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T
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24
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No
.
1
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Feb
r
u
ar
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20
26
:
1
11
-
1
25
112
co
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]
.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
’
s
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
ec
to
r
,
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
PT
.
T
elek
o
m
u
n
i
k
as
i
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a,
T
b
k
.
(
T
elk
o
m
)
an
d
PT
.
XL
A
x
ia
ta,
T
b
k
.
(
XL
)
,
o
v
er
th
e
p
er
io
d
2
0
0
4
–
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
ese
f
ir
m
s
w
er
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Fir
s
t,
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
I
T
-
in
te
n
s
i
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
w
h
er
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
d
ig
i
tal
s
er
v
ice
s
,
an
d
I
T
-
en
ab
led
o
p
er
atio
n
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
e
f
in
e
co
m
p
eti
tiv
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e.
Seco
n
d
,
T
elk
o
m
a
n
d
XL
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
’
s
lar
g
e
s
t
te
leco
m
f
ir
m
s
,
w
it
h
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
r
ep
r
ese
n
tati
v
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
’
s
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
ir
d
,
b
o
th
f
ir
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
u
n
iq
u
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
:
T
elk
o
m
is
lis
ted
o
n
b
o
th
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
Sto
ck
E
x
ch
a
n
g
e
an
d
th
e
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
Sto
c
k
E
x
ch
a
n
g
e,
r
ef
lecti
n
g
i
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
in
v
esto
r
s
cr
u
ti
n
y
,
w
h
il
e
XL
is
lis
ted
o
n
l
y
d
o
m
e
s
ti
ca
ll
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
as
t
allo
w
s
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
b
e
t
ested
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
lat
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
ar
k
et
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
its
el
f
is
a
f
a
s
t
-
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
telec
o
m
s
ec
to
r
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
ab
lin
g
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
to
th
e
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
w
o
r
ld
ar
e
t
h
r
ee
f
o
ld
.
First,
it
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
a
lter
n
ati
v
e,
s
cien
ce
-
b
ased
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
m
ap
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
p
o
s
itio
n
s
t
h
a
t
f
ir
m
s
ca
n
u
s
e
to
g
u
id
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
ic
n
av
i
g
atio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
I
T
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
q
u
an
titati
v
el
y
r
eg
u
lated
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
at
icall
y
en
g
i
n
ee
r
ed
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
to
i
n
ten
s
i
f
y
y
ie
ld
s
an
d
r
e
v
en
u
e
s
at
lo
w
er
co
s
t
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
it
in
te
g
r
ates
w
i
th
th
e
b
alan
ce
d
s
co
r
ec
ar
d
(
B
SC
)
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
i
n
f
i
n
an
ce
,
cu
s
to
m
er
,
an
d
in
ter
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
b
u
s
i
n
ess
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
,
v
alu
a
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
an
d
I
T
p
a
r
am
eter
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
f
ir
m
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
ath
w
a
y
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
I
T
in
v
est
m
e
n
ts
in
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
T
elk
o
m
an
d
X
L
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
I
T
-
d
r
iv
en
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
p
o
s
itio
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
ca
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
s
an
d
v
al
u
es.
Ulti
m
atel
y
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
f
ir
m
s
to
ad
o
p
t
co
s
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
w
h
i
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
co
m
p
e
titi
v
en
e
s
s
,
m
ak
in
g
I
T
-
b
ased
b
u
s
in
es
s
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
co
n
tr
o
llab
le,
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
p
ap
er
-
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
[
1
0
]
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
b
u
s
in
es
s
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
h
i
s
p
ast
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
p
o
s
itio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
ir
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
B
SC
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
,
w
h
ic
h
g
u
id
ed
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
ai
m
ed
at
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
k
e
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es:
f
i
n
a
n
ce
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
in
ter
n
al
b
u
s
i
n
ess
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
an
d
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
its
elf
in
t
h
e
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
ten
s
i
v
el
y
u
s
e
s
I
T
as
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
o
l.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
f
ir
m
s
,
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
I
T
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
r
elatio
n
to
[
1
4
]
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
I
T
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
SC
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
IT
B
SC
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
I
T
f
u
n
ct
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
b
o
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
co
r
ec
ar
d
s
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
I
T
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
th
e
I
T
B
SC
,
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
Kap
lan
’
s
B
SC
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
in
t
o
th
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
co
r
ec
ar
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
I
T
an
d
b
o
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
1
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
I
T
-
b
ased
b
u
s
i
n
ess
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
as
a
u
n
iq
u
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
is
s
ec
ti
o
n
p
r
esen
t
s
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
r
elev
an
t
to
th
is
p
ap
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
ec
tio
n
t
w
o
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
w
h
ic
h
b
ases
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
t
h
r
ee
p
r
esen
ts
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
its
r
esu
lt
s
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
i
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
i
n
p
r
ac
tice
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
n
ess
w
o
r
ld
.
A
l
s
o
,
s
ec
tio
n
th
r
ee
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
esu
lts
.
Ulti
m
atel
y
,
Sectio
n
f
o
u
r
co
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
p
ap
er
,
w
h
ic
h
ad
d
r
ess
es t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ct
o
r
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
its
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
2
.
1
.
I
nfo
rm
a
t
io
n t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
v
a
lue
m
et
ho
d
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
I
T
v
alu
atio
n
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
ea
l
o
p
tio
n
s
,
d
is
co
u
n
ted
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
,
a
n
d
p
ar
tial
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
v
alu
a
tio
n
.
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
I
T
v
alu
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
an
ap
p
r
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t
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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(
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113
T
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P
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[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
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if
w
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itte
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w
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[
1
6
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,
[
1
9
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.
I
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,
[
2
3
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.
2.
2
.
Sp
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d
1
[
1
6
]
,
w
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th
e
B
o
x
–
T
id
w
ell,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
lo
g
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
elasticit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
[
23]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
a
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
all
o
r
s
ev
er
al
o
f
th
e
m
as
a
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ia
l
f
o
c
u
s
.
B
ec
au
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o
f
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h
at,
t
h
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r
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ch
u
tili
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e
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o
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tak
e
th
e
p
lace
o
f
(
,
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in
(
3
)
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
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s
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n
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s
an
d
f
l
u
en
c
y
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
C
D
eq
u
a
tio
n
is
eq
u
all
y
i
n
th
e
(
6
)
[
2
6
]
:
(
;
)
=
1
2
3
−
(
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
)
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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24
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No
.
1
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Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
1
11
-
1
25
114
T
h
e
(
6
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
C
D
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
i
t
h
co
n
tai
n
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
,
an
d
.
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
ca
p
ital,
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
lab
o
u
r
ex
p
en
s
e,
an
d
is
I
T
ca
p
ital.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
(
6
)
co
n
s
id
er
s
I
T
ca
p
ital
in
s
er
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
t
i
m
e,
,
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
ar
e
th
e
u
n
id
en
ti
f
ied
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
~
(
0
,
2
)
,
an
d
~
|
(
0
,
2
)
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
(
4
)
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t,
ca
n
b
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
as in
(
7
)
[
2
0
]
:
=
1
+
2
ℎ0
≤
≤
1
(
7
)
A
t
th
is
p
o
in
t,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
p
ee
d
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
is
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
f
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
ti
m
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
.
S
i
m
ilar
l
y
,
it
m
a
y
r
ev
ea
l
d
is
p
ar
ities
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
tan
g
ib
le
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d
in
tan
g
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le
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
f
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m
.
A
d
d
itio
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a
ll
y
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
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eliv
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a
n
y
d
eg
r
ee
s
to
f
u
lf
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l
th
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m
e
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ts
w
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ar
iab
le
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o
f
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u
ch
as
R
OE
,
r
etu
r
n
o
n
a
s
s
ets
(
R
O
A
)
,
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q,
m
ar
k
et
-
to
-
b
o
o
k
v
al
u
e
(
MT
B
V)
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
al
u
e
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ad
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ed
,
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d
m
ar
k
et
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u
e
-
ad
d
ed
[
2
0
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,
[
2
3
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,
in
w
h
ich
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
wn
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
i
f
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ted
in
to
(
5
)
,
it p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
(
8
)
as
:
=
(
1
+
2
)
(
1
2
3
−
)
−
(
1
+
2
−
1
)
−
1
+
∈
(
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
)
(
8
)
T
h
e
(
8
)
is
f
o
r
th
e
t
h
r
ee
-
f
ac
t
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
v
iz.
,
,
an
d
.
I
t
s
ee
m
s
th
at
th
e
(
8
)
a
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
(
5
)
,
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
v
iz.
,
(
,
)
,
h
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
th
e
C
D
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
s
ee
(
6
)
]
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
ex
ch
an
g
ed
b
y
(
7
)
.
T
h
e
r
atio
n
aliz
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
q
u
at
io
n
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
p
r
io
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
t
h
at
it
r
ep
lace
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
(
8
)
is
a
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
; its
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
u
s
t a
ls
o
ex
p
lo
it a
n
n
o
n
l
in
e
ar
least sq
u
ar
es (
N
L
S
)
ap
p
licatio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
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t
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o
n
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f
f
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t
o
I
T
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n
v
e
s
tm
e
n
t
,
L
i
n
a
n
d
K
a
o
[
1
6
]
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
p
e
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f
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m
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m
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M
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m
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a
n
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)
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p
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h
i
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m
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n
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t
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d
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i
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l
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d
i
n
(
9
)
[
1
8
]
:
=
(
;
)
=
(
;
)
(
;
)
(
9
)
T
o
ap
p
r
o
x
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a
te
th
e
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ar
am
ete
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s
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d
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f
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ter
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co
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̂
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th
u
s
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t
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(
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ch
a
n
g
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s
to
:
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∧
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̂
(
)
(
;
̂
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=
(
(
)
;
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(
;
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(
1
0
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I
n
th
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s
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s
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is
th
e
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er
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n
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o
f
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h
e
f
ir
m
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e
s
ti
m
at
ed
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s
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f
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a
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r
s
as
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eq
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en
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y
,
t
h
e
eq
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m
s
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k
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(
1
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(
=
1
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.
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=
1
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.
.
,
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(
1
1
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2
.
3
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Resea
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m
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do
lo
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y
2
.
3
.
1
.
Def
ini
ng
t
he
pro
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m
re
s
ea
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h
T
h
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r
esear
ch
p
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is
to
cr
ea
te
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f
r
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m
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w
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t
h
at
p
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v
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d
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in
n
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v
at
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m
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s
f
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a
f
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m
to
ass
es
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it
s
c
u
r
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en
t
b
u
s
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n
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s
(
“
as
-
is
”
)
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s
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,
th
er
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n
g
an
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tu
n
it
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f
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(
“
to
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be
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an
d
p
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d
en
h
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m
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etiti
v
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v
an
tag
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u
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.
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d
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m
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”
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s
i
n
g
I
T
v
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n
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Select
ing
t
he
f
ir
m
o
bje
ct
s
Data
is
i
m
p
er
ati
v
e
to
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
q
u
alif
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ese
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ch
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
t
w
o
I
n
d
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n
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n
telec
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m
m
u
n
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n
s
co
m
p
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s
(
telco
s
)
ap
p
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r
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
f
ir
m
s
d
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m
in
a
te
8
4
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
T
elk
o
m
a
n
d
XL
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
4
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o
2
0
1
8
co
n
ce
r
n
in
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s
ix
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s
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y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
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s
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f
th
e
s
p
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o
f
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u
s
t
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
y
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
R
OE
,
R
O
A
,
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q
,
MT
B
V,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
al
u
e
ad
d
ed
(
E
VA
)
,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
v
a
lu
e
ad
d
ed
(
MV
A
)
[
2
7
]
-
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
th
ese
s
i
x
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
r
e
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
f
ir
m
’
s
t
h
r
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-
p
ar
a
m
eter
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
[
4
]
,
n
a
m
el
y
f
i
n
an
ce
(
R
O
A
an
d
R
OE
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,
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
(
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q
a
n
d
MT
B
V)
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an
d
s
tr
ateg
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(
E
V
A
an
d
MV
A
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n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
R
OE
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s
t
h
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v
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l
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m
e
o
f
n
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n
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m
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r
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p
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f
s
h
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O
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a
m
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s
u
r
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th
a
t
ev
al
u
ates
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f
ir
m
’
s
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
r
el
ativ
e
to
its
to
tal
as
s
ets
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
L
ik
e
w
is
e,
t
h
e
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q
r
atio
is
th
e
f
ir
m
’
s
m
ar
k
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d
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v
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ep
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en
t
v
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o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
’
s
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ets,
o
r
=
to
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
va
lu
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
tia
l a
d
ju
s
tmen
t
…
(
Lu
kma
n
A
b
d
u
r
r
a
h
ma
n
)
115
m
ar
k
et
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
/to
tal
ass
et
v
alu
e
[
2
9
]
.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
M
T
B
V
is
a
r
atio
th
at
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
ar
in
g
a
f
ir
m
’
s
b
o
o
k
v
a
lu
e
to
its
m
ar
k
e
t
v
al
u
e
[
3
0
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
E
V
A
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
a
f
ir
m
’
s
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esid
u
al
w
ea
lt
h
esti
m
ated
b
y
s
u
b
tr
ac
ti
n
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
ca
p
ital
f
r
o
m
its
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
o
f
it
[
3
1
]
.
L
i
k
e
w
is
e,
MV
A
i
s
a
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
an
d
th
e
in
v
e
s
to
r
’
s
ca
p
ital
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
w
o
I
n
d
o
n
esian
telco
s
:
T
elk
o
m
an
d
XL
,
w
it
h
j
u
s
tif
icat
io
n
,
as
th
e
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
8
4
.
1
%
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
’
s
m
o
b
ile
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
m
ar
k
et
[
1
1
]
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ata
(
2
0
0
4
–
2
0
1
8
)
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
t I
T
-
in
ten
s
i
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
w
h
er
e
I
T
h
as a
d
ir
ec
t im
p
ac
t o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Select
ing
a
nd
esti
m
a
t
i
ng
a
v
a
lua
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
w
it
h
a
dy
na
m
ic
s
pee
d
o
f
a
djust
m
e
nt
t
o
cla
rif
y
I
T
v
a
lues
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
et
h
er
I
T
in
v
est
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
i
m
p
ac
ted
f
ir
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
o
d
el
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
s
ed
th
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
i
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
P
A
V,
th
e
(
8
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
v
al
u
e
s
t
h
at
i
n
v
o
lv
e
th
e
I
T
v
alu
e
w
i
th
i
n
a
n
I
T
-
ba
s
ed
f
ir
m
[
6
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
s
i
n
g
(9
)
-
(
1
1
)
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
i
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
v
al
u
es,
a
n
d
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
s
ar
e
est
i
m
ab
l
e
[
6
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
P
A
V
e
m
p
lo
y
s
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
p
ee
d
o
f
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ix
d
y
n
a
m
i
ca
l
f
ac
to
r
s
,
v
iz.
R
OE
,
R
O
A
,
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q
r
a
tio
,
M
T
B
V,
E
VA
,
an
d
MV
A
.
T
h
e
d
ata
d
er
iv
es
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
m
’
s
an
n
u
al
r
ep
o
r
t
if
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
w
i
th
i
n
.
I
f
n
o
t
,
it
in
v
o
lv
e
s
an
o
u
ts
id
e
esti
m
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
i
x
i
n
d
icato
r
s
:
R
OE
,
R
O
A
,
T
o
b
in
’
s
Q,
MT
B
V,
E
VA
,
a
n
d
MV
A
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
c
ateg
o
r
ies
[
4
]
,
[
2
4
]
f
in
an
ce
:
R
OA
an
d
R
OE
;
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
:
T
o
b
i
n
’
s
Q
an
d
MT
B
V;
an
d
s
tr
ateg
y
: E
V
A
a
n
d
MV
A
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
Dea
lin
g
w
i
t
h a
djusta
ble pa
ra
m
et
er
s
f
o
r
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
o
r
eso
lv
e
(
8
)
,
it
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
(
6
)
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
v
al
u
at
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
esti
m
at
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
th
e
C
D
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
,
an
d
,
w
h
er
ea
s
is
th
e
I
T
in
v
est
m
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
d
eliv
er
ed
af
f
ir
m
ati
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
m
o
d
el,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
3
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
p
ee
d
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t.
I
t
m
e
an
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ela
s
ti
cit
y
(
3
)
o
f
th
e
I
T
in
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
is
3
%,
h
e
n
ce
,
ea
ch
1
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
I
T
in
v
es
t
m
en
t
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
y
3
%,
ass
u
m
i
n
g
th
at
o
t
h
er
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
ce
ter
is
p
ar
ib
u
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
i
n
d
icate
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
el
asti
citie
s
ap
p
ea
r
ed
ex
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
il
y
clo
s
e
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
y
ield
[
7
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
w
e
u
s
e
(
7
)
(
P
A
V
w
it
h
C
D
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
,
w
e
e
s
ti
m
ate
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
(
th
e
elasticiti
e
s
o
f
ca
p
ital,
lab
o
r
,
an
d
I
T
)
,
a
n
d
w
e
esti
m
a
te
μ
t a
s
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Hen
ce
,
w
e
h
av
e
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
I
T
elasticit
y
(
3
)
.
I
f
3
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
al
u
es
/
r
atio
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
all
y
.
L
i
k
e
w
is
e,
k
ee
p
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
co
n
s
tan
t to
is
o
late
I
T
’
s
ef
f
ec
t.
2
.
3
.
5
.
Adj
us
t
ing
re
qu
ired
pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce
v
a
lues
a
nd
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
ra
t
io
s
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
b
y
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
y
ield
an
d
th
e
I
T
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
elasticit
y
(
3
)
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
a
lu
e
s
an
d
r
atio
s
[
s
ee
(
1
0
)
an
d
(
1
1
)
]
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
s
3
in
cr
e
ases
[
s
ee
(
6
)
]
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
alit
y
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
v
alu
es/
r
atio
s
also
m
ea
n
s
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
y
ield
/
r
ev
en
u
e
[
s
ee
(
3
)
]
.
I
t
is
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
to
g
ai
n
atte
n
tio
n
,
s
o
th
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
a
lu
e/
r
atio
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
b
y
ad
j
u
s
ti
n
g
th
e
I
T
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
elasticit
y
(
3
)
p
ar
am
eter
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
f
th
e
R
2
(
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t)
v
al
u
e
e
x
ce
e
d
s
9
0
%
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
is
s
till
w
it
h
in
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
li
m
i
ts
,
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
T
in
v
e
s
t
m
en
t
(
I
)
r
e
m
ai
n
s
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
.
I
t
is
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
SP
SS
ap
p
licatio
n
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
ex
a
m
i
n
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
(
NL
S)
in
SP
SS
.
A
d
d
itio
n
a
ll
y
,
v
er
if
y
R
2
>
9
0
%
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
w
er
[
3
4
]
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
r
e
m
ain
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
2.
3
.
6
.
Desig
nin
g
a
n IT
-
ba
s
e
d
bu
s
ine
s
s
po
s
it
io
nin
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
is
to
m
ap
t
h
e
s
i
x
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
th
e
f
ir
m
s
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
[
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
ir
m
w
it
h
i
ts
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
i
ts
co
m
p
et
iti
v
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ef
f
o
r
t
b
y
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
s
ix
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
I
T
in
v
est
m
e
n
t,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
th
e
r
es
u
l
t
is
th
at
t
h
e
f
ir
m
r
ev
e
n
u
e
is
b
o
o
s
ted
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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24
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20
26
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u
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r
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u
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ased
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ased
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u
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T
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in
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m
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20
04
20
05
20
06
20
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20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
PR
Y
ear
T
e
l
k
om
Fi
na
nc
i
a
l
P
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f
or
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a
nc
e
R
a
ti
o:
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OE
a
nd
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R
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(
as i
s
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(
to
b
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)
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(
as i
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R
OA
(
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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6
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20
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u
r
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d
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s
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d
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b
o
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v
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s
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a
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d
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ata
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o
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s
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ased
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ased
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Fig
u
r
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5
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d
6
s
h
o
w
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m
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r
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r
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u
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ateg
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all
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d
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ata
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4
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n
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u
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ess
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r
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ateg
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r
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2
.
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m
b
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s
in
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f
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m
a
n
ce
r
atio
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o
b
in
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s
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n
d
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
elk
o
m
s
tr
ate
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ic
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er
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m
a
n
ce
r
atio
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a
n
d
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A
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
XL
f
in
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p
er
f
o
r
m
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ce
r
atio
:
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an
d
R
O
A
0.
35
0.
45
0.
55
0.
65
0.
75
0.
85
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
PR
Year
T
e
l
k
om
Bus
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n
e
ss
P
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a
ti
o:
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n
q
a
n
d
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T
B
V
To
b
i
n
q
(
as
i
s)
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b
i
n
q
(
to
b
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)
M
TB
V (
as i
s)
M
TB
V (
to
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e
)
0.
25
0.
35
0.
45
0.
55
0.
65
0.
75
0.
85
0.
95
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
PR
Year
T
e
l
k
om
Str
a
t
e
g
i
c
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
ce
R
a
ti
o:
EV
A
a
n
d
M
V
A
E
VA
(
as
i
s)
E
VA
(
to
b
e
)
M
VA
(a
s i
s)
M
VA
(t
o
b
e
)
0,
10
0,
20
0,
30
0,
40
0,
50
0,
60
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
PR
Y
ear
XL
Fi
n
a
n
ci
a
l
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
ce
R
a
ti
o:
R
O
E
a
n
d
R
O
A
R
OE
(
as i
s
)
R
OE
(
to
b
e
)
R
OA
(
as i
s
)
R
OA
(
t
o
b
e
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.