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Resea
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I
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Vo
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15
,
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.
1
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Feb
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20
26
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I
SS
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126
J
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:
h
ttp
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//ij
ere.
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esco
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co
m
The ro
le of
entr
e
preneurship
educ
a
tion in sha
ping
self
-
emplo
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men
t
i
ntent
io
ns:
a TPB
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ba
sed study
of M
a
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T studen
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R
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ed
Mar
30
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2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
1
,
2025
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
16
,
2
0
2
5
En
trep
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u
rsh
ip
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d
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a
ti
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b
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K
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s
:
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C
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Un
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
n
tr
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en
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u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
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is
in
cr
ea
s
in
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ly
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ized
as
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k
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wth
,
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
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m
ic
u
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tain
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is
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s
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ased
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[
3
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4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Th
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p
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s
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s
:
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TPB
…
(
I
s
ma
A
d
d
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u
mb
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)
127
T
ec
h
n
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an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
(
T
VE
T
)
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
tr
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ically
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
to
ad
v
an
ce
th
is
ag
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n
d
a.
W
ith
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
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cu
s
o
n
p
r
ac
tical,
in
d
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s
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VE
T
in
s
titu
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s
cu
ltiv
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tech
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ical
ex
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wh
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m
ain
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alig
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with
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o
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ar
k
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s
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tech
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ical
p
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f
icien
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an
d
b
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s
in
ess
ac
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m
en
[
5
]
,
en
ab
lin
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tu
d
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ts
to
s
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cc
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in
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x
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tin
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en
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to
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s
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p
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r
s
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d
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p
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.
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n
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s
h
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ca
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with
in
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p
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io
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ased
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e
u
r
ial
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
6
]
.
Desp
ite
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
r
esear
ch
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
Mo
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
o
f
ten
n
eg
lectin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
is
tin
ct
n
ee
d
s
,
asp
ir
atio
n
s
,
an
d
ci
r
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
in
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
es
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
f
il
l
a
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
g
a
p
b
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
T
VE
T
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
as
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
e
d
d
u
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
(
T
P
B
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
w
i
d
e
l
y
i
n
m
ai
n
s
t
r
ea
m
li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
tech
n
ical
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[
8
]
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
n
tex
t.
T
PB
o
u
tlin
es
th
r
ee
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
tece
d
en
ts
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
:
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
attitu
d
e,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
ts
,
s
h
ap
e
d
b
y
f
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
h
ap
e
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
in
ten
ti
o
n
(
SEI
)
am
o
n
g
T
VE
T
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
M
e
l
a
k
a
(
UT
e
M
)
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
,
p
o
l
ic
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
el
iv
er
y
,
an
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
war
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
E
ntr
epre
neurs
hi
p
educ
a
t
io
n a
nd
ec
o
no
m
ic
dev
elo
p
m
ent
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
s
tr
ate
g
ic
ca
taly
s
t
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
jo
b
cr
ea
tio
n
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Dr
u
ck
er
e
m
p
h
asized
t
h
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
co
u
ld
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
d
ea
s
in
to
v
iab
le
v
en
tu
r
es,
f
u
elin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
em
er
g
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
wi
th
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tim
u
latin
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
y
o
u
th
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
im
p
ar
tin
g
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
ess
en
tial
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
ese
attr
ib
u
tes
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
n
av
ig
at
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
ties
,
en
ab
lin
g
g
r
ad
u
ates
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
iv
er
s
if
icatio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
cu
ltiv
ate
lead
er
s
h
ip
ab
ilit
ies,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
i
al
s
u
cc
ess
in
v
o
latile
an
d
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
1
2
]
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
ese
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
b
en
e
f
its
,
m
an
y
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
h
av
e
p
r
io
r
itized
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licy
ag
en
d
as.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
u
r
r
icu
la
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
a
d
u
ate
em
p
l
o
y
ab
ilit
y
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
ally
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al,
Scien
tific
,
an
d
C
u
ltu
r
al
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
UNE
SC
O)
h
av
e
ad
v
o
ca
ted
f
o
r
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
-
le
d
an
d
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
s
y
cho
lo
g
ica
l
det
er
m
ina
nts o
f
ent
re
preneuria
l int
en
t
io
n:
t
he
t
heo
ry
o
f
pla
nn
ed
beha
v
io
r
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
as
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
en
ter
in
g
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
to
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
,
s
u
ch
as
wh
eth
er
th
ey
p
er
c
eiv
e
it
to
b
e
d
esira
b
le
an
d
attain
ab
le
as
a
ca
r
ee
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
[
1
5
]
.
T
PB
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
PB
,
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
e
n
g
ag
e
in
e
ac
h
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
in
ter
r
elate
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
6
]
.
A
f
av
o
r
ab
le
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
n
s
ity
to
co
n
s
id
er
it
a
p
o
ten
tial
ca
r
ee
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
.
Su
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
r
ef
er
to
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
s
u
ch
as
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
m
e
n
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
ey
eith
e
r
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
r
im
p
ed
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
ac
tiv
ities
.
Per
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
b
elief
in
o
n
e
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
la
u
n
ch
i
n
g
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
en
ter
p
r
is
e
[
1
7
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
im
p
ac
ts
th
ese
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
.
B
y
b
ein
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
p
o
ten
tia
l
[
1
6
]
.
B
esid
es,
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
en
f
o
r
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
to
war
d
f
av
o
r
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
35
128
W
h
ile
T
P
B
p
r
o
v
id
es v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
le
v
el
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
it d
o
es n
o
t f
u
l
ly
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
Facto
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
in
an
cial
ca
p
ital,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
f
av
o
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
T
PB
m
ay
p
r
esen
t
an
in
co
m
p
lete
p
ictu
r
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
wh
er
e
s
u
ch
ex
ter
n
al
v
a
r
iab
les
p
la
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le.
I
n
teg
r
at
in
g
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
o
r
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l
cha
lleng
es a
nd
o
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies
i
n M
a
la
y
s
ia
n T
VE
T
ent
re
pre
neurs
hip
e
du
ca
t
io
n
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Ma
lay
s
i
a
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
alig
n
in
g
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
s
k
ills
with
m
ar
k
et
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Netwo
r
k
(
MT
UN)
,
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
tech
n
ically
p
r
o
f
icien
t
g
r
ad
u
ates
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
in
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
v
en
tu
r
es
[
1
9
]
.
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
ten
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
p
p
lied
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ar
e
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
is
p
o
ten
tial,
s
ev
er
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es
h
in
d
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
o
u
td
ate
d
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
lim
i
ted
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
en
t
r
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
r
o
le
m
o
d
els,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
tec
h
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
we
ak
d
u
e
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
a
lack
o
f
s
tr
ate
g
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
s
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
atu
r
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es.
R
esear
ch
o
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
with
r
elativ
ely
litt
le
atten
tio
n
p
aid
to
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
T
VE
T
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
ath
way
s
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
with
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
.
T
h
is
o
m
is
s
io
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
r
itical
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
te
x
t,
wh
er
e
T
VE
T
is
ce
n
tr
al
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
tack
lin
g
y
o
u
th
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
UT
eM
illu
s
tr
ate
s
h
o
w
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
As
a
lead
in
g
MT
UN
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
,
UT
eM
in
teg
r
ates
v
o
c
atio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
with
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
en
h
an
ce
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
i
al
attitu
d
es,
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
elf
-
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
E
x
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
PB
o
f
f
er
s
ess
en
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
wi
th
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
2
.
4
.
T
o
wa
rds
a
co
nte
x
t
ua
liz
ed
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
T
VE
T
e
nt
re
preneurs
hip
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
T
PB
r
e
m
a
in
s
o
n
e
o
f
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
ip
r
esea
r
c
h
’
s
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
a
d
o
p
te
d
m
o
d
els
,
its
lim
i
tat
io
n
s
n
ec
ess
it
ate
t
h
eo
r
e
ti
ca
l
e
n
h
a
n
c
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
i
m
a
r
il
y
f
o
c
u
s
es o
n
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
-
l
e
v
el
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
an
d
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
p
o
licy
-
r
elate
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
T
PB
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
f
u
n
d
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies,
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
h
u
r
d
les,
o
r
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
1
8
]
.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
T
PB
with
elem
en
ts
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
e
m
p
h
asize
s
h
o
w
f
o
r
m
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
s
h
ap
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
en
ab
ler
s
s
u
ch
as
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
ca
p
ital,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t su
p
p
o
r
t in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
o
s
itio
n
s
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
attitu
d
e,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
as
th
e
c
o
r
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
SEI
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
T
PB
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
it in
co
r
p
o
r
ates e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as a
cr
itical
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
,
r
ef
lectin
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
T
VE
T
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
len
s
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
SEI
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
elf
-
emp
l
o
yme
n
t in
ten
tio
n
s
:
a
TPB
…
(
I
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d
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u
mb
r
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129
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
e
s
ig
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
attitu
d
e,
s
u
b
jec
tiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
SEI
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
UT
eM
,
a
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
A
to
t
al
o
f
3
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Stra
tific
a
tio
n
was
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
u
lt
y
(
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
tech
n
o
p
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
a
n
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
)
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
le
v
el
(
d
ip
l
o
m
a
a
n
d
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
)
.
W
ith
in
ea
ch
s
tr
atu
m
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
r
awn
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
g
u
i
d
elin
es
f
o
r
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
es
ea
r
ch
[
2
0
]
an
d
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
h
av
e
co
m
p
leted
at
least o
n
e
s
em
est
er
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
c
o
u
r
s
e
wo
r
k
.
3
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
en
t
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Data
was
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
em
ail
ac
co
u
n
ts
an
d
o
f
f
icial
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
A
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
s
B
to
E
o
f
f
er
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
attitu
d
e,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
SEI
.
T
h
e
item
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
wer
e
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
item
s
wer
e
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
.
All
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
5
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ass
ess
clar
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fo
llo
win
g
t
h
e
m
ain
d
ata
co
llectio
n
(
n
=3
0
0
)
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
s
h
o
wed
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
8
to
0
.
9
1
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
d
esira
b
le
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
A
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t item
s
an
d
th
eir
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
,
item
s
,
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
n
=3
0
0
)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
i
t
e
ms
Ex
a
m
p
l
e
i
t
e
m
S
o
u
r
c
e
(
s)
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
(
α)
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
5
“
B
e
i
n
g
sel
f
-
e
mp
l
o
y
e
d
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
t
o
me
.
”
[
2
1
]
0
.
8
4
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
ms
4
“
P
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
m
e
t
h
i
n
k
I
sh
o
u
l
d
p
u
r
s
u
e
se
l
f
-
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
.
”
[
2
2
]
0
.
8
1
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
5
“
I
a
m c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
I
c
o
u
l
d
s
u
c
c
e
ssf
u
l
l
y
s
t
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
.
”
[
2
3
]
0
.
8
8
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
6
“
Th
e
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
c
o
u
r
se
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
my
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
b
u
si
n
e
ss
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
.
”
[
2
4
]
0
.
9
0
S
EI
5
“
I
i
n
t
e
n
d
t
o
st
a
r
t
m
y
o
w
n
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
”
[
2
2
]
0
.
8
6
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
5
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
esen
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
m
u
lti
p
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ch
ec
k
s
in
d
icate
d
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
n
o
t
a
co
n
ce
r
n
,
a
n
d
all
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
m
ea
s
u
r
es we
r
e
less
th
an
2
.
5
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
3
0
0
v
alid
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
UT
eM
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
o
n
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
5
u
s
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
test
ed
h
o
w
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
f
lu
en
c
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
war
d
s
elf
-
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
4
.
1
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
no
rma
lit
y
t
est
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
estab
lis
h
ed
in
a
p
ilo
t
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
5
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
test
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
o
f
0
.
8
4
8
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
,
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
r
esu
lts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
k
ewn
ess
a
n
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
o
f
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
ilit
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
2
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
an
d
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
35
130
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
s
tatis
tic
s
(
p
ilo
t te
s
t
,
N=
5
0
)
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
b
a
se
d
o
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
i
t
e
ms
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
0
.
8
4
8
0
.
8
5
4
34
4
.
2
.
Co
rr
el
a
t
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e
1
,
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
SEI
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
el
ated
with
SEI
(
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
Attitu
d
e
to
war
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ass
o
ciatio
n
(
r
=0
.
4
7
4
)
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
2
2
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
SEI
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
r
=0
.
4
1
6
;
1
7
.
3
%),
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
r
=0
.
3
7
4
;
1
4
.
0
%),
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
(
r
=
0
.
3
4
6
;
1
2
.
0
%).
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
elativ
ely
g
r
ea
ter
r
o
le
o
f
attitu
d
in
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
ey
a
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
5
]
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
T
PB
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
i
n
ten
tio
n
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
les an
d
SEI
(
N=
3
0
0
)
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re
s
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ly
s
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T
o
ad
d
r
ess
r
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ch
o
b
jectiv
e
3
,
a
s
im
p
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
was
i
n
itially
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
th
e
in
t
en
tio
n
to
b
ec
o
m
e
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
b
le
4
,
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
e
x
p
lain
ed
3
2
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
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n
ten
tio
n
to
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o
m
e
s
elf
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em
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lo
y
ed
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²=
0
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3
2
4
,
ad
j
u
s
ted
R
²=
0
.
3
1
7
,
F
(
4
,
2
9
5
)
=
3
5
.
3
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
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.
T
h
e
attitu
d
e
t
o
war
d
b
eh
av
io
r
was
estab
lis
h
ed
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th
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m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
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ed
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s
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d
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al
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tr
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l
(
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3
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.
All
p
r
ed
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r
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
VI
F
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
2
.
5
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
at
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was n
o
t a
n
is
s
u
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
s
elf
-
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
(
N=
3
0
0
)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
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β (
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
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e
f
f
i
c
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n
t
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t
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l
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e
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5
%
C
I
(
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I
F
p
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e
A
t
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t
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o
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r
d
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v
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En
t
r
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p
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t
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[
0
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0
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[
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2
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1
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Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
attit
u
d
e
af
f
ec
ts
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
i
n
ten
tio
n
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
an
y
t
h
in
g
else,
b
u
t
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
h
a
v
e
r
e
lativ
ely
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ig
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e
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R
eg
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is
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er
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ies
th
at
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av
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r
al
attitu
d
e
p
r
ed
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2
2
.
4
%
o
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th
e
v
ar
i
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ce
o
f
SEI
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
th
at
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tu
d
en
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’
p
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ce
p
tio
n
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o
f
th
e
d
esira
b
ilit
y
an
d
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
f
o
r
th
em
s
elv
e
s
p
lay
in
d
ec
id
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
am
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itio
n
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T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ag
r
ee
with
p
r
io
r
s
ch
o
lar
ly
wo
r
k
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at
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es
f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
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id
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r
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o
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attitu
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d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ch
o
ice
[
4
]
.
4
.
4
.
I
nte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n
a
nd
t
heo
re
t
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
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ns
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
T
PB
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
in
ten
ti
o
n
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
T
VE
T
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
s
tr
o
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g
est
p
r
e
d
icto
r
.
T
h
is
r
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lt
s
u
g
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ests
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at
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o
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al
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e
u
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
al
ig
n
with
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
Natio
n
al
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
Po
licy
2
0
3
0
an
d
th
e
T
VE
T
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
ag
en
d
a
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
e
n
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
in
d
s
ets
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
en
te
r
p
r
is
e
cr
ea
tio
n
.
Sit
u
atin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
in
th
ese
n
atio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
h
ap
es
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
T
PB
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
ca
n
h
elp
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
T
VE
T
co
n
tex
t.
4
.
5
.
P
r
a
ct
ic
a
l i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
wh
o
aim
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
o
u
tc
o
m
es in
Ma
lay
s
ian
T
VE
T
.
4
.
5
.
1
.
Curric
ulu
m
d
ev
elo
pm
ent
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
cu
r
r
icu
la
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
an
d
ap
p
lied
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
b
u
s
in
ess
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
g
am
if
i
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
s
tar
tu
p
b
o
o
tcam
p
s
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
ab
s
tr
ac
t in
ter
est to
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
p
eten
cies a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
4
.
5
.
2
.
M
ent
o
rsh
ip a
nd
n
et
wo
rk
ing
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
estab
lis
h
p
ee
r
-
led
m
en
to
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
cr
ea
te
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
ca
l
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
,
alu
m
n
i,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
a
r
t
n
er
s
.
Su
ch
i
n
itiativ
es
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
le
m
o
d
els,
ex
p
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
co
u
n
ter
b
alan
ce
cu
ltu
r
a
l p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tab
le
s
alar
ied
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
4
.
5
.
3
.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l
s
up
po
rt
a
nd
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
s
B
ey
o
n
d
class
r
o
o
m
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
T
VE
T
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ev
el
o
p
ca
m
p
u
s
-
b
ased
in
cu
b
ato
r
s
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
m
icr
o
-
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
ch
em
es.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
wo
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as f
in
an
cin
g
g
ap
s
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
35
132
4
.
5
.
4
.
Alig
nm
ent
wit
h
na
t
io
n
a
l st
ra
t
eg
ies
I
n
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
i
tia
ti
v
es
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
al
ig
n
ed
wi
th
M
ala
y
s
i
a
’
s
N
a
tio
n
a
l
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
Po
lic
y
2
0
3
0
a
n
d
th
e
T
VE
T
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
a
g
e
n
d
a
.
E
m
b
ed
d
i
n
g
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
es
e
n
at
io
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
io
r
i
ties
w
ill
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
g
r
a
d
u
at
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
ab
ili
ty
an
d
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
t
o
b
r
o
ad
er
g
o
als
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
an
d
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
wt
h
.
T
h
es
e
i
m
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
s
u
g
g
es
t
t
h
at
f
o
s
t
er
in
g
SEI
s
a
m
o
n
g
T
V
E
T
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
tr
o
n
g
in
te
r
n
al
atti
tu
d
es
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
al
b
a
r
r
ie
r
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
T
PB
d
eter
m
in
an
t
s
o
n
UT
eM
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
s
elf
-
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
all
T
PB
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
,
with
attitu
d
e
em
e
r
g
in
g
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
d
esira
b
ilit
y
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
.
I
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
to
m
o
r
e
co
n
c
r
ete
asp
ir
atio
n
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wh
ile
T
VE
T
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
alu
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
th
eir
in
ten
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ea
liti
es,
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tab
le
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
an
d
t
h
e
lim
ited
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
an
aly
s
is
is
r
estricte
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
First,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
T
PB
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
alu
ab
le
len
s
f
o
r
ex
am
in
i
n
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
in
t
en
tio
n
s
,
it
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
attitu
d
in
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
lly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
o
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
p
t
u
r
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
in
an
cin
g
,
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
y
c
h
allen
g
es,
a
n
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
T
PB
wi
th
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
o
r
th
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
e
u
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
t
o
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
th
ese
ex
ter
n
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
r
en
d
e
r
s
it
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
ca
u
s
al
lin
k
ag
es.
A
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
tr
ac
k
in
g
h
o
w
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
ev
o
lv
e
in
to
ac
tu
al
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
o
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
is
lim
ited
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
ten
d
th
e
s
co
p
e
to
m
u
ltip
le
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
tates
o
r
u
n
d
er
tak
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
e
s
ac
r
o
s
s
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
d
esig
n
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
ter
v
iews
o
r
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
c
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d
in
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m
o
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ter
ac
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ith
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r
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r
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y
s
tem
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itio
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s
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wh
ile
th
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f
in
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m
o
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ir
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tly
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o
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Ma
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ian
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m
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tr
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s
f
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d
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v
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ies
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ec
o
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ic,
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d
p
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licy
c
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tex
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co
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v
esti
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s
h
o
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ld
th
er
e
f
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ex
p
lo
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h
o
w
v
ar
iatio
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s
i
n
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
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o
s
y
s
tem
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
itiativ
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an
d
s
o
cieta
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attitu
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es
in
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lu
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ce
th
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f
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p
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r
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h
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u
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a
p
r
ac
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s
ev
e
r
a
l
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m
m
en
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s
em
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e.
Po
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r
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b
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clu
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x
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in
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p
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m
en
to
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s
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ip
in
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e
n
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p
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licies
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
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ar
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ier
s
to
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u
s
in
ess
cr
ea
tio
n
.
At
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
lev
el,
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
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s
s
h
o
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ld
in
te
g
r
ate
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
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ap
p
lie
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lear
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in
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s
tr
ateg
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in
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in
g
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
m
o
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les,
s
tar
tu
p
s
im
u
latio
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s
,
an
d
p
ee
r
-
led
m
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to
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in
g
.
C
o
llab
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atio
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with
lo
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r
ial
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ld
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ar
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also
en
co
u
r
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g
ed
to
f
o
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ter
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ep
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b
y
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v
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lv
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s
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wca
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g
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ce
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f
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m
s
,
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d
d
ev
elo
p
in
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ee
r
s
u
p
p
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r
t
s
y
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tem
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th
at
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alid
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en
tr
ep
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r
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asp
ir
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tu
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f
ir
m
s
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elev
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v
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ile
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ig
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itatio
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en
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B
y
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Un
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C
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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ata
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[
I
AJ]
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
N
a
u
t
i
y
a
l
a
n
d
P
.
P
a
t
h
a
k
,
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R
e
s
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c
e
t
h
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g
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t
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s
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t
r
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p
r
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n
e
u
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sh
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p
:
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b
i
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l
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s
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a
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t
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t
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n
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l
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o
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O
rg
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n
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z
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t
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l
A
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a
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y
s
i
s
,
v
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l
.
3
2
,
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o
.
3
,
p
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5
2
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–
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F
e
b
.
2
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4
,
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:
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0
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1
1
0
8
/
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JO
A
-
12
-
2
0
2
2
-
3
5
4
0
.
[
2
]
D
.
X
i
o
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g
,
N
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K
h
a
d
d
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g
e
-
S
o
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h
,
M
.
U
mar,
A
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S
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f
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n
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D
.
N
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h
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“
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e
d
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p
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g
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:
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1
1
3
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5
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0
2
4
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9
6
-
0.
[
3
]
X
.
Ze
n
g
,
S
.
L.
C
h
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n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
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,
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r
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g
i
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p
r
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:
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d
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o
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me
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m
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,
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Vo
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
T
e
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n
,
v
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l
.
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,
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p
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1
–
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,
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n
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2
4
,
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o
i
:
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0
.
5
4
8
4
4
/
v
t
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
5
8
9
.
[
4
]
S
.
A
d
a
m,
N
.
M
.
F
u
z
i
,
M
.
R
.
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]
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.
[
1
8
]
Q
.
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[
1
9
]
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2
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3
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.
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4
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[
2
5
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S
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-
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z
,
Y
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Le
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B
I
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RAP
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S O
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AUTH
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RS
Is
m
a
Ad
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a
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rtme
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p
,
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n
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rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
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sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
),
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a
lay
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.
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c
o
m
p
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h
is
P
h
.
D
.
p
ro
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ra
m
in
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t
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c
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t
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irul
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v
e
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
tel
in
d
u
str
y
,
b
a
se
d
in
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
lee
z
a
.
wo
rk
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
s
elf
-
emp
l
o
yme
n
t in
ten
tio
n
s
:
a
TPB
…
(
I
s
ma
A
d
d
i J
u
mb
r
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)
135
Fa
u
z
a
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is
a
se
n
io
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lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
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lo
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y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
p
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
(F
P
TT
),
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(
UTe
M
),
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Eco
n
o
m
ics
a
n
d
Bu
sin
e
ss
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
P
G
RI
Ka
n
ju
ru
h
a
n
M
a
lan
g
(UN
IKA
M
A),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
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F
a
u
z
a
n
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
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D
.
i
n
a
c
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Uta
ra
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
fo
c
u
se
s
in
c
lu
d
e
c
o
r
p
o
ra
te
g
o
v
e
rn
a
n
c
e
,
fi
n
a
n
c
ial
re
p
o
rti
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g
,
tax
c
o
m
p
li
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
b
ib
li
o
m
e
tri
c
a
n
a
ly
sis.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
u
z
a
n
2
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Mu
ly
a
n
i
K
a
r
m
a
g
a
tr
i
is
a
l
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c
tu
re
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o
f
t
h
e
E
n
trep
re
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e
u
rs
h
ip
P
ro
g
ra
m
a
t
Bi
n
a
Nu
sa
n
tara
Un
iv
e
rsity
(BINU
S
),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
te
in
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
fro
m
Un
iv
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rsitas
Ka
to
li
k
P
a
ra
h
y
a
n
g
a
n
(UN
P
AR),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Dr.
Ka
rm
a
g
a
tri
lea
d
s
th
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
tere
st
G
ro
u
p
fo
r
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m
a
ll
a
n
d
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e
d
iu
m
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n
terp
rise
s,
E
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
,
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
(S
M
EE
I)
a
t
th
e
BINU
S
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
Ca
m
p
u
s.
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r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
,
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
a
n
d
sh
e
h
a
s
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
p
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
se
a
re
a
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
u
ly
a
n
i
0
0
1
@b
i
n
u
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
S
a
n
d
y
S
e
ti
a
wa
n
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
o
f
t
h
e
Cre
a
ti
v
e
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
P
r
o
g
ra
m
a
t
BINU
S
Bu
sin
e
ss
S
c
h
o
o
l,
Bin
a
N
u
sa
n
tara
Un
iv
e
rsity
(BINU
S
),
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
tea
c
h
e
s
c
o
u
rse
s
in
d
ig
it
a
l
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
,
sta
rt
u
p
fu
n
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
fo
r
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs.
His res
e
a
r
c
h
e
x
p
e
rti
se
is
in
d
ig
it
a
l
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
,
b
ra
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
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h
a
v
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o
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d
ig
i
tal
b
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si
n
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ss
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s
a
n
d
e
-
c
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m
m
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rc
e
.
He
h
a
s
c
o
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tri
b
u
te
d
to
v
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rio
u
s
re
se
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rc
h
p
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ts
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
se
a
re
a
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
n
d
y
.
se
ti
a
wa
n
@b
i
n
u
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
Dia
n
K
u
r
n
ia
n
in
g
r
u
m
is
a
le
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
En
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Bin
a
Nu
sa
n
tara
Un
iv
e
rsity
(BINU
S
)
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
r
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
fi
n
a
n
c
ial
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
b
u
sin
e
ss
stu
d
ies
.
S
h
e
a
c
ti
v
e
l
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
to
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
ro
jec
ts
fe
a
tu
re
d
in
th
e
BINU
S
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Aw
a
rd
.
He
r
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
ts
re
flec
t
n
o
tab
le
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
t
o
wa
rd
b
u
s
in
e
ss
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
ian
_
k
@b
i
n
u
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.