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41
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.
1
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J
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p
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.
4
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4
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I
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4
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DOI
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cs
.v
41
.
i
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.
pp
439
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439
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To
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Art
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R
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Oct
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2
0
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ev
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Dec
15
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Acc
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Dec
22
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Th
e
In
ter
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e
t
o
f
T
h
in
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s
(Io
T)
re
p
re
se
n
ts
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
l
y
so
p
h
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terc
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s.
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a
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p
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f
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to
Io
T
n
e
two
r
k
s
u
sin
g
sm
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rt
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t.
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ts
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so
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s
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o
T.
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x
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e
p
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l
d
e
sig
n
a
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t
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re
ti
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a
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ly
sis
p
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ted
h
e
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lay
th
e
g
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u
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d
wo
r
k
fo
r
t
h
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fu
tu
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imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
a
n
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e
v
a
lu
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ti
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o
f
th
e
imp
r
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v
e
d
P
o
Ah
wit
h
i
n
re
a
l
Io
T
u
se
c
a
se
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
C
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
I
o
T
Po
Ah
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
ed
Ag
h
r
o
u
d
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
s
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
FS
T
)
E
r
r
ac
h
id
a
Mo
u
aly
I
s
m
ail
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Me
k
n
es
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail: m
o
.
ag
h
r
o
u
d
@
ed
u
.
u
m
i.
ac
.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
s
o
p
h
i
s
ticated
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
]
,
th
at
will
h
av
e
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
[
1
]
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es
[
2
]
,
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
d
e
g
r
ee
ce
r
tific
atio
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
v
o
tin
g
,
th
o
u
g
h
I
o
T
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
d
ev
ices
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
:
-
T
h
e
v
ar
iety
with
in
I
o
T
d
ev
ice
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
-
T
h
is
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
eir
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
-
Netwo
r
k
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
-
T
h
i
s
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
I
o
T
d
atasets
.
All
o
f
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
b
r
in
g
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
I
o
T
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
lim
itatio
n
s
,
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ices
in
I
o
T
,
an
d
r
is
k
s
r
elate
d
to
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
em
er
g
en
ce
r
elate
d
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ely
m
en
tio
n
e
d
is
s
u
es
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
I
o
T
.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
led
g
er
t
h
at
s
p
an
s
th
e
wh
o
le
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
etwo
r
k
.
W
ith
d
ec
en
tr
alis
ed
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
en
ab
le
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
439
-
4
5
2
440
v
alid
ated
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
te
m
wh
er
e
m
u
tu
al
d
is
tr
u
s
t
p
r
e
v
a
ils
,
with
n
o
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
f
a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
p
ar
t
y
[
4
]
.
as
lo
n
g
as
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
an
u
n
h
ac
k
ab
le
d
atab
ase
th
at
n
o
o
n
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
b
u
t
ev
er
y
o
n
e
ca
n
u
s
e
an
d
an
y
o
n
e
ca
n
ch
ec
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
(
o
r
r
ec
o
r
d
s
)
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
o
ld
o
n
es
as
lo
n
g
as
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ag
r
ee
s
to
ad
d
th
em
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
n
ce
b
lo
c
k
s
ar
e
wr
itten
d
o
wn
,
t
h
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
o
r
r
em
o
v
ed
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
:
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
i
m
m
u
tab
ilit
y
,
n
o
n
-
r
ep
u
d
iatio
n
,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
p
s
e
u
d
o
n
y
m
ity
,
t
r
ac
ea
b
il
ity
[
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
in
I
o
T
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
er
its
:
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
,
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
au
to
n
o
m
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
ab
ilit
y
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
ata
au
th
en
ticity
as
well
as
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
in
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
Do
csch
ain
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
-
I
o
T
b
ased
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
s
ec
u
r
ely
v
er
if
y
a
n
d
au
t
h
en
t
icate
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
b
lo
c
k
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
e
I
o
T
r
aises
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
es
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
esp
e
cially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
,
laten
c
y
,
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
as
well
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
“
W
id
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
w
o
r
k
(
Po
W
)
d
em
a
n
d
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
an
d
h
as
a
laten
c
y
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
in
u
tes,
wh
ich
is
co
m
p
letely
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
”
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
also
af
f
ec
ts
o
th
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
c
ap
a
city
(
Po
C
)
,
l
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
s
ta
k
e
(
L
Po
S),
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
ity
(
Po
A)
,
C
asp
er
,
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
b
u
r
n
(
Po
B
)
,
B
y
zCo
in
,
De
f
in
ity
,
Alg
o
r
an
d
,
R
s
C
o
in
,
an
d
E
last
ico
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Oth
e
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
to
s
o
m
e
ex
ten
t
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
clu
d
e:
d
eleg
ated
p
r
ac
tical
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
ce
(
d
PB
FT)
,
Stellar
,
R
ip
p
le,
T
en
d
e
r
m
in
t,
R
af
t,
Om
n
iLe
d
g
er
,
an
d
R
ap
id
C
h
ain
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
8
]
h
av
e
a
ttem
p
ted
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
(
Po
Ah
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
its
o
wn
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
,
as d
escr
i
b
ed
:
-
Netwo
r
k
n
o
d
es m
ix
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
lo
c
k
with
o
u
t
v
alid
atio
n
.
-
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
o
n
ly
ap
p
lies
at
th
e
b
lo
ck
le
v
el,
wh
ich
ca
n
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ity
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Po
W
,
b
u
t
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
ea
n
s
th
at
Po
Ah
is
an
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
u
ited
to
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
as
ed
o
n
au
th
en
ticatio
n
in
s
tead
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
ally
in
ten
s
iv
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
t
h
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
it
s
ee
m
s
clea
r
th
at
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
an
id
ea
l
p
ar
tn
er
f
o
r
I
o
T
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
en
h
an
ce
d
,
d
ata
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
,
in
te
r
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
an
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ar
ticle
,
we
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
to
th
e
Po
Ah
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
v
alid
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
a
r
e
m
ix
ed
in
t
o
th
e
b
l
o
ck
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
v
alid
ated
b
lo
c
k
s
.
Sm
ar
t c
o
n
tr
a
cts ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
Po
Ah
b
y
:
-
T
r
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
au
to
m
atic
ally
:
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
s
er
v
e
to
d
ef
in
e
au
t
h
o
r
izatio
n
r
u
les
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
e
r
s
to
r
es
th
e
i
d
en
tity
a
n
d
p
o
wer
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
e
v
ice,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
id
en
tify
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
d
ev
ices
an
d
p
e
n
alize
in
a
ctiv
e
o
r
m
alicio
u
s
d
e
v
ices
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
eir
t
r
u
s
t
s
co
r
es.
T
h
is
m
ak
es th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
v
alid
ato
r
s
d
y
n
am
ic,
b
ased
o
n
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
an
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
h
is
to
r
y
.
-
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
f
ast
laten
cy
with
l
o
wer
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
au
to
m
atica
lly
en
f
o
r
ce
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
p
o
l
icies.
W
h
en
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
is
s
en
t,
th
e
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
an
d
tr
u
s
t
s
co
r
e
ar
e
v
e
r
if
ied
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
eith
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
r
r
ejec
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
ast laten
cy
with
lo
wer
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
d
etailed
b
elo
w:
s
ec
tio
n
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
Po
Ah
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
Sectio
n
3
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
its
ch
allen
g
es.
Sectio
n
4
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
d
etailin
g
a
n
ew
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
d
ed
icate
d
to
m
o
d
e
lin
g
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
in
g
,
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
Po
Ah
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
At
th
e
en
d
,
s
ec
tio
n
6
s
u
m
s
u
p
th
e
wo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
ec
ap
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
esu
lts
an
d
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
k
e
y
in
p
u
ts
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
I
o
T
-
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
as
well
as
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
O
F
CO
NS
E
NS
US A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
M
S AN
D
P
O
AH
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
em
p
lo
y
s
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
h
el
p
n
o
d
es
to
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
n
e
w
b
lo
ck
s
.
T
ab
le
1
class
if
ies
th
ese
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
v
er
s
two
m
ajo
r
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies:
v
alid
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
W
e
f
ir
s
t d
escr
ib
e
v
alid
ati
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ass
ess
th
eir
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
f
o
r
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Nex
t,
we
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
a
r
e
eith
er
in
co
m
p
atib
le
with
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
r
r
ef
lect
m
i
n
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
b
r
ief
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
[
8
]
.
Fin
ally
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
Po
Ah
as
a
n
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
n
au
th
en
ticatio
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
2
.
1
.
Va
lid
a
t
i
o
n c
o
ns
ens
u
s
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ea
ch
o
f
f
er
d
i
s
tin
ct
v
alid
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
lev
els
o
f
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Po
W
[
1
0
]
r
elies
o
n
m
i
n
er
s
’
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
o
wer
,
w
h
ile
its
v
ar
ian
ts
s
u
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
a
d
a
p
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
r
o
o
f o
f a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
I
o
T
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
g
h
r
o
u
d
)
441
as
Po
C
[
1
0
]
an
d
Po
E
T
[
8
]
u
s
e
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
waitin
g
tim
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
o
u
g
h
o
n
ly
Po
E
T
s
h
o
ws
p
ar
tial
I
o
T
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
d
u
e
t
o
lo
w
laten
cy
b
u
t
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
h
ar
d
war
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
[
1
1
]
.
Po
S
[
1
0
]
an
d
its
d
er
iv
ativ
es
,
Dp
o
S
[
1
1
]
,
L
Po
S
[
1
0
]
,
Po
I
,
Po
A,
C
asp
er
,
an
d
Po
B
,
s
elec
t
v
alid
ato
r
s
b
ased
o
n
m
o
n
etar
y
s
tak
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
b
u
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
m
is
alig
n
ed
with
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
lack
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
cy
-
b
ased
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
B
FT
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
n
o
tab
ly
PB
FT
[
1
0
]
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
ec
u
r
e
s
m
all
p
r
iv
ate
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
li
k
e
d
B
FT
[
1
1
]
,
S
C
P,
R
ip
p
le,
T
en
d
er
m
i
n
t,
an
d
B
y
zCo
in
[
1
1
]
in
cu
r
h
i
g
h
er
laten
cy
a
n
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
V
er
if
iab
le
r
an
d
o
m
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
1
2
]
,
s
u
ch
as
Alg
o
r
an
d
an
d
Def
i
n
ity
[
1
2
]
,
e
n
h
an
ce
f
air
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
an
d
o
m
co
m
m
ittee
s
elec
tio
n
b
u
t
ar
e
h
am
p
er
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
laten
cy
.
Sh
ar
d
in
g
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
R
SC
o
in
,
E
last
ico
,
Om
n
iLe
d
g
er
,
an
d
R
ap
id
C
h
ain
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
v
ia
p
ar
allel
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
y
et
d
em
an
d
h
ig
h
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
[
1
3
]
.
R
af
t
[
1
2
]
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
Pax
o
s
,
ac
h
iev
es
lo
w
laten
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
lead
er
-
b
ased
v
o
tin
g
b
u
t
r
is
k
s
s
in
g
le
-
n
o
d
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
.
Fin
ally
,
T
an
g
le
[
1
1
]
,
u
s
ed
b
y
I
OT
A,
r
ep
lace
s
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
with
a
d
ir
ec
ted
ac
y
clic
g
r
ap
h
(
DAG)
[
1
4
]
,
allo
win
g
ev
er
y
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
to
co
n
f
ir
m
two
o
t
h
er
s
[
1
4
]
,
th
u
s
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
lig
h
tweig
h
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
I
o
T
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
2
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
an
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
th
e
af
o
r
m
en
tio
n
ed
v
alid
atio
n
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
[
1
5
]
,
r
elativ
e
to
I
o
T
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
I
o
T
s
ar
e
in
d
ica
ted
b
y
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
p
ar
tially
ad
a
p
tab
le
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
r
e
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
n
o
t a
d
ap
tab
le
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
to
I
o
T
s
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
b
y
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
of
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
A
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
se
n
s
u
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
R
a
f
t
,
P
o
I
,
P
o
B
,
d
P
B
F
T,
Te
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
t
,
P
o
S
,
S
t
e
l
l
a
r
,
P
o
A
,
P
o
ET,
B
y
z
C
o
i
n
,
D
P
o
S
,
R
i
p
p
l
e
,
C
a
s
p
e
r
,
P
o
W
,
Ta
n
g
l
e
,
LPo
S
,
P
o
C
,
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
y
,
P
B
F
T
,
A
l
g
o
r
a
n
d
,
R
S
C
o
i
n
,
El
a
st
i
c
o
,
O
m
n
i
Li
d
g
e
r
,
R
a
p
i
d
C
h
a
i
n
.
P
o
A
h
T
ab
le
2
.
An
aly
tical
o
v
er
v
iew
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t v
alid
atio
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
8
]
,
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
C
o
n
se
n
s
u
s a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
Th
r
o
u
g
h
-
p
u
t
La
t
e
n
c
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
o
T
R
a
f
t
H
I
G
H
LO
W
H
I
G
H
P
B
F
T
H
I
G
H
LO
W
H
I
G
H
P
o
S
LO
W
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
A
l
g
o
r
a
n
d
M
ED
I
U
M
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
P
o
ET
H
I
G
H
LO
W
H
I
G
H
S
t
e
l
l
a
r
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
P
o
A
LO
W
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
P
o
I
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
B
y
z
C
o
i
i
n
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
D
P
o
S
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
Te
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
t
H
I
G
H
LO
W
H
I
G
H
P
o
C
LO
W
H
I
G
H
V
ER
Y
H
I
G
H
P
o
W
LO
W
H
I
G
H
H
I
G
H
Ta
n
g
l
e
H
I
G
H
LO
W
LO
W
LPo
S
LO
W
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
y
N
/
A
(
N
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
)
M
ED
I
U
M
N
/
A
(
N
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
)
P
o
B
LO
W
H
I
G
H
H
I
G
H
R
a
p
i
d
C
h
a
i
n
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
LO
W
d
P
B
F
T
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
C
a
s
p
e
r
M
ED
I
U
M
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
R
S
C
o
i
n
H
I
G
H
LO
W
H
I
G
H
O
mn
i
L
e
d
g
e
r
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
LO
W
R
i
p
p
l
e
H
I
G
H
M
ED
I
U
M
H
I
G
H
El
a
s
t
i
c
o
LO
W
H
I
G
H
H
I
G
H
2
.
2
.
Aut
hentic
a
t
io
n c
o
ns
ens
us
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
au
th
en
tica
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
cl
u
d
es
Po
Ah
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
u
th
en
ticity
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
Po
Ah
is
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
an
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
lo
ck
v
alid
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
ec
ti
o
n
,
we
will
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
P
o
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
ich
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tailo
r
e
d
f
o
r
d
ev
ices
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
439
-
4
5
2
442
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
an
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
lo
ck
v
alid
ated
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ile
ad
h
er
in
g
t
o
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
1
,
an
d
2
g
iv
e
a
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
Po
Ah
o
f
f
er
ed
with
th
e
Po
W
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
in
n
etwo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
r
ea
te
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
(
T
r
x
)
u
s
in
g
d
ata
c
ap
tu
r
ed
o
r
c
o
llected
to
c
o
n
s
titu
te
a
b
lo
c
k
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
B
=
{T
r
x
1
,
T
r
x
2
,
.
.
.
,
T
r
x
n
}
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
b
l
o
ck
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
g
ated
b
y
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
/o
r
ass
u
r
an
ce
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
e
s
in
s
elec
tin
g
a
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ac
h
a
n
is
m
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
Po
W
[
1
6
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
Po
Ah
[
1
6
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
au
th
en
ticated
n
o
d
e
u
n
d
er
Po
Ah
[
16
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
a
d
a
p
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
r
o
o
f o
f a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
I
o
T
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
g
h
r
o
u
d
)
443
T
h
e
Po
A
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
au
th
en
ticity
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ices
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
s
tate.
An
au
th
en
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
with
th
e
v
alid
ati
ng
p
r
o
ce
s
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Au
th
en
ticatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
less
en
er
g
y
an
d
f
ewe
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
alter
n
ativ
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
lik
e
I
o
T
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
P
o
Ah
Pra
ctica
lly
,
ea
ch
d
e
v
ice
with
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
eith
er
a
wir
eless
o
r
ca
b
le
-
b
ased
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
o
u
t
in
g
d
e
v
ice
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
d
ev
ices
’
s
m
ed
ia
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
ad
d
r
ess
es
s
er
v
e
as
id
en
tifie
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itiatio
n
o
f
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
.
On
ce
th
is
later
i
s
in
itiated
,
t
h
e
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
v
alid
ato
r
n
o
d
e
o
b
tain
s
it
an
d
i
n
itiates
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
1
6
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
is
v
alid
ato
r
n
o
d
e
[
1
6
]
,
ap
p
en
d
s
b
lo
c
k
s
in
to
lo
ca
l
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
it
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
6
]
.
Oth
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
will
o
n
ly
ad
d
th
e
b
lo
ck
if
i
t
o
r
ig
in
ates
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es
[
1
6
]
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
b
lo
ck
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es,
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
teg
r
ate
th
ese
en
tr
ies
with
in
th
eir
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
led
g
e
r
m
ain
tain
e
d
with
in
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
lay
er
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
Po
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
its
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
ef
f
icien
t
b
lo
ck
v
alid
ati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
Po
W
,
Po
Ah
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
f
aster
ex
e
cu
tio
n
wh
ile
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
t
h
an
k
s
to
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Po
Ah
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
th
an
o
th
er
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
p
o
s
itio
n
Po
Ah
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
b
alan
cin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
o
es
h
av
e
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
its
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
3.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
AT
I
C
S
T
AT
E
M
E
NT
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
I
o
T
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
wh
ich
co
u
ld
d
r
asti
ca
lly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
as
well
as
r
esh
ap
e
s
o
cieta
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
B
lo
c
k
ch
ain
e
n
ab
les
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
b
y
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
n
ter
m
ed
iar
ies
to
v
alid
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
in
te
g
r
atio
n
p
r
esen
t
s
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
I
o
T
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
with
in
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
,
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
2
0
]
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
in
I
o
T
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
a
ce
s
ev
er
al
c
r
itical
ch
allen
g
es.
Fo
r
em
o
s
t
am
o
n
g
th
ese
is
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e,
as
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ty
p
ically
h
av
e
lim
ited
m
em
o
r
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
in
teg
r
ity
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
d
ata
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
u
r
d
le.
L
aten
cy
is
an
o
th
er
k
ey
is
s
u
e,
wh
er
e
tim
ely
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
is
cr
u
cial.
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
o
s
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
g
iv
en
th
at
m
an
y
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ar
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
w
er
ed
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
icien
tly
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
b
atter
y
life
[
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
a
b
i
lity
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ca
n
c
o
m
p
l
icate
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
8
]
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
o
p
tim
iz
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
i
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
Po
Ah
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
ea
ch
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
Hu
m
an
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies:
s
en
s
o
r
h
u
m
an
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
h
u
m
an
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
tr
u
s
ted
h
u
m
a
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
m
in
er
s
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
b
lo
ck
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
a
laten
cy
o
f
2
9
m
s
an
d
an
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
4
4
m
J
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
al,
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
8
]
,
also
u
s
es
th
e
Po
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
u
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
E
L
GAM
AL
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
y
m
o
d
el
alo
n
g
with
an
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
I
n
th
is
s
etu
p
,
tr
u
s
t
ch
ain
s
a
u
th
en
ticate
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
b
lo
ck
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
et
h
er
to
ac
ce
p
t
o
r
r
ejec
t
th
em
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
laten
cy
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
e
s
u
lts
,
is
3
.
3
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
c
h
allen
g
e
lies
in
id
en
tify
in
g
a
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
is
ad
ap
tab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
to
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
8
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
s
ev
e
r
al
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
g
u
i
d
in
g
s
elec
tin
g
an
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
alg
o
r
i
th
m
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
I
o
T
[
8
]
,
s
u
c
h
as
laten
cy
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
o
wer
,
d
ata
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
Ma
n
y
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
cr
y
p
to
cu
r
r
en
cy
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
a
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
u
s
t c
o
n
s
id
er
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jec
t
s
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
Po
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
e
m
er
g
es
as
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
ch
o
ice
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Po
Ah
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
au
th
en
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
as
well
as
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
u
s
f
itti
n
g
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
I
o
T
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Po
Ah
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
laten
cy
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
ch
all
en
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
f
ac
es so
m
e
c
h
allen
g
es:
-
Scalab
ilit
y
:
t
h
e
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
as
ea
ch
d
ev
ice
m
u
s
t u
n
d
e
r
g
o
u
n
i
q
u
e
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
with
a
tr
u
s
t seal.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
439
-
4
5
2
444
-
C
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
:
t
h
e
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
o
r
u
s
er
au
th
en
ticati
o
n
,
wh
ich
co
u
l
d
lim
it d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
c
r
iticis
m
—
k
ey
attr
ib
u
tes o
f
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
.
-
Su
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
attac
k
s
:
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
tr
u
s
t
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ak
es
it
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
,
as
m
alicio
u
s
ac
to
r
s
m
ig
h
t e
x
p
lo
it
it to
f
o
r
g
e
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
cr
ed
en
tials
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t
I
o
T
s
till
en
co
u
n
ter
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
l
aten
cy
,
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
as
well
as
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
2
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
o
p
tim
ized
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
els
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
m
in
i
m
izin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
I
o
T
[
2
5
]
,
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
in
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
Po
Ah
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
a
s
u
itab
le
a
n
d
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
Po
Ah
p
r
esen
ts
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
with
in
th
e
I
o
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
First,
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
co
m
b
in
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
with
o
u
t
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
r
io
r
v
alid
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
u
n
d
er
m
i
n
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
s
av
ed
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
is
a
lim
it
o
f
th
e
au
th
en
tic
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
th
e
b
l
o
ck
lev
el,
leav
in
g
th
e
d
ata
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
ity
r
is
k
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
co
u
ld
b
e
co
m
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
as
ea
ch
d
ev
ice
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
a
u
th
en
ticate
d
b
y
a
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e
,
p
o
ten
tially
h
in
d
er
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
with
in
I
o
T
m
ar
k
s
a
m
ajo
r
leap
f
o
r
war
d
[
2
6
]
,
“
with
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
way
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
e
v
ices
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ate
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e
d
ata
”
[
2
7
]
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
eliab
le
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
av
o
id
in
g
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
a
ce
n
tr
al
a
u
th
o
r
ity
.
Owin
g
to
th
e
im
m
u
tab
le
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
,
I
o
T
-
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
ata
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
a
y
b
e
s
ec
u
r
ely
lo
g
g
e
d
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
n
in
d
elib
le
r
ec
o
r
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
,
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
ad
d
in
g
b
lo
c
k
s
in
to
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
,
a
s
well
as
th
at
as
s
o
ciate
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
On
ce
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
is
is
s
u
ed
,
it
is
d
is
s
em
in
ated
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es,
wh
er
e
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t
m
ai
n
tain
s
an
in
s
tan
ce
o
r
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
al
r
eg
is
tr
y
on
its
d
ev
ice
-
lev
e
l
s
to
r
ag
e
[
1
8
]
.
No
d
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
d
eter
m
in
e
eith
er
to
r
etain
a
f
u
ll
led
g
er
co
p
y
o
r
ju
s
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
b
lo
ck
s
,
b
ased
o
n
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
e
n
tire
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
r
em
ai
n
s
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
m
in
er
s
’
n
o
d
es.
Min
er
s
th
en
co
n
f
ir
m
ea
ch
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
th
em
in
to
a
b
lo
c
k
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
b
l
o
ck
an
d
ap
p
en
d
in
g
it to
th
e
led
g
er
.
Vis
u
al
f
lam
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
em
p
h
asize
[
1
6
]
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
(
NE
W
A
L
G
O
RIT
H
M
)
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
esig
n
ated
b
y
t
h
e
ab
b
r
ev
iatio
n
Po
Ah
u
s
es
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
es
as
id
en
tifie
r
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
o
b
j
ec
ts
(
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ices)
.
I
n
itiated
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
t
o
f
o
r
m
a
b
lo
ck
,
an
d
wh
e
n
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
b
lo
ck
,
th
ey
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
is
s
u
er
’
s
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
ev
ice
id
en
tifie
r
(
MA
C
ad
d
r
e
s
s
)
.
Af
ter
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
l
tin
g
u
n
it
b
ec
o
m
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
a
n
o
d
e
-
lev
el
led
g
er
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ein
g
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
to
war
d
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
wh
ich
o
n
l
y
ad
d
th
e
b
lo
c
k
if
it
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
a
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e.
Un
lik
e
Po
W
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
o
lv
in
g
a
co
s
tly
h
ash
p
u
zz
le
(
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
)
(
1
0
m
in
u
tes
p
er
b
lo
c
k
)
,
Po
Ah
is
b
ased
o
n
lig
h
tweig
h
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
(
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
v
er
if
i
ca
tio
n
(
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
(
PrK
)
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
e
y
(
Pu
K)
)
a
n
d
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
ch
ec
k
in
g
)
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
a
d
a
p
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
r
o
o
f o
f a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
I
o
T
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
g
h
r
o
u
d
)
445
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ad
v
an
tag
es a
r
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
as f
o
l
lo
ws
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
:
-
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
:
b
y
elim
in
at
in
g
in
ten
s
iv
e
m
in
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
Po
Ah
r
ed
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
-
Fas
t e
x
ec
u
tio
n
: la
ten
cy
is
in
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
at
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
.
-
Secu
r
ity
:
Po
Ah
is
b
ased
o
n
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
an
d
lim
its
5
1
%
attac
k
s
b
y
r
estrictin
g
v
alid
atio
n
to
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es.
Desp
ite
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
Po
Ah
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
n
tr
u
s
t n
o
d
es.
I
f
th
ese
f
ail
(
o
r
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
in
h
e
r
en
t
in
t
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
tr
u
s
t v
alu
es p
o
s
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
s
u
ch
as scalab
ilit
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
o
u
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
I
o
T
,
we
s
elec
ted
th
e
Po
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
s
m
ar
t
co
n
t
r
ac
ts
wh
ich
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ev
er
al
n
o
tab
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
-
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
v
er
if
ies t
h
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
ar
e
in
ter
twin
ed
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
.
-
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
au
th
en
ticatio
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
0
]
.
W
e
p
r
esen
t
a
n
o
v
el
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
,
d
e
p
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w:
W
h
en
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
elea
s
ed
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
er
if
ied
v
ia
th
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
th
at
is
u
s
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ities
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tin
u
es
as
in
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Po
Ah
[
1
6
]
.
All o
f
th
at
is
d
o
n
e
to
ca
ter
f
o
r
:
-
Data
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ity
:
t
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ity
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
al
id
atio
n
,
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
em
p
lo
y
s
a
co
n
d
itio
n
al
v
er
if
icatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ch
ec
k
s
ea
ch
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
i
t
is
ad
d
e
d
to
a
b
lo
c
k
.
T
h
e
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
cr
iter
ia
r
ely
o
n
p
r
iv
ate
a
n
d
Pu
K
,
r
ef
er
en
cin
g
a
p
r
e
-
r
e
g
is
ter
ed
lis
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
e.
I
f
an
attac
k
attem
p
t
in
v
o
lv
in
g
f
r
a
u
d
u
len
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
is
d
etec
ted
,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
r
ejec
t
th
ese
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
f
lag
th
e
in
cid
en
t a
s
m
alicio
u
s
.
-
Scalab
ilit
y
:
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
llo
w
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
titu
te
a
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
it
h
m
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
an
au
th
en
ti
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
f
ac
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
etu
p
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es,
th
ei
r
lis
t,
an
d
th
eir
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
es
ar
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le
to
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
is
to
e
n
h
an
ce
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
v
er
if
icatio
n
an
d
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
m
a
n
ip
u
l
atio
n
.
-
L
aten
cy
:
co
n
tin
u
es
to
p
o
s
e
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
I
o
T
s
ec
to
r
[
3
1
]
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
tim
es
with
in
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
On
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
th
is
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
co
n
t
r
ac
ts
.
T
h
ese
co
n
tr
ac
ts
en
ab
le
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
b
lo
ck
v
alid
atio
n
o
r
r
eje
ctio
n
,
th
u
s
au
t
o
m
atin
g
t
h
e
v
al
id
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
in
a
s
et
tim
ef
r
am
e
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
Po
Ah
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
in
v
o
lv
es
estab
lis
h
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
v
alid
atin
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
p
r
io
r
to
b
lo
c
k
c
r
ea
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
aim
to
ad
d
r
ess
cu
r
r
en
t
o
b
s
tacle
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
Po
Ah
alg
o
r
ith
m
’
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
An o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
blo
ck
ch
a
in o
pen
-
s
o
urce
pla
t
f
o
rm
s
Sev
er
al
o
p
en
s
o
u
r
ce
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
f
f
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Hy
p
er
led
g
er
B
esu
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
Po
A
an
d
I
B
FT
2
.
0
,
m
o
d
er
ately
c
o
m
p
atib
le
with
I
o
T
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Mu
ltich
ain
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
co
n
tr
o
l
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
c
u
s
to
m
izab
le
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Po
A,
y
et
it
s
en
ter
p
r
is
e
f
o
cu
s
lim
its
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Go
E
th
er
eu
m
(
Geth
)
,
in
itially
b
ased
o
n
Po
W
an
d
later
Po
S,
is
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
lo
w
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
h
ig
h
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
co
s
ts
,
d
esp
ite
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
Su
b
s
tr
ate,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Par
ity
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
m
o
d
u
la
r
an
d
ex
te
n
s
ib
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
e
n
ab
lin
g
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
to
d
esig
n
tailo
r
ed
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
s
with
f
lex
ib
le
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
L
astl
y
,
o
p
en
E
th
er
eu
m
(
f
o
r
m
er
ly
Par
ity
E
th
e
r
eu
m
)
,
wr
itten
in
r
u
s
t,
o
f
f
e
r
s
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
Po
A
b
ased
p
r
iv
ate
n
et
wo
r
k
s
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
p
latf
o
r
m
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
ess
en
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
im
p
l
em
en
tin
g
th
e
Po
Ah
.
B
y
e
v
alu
atin
g
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Po
Ah
in
I
o
T
[
3
7
]
,
i
n
d
ee
d
Su
b
s
tr
ate
is
th
e
id
ea
l
c
h
o
ice
f
o
r
b
o
th
I
o
T
a
n
d
Po
A
h
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
I
ts
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
d
u
l
ar
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
allo
ws
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
to
b
u
ild
cu
s
to
m
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
Po
Ah
,
m
ak
in
g
it
u
n
iq
u
ely
s
u
ited
to
id
en
t
ity
b
ased
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
o
d
els.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
’
s
ad
ap
tab
il
ity
en
ab
les
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
tail
o
r
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
439
-
4
5
2
446
s
atis
f
y
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
3
8
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lig
h
tweig
h
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
izab
ilit
y
m
ak
es
p
ar
ity
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
b
o
th
I
o
T
an
d
Po
Ah
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
p
latf
o
r
m
was
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
c
r
i
ter
ia
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
Po
Ah
,
wh
ich
d
if
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
Po
A,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
t
o
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
we
ch
o
s
e
p
ar
ity
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
cu
s
to
m
ize
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
a
n
d
is
well
s
u
ited
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
it
co
n
tain
s
p
allets
th
at
allo
ws
to
p
er
s
o
n
alize
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
e
ca
n
f
in
d
o
th
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
-
led
g
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
I
OT
A,
So
lan
a,
Hy
p
e
r
led
g
er
Fab
r
ic,
an
d
Sawto
o
th
[
4
0
]
.
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
f
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
Po
Ah
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
it
h
m
an
d
I
o
T
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
P
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
P
o
A
h
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
mi
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
H
y
p
e
r
l
e
d
g
e
r
B
e
s
u
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
Y
ES
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
P
o
A
h
f
o
r
se
c
u
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
l
l
o
w
s
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
c
u
st
o
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
sen
s
u
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
b
u
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
n
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
su
p
p
o
r
t
P
o
A
h
.
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
Y
ES
JA
V
A
M
u
l
t
i
c
h
a
i
n
NO
D
e
si
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
e
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
se
u
s
e
;
c
a
n
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
P
o
A
h
i
n
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s.
H
i
g
h
l
y
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
;
u
sers
c
a
n
d
e
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
P
o
A
h
.
NO
C
+
+
Go
-
Et
h
e
r
e
u
m
NO
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
P
o
A
h
f
o
r
s
e
c
u
r
e
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
P
r
i
maril
y
su
p
p
o
r
t
s Po
W
a
n
d
i
s
n
o
t
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
c
u
st
o
m
c
o
n
s
e
n
su
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
l
i
k
e
P
o
A
h
.
C
u
st
o
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s l
i
mi
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
.
NO
R
U
S
T
O
p
e
n
Et
h
e
r
e
u
m
NO
D
i
sco
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
;
l
a
c
k
s
su
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
u
p
d
a
t
e
s fo
r
P
o
A
h
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
C
u
s
t
o
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
P
o
A
h
i
s
n
o
t
st
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
a
n
d
w
o
u
l
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
mo
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
NO
GO
P
a
r
i
t
y
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
H
i
g
h
l
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
;
c
a
n
b
e
c
u
s
t
o
m
i
z
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
P
o
A
h
a
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
.
P
a
r
i
t
y
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
w
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
r
s t
o
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
c
u
s
t
o
m
c
o
n
se
n
su
s
me
c
h
a
n
i
sms
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
P
o
A
h
.
T
h
i
s f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
ma
k
e
s
i
t
a
st
r
o
n
g
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s re
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
.
Y
ES
R
U
S
T
4
.
2
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
im
plem
e
nta
t
io
n o
f
i
m
pro
v
ed
P
o
Ah
in I
o
T
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
d
escr
ib
es h
o
w
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
in
I
o
T
w
o
r
k
s
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
in
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Po
Ah
,
s
o
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
Po
Ah
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
wh
en
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
in
itiated
a
n
d
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
in
t
o
a
b
lo
ck
,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
in
ter
v
en
e
to
v
er
if
y
th
em
.
Ver
if
ic
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
.
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
o
p
er
ate
as
an
au
to
m
ated
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
la
y
er
th
at
v
alid
ates tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
[
2
8
]
.
Af
ter
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
v
alid
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
to
a
b
lo
ck
b
y
t
h
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es,
s
ig
n
ed
with
th
eir
PrK
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
to
t
r
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
en
ts
in
v
alid
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
eip
t
o
f
a
b
l
o
ck
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
v
er
if
icati
o
n
b
y
m
atch
in
g
th
e
s
en
d
er
’
s
Pu
K
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
ig
n
ed
d
ata
[
4
1
]
.
On
ce
au
th
en
ticatio
n
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
lo
ck
s
ar
e
d
is
s
em
in
ated
b
y
au
th
o
r
iz
ed
n
o
d
es
ca
r
r
y
in
g
Po
Ah
cr
ed
en
tial.
Nex
t,
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
en
titi
es o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ch
ec
k
th
e
Po
Ah
r
elate
d
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
a
p
p
en
d
i
n
g
b
lo
c
k
s
to
th
e
led
g
e
r
[
1
6
]
.
On
ce
ac
ce
p
ti
n
g
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
l
o
ck
[
1
6
]
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ca
lcu
lates
a
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
h
ash
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
b
l
o
ck
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
o
b
tain
s
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
b
lo
c
k
’
s
h
ash
to
r
ec
o
r
d
it
i
n
ac
tiv
e
b
lo
ck
[
1
6
]
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
led
g
er
co
n
tin
u
ity
is
m
ain
tain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
r
i
n
cip
le
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
n
o
d
es
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
4
2
]
,
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
with
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
as
f
o
llo
ws in
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
[
4
3
]
-
Inputs:
Each
node
in
the
network
employs
SHA
-
25
6
cr
yp
to
gr
ap
hi
c
ha
sh
in
g,
“
ev
er
y
no
de
is
equipped with
PrK
and a
PuK
”
[43]
.
-
Outputs:
Validated blocks added to the
blockchain.
Notation:
Trx denotes a transaction.
SC denotes a smart contract.
-
(V_SC)(Trx): Verify transactions using smart contracts;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
a
d
a
p
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
r
o
o
f o
f a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
I
o
T
(
Mo
h
a
med
A
g
h
r
o
u
d
)
447
/*
Sm
ar
t
co
nt
ra
ct
s
va
li
da
te
tr
an
sa
ct
io
ns
ac
co
rd
in
g
to
pr
ed
ef
in
ed
,
ap
pl
ic
at
io
n
-
specific conditions. */
-
(Trx
⁺
) → block;
/* N
odes aggregate multiple transactions to form a block. */
-
(S_PrK)(block) → broadcast;
/*
“
Ea
ch
no
de
ge
ne
ra
te
s
a
di
gi
ta
l
si
gn
at
ur
e
ov
er
th
e
bl
oc
k
us
in
g
it
s
PrK
and
propagates the signed block throughout the network
”
[16]
. */
-
(V_PuK)(block) → MAC verification
[16]
;
/*
“
Signature
validation
is
performed
by
the
trust
ed
node
through
the
sende
r
’
s
PuK
”
[16]
. */
-
If the trusted node completes block decryption successfully
[16]
, then
a. Authenticate the block;
/* Block authentication is successful. /
b. block
∥
PoAh(D) → broadcast
[16]
;
/*
“
Th
e
au
th
en
ti
ca
te
d
b
lo
ck
is
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
ac
ro
ss
th
e
ne
tw
or
k
by
th
e
trusted node
”
[16]
. */
c. H(block)
[18]
→ append to blockchain
[16]
;
/*
“
Following
confirmation
from
the
trusted
node,
participating
nodes
integrate the block into their loca
l blockchain ledger
”
[16]
. */
-
Else
a. Declare authentication failure;
/* Block authentication is unsuccessful. */
b. Reject the block;
-
Return to Step 1 for the next block.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sy
s
tem
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
in
I
o
T
s
m
ar
t c
o
n
tr
ac
t
4
.
3
.
F
uture
s
im
ula
t
io
n e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
will
b
e
test
ed
in
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
s
u
ch
as
R
u
s
t
an
d
J
av
aScr
ip
t.
T
h
e
lap
to
p
is
a
t
r
u
s
ted
n
o
d
e
w
h
er
e
it
r
u
n
s
th
e
lo
ca
l
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
n
o
d
e,
an
d
two
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
d
ev
ices
ac
t
as
I
o
T
d
ev
i
ce
s
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
th
e
lo
ca
l
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
as
illu
s
tr
ated
with
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
is
test
will
b
e
b
ased
o
n
laten
cy
ca
lcu
latio
n
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lat
en
cy
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
an
a
p
p
li
ed
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
.
T
h
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
lo
ca
l
ized
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
b
ased
I
o
T
n
et
wo
r
k
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
PC
n
o
d
e
an
d
tw
o
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
d
ev
ices
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
lo
ca
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
PC
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
n
o
d
e,
h
o
s
tin
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
Su
b
s
tr
ate
-
b
ased
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
wh
e
r
e
th
e
Po
Ah
o
p
er
ates.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
d
ev
ices
ac
t
as
I
o
T
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ea
c
h
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
en
s
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
1
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
n
d
s
en
d
s
th
e
C
PU
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
w
h
er
ea
s
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
2
m
o
n
ito
r
s
a
n
d
t
r
an
s
m
its
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
f
o
r
m
atted
as
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
to
t
h
e
v
alid
ato
r
n
o
d
e
(
th
e
PC
)
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
2
6
:
439
-
4
5
2
448
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
i
n
th
e
I
o
T
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
Po
Ah
(
F
ig
u
r
e
5
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
o
d
el
b
y
in
t
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
lay
er
th
at
a
u
to
m
ates
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
er
if
icatio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
b
lo
c
k
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
“
ev
e
r
y
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
I
o
T
-
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
n
etwo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
SHA
-
2
5
6
h
ash
in
g
f
o
r
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
teg
r
ity
,
with
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
o
w
n
in
g
a
PrK
an
d
a
Pu
K
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
”
[
4
4
]
.
W
h
en
an
I
o
T
d
ev
ice
in
itiates
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
(
T
r
x
)
,
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
au
to
m
atica
lly
ch
ec
k
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
r
esh
o
ld
lim
its
,
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
o
r
d
ev
ice
a
u
th
o
r
izatio
n
ar
e
m
et.
T
h
is
a
u
to
m
atic
v
alid
atio
n
(V
_
SC
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
an
u
al
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
r
u
s
t,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
u
les.
Af
ter
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
au
th
en
ticate
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
(
T
r
x
⁺)
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
b
lo
ck
s
,
s
ig
n
ed
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
th
eir
PrK
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
“
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
b
y
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es
”
[
1
6
]
.
“
At
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
s
tag
e,
th
e
tr
u
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ec
r
y
p
ts
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
lo
ck
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
en
d
er
’
s
Pu
K
to
v
er
i
f
y
au
th
en
ticity
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
’
s
MA
C
ad
d
r
es
s
”
[
4
5
]
.
I
f
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
[
4
6
]
,
th
e
tr
u
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
is
s
em
in
ates
th
e
au
th
en
ticated
b
lo
ck
a
n
d
a
d
d
s
it
to
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
[
4
6
]
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
in
teg
r
ity
,
im
m
u
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
Oth
e
r
wis
e,
th
e
b
lo
ck
is
r
ejec
ted
to
m
ain
tain
d
ata
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Po
Ah
,
th
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
with
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
ac
h
iev
es
lo
wer
laten
cy
d
u
e
to
a
u
to
m
ated
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
u
al
-
lay
er
v
a
lid
atio
n
(
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
al
lo
g
ic
)
,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
s
to
r
ag
e
s
in
ce
o
n
ly
v
alid
ated
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
d
ata
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
o
n
-
c
h
ain
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
izatio
n
m
ak
es
it
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
d
y
n
am
i
c
tr
u
s
t m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
b
et
wee
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Po
Ah
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
en
h
a
n
ce
d
with
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
n
o
tab
le
ev
o
lu
tio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
laten
cy
[
4
6
]
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
s
ec
u
r
ity
lev
el
[
4
6
]
,
as
well
as
s
to
r
ag
e
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
[
4
6
]
,
all
ass
o
ciat
ed
with
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
p
a
r
am
eter
s
in
I
o
T
-
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
h
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
r
i
n
ci
p
les
o
f
lig
h
tweig
h
t
au
th
en
ticatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
an
d
tr
u
s
ted
v
alid
a
tio
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
er
s
i
o
n
in
teg
r
ates
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
to
au
to
m
ate
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Po
Ah
an
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
in
teg
r
ated
with
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
clea
r
ly
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
well
as
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
with
in
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
ely
o
n
lig
h
tweig
h
t
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
u
s
in
g
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
k
ey
p
air
s
to
v
alid
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
lay
er
th
at
au
t
o
m
ates
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
er
if
icatio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
b
lo
ck
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
m
an
u
al
v
alid
at
o
r
wo
r
k
lo
ad
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
o
n
ly
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
m
ee
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
f
aster
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
cy
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
Po
Ah
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
r
elate
d
t
o
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
au
to
m
atio
n
a
n
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
au
t
h
en
ticatio
n
lead
s
to
lo
wer
laten
cy
,
h
ig
h
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
s
to
r
ag
e
u
s
ag
e,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
ap
t
f
o
r
ex
ten
s
iv
e
I
o
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
te
g
r
atin
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
with
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
lo
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
laten
cy
wh
il
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
i
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
d
ir
ec
tly
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
Po
Ah
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.