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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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a
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
le
v
els
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
m
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
m
an
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
ML
I
s
g
en
er
ate
s
tep
p
ed
v
o
ltag
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
th
at
clo
s
el
y
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
i
n
v
er
t
er
-
f
ed
P
MSM
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
ac
e
s
e
v
er
al
li
m
itatio
n
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
-
h
i
g
h
to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
f
l
u
x
r
ip
p
l
es
,
esp
ec
iall
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
,
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
s
,
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
d
r
iv
e
s
m
o
o
th
n
es
s
an
d
elev
ated
s
w
itch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
,
lead
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
t
h
er
m
a
l
s
tr
es
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
m
o
t
iv
at
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
in
v
er
t
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
o
v
el
3
1
-
lev
el
ML
I
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
itc
h
es
an
d
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
s
[
7
]
,
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
t
ain
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
alit
y
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
e
n
ab
les
f
i
n
er
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
w
it
h
f
e
w
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
lo
w
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
[
8
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
P
MSM
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
f
ield
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
(
FOC
)
o
f
f
er
d
ec
o
u
p
led
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
f
lu
x
,
w
h
ile
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
D
T
C
)
is
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
its
f
ast
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
9
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
DT
C
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
ese
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
,
ad
ap
ti
v
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
P
C
)
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
A
P
C
u
s
es
a
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
ed
ict
s
y
s
te
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
m
o
o
t
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
b
etter
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
o
f
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
DT
C
o
f
P
MSM
f
ed
E
V.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ML
I
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
DT
C
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
r
esu
lted
in
h
i
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
tice
th
at
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
f
l
u
x
r
ip
p
les
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tate
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
r
elati
v
el
y
m
o
d
es
t.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
A
P
C
w
i
th
DT
C
is
g
ai
n
i
n
g
in
ter
es
t
d
u
e
to
it
s
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
tr
ai
g
h
tf
o
r
w
ar
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
B
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
to
an
ticip
ate
s
y
s
te
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
AP
C
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
in
i
m
izes
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
d
esire
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
T
HD
o
f
t
h
e
P
MSM
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
to
less
e
n
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
f
lu
x
r
ip
p
les
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
o
ld
s
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
DT
C
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
A
P
C
w
it
h
DT
C
is
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
te
w
o
r
t
h
y
atte
n
tio
n
f
o
r
it
s
i
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
ea
s
e
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
A
P
C
u
tili
ze
s
a
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
e
l
to
an
ticip
ate
s
y
s
te
m
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
an
d
s
tr
iv
es
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
d
esir
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
a
3
1
-
lev
el
M
L
I
in
teg
r
ated
w
it
h
a
P
MSM
d
r
i
v
e,
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
A
P
C
-
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
D
T
C
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
to
r
q
u
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
E
V
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
3
0
2
-
3
1
2
304
2.
P
M
S
M
DYNA
M
I
C
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
A
ND
CO
NT
RO
L
S
T
R
AT
E
G
Y
D
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
P
MS
M
is
v
er
y
v
ita
l
f
o
r
a
n
al
y
z
in
g
ac
cu
r
atel
y
i
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
f
l
u
ctu
a
tin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
A
w
ell
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
a
llo
w
s
e
f
f
i
cien
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
tr
ateg
y
a
n
d
it
h
ei
g
h
ten
s
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
t
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
v
iz.
E
Vs,
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
au
to
m
at
io
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
P
MSM
.
Ma
th
e
m
atica
l
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
th
e
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
P
MSM
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
eli
n
g
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
ac
h
in
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
s
elec
tin
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ic
h
is
v
er
y
co
n
v
o
lu
t
ed
b
y
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
li
m
ited
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
DT
C
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
f
l
u
x
DT
C
(
F
-
DT
C
)
an
d
i
ts
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
w
i
th
tr
ad
itio
n
al
D
T
C
an
d
its
m
o
d
i
f
ied
v
ar
ia
n
t
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
i
th
v
eh
icle
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
r
e
f
er
en
ce
b
lo
ck
is
th
e
cr
itical
ele
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
i
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
a
n
d
it
p
lay
s
a
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
in
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
d
-
a
x
is
a
n
d
q
-
a
x
is
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
to
r
q
u
e
p
er
a
m
p
er
e
(
MT
P
A
)
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
A
ls
o
t
h
is
b
lo
c
k
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
f
ield
-
wea
k
en
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
i
n
teg
r
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
t
l
e
a
d
s
th
e
w
ay
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
in
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
E
V
s
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
f
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
a
c
k
m
ec
h
an
i
c
a
l s
p
e
e
d
ca
n
b
e
p
r
e
c
i
s
ely
d
ef
in
e
d
t
h
en
i
t
a
ll
o
w
s
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
t
o
ca
lc
u
l
at
e
th
e
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
-
ax
is
an
d
q
-
ax
is
r
ef
e
r
e
n
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
a
lu
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
A
t
a
g
iv
en
m
ec
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
s
p
e
e
d
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
b
o
th
m
a
x
im
u
m
at
t
ai
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
f
l
ex
ib
l
e
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
v
a
lu
es
l
o
w
e
r
th
an
th
a
t
o
f
r
a
te
d
.
=
+
−
(
1
)
=
+
+
+
(
2
)
,
=
d
-
q
ax
is
v
o
lta
g
es
,
=
d
-
q
ax
is
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
=
s
tato
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
=
d
-
q
ax
is
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
=
elec
tr
ical
an
g
u
lar
s
p
ee
d
=
.
=
f
lu
x
li
n
k
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
e
ts
=
n
u
m
b
er
of
p
o
le
p
air
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
D
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
P
MSM
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
3
2
[
+
(
−
)
]
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
mu
l
ti
-
leve
l in
ve
r
ter fed
p
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
..
(
Do
n
e
p
u
d
i Ta
ta
R
a
o
)
305
Fo
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
u
n
ted
m
o
to
r
:
=
,
th
u
s
,
=
3
2
[
]
(
4
)
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
alan
cin
g
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
=
−
−
(
5
)
=
m
o
m
e
n
t
of
i
n
er
tia
=
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
a
n
g
u
lar
s
p
ee
d
(
r
ad
/s
ec
)
=
v
is
co
u
s
f
r
ictio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
=
lo
ad
to
r
q
u
e
P
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
=
.
(
)
(
6
)
(
)
=
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
d
ex
=
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
p
er
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
ll
T
o
in
teg
r
ate
w
it
h
th
e
P
MSM
m
o
d
el
i
n
th
e
d
-
q
f
r
a
m
e,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
,
an
d
as
:
−
C
lar
k
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
:
=
2
3
(
−
1
2
−
1
2
)
(
7
)
=
2
3
(
√
3
2
−
√
3
2
)
(
8
)
−
P
ar
k
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
:
=
c
os
(
)
+
(
)
(
9
)
=
−
s
in
(
)
+
c
os
(
)
(
1
0
)
B
y
s
u
b
s
t
itu
tin
g
an
d
in
th
e
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
th
en
:
=
1
(
−
+
)
(
1
1
)
=
1
(
−
−
−
)
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
is
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
o
r
ig
i
n
atio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
in
p
u
t
m
et
h
o
d
p
ar
am
eter
ca
n
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
e
ith
er
a
f
ix
ed
r
ef
er
en
ce
DC
-
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
v
ia
a
p
r
ed
e
f
i
n
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ett
in
g
o
r
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
ef
er
en
ce
D
C
-
v
o
lta
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ed
icate
d
in
p
u
t
-
p
o
r
t
lab
eled
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
iv
a
len
ce
s
ar
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ta
l
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
-
ax
is
an
d
q
-
a
x
i
s
cu
r
r
en
ts
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
[
2
9
]
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SI
NG
L
E
P
H
ASE
3
1
-
L
E
V
E
L
M
L
I
F
E
D
P
M
S
M
CO
NF
I
G
URATI
O
N
E
lectr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
o
f
f
er
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
,
w
h
ich
e
n
ab
les
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ca
r
’
s
k
in
e
m
atic
s
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
m
a
n
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
a
n
d
au
to
m
a
k
er
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
en
g
in
e
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
g
ea
r
b
o
x
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
’
s
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
DC
to
A
C
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
co
m
m
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
.
B
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
as
a
v
ir
tu
al
d
ev
ic
e,
it
h
elp
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
m
et,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
th
e
g
ea
r
b
o
x
.
T
o
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
T
HD,
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
M
u
lti le
v
el
i
n
v
er
te
r
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a
)
an
d
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
P
MSM
w
ith
3
1
-
le
v
el
M
L
I
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
P
MSM
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ML
I
e
m
p
lo
y
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
m
all
v
o
ltag
e
lev
e
ls
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
3
0
2
-
3
1
2
306
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
b
en
e
f
ici
al
at
tr
ib
u
tes.
T
h
is
m
u
l
tilev
e
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
w
er
q
u
al
it
y
,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
(
E
M
C
)
,
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
s
witch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
e
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
W
h
ile
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
to
k
ee
p
in
m
i
n
d
,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
a
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
in
lo
w
er
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
t
h
ese
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
m
a
n
ag
ed
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
m
all
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tep
s
o
n
t
h
e
D
C
s
id
e
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
eith
er
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
o
r
is
o
lated
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
allo
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
v
er
s
atile
d
esi
g
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
a
t
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
A
3
1
-
le
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
e
x
h
ib
it
s
v
er
y
lo
w
T
HD,
an
d
b
y
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
a
m
u
lt
i
-
l
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
f
o
r
m
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
al
T
HD.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
ch
e
m
atic
v
ie
w
o
f
(
a
)
P
MSM
w
ith
M
L
I
a
n
d
(
b
)
M
o
d
es
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
P
MSM
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
to
v
o
lta
g
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
-
r
eg
u
lated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
u
r
r
en
t
-
r
eg
u
lated
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
n
ec
es
s
itate
DC
co
n
tr
o
l,
as
h
i
g
h
er
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
ls
(
s
u
c
h
as
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
r
ec
t
if
ier
s
)
t
y
p
icall
y
g
e
n
er
a
te
d
ir
ec
ted
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
s
t
y
p
icall
y
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tili
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ates
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atic
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g
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u
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4
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ase
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g
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7
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ter
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Fig
u
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7
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ase
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24
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26
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308
4.
M
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AB
/SI
M
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m
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F
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u
r
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8
,
p
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n
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x
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t
o
p
p
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r
tu
n
it
y
f
o
r
in
-
d
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al
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f
b
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th
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h
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v
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ter
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to
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ch
ar
ac
ter
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tic
s
.
I
t
w
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u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
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to
in
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d
e
es
s
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tia
l
p
ar
a
m
et
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s
s
u
c
h
as
v
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lta
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e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
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m
s
,
co
n
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s
tr
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an
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y
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Fig
u
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8
.
MA
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L
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B
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m
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k
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l
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f
ML
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ig
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f
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P
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e
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u
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