I
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v
a
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Resea
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I
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E
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15
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.
1
,
Feb
r
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y
20
26
,
p
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.
915
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3
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Dev
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F
a
m
il
y
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
a
re
h
i
g
h
l
y
v
a
l
u
e
d
;
t
h
e
re
fo
re
,
t
h
e
ir
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l.
Do
c
u
m
e
n
ted
li
tera
tu
re
h
a
s
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
d
t
h
e
si
g
n
if
ica
n
c
e
o
f
fa
m
il
y
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
i
n
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
d
iffere
n
t
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
th
e
re
is
a
lac
k
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
a
ll
y
ro
b
u
st
m
e
a
su
re
s
o
f
fa
m
il
y
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
i
n
Ara
b
ic
-
sp
e
a
k
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ime
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to
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e
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e
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o
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th
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Ara
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ic
fa
m
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y
re
l
a
ti
o
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tes
t
(AFRT
)
a
n
d
e
x
a
m
in
e
it
s
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s.
Th
e
tes
t
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
s
six
m
a
in
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
o
f
p
a
re
n
t
-
c
h
il
d
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s:
re
stricti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
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ffe
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ti
o
n
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v
u
l
n
e
ra
b
il
it
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ju
stice
,
a
c
k
n
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wle
d
g
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
tru
st
.
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h
e
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
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l
q
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a
n
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it
a
ti
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e
d
e
sig
n
wa
s
u
ti
li
z
e
d
.
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e
st
u
d
y
sa
m
p
le
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
6
0
1
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
(4
7
.
6
%
m
a
les
)
fro
m
g
ra
d
e
s
5
,
7
,
9
,
a
n
d
1
1
,
se
lec
ted
th
ro
u
g
h
a
c
lu
ste
r
-
ra
n
d
o
m
sa
m
p
li
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
re
v
e
a
led
a
v
a
li
d
6
0
-
i
tem
AFRT
with
a
two
-
se
c
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
-
fa
c
to
r,
six
-
f
irst
-
o
r
d
e
r
-
fa
c
to
r
fa
c
to
rial
stru
c
tu
re
.
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
i
n
v
a
ria
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
AFRT
wa
s
a
c
h
iev
e
d
in
t
h
e
fa
th
e
r
-
c
h
il
d
m
o
d
e
l
a
c
ro
ss
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
a
g
e
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
e
r.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
in
v
a
rian
c
e
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
su
p
p
o
rted
a
c
ro
ss
a
g
e
g
ro
u
p
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
th
e
r
-
c
h
i
ld
m
o
d
e
l
.
Th
e
AFRT
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
g
o
o
d
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
s
i
n
d
ica
ted
b
y
Cro
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
,
tes
t
-
re
tes
t,
sp
li
t
-
h
a
lf,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
site
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
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e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
AFRT
is
a
n
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
t
o
o
l
fo
r
fa
m
il
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t;
h
o
we
v
e
r,
fu
rth
e
r
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
.
In
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
,
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
su
g
g
e
sti
o
n
s f
o
r
fu
t
u
re
re
se
a
rc
h
we
re
p
ro
v
id
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
ab
ic
C
o
m
p
u
ter
ized
Fam
ily
-
r
elatio
n
Sch
o
o
l
-
s
tu
d
en
ts
T
est
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
wa
Nass
er
Alr
ajh
i
Stu
d
en
t Co
u
n
s
elin
g
C
en
ter
,
S
u
ltan
Qab
o
o
s
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
Mu
s
ca
t,
A’
s
ee
b
,
1
2
3
,
T
h
e
Su
lt
an
ate
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f
Om
an
E
m
ail:
m
alr
ajh
i@
s
q
u
.
ed
u
.
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sin
ce
th
e
cr
ea
ti
o
n
o
f
m
an
k
i
n
d
,
s
o
cieties
h
av
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
r
aise
a
n
d
s
o
cially
r
ea
r
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
.
R
aisi
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
a
way
th
at
h
el
p
s
th
em
r
ea
lize
life
ch
an
g
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
v
alu
es
is
cr
u
cial.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
b
o
r
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
b
io
lo
g
ical
an
d
in
h
er
ited
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
atte
r
n
s
,
th
ey
s
till
n
ee
d
s
o
m
eo
n
e
to
g
u
id
e
th
em
in
a
d
ap
tin
g
to
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fam
ily
is
an
e
s
s
en
tial
elem
en
t
o
f
s
o
ciety
.
E
ac
h
f
am
ily
m
em
b
e
r
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
g
r
o
wth
[
1
]
.
R
ath
er
th
an
d
ig
g
in
g
in
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
tr
ap
s
y
c
h
ic
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
n
o
w
d
ir
ec
t
th
eir
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
f
am
ily
co
n
tex
t
wh
er
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
o
cc
u
r
.
As
th
ey
attem
p
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
o
w
a
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
in
ter
ac
t
s
with
o
th
er
s
an
d
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
o
th
er
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
[
2
]
.
A
co
r
e
elem
en
t
in
f
am
ily
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
s
is
ac
cu
r
ately
ass
ess
in
g
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llectin
g
d
ata
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
u
s
in
g
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
915
-
932
916
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
s
tag
e,
u
s
e
s
u
itab
le
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ab
le
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
h
av
e
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
d
esig
n
th
at
ca
n
g
r
a
b
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
atten
tio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
th
e
Ar
ab
ic
f
a
m
ily
r
elatio
n
test
(
AFR
T
)
an
d
ex
am
in
e
its
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
Om
an
i sch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
en
ag
ed
1
0
to
1
7
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
a
nd
co
ncept
ua
l f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
t
he
Ara
bic
f
a
m
ily
re
la
t
io
n t
est
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
Ou
d
an
d
W
elze
n
[
4
]
in
wh
ich
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
Nijm
eg
en
Fam
ily
R
elatio
n
T
est
(
NF
R
T
)
(
i.e
.
,
Nijm
ee
g
s
e
Gez
in
s
r
elatie
T
est
o
r
NGT
)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
NFR
T
was
d
esig
n
ed
in
t
h
e
Du
tch
la
n
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
u
s
ed
b
y
o
th
e
r
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
es
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
test
co
n
tain
s
6
7
item
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
to
s
ix
s
u
b
s
ca
les:
r
estri
ctiv
en
ess
,
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
j
u
s
tice,
ac
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
m
en
t,
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
ese
s
u
b
s
ca
les
to
f
o
r
m
h
ig
h
e
r
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
:
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
NFR
T
is
an
o
b
jectiv
e
test
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
9
-
12
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
all
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
.
T
h
is
test
ass
es
s
es
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
,
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
,
h
u
s
b
an
d
-
wif
e,
a
n
d
ch
ild
-
s
ib
lin
g
d
y
ad
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
NFR
T
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
u
s
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
an
d
f
ath
er
-
c
h
ild
d
y
ad
s
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
NFR
T
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
d
etec
tin
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
f
am
il
y
r
elatio
n
s
.
Oth
er
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as f
am
ily
t
h
er
ap
y
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
,
ca
n
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
is
test
.
T
wo
m
ain
th
eo
r
ies
wer
e
m
a
n
ip
u
lated
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
NFR
T
:
Sti
er
lin
’
s
b
in
d
in
g
th
eo
r
y
[
7
]
an
d
B
o
s
zo
r
m
en
y
i
-
Nag
y
an
d
Sp
ar
k
lo
y
alty
th
eo
r
y
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
two
f
a
cto
r
s
,
r
estrictiv
en
ess
an
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
wer
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Sti
er
lin
’
s
p
s
y
ch
o
an
aly
ti
c
b
in
d
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
.
Sti
er
lin
elab
o
r
ated
t
h
at
a
f
am
ily
is
wh
er
e
af
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
lo
v
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
esen
t,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
b
o
n
d
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
,
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
m
et.
Hen
ce
,
b
in
d
in
g
is
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
in
wh
ich
p
a
r
en
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
p
ar
ticip
ate
[
9
].
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
—
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
ju
s
tice,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
—
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
y
alty
th
eo
r
y
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
th
eo
r
y
,
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
lo
y
alty
a
r
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
tr
u
s
t
an
d
ju
s
tice.
C
h
ild
r
en
f
ee
l
th
at
th
eir
f
am
ily
m
em
b
e
r
s
s
h
o
w
j
u
s
tice
wh
en
tr
ea
ted
f
air
ly
wit
h
in
th
e
f
am
ily
r
u
les
an
d
ar
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
wh
e
n
tr
ea
t
ed
with
lo
v
e
a
n
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
to
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
NFR
T
,
Ou
d
an
d
W
elze
n
[
4
]
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
te
s
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
ix
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
ea
ch
in
clu
d
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
to
1
2
item
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Sk
o
cz
e
ń
et
a
l.
[
3
]
an
d
Fit
r
ian
a
[
5
]
p
o
s
tu
lated
th
at
th
e
two
v
er
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
B
an
d
u
n
g
Fam
ily
R
elatio
n
T
est (
B
FR
T
)
[
5
]
an
d
th
e
C
o
m
p
u
ter
ized
Fam
ily
R
elatio
n
s
T
est
(
C
FR
T
)
[
3
]
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
h
ig
h
er
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
l
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
:
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
ac
t
o
r
co
n
tain
s
r
estrictiv
en
ess
an
d
j
u
s
tice
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
ac
to
r
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t,
an
d
a
f
f
ec
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
th
e
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
item
s
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les
[
4
]
,
Sk
o
cz
e
ń
et
a
l.
[
3
]
a
n
d
Fit
r
ian
a
[
5
]
u
s
ed
p
ar
ce
ls
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
item
s
.
Par
ce
lin
g
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
in
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
wh
en
th
e
test
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
la
r
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
es
av
er
ag
in
g
o
r
ad
d
in
g
s
u
b
s
ets
o
f
item
s
f
o
r
a
laten
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
(
o
r
s
u
m
s
co
r
es)
—
“
p
ar
ce
l
s
co
r
es
”
—
as
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
its
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Usi
n
g
p
ar
ce
l
-
lev
el
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
en
s
u
r
es
h
av
in
g
a
s
u
itab
le
s
am
p
le
-
s
ize
-
to
-
m
o
d
el
-
s
ize
r
atio
.
Par
ce
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
v
a
r
y
b
etwe
en
r
an
d
o
m
,
em
p
ir
ical,
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
-
d
r
iv
en
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
es 1
an
d
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
els o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
AFR
T
.
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
els
wer
e
e
x
am
in
ed
f
o
r
th
e
AFR
T
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
es
(
C
FA)
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
els.
T
h
r
ee
p
ar
ce
ls
o
f
item
s
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
u
n
d
e
r
ea
ch
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
,
in
to
wh
ich
th
e
item
s
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
t
en
t
-
d
r
iv
e
n
m
eth
o
d
.
C
o
n
ten
t
-
d
r
iv
en
allo
ca
tio
n
is
wh
en
item
s
ar
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
b
etwe
en
p
ar
ce
ls
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
th
e
item
s
s
h
ar
e
with
in
ea
c
h
s
u
b
-
s
ca
le.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
ea
ch
item
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
n
e
q
u
al
c
h
an
ce
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
in
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
ce
ls
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
at
d
o
m
ai
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
ea
ch
m
o
d
el
was
ex
am
in
ed
twice:
t
h
e
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
d
y
a
d
an
d
th
e
f
at
h
er
-
ch
ild
d
y
ad
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
els we
r
e
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
to
tal.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
C
FA
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
as
well
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
v
ar
ian
t stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
g
en
d
er
(
m
ales
an
d
f
e
m
ales)
a
n
d
ag
es
(
g
r
ad
es:
5
,
7
,
9
,
an
d
1
1
)
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
aim
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
o
r
o
v
er
tim
e
to
av
o
id
b
ias
ag
ain
s
t
p
ar
ticu
lar
g
r
o
u
p
s
[1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
r
ee
lev
els
o
f
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
wer
e
test
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el:
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
al
in
v
ar
ian
ce
(
i.e
.
,
ass
u
m
es
th
at
th
e
s
am
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
)
,
m
etr
ic
in
v
ar
ian
ce
(
i.e
.
,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
to
b
e
eq
u
al
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
d
els),
an
d
s
ca
lar
in
v
ar
ian
ce
(
i.e
.
,
in
d
icato
r
s
in
ter
ce
p
ts
,
o
r
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
le’
s
m
ea
n
s
,
ar
e
s
et
to
b
e
eq
u
al
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
d
el
s
)
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f th
e
A
r
a
b
ic
fa
mily
r
ela
tio
n
test
a
mo
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
w
a
N
a
s
s
e
r
A
lr
a
jh
i
)
917
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
weig
h
ts
in
v
ar
ian
ce
was
test
ed
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
lev
el
(
i.e
.
,
ass
u
m
in
g
eq
u
al
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
)
[
3
]
.
A
p
iv
o
tal
p
o
i
n
t
is
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
i
n
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
le
v
el
m
o
d
els
is
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
an
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
at
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
lev
el
m
o
d
els
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
,
lo
a
d
in
g
s
at
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
co
m
p
ar
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
tes
t
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
a
cr
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
e
th
er
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
im
ilar
[
3
]
,
[
1
3
].
A
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
is
th
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
(
Δ
χ2
)
test
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
test
o
f
ten
r
ejec
ts
m
o
d
els,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
lar
g
e,
e
v
en
wh
en
v
i
o
latio
n
s
ar
e
m
in
o
r
[1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Hen
ce
,
C
h
en
[
1
4
]
s
u
g
g
ested
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ices
(
Δ
GFI
s
)
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
m
o
d
els
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
cr
iter
io
n
.
Pre
cise
cr
iter
ia
o
f
Δ
GFI
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
C
h
en
[
1
4
]
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N≤
3
0
0
)
an
d
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N>
3
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
r
u
l
e
o
f
th
u
m
b
ass
o
ciate
d
with
(
N
>3
0
0
)
is
o
f
in
ter
est
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t stu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
2
.
2
.
P
re
v
io
us
s
t
ud
ies o
n t
he
f
a
m
ily
re
l
a
t
io
n t
est
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
i
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
NFR
T
.
I
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
NFR
T
,
Ou
d
an
d
W
elze
n
[
4
]
u
tili
ze
d
b
o
th
e
x
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
C
FA
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
ix
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
f
itti
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
t
h
er
a
n
d
f
ath
er
s
co
r
es.
Ku
d
er
R
ich
ar
d
s
o
n
(
K
-
R
2
0
)
a
n
d
test
-
r
etest
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
K
-
R
v
alu
es r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
6
7
(
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
)
an
d
0
.
7
6
(
tr
u
s
t
)
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
b
etwe
en
0
.
6
3
(
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
)
an
d
0
.
7
6
(
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t
)
f
o
r
f
at
h
er
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
test
-
r
etest,
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
5
6
(
t
r
u
s
t
)
an
d
0
.
7
0
(
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t
)
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
b
etwe
en
0
.
6
4
(
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
)
an
d
0
.
7
4
(
tr
u
s
t
)
f
o
r
f
ath
er
s
.
A
team
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
at
Pad
jad
jar
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia)
h
as d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
NFR
T
,
th
e
B
F
R
T
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
2
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
ed
9
-
1
2
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
f
o
r
r
estrictiv
en
ess
,
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
,
with
o
v
er
all
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
at
least
0
.
8
0
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
ju
s
tice,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
s
h
o
wed
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
lo
wer
th
an
0
.
8
0
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
C
FA
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
test
s
h
ad
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
in
th
e
f
ath
er
s
’
r
atin
g
s
:
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
ju
s
tice,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
s
’
r
atin
g
,
f
iv
e
s
u
b
test
s
s
h
o
wed
a
g
o
o
d
f
it:
r
estrictiv
en
ess
,
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
ju
s
tice,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
.
T
wo
s
u
b
test
s
d
id
n
o
t
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
cr
iter
ia
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
ath
er
’
s
m
o
d
el,
r
estrictiv
en
ess
an
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
o
n
e
s
u
b
test
,
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
d
id
n
o
t
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
cr
iter
ia
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
th
er
’
s
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
915
-
932
918
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
NFR
T
o
r
its
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
er
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
Fit
r
ian
a
[
5
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
B
F
R
T
am
o
n
g
5
2
9
(
9
-
1
2
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
)
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
with
two
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
.
R
estrictiv
en
es
s
an
d
ju
s
tice
we
r
e
lo
ad
e
d
with
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
s
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
,
co
n
tr
o
l
,
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
l
o
ad
ed
with
eq
u
al
s
ig
n
s
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
th
at
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
j
u
s
tice
wer
e
b
if
ac
to
r
ial.
Vu
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
h
as
“sm
all
v
alid
ity
”
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
ju
s
tice
s
h
ar
ed
“m
o
d
er
ate
v
alid
ity
”
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
al
p
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
5
8
(
ju
s
tice)
an
d
0
.
8
2
(
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
)
.
Sp
lit
-
h
alf
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t h
as th
e
h
ig
h
est r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
0
.
8
2
)
wh
ile
ju
s
tice
h
as th
e
lo
w
est (
0
.
5
8
)
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
in
itial
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
Po
lis
h
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
e
C
F
R
T
,
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
Sk
o
cz
eń
an
d
C
ieciu
ch
[
9
]
.
A
s
am
p
le
o
f
9
6
ch
ild
r
en
(
ag
e
d
9
-
1
3
)
p
ar
ticip
a
ted
in
th
is
in
itial
an
aly
s
i
s
.
A
s
h
o
r
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
F
R
T
,
in
clu
d
in
g
2
4
item
s
with
f
o
u
r
item
s
p
er
s
ca
le,
was
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
.
Fo
r
th
e
m
o
th
er
s
co
r
es,
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
7
(
in
ju
s
tice
)
to
0
.
7
6
(
af
f
ec
tio
n
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
at
h
er
s
co
r
es,
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
8
(
v
u
ln
er
a
b
i
lity
)
to
0
.
9
0
(
tr
u
s
t
)
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
FA,
th
e
m
o
th
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
it
in
d
ices,
y
et
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
ad
to
m
er
g
e
a
f
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
tr
u
s
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
at
h
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el.
Als
o
,
two
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
er
r
o
r
s
(
i.e
.
,
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
)
wer
e
allo
wed
.
Af
ter
th
ese
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
ed
g
o
o
d
f
it in
d
ices.
Ps
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
C
FR
T
lo
n
g
v
er
s
io
n
wer
e
p
u
b
l
is
h
ed
b
y
Sk
o
cz
e
ń
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
4
0
4
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
Po
lis
h
ch
ild
r
e
n
(
ag
ed
8
to
1
3
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
C
FR
T
was
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
eg
a
an
d
t
est
-
r
etest
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
Om
eg
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
h
ig
h
est
in
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
’
s
ꞷ=
0
.
8
4
a
n
d
f
ath
er
’
s
m
o
d
els
ꞷ=
0
.
8
6
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Mo
th
er
r
atin
g
s
s
h
o
wed
lo
wer
test
-
r
etest
s
tab
ili
ty
,
r
=0
.
7
6
,
th
an
f
at
h
e
r
r
atin
g
s
,
r
=0
.
7
1
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
Sk
o
cz
eń
et
a
l.
[
3
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
f
it
in
d
ices
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
wer
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
wer
e
h
i
g
h
in
ter
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
o
m
e
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
was
test
ed
with
two
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
:
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
etter
-
f
it in
d
ices a
n
d
in
ter
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
lo
ca
ted
o
n
ly
two
s
tu
d
ies th
at
u
til
ized
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
NFR
T
.
A
ca
s
e
in
p
o
i
n
t
is
Sk
o
cz
eń
et
a
l.
[
3
]
,
wh
o
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
C
FR
T
ac
r
o
s
s
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
r
atin
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
th
e
f
ath
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
’
s
in
v
a
r
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
f
ath
er
s
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
as
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI)
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
1
,
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
1
5
,
an
d
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
wer
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
3
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
T
o
h
ar
u
d
in
et
a
l.
[
6
]
test
ed
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
B
FR
T
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
s
o
cial
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tr
ata
(
SES)
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
lo
w,
m
e
d
iu
m
,
an
d
h
ig
h
)
in
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
9
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
B
FR
T
'
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
was
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
SES g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
3
.
Co
nte
x
t
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
a
n
Ar
a
b
ic
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
S
u
ltan
ate
o
f
Om
an
is
a
n
Ar
ab
i
c
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
in
W
ester
n
Asi
a
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
Gu
lf
s
tates.
Fo
r
a
lo
n
g
tim
e,
Om
an
i
f
am
ilies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
th
eir
m
em
b
er
s
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
b
y
I
s
lam
ic
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
p
r
in
cip
l
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
at
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
th
e
Om
an
i
R
en
aiss
an
ce
in
1
9
7
0
,
m
an
y
s
o
cial,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
an
g
es o
cc
u
r
r
ed
t
h
at
af
f
ec
ted
Om
an
i f
am
ilies
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
e
r
o
les o
f
h
u
s
b
an
d
s
an
d
wiv
e
s
[
1
6
].
Om
an
i
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les
in
Om
an
i
f
am
ilies
b
ased
o
n
B
au
m
r
in
d
’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[1
7
]
(
i.e
.
,
au
th
o
r
itar
ian
,
au
th
o
r
itativ
e,
an
d
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les)
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les
in
Om
an
i
f
am
ilies
ar
e
th
e
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
an
d
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
itar
ian
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
s
ty
le
is
r
elativ
ely
less
co
m
m
o
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
n
o
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
o
t
h
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
Om
a
n
i
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Ald
h
a
f
r
i
[
19
]
h
as
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
a
r
e
n
tin
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
Om
an
i
f
am
i
lies
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
will
attem
p
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
AFR
T
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
e
w
v
alid
ated
to
o
l
f
o
r
ex
am
i
n
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
2
.
4
.
T
he
re
s
ea
rc
h pro
blem
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
ad
a
p
tatio
n
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
0
]
,
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
[
2
1
]
,
b
u
lly
in
g
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
3
]
.
Hen
ce
,
ass
ess
in
g
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
is
m
ain
ly
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
lac
k
o
f
test
s
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
Ar
ab
ic
co
n
tex
ts
.
Sea
r
ch
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
o
n
e
well
-
k
n
o
wn
test
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
Ar
ab
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
s
tu
d
i
es
is
th
e
p
a
r
en
tin
g
au
th
o
r
ity
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
PAQ)
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
PAQ
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
ly
th
r
ee
ty
p
es o
f
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les:
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
,
au
t
h
o
r
itar
ian
,
an
d
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
s
ty
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f th
e
A
r
a
b
ic
fa
mily
r
ela
tio
n
test
a
mo
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
w
a
N
a
s
s
e
r
A
lr
a
jh
i
)
919
B
esid
es
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
attem
p
ted
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
th
er
ty
p
es
o
f
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
th
e
Ar
ab
co
n
tex
t
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
e
r
’
s
b
est
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
n
o
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
o
r
co
m
m
o
n
u
s
es
o
f
th
ese
test
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
/ad
a
p
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ex
p
licitly
u
s
ed
b
y
th
o
s
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
n
ly
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
B
en
e
-
An
th
o
n
y
T
est
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
test
s
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
Ar
a
b
ic
cu
ltu
r
e
[
2
6
]
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
it
was
cr
iticized
f
o
r
its
lack
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
d
if
f
icu
lty
u
s
in
g
th
e
test
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
its
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
e
in
clin
ical
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
6
].
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
NFR
T
was
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
to
b
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
t
est
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
f
o
r
its
o
b
jectiv
e
f
o
r
m
at,
s
u
itab
ilit
y
to
a
n
o
r
m
al
s
am
p
le
(
i.e
.
,
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
clin
ical)
,
ea
s
y
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
r
e
p
licated
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
test
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cu
ltu
r
es,
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
’
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
ass
ess
ed
b
y
Ar
ab
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
NFR
T
i
s
n
o
t
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
a
m
ily
as
o
n
e
u
n
it.
I
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
f
am
ily
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
test
wa
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
y
ad
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
f
am
ilies
,
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
en
ts
-
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
-
wif
e,
an
d
ch
ild
-
s
ib
lin
g
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
o
r
wid
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
test
in
f
am
ily
ass
es
s
m
en
t [
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
AFR
T
an
d
ex
am
i
n
e
its
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
I
t
m
ain
ly
attem
p
ts
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
it
y
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
AFR
T
am
o
n
g
Om
an
i
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
g
r
ad
e
s
5
,
7
,
9
,
a
n
d
1
1
)
u
s
in
g
C
FA?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
it
y
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
AFR
T
am
o
n
g
Om
an
i
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
g
r
ad
e
s
5
,
7
,
9
,
a
n
d
1
1
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t in
v
ar
ian
ce
m
eth
o
d
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
e
r
an
d
a
g
e?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
AFR
T
am
o
n
g
Om
an
i
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
g
r
ad
es
5
,
7
,
9
,
an
d
1
1
)
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
,
test
-
r
etest,
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
elia
b
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
?
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
.
D
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
elp
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
o
s
e
v
ar
iab
les
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
[
27
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
d
esig
n
h
elp
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
all
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
w
h
ich
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
g
r
ad
es
5
,
7
,
9
,
an
d
1
1
in
A’
s
ee
b
d
is
tr
ict,
th
e
Su
ltan
ate
o
f
Om
an
.
A’
s
ee
b
is
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
d
iv
er
s
ity
am
o
n
g
Om
an
i
f
am
ilies
,
wh
o
u
s
u
ally
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
in
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
Mu
s
ca
t
(
i
.
e.
,
th
e
ca
p
ital
city
)
,
wh
ic
h
en
s
u
r
es
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
ity
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Giv
en
th
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lis
t o
f
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
am
es,
th
e
clu
s
ter
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
u
s
in
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
clu
s
ter
s
.
SP
SS
s
o
f
t
war
e
was
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
a
r
an
d
o
m
clu
s
ter
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
s
am
p
le
was
6
0
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
1
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
g
r
a
d
es
5
,
7
,
9
,
a
n
d
1
1
,
with
ag
es
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
1
0
an
d
1
7
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
M=
1
3
.
1
1
)
(
i.e
.
,
4
7
.
6
% m
ales,
2
2
.
6
2
% g
r
ad
e
5
,
2
4
.
4
5
% g
r
ad
e
7
,
2
7
.
6
2
% g
r
ad
e
9
,
an
d
2
5
.
2
9
% g
r
ad
e
11
).
At
th
e
tim
e
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
Om
an
i
s
an
d
liv
ed
with
b
o
th
p
ar
en
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
AFR
T
o
f
f
er
ed
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
“
m
o
th
er
s
o
n
ly
”
o
r
“
f
at
h
er
s
o
n
ly
”
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
liv
ed
with
o
n
e
p
ar
e
n
t,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
ad
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
th
ese
ca
s
es.
T
h
o
s
e
wer
e
a
f
ew
ca
s
es
—
f
ewe
r
th
an
1
0
0
—
wh
ich
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
two
-
p
a
r
en
t
ca
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
e
x
tr
e
m
e
v
alu
es
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
-
p
ar
en
t
ca
s
es.
All
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
e
ac
h
class
wer
e
in
v
ited
t
o
a
s
e
p
ar
ate
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
Mo
E
an
d
th
e
h
e
ad
m
aster
’
s
co
n
s
en
t
wer
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
.
M
o
E
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
es
n
o
r
is
k
s
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
an
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
lies
with
Om
an
’
s
eth
ical
r
esear
ch
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
an
s
wer
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
q
u
esti
o
n
s
willin
g
ly
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
was
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
wer
e
n
o
o
r
p
h
an
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
th
at
all
o
f
th
em
we
r
e
li
v
in
g
with
b
o
th
p
ar
e
n
ts
o
r
at
le
ast
o
n
e
p
ar
e
n
t.
On
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
an
d
a
r
esear
ch
ass
is
tan
t su
p
er
v
is
ed
th
e
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
3
.
3
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l ba
s
is
o
f
t
he
AF
RT
it
em
s
T
h
e
AFR
T
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Ou
d
an
d
W
elze
n
[
4
]
.
Per
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
E
f
i
Fit
r
ian
a
(
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
B
FR
T
)
an
d
Kai
W
elze
n
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
NFR
T
,
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
th
e
item
s
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
er
s
io
n
(
B
FR
T
)
to
en
h
an
ce
v
alid
ity
.
B
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
d
ec
id
ed
to
ad
a
p
t
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
B
F
R
T
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
A
r
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
th
e
Ar
ab
i
c
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
as
c
ar
ef
u
lly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t,
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
an
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
B
FR
T
in
clu
d
es 6
7
item
s
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
915
-
932
920
3
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
new
AF
RT
T
h
e
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
al
T
est
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
I
T
C
)
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
2
8
]
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
llo
wed
to
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
item
p
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
tr
an
s
late
d
B
FR
T
item
s
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
to
Ar
ab
ic
(
i.e
.
,
f
o
r
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
)
.
T
h
en
,
r
e
v
is
io
n
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
s
an
d
l
an
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
E
n
g
l
is
h
an
d
Ar
ab
ic.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
item
s
wer
e
tr
an
s
lated
f
r
o
m
Ar
a
b
ic
to
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
er
s
io
n
s
to
c
h
ec
k
th
e
b
ac
k
war
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
n
am
ely
W
elze
n
a
n
d
Fit
r
ian
a.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
r
e
v
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
Ar
a
b
ic
co
n
te
x
t,
an
d
d
ee
p
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
lated
item
s
,
f
o
u
r
item
s
w
er
e
in
itially
d
elete
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
6
7
-
item
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
in
itial
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
6
3
item
s
.
T
h
e
d
eletio
n
o
f
th
ese
item
s
wa
s
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
th
eir
u
n
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
Om
an
i
cu
lt
u
r
e
o
r
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
with
o
th
er
item
s
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
o
s
e
item
s
wer
e
s
en
t
f
o
r
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
tes
tin
g
b
y
eig
h
t
e
x
p
er
ts
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
r
atio
(
C
VR
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
L
awsh
e
i
n
R
o
m
er
o
-
J
eld
r
es
et
a
l.
[
29
]
was
u
s
ed
as
a
m
aj
o
r
c
r
iter
io
n
f
o
r
r
etain
in
g
o
r
d
eletin
g
an
item
in
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
VR
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
an
elis
ts
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
an
item
is
ess
en
tial
(
i.e
.
,
o
u
t
o
f
th
r
ee
o
p
tio
n
s
:
ess
en
tial
,
u
s
ef
u
l b
u
t n
o
t e
s
s
en
t
ial,
an
d
n
o
t n
ec
ess
ar
y
)
,
d
iv
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
n
el
is
ts
.
As
L
awsh
e
in
R
o
m
er
o
-
J
eld
r
e
s
et
a
l.
[
29
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
,
ei
g
h
t
ex
p
er
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
C
VR
=0
.
7
5
to
r
etain
an
item
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ex
p
er
ts
’
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
n
all
item
s
wer
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
s
tep
,
th
r
ee
item
s
wer
e
d
elete
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
ad
a
C
VR
s
co
r
e
b
elo
w
0
.
7
5
.
Oth
er
co
n
te
n
t
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
in
s
o
m
e
item
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
item
s
wer
e
m
o
v
ed
to
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
th
a
n
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
o
n
es.
T
h
is
s
tep
y
ield
ed
a
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
6
0
item
s
o
f
th
e
n
ew
AFR
T
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
test
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
a
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
an
d
p
a
p
er
v
er
s
io
n
s
is
th
e
“d
ig
italizatio
n
”
o
f
d
is
p
lay
in
g
th
e
item
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
f
o
r
m
at
was
u
s
ed
to
in
teg
r
ate
s
ev
er
al
f
e
atu
r
es
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
a
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
f
o
r
m
at,
s
u
ch
as
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
s
ca
le,
a
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
v
o
ice
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
item
s
to
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
ilh
o
u
ettes
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
f
ath
e
r
an
d
th
e
m
o
t
h
er
.
Als
o
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
f
o
r
m
at
is
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
at
is
s
im
ilar
t
o
th
e
C
FR
T
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
test
th
at
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Sk
o
cz
eń
an
d
C
ieciu
ch
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
in
t
en
d
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
ized
f
o
r
m
ats o
f
t
h
e
test
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
test
s
tar
ts
with
a
f
r
o
n
t
p
ag
e
th
at
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
test
'
s
ai
m
an
d
th
e
d
ata'
s
co
n
f
id
en
tial
ity
.
T
h
en
,
it
in
clu
d
ed
f
o
u
r
m
ain
p
ar
ts
:
i)
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
;
ii)
t
h
e
AFR
T
;
iii)
th
e
a
n
x
iety
s
ca
le
(
T
AS)
;
an
d
iv
)
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
a
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
ca
le
(
B
P
S).
T
h
e
last
two
s
ca
les
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
cr
iter
io
n
-
r
elate
d
v
alid
ity
;
th
eir
r
esu
lts
a
r
e
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
co
p
e
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
an
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
0
].
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
is
th
e
m
ain
s
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
th
e
AFR
T
item
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
b
eg
an
with
an
an
im
ate
d
g
u
id
e
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
ex
am
p
le
item
an
d
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
On
e
item
was
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
ea
ch
tim
e.
A
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
a
m
ale
s
ilh
o
u
ette
r
e
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
th
e
f
ath
er
o
n
th
e
lef
t
an
d
a
f
em
ale
s
ilh
o
u
ette
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
m
o
th
er
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
with
ea
ch
item
.
A
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
v
o
ice
was
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
as
an
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lis
ten
to
th
e
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
h
as
to
an
s
wer
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
th
er
an
d
o
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
f
ath
e
r
.
A
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le
(
i.e
.
,
in
a
th
er
m
o
m
eter
s
ty
le)
-
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
to
ta
lly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
2
(
to
tally
a
g
r
ee
)
-
was
u
s
ed
t
o
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
ca
le
is
b
eliev
ed
t
o
g
iv
e
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
estrict
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
d
is
cr
ete
v
alu
es
lik
e
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
m
an
y
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
FA
an
d
th
e
f
u
ll
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
a
x
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
,
ar
e
m
et
b
y
d
ata
co
llected
u
s
in
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le
s
o
lv
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lo
s
s
an
d
ap
p
lies
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
[
3
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
an
item
e
x
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
; th
e
test
was a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
Ar
ab
ic.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
6
0
-
ite
m
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
0
6
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
5
0
.
9
%
m
ales)
wer
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
e
n
r
o
ll
ed
in
g
r
a
d
es
5
,
7
,
9
,
an
d
1
1
.
Fo
r
th
e
test
an
d
r
etest
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
7
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
3
.
6
%
f
e
m
ale)
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
ilo
t
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
wed
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
p
r
elim
i
n
ar
y
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Fo
r
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
(
α
)
wer
e
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
6
0
–
0
.
7
0
[
3
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
test
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
was
ex
am
in
ed
with
in
a
two
-
wee
k
in
ter
v
al.
All
test
-
r
etest
v
alu
es
s
h
o
wed
ex
ce
llen
t
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
a
n
s
wer
s
,
as
all
(
r
)
v
alu
es
wer
e
>0
.
5
0
.
C
o
r
r
ec
ted
item
-
to
tal
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
v
alu
es f
all
wit
h
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
r
an
g
e
(
r
≥
0
.
3
0
)
[
3
3
]
ex
ce
p
t f
o
r
f
o
u
r
item
s
r
el
atin
g
to
th
e
ju
s
tice
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
“Cro
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
if
item
d
elete
d
”
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
d
eletin
g
th
ese
ite
m
s
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
J
u
s
tice
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
item
-
t
o
tal
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
J
u
s
tice
was
th
e
o
n
ly
d
im
en
s
io
n
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
r
ev
er
s
e
-
co
d
ed
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ab
o
u
t
th
o
s
e
item
s
an
d
f
ac
ed
d
if
f
icu
lty
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
to
an
s
wer
th
em
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
r
ep
h
r
ased
to
b
e
o
n
o
n
e
s
id
e
(
i.e
.
,
all
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
ju
s
tice
o
n
ly
;
th
e
in
ju
s
tice
item
s
wer
e
r
ep
h
r
ased
)
with
n
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f th
e
A
r
a
b
ic
fa
mily
r
ela
tio
n
test
a
mo
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
w
a
N
a
s
s
e
r
A
lr
a
jh
i
)
921
r
ev
er
s
e
-
co
d
e
d
item
s
.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
r
esu
lted
i
n
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
in
th
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
item
s
; h
o
wev
e
r
,
n
o
item
s
wer
e
d
elete
d
.
T
h
at
is
,
th
e
6
0
-
item
v
er
s
io
n
was u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
C
FA.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
item
ex
am
p
le
o
f
AFR
T
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
P
re
li
m
ina
ry
a
na
l
y
s
is
First,
all
d
ata
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
s
in
d
ata
en
tr
ies
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
s
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cies
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es.
Fre
q
u
en
cies
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
n
all
item
s
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
1
to
1
0
.
O
f
th
e
to
t
al
s
am
p
le
(
n
=6
9
0
)
,
6
2
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
ey
liv
e
with
b
o
th
p
ar
en
ts
,
5
7
with
th
eir
m
o
th
er
s
o
n
ly
,
an
d
1
1
with
th
eir
f
ath
er
s
o
n
ly
.
T
h
ese
ca
s
es
wer
e
d
elete
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
co
n
s
titu
te
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
b
o
th
p
ar
en
ts
’
ca
s
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
s
et
was
n
ec
ess
ar
y
at
th
e
C
FA
an
aly
s
is
lev
el
to
ex
am
in
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
in
d
ices,
wh
ich
AM
OS
ca
n
n
o
t
o
f
f
er
s
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
ata
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
o
u
tlier
s
an
d
ex
t
r
em
e
ca
s
es;
as
a
r
esu
lt,
2
1
m
o
r
e
ca
s
es
wer
e
d
elete
d
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
s
ize
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
6
0
1
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
d
at
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
ex
a
m
in
ed
at
th
e
item
lev
el
u
tili
zin
g
s
k
e
wn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es.
All
6
0
item
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
r
atin
g
s
m
et
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
lev
els
o
f
s
k
ewn
e
s
s
(
≤
2
)
a
n
d
k
u
r
t
o
s
is
(
≤
7
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
n
o
r
m
ality
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
s
ix
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
(
i.e
.
,
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
)
an
d
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
ts
wer
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
'
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
co
r
r
e
latio
n
v
alu
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
i
cien
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
M
SD
r
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
V
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Ju
st
i
c
e
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
m
e
n
t
F
a
t
h
e
r
s
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
4
.
3
4
1
.
9
2
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
7
.
9
0
1
.
6
8
-
0
.
3
1
V
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
7
.
5
8
1
.
5
1
-
0
.
2
3
0
.
7
1
Ju
st
i
c
e
7
.
9
2
1
.
7
2
-
0
.
3
9
0
.
7
8
0
.
7
4
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
m
e
n
t
8
.
0
9
1
.
5
9
-
0
.
3
6
0
.
7
9
0
.
7
2
0
.
8
8
Tr
u
st
7
.
2
4
1
.
8
1
-
0
.
2
7
0
.
7
0
0
.
6
6
0
.
7
8
0
.
7
6
M
o
t
h
e
r
s
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
4
.
3
0
1
.
9
0
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
8
.
3
1
1
.
4
5
-
0
.
2
6
V
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
7
.
9
1
1
.
4
0
-
0
.
1
7
0
.
7
0
Ju
st
i
c
e
8
.
1
7
1
.
5
7
-
0
.
3
4
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
9
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
m
e
n
t
8
.
3
4
1
.
4
5
-
0
.
3
1
0
.
7
8
0
.
6
9
0
.
8
3
Tr
u
st
8
.
0
0
1
.
5
9
-
0
.
2
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
7
4
0
.
7
5
M
=
M
e
a
n
s
;
S
D
=
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
;
r
=
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
N
o
t
e
:
a
l
l
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s a
r
e
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
α≤
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
915
-
932
922
I
t
is
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
1
th
a
t
th
e
r
estrictiv
en
ess
f
ac
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
AFR
T
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
lo
w
est
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
s
(
M=
4
.
3
0
)
an
d
f
ath
er
s
(
M=
4
.
3
4
)
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
o
f
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
ju
s
tice,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
ts
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
-
0
.
2
3
(
b
etwe
en
r
estrictiv
en
es
s
an
d
tr
u
s
t)
an
d
0
.
8
8
(
b
etw
ee
n
ju
s
tice
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t)
f
o
r
f
ath
er
s
.
Fo
r
m
o
th
er
s
,
it
r
an
g
e
d
b
etwe
e
n
-
0
.
2
6
(
b
etwe
en
r
estrictiv
en
e
s
s
an
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
b
etwe
en
r
estrictiv
en
ess
an
d
tr
u
s
t)
an
d
0
.
8
3
(
b
etwe
en
ju
s
tice
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t)
.
Palla
n
t
[
3
3
]
an
d
T
a
b
ac
h
n
ic
k
an
d
Fid
ell
[
3
5
]
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
0
.
8
0
an
d
0
.
9
0
s
u
g
g
est
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
.
T
ab
le
1
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
0
.
8
0
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
ju
s
tice
an
d
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
en
t
in
th
e
m
o
th
er
s
’
a
n
d
th
e
f
ath
er
s
’
r
atin
g
s
.
Dif
f
er
en
t c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
to
th
e
C
FA
b
ef
o
r
e
m
ak
in
g
a
n
y
d
ec
is
io
n
.
Als
o
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
d
ata,
ju
s
tice
a
n
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
c
o
r
r
elate
d
is
tin
ctly
with
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
ex
ter
n
alizin
g
an
d
in
ter
n
alizin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t g
en
d
er
an
d
ag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
ese
two
f
ac
to
r
s
[
3
0
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
two
d
is
tin
ct
f
ac
to
r
s
.
4
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
es
re
s
ults o
f
AF
RT
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
C
FA
was
u
s
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
AFR
T
.
An
ess
en
tial
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
C
FA
i
s
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
eq
u
ate.
A
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
s
tatis
tic
al
tab
les
[
3
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
1
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
ea
ch
C
FA m
o
d
el
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
ar
am
eter
[
3
2
]
.
L
i
k
e
Sk
o
cz
eń
et
a
l.
[
3
]
an
d
Fit
r
ian
a
[
5
]
,
item
p
ar
ce
lin
g
was
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
atio
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates
to
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
Als
o
,
item
p
ar
ce
lin
g
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
wh
en
ea
ch
s
ca
le
(
i.e
.
,
f
ac
to
r
)
in
clu
d
es
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
iv
e
item
s
s
in
ce
it s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
3
]
.
T
h
r
ee
p
ar
ce
ls
wer
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
n
d
er
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
-
d
r
iv
en
m
eth
o
d
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
c
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le
was
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
b
ef
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
item
s
in
to
p
a
r
ce
ls
,
E
FA
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
ca
le
o
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
f
at
h
er
-
ch
il
d
m
o
d
el
an
d
o
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
t
h
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
ca
le
in
b
o
th
m
o
d
els.
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
e,
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
ed
,
an
d
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
lo
ad
in
g
s
wer
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as:
r
estrictiv
en
ess
-
f
ath
er
(
3
.
6
9
,
3
6
.
9
3
,
0
.
3
2
-
0
.
7
0
)
;
r
estrictiv
e
n
ess
-
m
o
th
er
(
3
.
6
9
,
3
6
.
9
0
,
0
.
4
8
-
0
.
7
3
)
;
a
f
f
ec
tio
n
-
f
ath
er
(
4
.
8
5
,
4
4
.
1
2
,
0
.
4
0
-
0
.
7
6
)
;
af
f
ec
tio
n
-
m
o
t
h
er
(
4
.
3
3
,
3
9
.
4
2
,
0
.
3
4
-
0
.
7
4
)
;
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
-
f
ath
er
(
3
.
4
6
,
3
4
.
5
9
,
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C
o
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g
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e
s
ize
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th
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ite
m
lo
ad
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g
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Z
y
l
an
d
Klo
o
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ter
[
3
8
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o
ted
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h
at
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l
o
ad
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g
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0
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3
5
is
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ce
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h
e
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t
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o
d
el
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
:
r
estrictiv
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,
af
f
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tio
n
,
v
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ln
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ilit
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,
ju
s
tice,
ac
k
n
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m
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t,
a
n
d
t
r
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a
n
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th
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n
,
th
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-
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ac
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m
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el
was
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am
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v
o
lv
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s
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d
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in
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tice,
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t
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em
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tr
ated
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th
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tu
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i.e
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Fig
u
r
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n
d
2
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twar
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2
3
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tili
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4
.
2
.
1
.
F
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a
t
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ct
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ly
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mo
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T
h
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f
ir
s
t
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o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
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r
m
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el
f
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th
e
f
ath
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ch
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t
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ated
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0
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R
MSE
A
,
an
d
SR
MR<0
.
0
8
)
[
3
8
]
,
[
39
]
.
I
n
ad
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itio
n
,
all
f
ac
to
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lo
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d
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g
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h
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m
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6
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o
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ild
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0
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6
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8
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o
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th
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h
ild
m
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el.
Ho
we
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r
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n
e
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r
k
ab
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lem
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C
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etwe
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s
o
m
e
f
ac
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ig
h
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w
h
ich
was
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
s
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g
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ested
m
u
ltico
llin
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r
ity
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h
o
s
e
h
ig
h
co
r
r
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etwe
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o
m
e
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tiatin
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Similar
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r
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3
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5
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s
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with
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d
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
s
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
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er
f
ac
to
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s
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
Seco
nd
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rder
co
nfir
ma
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
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r
a
na
ly
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es
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o
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T
h
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o
n
d
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o
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d
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f
ac
t
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m
o
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el
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ex
p
lo
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f
o
r
th
e
f
a
th
er
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ch
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d
th
e
m
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ad
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n
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o
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tice,
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m
e
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n
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ce
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o
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o
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m
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fin
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d
y
a
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fin
al
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el:
m
o
th
er
-
ch
ild
d
y
a
d
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
al
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
an
d
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
d
y
ad
s
,
all
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
r
an
g
e
[
3
8
]
,
[
39
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
T
ab
le
3
p
r
es
en
ts
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
n
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
All
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
0
.
3
5
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lo
ad
in
g
s
[
39
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
l
o
w
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
wer
e
th
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
lo
a
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
an
d
m
o
th
er
-
ch
il
d
m
o
d
els.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
lo
ad
in
g
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ig
n
o
r
e
d
,
as
it
co
n
s
t
itu
tes
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
is
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ca
n
o
b
tain
u
s
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ata.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
AVE
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
w
as
ex
ac
tly
0
.
5
0
an
d
s
till
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
AFR
T
'
s
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
915
-
932
924
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
was
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Fo
r
n
ell
an
d
L
ar
ck
e
r
’
s
cr
iter
ia
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el,
th
e
c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
was
-
0
.
7
7
,
y
ield
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
9
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
AVE
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
0
.
7
0
)
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
0
.
6
0
)
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
g
o
o
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
th
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
was
-
0
.
7
1
,
y
ield
in
g
a
s
q
u
a
r
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
0
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
3
th
at
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
0
.
7
4
)
e
x
ce
e
d
s
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
AVE
o
f
C
o
n
tr
o
l
is
th
e
s
am
e,
0
.
5
0
;
y
et
it
ca
n
s
till
b
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
g
o
o
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
AFR
T
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
g
o
o
d
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
test
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
C
FA,
th
e
AF
R
T
y
ield
ed
a
v
alid
6
0
-
item
s
ca
le
with
a
two
-
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
-
f
ac
to
r
,
s
ix
-
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
-
f
ac
to
r
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
was
co
n
tr
o
l
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
r
estrictiv
en
ess
,
m
o
d
er
ate
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
ju
s
tice,
an
d
s
m
all
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t.
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
e
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
h
ig
h
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
ju
s
tice,
an
d
h
ig
h
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fit
in
d
ices o
f
t
h
e
f
in
a
l seco
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
els
N
o
.
F
i
t
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
F
a
t
h
e
r
-
c
h
i
l
d
M
o
t
h
e
r
-
c
h
i
l
d
1
χ
2
(
p
v
a
l
u
e
)
3
4
8
.
1
4
(
0
.
0
0
0
)
4
1
5
.
9
6
(
0
.
0
0
0
)
2
χ
2
/
d
f
2
.
8
3
3
.
3
2
3
N
F
I
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
4
4
I
F
I
0
.
9
7
0
.
9
6
5
TLI
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
5
6
C
F
I
0
.
9
7
0
.
9
6
7
R
M
S
EA
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
6
8
S
R
M
R
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
T
ab
le
3
.
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els
an
d
AVE
M
o
d
e
l
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
AVE
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
AVE
F
a
t
h
e
r
-
c
h
i
l
d
mo
d
e
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
0
.
6
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
0
.
7
0
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
0
.
4
9
0
.
6
0
Ju
st
i
c
e
-
0
.
4
8
0
.
7
0
0
.
6
0
V
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
5
3
0
.
9
2
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
6
8
0
.
9
2
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
m
e
n
t
-
0
.
3
2
0
.
7
0
0
.
7
3
Tr
u
st
0
.
9
7
M
o
t
h
e
r
-
c
h
i
l
d
mo
d
e
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
0
.
5
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
0
.
7
4
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
0
.
4
8
0
.
6
0
Ju
st
i
c
e
-
0
.
4
1
0
.
8
1
0
.
6
6
V
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
7
0
0
.
9
2
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
6
2
0
.
9
4
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
m
e
n
t
-
0
.
2
4
0
.
6
8
0
.
8
0
Tr
u
st
0
.
7
3
0
.
9
6
4
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
inv
a
ria
nc
e
re
s
ults o
f
AF
RT
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
AM
OS
s
o
f
twar
e
was
also
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AFR
T
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
o
d
els,
th
e
f
a
th
er
-
ch
ild
an
d
th
e
m
o
th
e
r
-
ch
ild
,
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
was
u
s
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
test
'
s
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
th
e
s
am
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
y
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
ag
e
(
i.e
.
,
b
y
g
r
ad
e:
5
,
7
,
9
,
an
d
1
1
)
.
First,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
al,
m
etr
ic,
a
n
d
s
ca
lar
in
v
ar
ian
ce
wer
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
a
n
d
m
o
th
e
r
-
ch
ild
d
y
ad
s
.
T
h
en
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
weig
h
ts
(
i.e
.
,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
)
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
wer
e
f
ix
ed
t
o
test
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
m
ea
n
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
er
an
d
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
in
d
ices
(
Δ
GF
I
s
)
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
m
o
d
els
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
cr
iter
ia
to
te
s
t
wh
e
th
er
th
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
in
v
ar
ian
t.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
cu
t
o
f
cr
iter
ia
f
o
llo
wed
wer
e:
a
ch
an
g
e
o
f
≥
0
.
0
1
0
in
C
FI,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
ch
an
g
e
o
f
≥
0
.
0
1
5
in
R
MSE
A
o
r
a
ch
an
g
e
o
f
≥
0
.
0
3
0
in
SR
MR
,
in
d
icate
d
n
o
n
-
in
v
ar
ian
ce
[
1
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
s
tr
ess
was
p
u
t o
n
th
e
C
FI
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
f
lu
en
ce
R
MSE
A
an
d
SR
M
R
[
1
4
]
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
test
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
ath
er
-
ch
ild
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
T
a
b
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
-
c
h
ild
m
o
d
el.
Alth
o
u
g
h
χ2
v
al
u
e
is
n
o
t u
s
ed
as a
cr
iter
io
n
,
it is
p
r
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in
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.
Fo
r
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ted
.
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all
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ested
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f
it
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ices.
Mo
r
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s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
m
etr
ic
in
v
ar
ian
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at
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ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
e
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m
o
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el
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ed
ac
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o
s
s
g
en
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er
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ag
e
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p
s
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an
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es
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n
C
FI
(
0
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0
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)
,
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(
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)
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d
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MR
(
0
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b
etwe
en
t
h
e
m
etr
ic
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d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
al
lev
el
s
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