:
a
sn
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u
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m
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l.
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c
.
id
.
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