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d
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ra
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ter
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c
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ti
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m
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e
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tary
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g
g
le
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ti
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n
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ra
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h
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s,
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ra
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k
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d
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is
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o
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to
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h
a
ll
e
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i
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g
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.
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c
h
e
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g
ly
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h
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d
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v
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n
g
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=
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y
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ls
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v
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l
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t
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l
m
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l
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m
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n
.
T
h
i
s
n
e
e
d
s
-
a
n
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ly
sis
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d
y
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o
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firms
th
a
t
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e
rs
p
e
rc
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a
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c
tu
re
d
,
h
o
li
stic
re
a
d
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tera
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h
in
g
m
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a
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e
ss
e
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ti
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n
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n
c
in
g
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t
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a
g
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e
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t,
HO
TS
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
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ter
d
e
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
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s
:
C
h
ar
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ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Hig
h
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o
r
d
er
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
Ho
lis
tic
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Prim
ar
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
R
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
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n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
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e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Sit
i Rah
aim
ah
Ali
Dep
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en
t o
f
Prim
ar
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Sch
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ca
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Facu
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Un
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Per
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s
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ah
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ah
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p
m
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.
m
y
1.
I
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UCT
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N
R
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lit
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ac
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a
n
ess
en
tia
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s
k
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a
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li
f
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lea
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p
r
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p
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r
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s
tu
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ts
to
m
ee
t
t
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c
h
a
lle
n
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
c
e
n
t
u
r
y
[
1
]
.
Ho
we
v
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r
,
r
e
ad
in
g
lit
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ac
y
i
n
I
n
d
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a
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Pr
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St
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Ass
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m
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(
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ly
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ev
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t
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k
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(
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)
.
PIS
A
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d
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s
in
2
0
2
2
in
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t
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7
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c
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[
2
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,
r
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was
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[
3
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.
T
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p
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m
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is
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n
t w
it
h
d
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s
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t
ex
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p
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[
4
]
.
As
t
h
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lit
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ac
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ap
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s
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,
t
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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N
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d
a
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lysi
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f h
o
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ea
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in
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liter
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cy
tea
ch
in
g
mo
d
u
le
i
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teg
r
a
tin
g
crit
ica
l th
in
kin
g
…
(
R
a
h
ma
Do
n
a
)
761
f
o
r
a
n
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
a
p
p
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o
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ch
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h
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m
o
tes
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ac
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,
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T
S,
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
ct
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d
u
ca
ti
o
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,
w
h
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ar
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r
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c
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2
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a
n
d
p
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o
f
ess
i
o
n
a
l
ch
all
e
n
g
es
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
HOT
S
in
liter
ac
y
:
alth
o
u
g
h
H
OT
S
was
alr
ea
d
y
em
b
ed
d
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d
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n
th
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to
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r
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in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
em
ain
s
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
[
7
]
.
Ma
n
y
teac
h
er
s
h
av
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d
if
f
icu
lty
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
HOT
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in
to
clas
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m
ac
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p
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o
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m
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s
[
8
]
.
Sev
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ased
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with
th
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in
g
[
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
o
f
f
er
en
g
ag
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
is
co
v
er
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
a
less
o
n
[
1
0
]
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
So
cr
atic
m
eth
o
d
h
as
a
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
7
]
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
h
o
p
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
.
Nev
e
r
th
el
ess
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
W
ith
o
u
t
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
teac
h
in
g
g
u
id
a
n
ce
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tice
m
o
d
els,
HOT
S
r
is
k
s
r
em
ain
in
g
an
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
t
r
ath
er
t
h
an
a
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
HO
T
S
in
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
wh
ich
ca
n
g
u
id
e
teac
h
er
s
in
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
in
teg
r
atio
n
:
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
ca
n
b
e
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
lite
r
ac
y
p
r
o
b
lem
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ee
p
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
s
k
ills
[
1
1
]
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
cu
ltiv
ates
ess
en
tial
tr
aits
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
,
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
with
r
ea
d
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
e
n
g
ag
e
with
tex
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
r
al
d
ilem
m
as
an
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
ee
p
er
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
cr
i
tical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
t
er
n
alize
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
ese
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es
wh
en
i
n
ter
p
r
etin
g
tex
ts
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
c
r
ea
tes
a
h
o
lis
tic
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
s
HOT
S
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
an
aly
tical
co
m
p
eten
cies
to
in
ter
p
r
et
te
x
ts
.
Su
ch
in
teg
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
e
n
h
an
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
m
o
r
al
g
r
o
wth
[
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
c
h
allen
g
es
h
am
p
e
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
HOT
S
a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
esp
ite
th
eir
m
an
y
a
d
v
an
tag
e
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
d
esig
n
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
HOT
S
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
ev
er
t
to
lo
we
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
am
iliar
ity
an
d
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
1
6
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
r
esis
tan
ce
to
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
HOT
S
-
o
r
ien
ted
teac
h
i
n
g
also
h
in
d
er
s
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
ad
eq
u
ate
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
lack
o
f
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
cr
itical
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
Stru
ctu
r
ed
,
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
p
ac
in
g
g
u
i
d
an
ce
,
cu
r
ated
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t)
ar
e
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
n
e
ed
ed
to
em
b
ed
HOT
S a
n
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
e
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
HOT
S
with
ch
a
r
ac
ter
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
h
o
lis
tic
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
HL
A)
,
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
-
HOT
S
-
ch
ar
a
cter
(
H2
C
)
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
le.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
at
a
HL
A
,
lik
e
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
le
ar
n
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
t
u
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
e
f
lectio
n
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
en
co
u
r
ag
e
cr
itical
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
tex
t
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
to
o
ls
to
en
g
ag
e
with
tex
ts
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
an
d
cr
itically
,
th
u
s
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
m
o
r
al
r
e
f
lectio
n
.
Desp
ite
o
n
g
o
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
co
n
tin
u
es
to
lack
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
th
ese
p
r
i
n
cip
les,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
.
Ho
lis
tic
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
:
t
h
e
HL
A
is
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
les
b
ec
au
s
e
it
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e,
em
o
tio
n
al,
s
o
cial,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
,
lin
g
u
is
tic,
an
d
m
o
r
al
asp
ec
ts
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
HL
A
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
is
ess
en
tial.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
,
ar
t,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
to
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
em
o
tio
n
al
m
at
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
B
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
HOT
S
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
ied
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
HL
A
p
r
ep
ar
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
r
ea
d
y
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
t
u
r
y
[
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
HL
A
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
liter
a
cy
teac
h
in
g
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
ce
llen
ce
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
a
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
m
o
d
u
le.
A
we
ll
-
d
esig
n
ed
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
clea
r
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
th
at
alig
n
with
HOT
S
p
r
in
cip
les,
en
g
ag
i
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
v
ar
ied
n
ee
d
s
o
f
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
et
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
HOT
S
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
v
ital
in
en
h
an
cin
g
cr
itical
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
tea
ch
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
s
u
ch
m
o
d
u
les,
as
it
e
q
u
ip
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
s
k
ills
to
d
eliv
er
HOT
S
-
d
r
iv
en
liter
ac
y
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
elem
en
tar
y
teac
h
er
s
in
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
HOT
S
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
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h
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f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
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e
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tify
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
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n
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ain
ts
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ass
ess
in
g
teac
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’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
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f
an
in
t
eg
r
ated
m
o
d
u
le.
Gr
ad
e
4
is
ta
r
g
eted
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
i
s
lev
el
d
em
o
n
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tr
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
760
-
770
762
g
r
o
win
g
ca
p
ac
ities
f
o
r
cr
itical,
an
aly
tical,
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
f
o
r
m
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
H2
C
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
at
es
HOT
S,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
h
o
li
s
tic
lear
n
in
g
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
ep
ar
ately
,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
m
b
in
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
H2
C
m
o
d
el
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
ev
id
en
c
e
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
g
r
ad
e
4
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
s
co
g
n
itiv
e,
s
o
cial,
em
o
tio
n
al,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
H
2
C
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
HOT
S,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
h
o
lis
tic
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
g
u
id
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
H2
C
v
is
u
al
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
r
esear
c
h
(
DDR)
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
d
els
an
d
m
o
d
u
les
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
DDR
m
eth
o
d
,
as
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
R
ich
ey
an
d
Klein
[
2
5
]
,
f
o
llo
ws
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
i
)
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
;
ii
)
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
d
esig
n
p
h
as
e
;
an
d
iii
)
ev
alu
atio
n
.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
e
th
o
d
s
in
s
am
p
lin
g
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
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tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
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o
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th
e
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ee
d
s
an
al
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is
p
h
ase,
aim
in
g
to
ex
am
i
n
e
teac
h
er
s
’
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
in
te
g
r
atin
g
HOT
S
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
o
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
d
eter
m
in
e
ess
en
tial to
p
ics f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
ea
d
in
g
li
ter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
1
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n
a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
2
8
7
g
r
ad
e
4
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
tea
ch
er
s
in
Dep
o
k
,
W
est
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Prim
a
r
y
an
d
Seco
n
d
ar
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E
d
u
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tio
n
(
d
ik
d
asm
en
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g
o
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id
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,
th
er
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wer
e
9
4
3
g
r
ad
e
4
teac
h
e
r
s
in
Dep
o
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ity
d
u
r
in
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th
e
2
0
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4
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0
2
5
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
s
et
at
2
7
4
,
as
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
2
6
]
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ta
b
le.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
a
n
d
v
o
l
u
n
teer
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
et
c
r
iter
ia,
m
in
im
izin
g
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
9
9
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
8
8
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
1
7
1
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
all
1
1
d
is
tr
icts
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le,
with
6
9
.
3
4
%
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
a
n
d
3
0
.
6
6
%
f
r
o
m
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
r
ef
lecte
d
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
es
an
d
teac
h
er
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
,
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
its
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
b
ased
o
n
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
H
OT
S,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
.
No
item
s
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
v
er
b
atim
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
s
ca
les;
h
o
wev
er
,
wo
r
d
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ie
s
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
p
r
io
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
c
o
n
ten
t
v
ali
d
ity
.
T
h
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
item
s
to
k
ey
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
(
HOT
S
ch
allen
g
es),
T
ab
le
2
(
ch
a
r
ac
ter
-
in
te
g
r
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es),
T
ab
le
3
(
n
e
ed
f
o
r
an
H2
C
m
o
d
u
le)
,
an
d
T
ab
le
4
(
p
r
io
r
ity
to
p
ics),
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
-
v
alid
i
ty
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es:
i
)
id
en
tif
y
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
c
h
allen
g
es
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
to
f
o
s
ter
HOT
S,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
;
ii
)
ass
ess
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
a
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le;
an
d
iii
)
id
en
tif
y
in
g
ess
en
tial
to
p
ics
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
l
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t L
ik
er
t scale
,
a
v
alid
ated
to
o
l f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
ee
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f h
o
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liter
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teg
r
a
tin
g
crit
ica
l th
in
kin
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…
(
R
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h
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Do
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a
)
763
T
ab
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1
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Ma
p
p
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o
f
q
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h
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r
s
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ch
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n
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im
p
lem
en
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g
HOT
S in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
to
th
eo
r
etica
l so
u
r
ce
s
No
I
t
e
m
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
r
a
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o
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/
s
o
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r
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e
(
s)
1
Li
mi
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t
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a
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h
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me
Ex
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r
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c
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r
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q
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f
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H
O
TS
[
1
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
2
Li
mi
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
H
e
a
v
y
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e
l
i
a
n
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k
s
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t
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H
O
TS
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
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o
n
[
2
9
]
.
3
Li
mi
t
e
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a
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r
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x
p
e
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p
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f
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P
D
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c
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i
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H
O
TS
st
r
a
t
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e
s
[
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
4
Li
mi
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e
d
k
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w
l
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d
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a
n
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C
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l
a
ssr
o
o
m
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
O
TS
[
1
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
.
5
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
l
i
mi
t
e
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
l
a
c
k
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
r
a
f
t
m
u
l
t
i
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
t
a
s
k
s
a
n
d
a
ssessm
e
n
t
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
6
La
c
k
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
mast
e
r
i
n
g
H
O
TS
S
y
st
e
mi
c
su
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
a
r
e
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
H
O
TS a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
p
p
in
g
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
ch
alle
n
g
es in
in
teg
r
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
i
n
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
to
th
eo
r
etica
l so
u
r
ce
s
No
I
t
e
m
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
/
s
o
u
r
c
e
(
s)
1
Li
mi
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
i
me
I
n
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
i
m
e
h
i
n
d
e
r
s
t
h
e
j
o
i
n
t
p
u
r
s
u
i
t
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
g
o
a
l
s
[
1
3
]
.
2
Li
mi
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
R
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
n
a
r
r
o
w
t
e
x
t
b
o
o
k
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
r
e
st
r
i
c
t
s
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
-
i
n
f
u
s
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
[
4
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
3
Li
mi
t
e
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
i
d
e
a
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
ses
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
e
m
b
e
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s a
n
d
H
O
TS
i
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
t
a
s
k
s
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
4
S
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
a
r
e
n
o
t
g
o
o
d
a
t
i
t
Te
a
c
h
e
r
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
-
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
;
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
s
p
r
e
v
a
i
l
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ma
p
p
in
g
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
H2
C
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les to
th
eo
r
etica
l so
u
r
ce
s
No
I
t
e
m
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
/
s
o
u
r
c
e
(
s)
1
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
mas
t
e
r
y
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
i
s
i
n
d
i
s
p
e
n
s
a
b
l
e
M
a
s
t
e
r
y
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
p
i
n
s
l
a
t
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
2
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
n
e
e
d
t
o
mas
t
e
r
H
O
TS
H
O
TS
p
r
o
mo
t
e
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
v
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
mo
d
e
r
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
[
1
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
3
N
e
e
d
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
mo
d
u
l
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
O
TS f
o
r
p
r
i
mar
y
sc
h
o
o
l
s
P
u
r
p
o
se
-
b
u
i
l
t
H
O
TS
mo
d
u
l
e
s
i
mp
r
o
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
.
4
I
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
ssar
y
t
o
a
p
p
l
y
a
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
l
e
ss
o
n
s
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
5
Th
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
e
d
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
mo
d
u
l
e
s
t
h
a
t
u
se
a
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
l
e
ss
o
n
s
H
o
l
i
st
i
c
mo
d
u
l
e
s
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
[
1
7
]
.
6
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
c
u
r
i
o
s
i
t
y
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
a
t
h
y
Emb
e
d
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
s
e
n
r
i
c
h
e
s
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
a
n
d
m
o
r
a
l
g
r
o
w
t
h
[
1
3
]
.
7
P
r
i
mary
sc
h
o
o
l
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
mb
e
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
,
v
a
l
u
e
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
8
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
n
e
e
d
a
n
H
2
C
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
s HO
TS
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
H
O
TS
w
i
t
h
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
t
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ma
p
p
in
g
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
o
n
to
p
ics to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
to
th
eo
r
etica
l so
u
r
ce
s
No
I
t
e
m
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
/
s
o
u
r
c
e
(
s)
1
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
si
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
e
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
e
d
i
a
s
,
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
e
s
,
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
f
i
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
)
f
o
r
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
l
i
n
e
o
r
n
o
t
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
r
e
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
2
1
st
-
c
e
n
t
u
r
y
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
2
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
i
d
e
a
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
i
d
e
a
s,
f
l
o
w
a
n
d
m
e
ssa
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
k
e
y
i
d
e
a
s
n
u
r
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
—
a
c
o
r
e
H
O
TS c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
[
3
1
]
.
3
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
mess
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
x
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
i
n
t
e
d
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
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e
a
d
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g
ma
t
e
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i
a
l
s
.
Li
n
k
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n
a
r
r
a
t
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v
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mea
n
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a
c
r
o
ss
f
o
r
mat
s
su
p
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t
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t
e
x
t
u
a
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z
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
[
1
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
4
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
m
e
ssa
g
e
s
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
r
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l
a
t
e
d
t
o
d
a
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l
y
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i
f
e
f
r
o
m
p
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n
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o
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c
t
r
o
n
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c
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a
d
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
C
o
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t
e
x
t
u
a
l
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s
h
e
l
p
st
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o
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v
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y
d
a
y
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
5
R
e
a
d
n
o
v
e
l
w
o
r
d
s
o
r
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
w
i
t
h
f
a
mi
l
i
a
r
l
e
t
t
e
r
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s f
l
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
y
R
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
l
-
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
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a
b
u
l
a
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y
st
r
a
t
e
g
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e
s
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mp
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v
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f
l
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e
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
[
4
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
6
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
me
ssa
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
p
o
e
ms f
r
o
m m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s i
n
p
r
i
n
t
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
f
o
r
m.
D
i
v
e
r
s
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
r
y
f
o
r
ms
f
o
st
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r
i
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p
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me
n
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
7
Ex
a
m
i
n
e
n
e
w
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
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f
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ssi
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s re
v
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w
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C
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b
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g
a
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m
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t
[
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
8
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
w
i
t
h
a
n
u
n
d
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r
s
t
a
n
d
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p
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n
a
r
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a
d
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g
s
o
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c
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s
H
O
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S
-
o
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n
t
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d
c
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a
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a
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b
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m
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a
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d
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h
i
c
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
760
-
770
764
2
.
4
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
E
x
p
er
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
alid
ated
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
n
e
ex
p
er
t
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
two
o
n
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
two
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
E
x
p
e
r
ts
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ac
cu
r
atel
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wh
at
it
was
in
te
n
d
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
tem
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
r
ew
o
n
liter
atu
r
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es.
E
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
en
h
an
c
ed
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
co
n
ten
t,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
clar
ity
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
’
s
c
r
ed
i
b
ilit
y
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
30
g
r
ad
e
4
teac
h
er
s
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
Dep
o
k
C
ity
wh
o
s
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
in
d
ica
tes in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
;
v
alu
e
s
≥
0
.
7
0
a
r
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
1
]
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
s
co
r
es
N
o
.
El
e
m
e
n
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
I
t
e
ms
1
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
H
O
TS
,
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
p
p
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o
a
c
h
0
.
9
4
5
15
2
N
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
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a
c
y
m
o
d
u
l
e
0
.
9
3
6
8
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
All
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
g
en
e
r
ate
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
m
ea
n
s
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
with
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
J
ef
f
r
ey
’
s
am
az
in
g
s
tatis
t
ics
p
r
o
g
r
am
(
J
ASP
)
v
0
.
1
8
.
3
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
was
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i)
teac
h
er
s
’
ch
allen
g
es:
ex
am
in
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
HOT
S,
b
u
ild
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
,
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
;
ii)
n
ee
d
s
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
:
ass
ess
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
H2
C
m
o
d
u
le
;
an
d
iii)
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
ess
en
tial to
p
ics:
id
en
tify
in
g
to
p
ics ch
all
en
g
in
g
t
o
teac
h
in
B
ah
asa
I
n
d
o
n
esia le
s
s
o
n
s
.
Me
an
v
alu
es
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
W
ier
s
m
a
[
3
4
]
,
with
r
an
g
es
i
n
d
icatin
g
lo
w
(
1
.
0
0
–
2
.
3
3
)
,
m
o
d
er
ate
(
2
.
3
4
–
3
.
6
7
)
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
(
3
.
6
8
–
5
.
0
0
)
le
v
els.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
g
u
id
e
th
e
n
ex
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DDR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
alig
n
ed
with
teac
h
er
s
’
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
,
b
ased
o
n
b
est p
r
ac
tices in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
[
2
4
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
ea
cher
cha
lleng
es in im
plem
ent
ing
H
O
T
S in r
ea
din
g
lite
ra
cy
t
e
a
ching
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
elem
en
tar
y
teac
h
er
s
’
ch
allen
g
es
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
HOT
S
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
was
lim
ited
teac
h
in
g
tim
e,
with
7
4
.
9
1
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tim
e
f
o
r
HOT
S
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
M=
3
.
3
7
,
SD=0
.
9
9
)
.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
an
d
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
o
f
ten
r
e
v
er
t
t
o
lo
wer
-
lev
el
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
6
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
teac
h
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
6
5
.
8
5
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
(
M=
3
.
1
9
,
SD=1
.
0
5
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
p
r
io
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
in
d
er
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
ch
allen
g
e
was
th
e
lack
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
with
5
8
.
8
8
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
s
tatin
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
v
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s
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
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2
.
9
3
,
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.
0
2
)
.
T
ea
ch
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r
s
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n
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t
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el
t
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ad
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d
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e
x
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ce
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ee
d
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to
cr
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te
H
OT
S
-
b
a
s
ed
le
s
s
o
n
p
l
an
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
in
T
ab
le
6
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
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cu
r
r
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lu
m
d
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m
en
t
p
lan
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ee
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ed
alo
n
g
s
id
e
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r
o
f
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io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
t
o
im
p
r
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v
e
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h
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p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
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d
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d
f
o
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n
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icato
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le
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T
ab
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6
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No
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Li
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Te
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a
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O
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3
4
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1
5
6
5
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8
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2
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5
3
0
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9
7
Th
e
“
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
”
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
i
n
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
“
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
”
a
n
d
“
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
”
a
n
sw
e
r
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
“
a
g
r
e
e
”
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
“
s
o
mew
h
a
t
a
g
r
e
e
”
,
“
a
g
r
e
e
”,
a
n
d
“
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
ee
d
a
n
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lysi
s
o
f h
o
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tic
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ea
d
in
g
liter
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cy
tea
ch
in
g
mo
d
u
le
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r
a
tin
g
crit
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l th
in
kin
g
…
(
R
a
h
ma
Do
n
a
)
765
3
.
2
.
T
ea
cher
s
’
cha
lleng
es in int
eg
ra
t
ing
cha
ra
ct
er
int
o
re
a
din
g
lite
ra
cy
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
also
p
o
s
ed
ch
allen
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es
f
o
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teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
at
7
3
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5
2
%
o
f
teac
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id
en
tifi
ed
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ited
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as
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ican
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ier
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.
9
5
)
.
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n
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d
itio
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,
6
3
.
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7
%
o
f
teac
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s
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
lack
o
f
s
u
itab
le
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
(
M=
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.
0
6
,
SD=0
.
9
9
)
,
a
n
d
5
0
.
8
7
%
n
o
t
ed
th
at
th
eir
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
id
ea
s
ab
o
u
t
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
ted
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
(
M=
2
.
7
7
,
SD=0
.
9
3
)
.
M
ah
an
an
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
s
tated
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
s
k
ill
s
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
to
le
s
s
o
n
p
lan
s
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
till
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
v
ar
i
o
u
s
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
ar
is
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ee
d
to
i
n
s
till
ch
ar
ac
ter
v
alu
es
in
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
g
a
p
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
d
ir
e
ctly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
lear
n
in
g
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
teac
h
e
r
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
a
p
p
lied
ch
ar
ac
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
in
lear
n
in
g
,
teac
h
er
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
b
ala
n
cin
g
ch
ar
ac
t
er
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
-
in
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r
atio
n
item
s
an
d
th
eir
th
eo
r
etica
l
lin
k
ag
es
ar
e
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
7
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
ter
p
r
eta
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
E
q
u
al
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
ea
d
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n
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o
m
p
r
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h
en
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n
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n
d
m
o
r
al
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o
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
w
h
en
d
esig
n
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t stan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
r
esp
o
n
s
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
ch
ar
ac
t
er
-
b
u
ild
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
d
ed
icate
d
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t te
ac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
2
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t th
ese
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
,
m
an
y
teac
h
e
r
s
f
ee
l u
n
eq
u
i
p
p
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
b
o
th
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t i
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
8
]
.
T
ab
le
7
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
’
ch
allen
g
es in
in
teg
r
atin
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
n
to
r
e
ad
in
g
liter
ac
y
No
Te
a
c
h
e
r
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
A
g
r
e
e
(
%)
D
i
sag
r
e
e
(
%)
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
on
(SD)
1
Li
mi
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
i
me
7
3
.
5
2
2
6
.
4
8
3
.
2
5
0
.
9
5
2
Li
mi
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
6
3
.
0
7
3
6
.
9
3
3
.
0
6
0
.
9
9
3
Li
mi
t
e
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
i
d
e
a
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
5
0
.
8
7
4
9
.
1
3
2
.
7
7
0
.
9
3
4
S
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s w
h
o
a
r
e
n
o
t
g
o
o
d
a
t
i
t
4
8
.
4
3
5
1
.
5
7
2
.
7
5
0
.
9
7
Th
e
“
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
”
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
i
n
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
“
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
”
a
n
d
“
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
”
a
n
sw
e
r
o
p
t
i
o
n
s,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
“
a
g
r
e
e
”
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
“
so
m
e
w
h
a
t
a
g
r
e
e
”
,
“
a
g
r
e
e
”
a
n
d
“
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
”
.
3
.
3
.
T
ea
cher
s
’
perc
ept
io
ns
o
n t
he
need
f
o
r
a
re
a
din
g
lite
r
a
cy
t
ea
ching
m
o
du
le
Statis
t
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
ws
th
at
9
9
.
2
9
%
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
H2
C
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
(
M=
4
.
2
8
,
SD=0
.
5
5
)
as
an
ess
en
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
ch
allen
g
es.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
9
9
.
6
5
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
a
g
r
ee
th
a
t
s
u
ch
a
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
m
u
s
t
in
v
o
lv
e
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
v
ar
ied
ac
tiv
ities
(
M=
4
.
2
4
,
SD=0
.
5
3
)
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
ch
ar
ac
ter
v
alu
es
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
less
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
th
at
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“
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
760
-
770
766
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
wh
ich
s
tated
th
at
tea
ch
er
s
o
f
ten
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in
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
HOT
S
in
t
h
eir
l
iter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
li
m
ited
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
HOT
S
[
3
5
]
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
e
s
ev
er
al
c
h
allen
g
es
in
cr
e
atin
g
less
o
n
p
lan
s
t
h
at
in
teg
r
a
te
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
in
to
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
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in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
k
n
o
wled
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an
d
id
ea
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
3
0
]
.
Op
er
atio
n
aliza
t
io
n
d
etails
f
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
item
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
,
alig
n
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
th
eo
r
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
ws
th
at
9
9
.
6
5
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
r
ep
o
r
t
a
s
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o
n
g
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d
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
les
lin
k
ed
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
(
M=
4
.
2
8
,
SD=0
.
5
1
)
an
d
f
o
r
cl
ea
r
g
u
id
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n
ce
in
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
HOT
S
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
ilem
m
a
s
in
liter
ac
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ac
tiv
itie
s
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
m
o
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
a
n
d
th
at
well
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d
e
s
ig
n
ed
liter
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les
im
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r
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r
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en
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en
g
ag
em
en
t
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
H2
C
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
t
h
ese
n
ee
d
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
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s
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ctu
r
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d
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d
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les
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at
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ed
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ter
ed
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tio
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a
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to
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g
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o
n
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tly
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en
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f
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u
ch
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o
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les
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en
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y
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el
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n
im
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r
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e
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ctio
n
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u
ality
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p
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h
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e
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en
t
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ch
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e
n
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3
.
4
.
Dif
f
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din
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ent
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teac
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.
T
h
e
two
ch
allen
g
es m
o
s
t f
r
eq
u
en
tly
cit
ed
wer
e:
−
Un
d
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d
in
g
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d
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
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2
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−
Dete
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ies
s
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ten
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tr
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g
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le
with
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n
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io
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s
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v
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lv
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g
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y
n
th
esizin
g
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ev
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al
s
o
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r
ce
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
tated
t
h
at
wh
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
m
e
m
o
r
ize
f
ac
tu
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
t
h
ey
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
an
aly
ze
an
d
in
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r
ate
d
if
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e
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en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
tex
ts
[
3
]
.
T
ab
le
4
o
u
tl
in
es
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
to
p
ics
g
u
id
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
d
esig
n
.
T
a
b
le
9
s
h
o
ws
th
at
1
6
.
3
8
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
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s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
p
r
in
t
an
d
d
ig
i
tal
n
ar
r
ativ
e
tex
ts
,
h
ig
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lig
h
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g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
em
p
h
asize
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ter
tex
tu
al
an
d
in
f
er
en
t
ial
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
3
8
]
.
Dev
elo
p
i
n
g
t
h
ese
s
k
ills
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
m
u
ltip
le
tex
ts
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
i
n
g
in
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
ab
le
9
.
T
o
p
ics
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
No
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
(
%)
1
U
n
d
e
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n
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n
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s
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v
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o
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s
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t
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l
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0
3
.
5
.
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f
f
ec
t
iv
eness
o
f
ho
lis
t
ic
a
pp
r
o
a
ch
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
9
9
.
2
6
%
o
f
teac
h
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
HOT
S
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
(
M
=4
.
2
6
,
SD=0
.
5
1
)
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
b
eliev
ed
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
co
g
n
itiv
e,
s
o
cial,
an
d
em
o
t
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
wo
u
l
d
h
elp
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wo
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
HOT
S,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
cr
itically
an
aly
ze
tex
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
o
r
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
in
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
An
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
ex
am
p
le
t
h
at
o
p
e
r
atio
n
alize
s
th
e
H2
C
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
a
s
to
r
y
b
o
o
k
-
b
ased
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
less
o
n
:
th
e
tea
ch
er
g
u
id
es
s
h
ar
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
a
n
ar
r
ativ
e
with
ex
p
licit
ch
ar
ac
ter
v
alu
es,
th
e
n
u
s
es
HOT
S
p
r
o
m
p
ts
to
an
aly
ze
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
,
m
ain
id
ea
,
an
d
m
ess
ag
es,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
m
in
d
m
ap
s
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
d
r
am
as.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
ce
jo
i
n
tly
ap
p
lies
HOT
S,
ch
ar
ac
ter
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
h
o
lis
t
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
r
e
g
u
lar
g
r
ad
e
4
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
t
h
e
id
ea
t
h
a
t
h
o
l
i
s
t
ic
ed
u
c
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
co
g
n
it
iv
e
,
em
o
t
io
n
a
l,
an
d
s
o
c
ia
l
le
ar
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
s
l
i
te
r
ac
y
in
s
t
r
u
c
tio
n
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
l
ic
at
io
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
li
s
ti
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
il
l
h
e
lp
tea
ch
er
s
in
teg
r
at
e
H
OT
S
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
N
ee
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
a
cy
tea
ch
in
g
mo
d
u
le
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
crit
ica
l th
in
kin
g
…
(
R
a
h
ma
Do
n
a
)
767
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
l
i
ter
a
cy
te
ac
h
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
iv
e
r
s
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
ct
iv
i
t
ie
s
th
at
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
a
te
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
p
r
ef
er
en
c
e
s
an
d
m
u
lt
ip
l
e
i
n
te
ll
ig
en
ce
s
.
I
n
t
eg
r
a
t
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
d
i
v
er
s
e
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
ac
t
iv
it
ie
s
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
li
ter
ac
y
tea
ch
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
d
ee
p
er
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
en
g
ag
e
wi
th
t
ex
t
s
m
o
r
e
c
r
i
ti
ca
lly
a
n
d
en
th
u
s
ia
s
ti
ca
lly
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
s
t
r
en
g
th
en
s
b
o
th
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
en
h
an
ce
tex
t
r
eten
tio
n
a
n
d
an
aly
tical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ile
in
teg
r
at
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
m
o
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
an
d
e
m
p
ath
y
[
3
6
]
.
Giv
en
th
ese
ad
v
an
tag
es,
teac
h
er
s
s
t
r
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
g
r
ad
e
4
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
ar
g
eted
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
r
e
m
ain
s
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
d
eliv
er
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
3
.
6
.
P
ra
ct
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
p
r
im
ar
y
b
a
r
r
ier
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
HOT
S,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
o
lis
tic
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
r
e
r
elate
d
to
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
lack
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
i
cu
lty
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
HOT
S
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
c
atio
n
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
o
v
er
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
2
8
7
teac
h
er
s
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
a
llen
g
es
ar
e:
i
)
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
p
la
n
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
allo
ca
te
3
5
-
70
-
m
in
u
te
wee
k
ly
b
lo
ck
f
o
r
HOT
S
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
r
e
ad
in
g
liter
ac
y
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Ko
s
asih
et
a
l.
[
1
]
;
ii)
th
e
l
o
ca
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
ice
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
in
clu
d
in
g
s
am
p
le
te
x
t
s
,
less
o
n
p
lan
s
,
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
u
b
r
ics
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
s
[
2
1
]
;
iii)
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
f
id
elity
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
H2
C
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
to
m
ax
im
ize
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
p
r
o
tecte
d
p
ac
in
g
g
u
id
es,
cu
r
ate
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
b
an
k
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
with
co
ac
h
in
g
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
tim
e
–
m
ater
ial
clu
s
ter
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
th
e
to
o
ls
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t o
u
tc
o
m
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
id
en
ti
f
i
es
a
cr
it
ica
l
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
H2
C
r
ea
d
in
g
l
it
e
r
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
wi
th
in
th
e
g
r
ad
e
4
B
ah
as
a
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
th
a
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ac
t
ic
e
s
,
s
t
il
l
d
o
m
in
a
ted
b
y
r
o
t
e
le
ar
n
in
g
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ef
o
r
m
ed
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
e
m
o
r
e
h
o
l
i
s
t
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
al
ig
n
e
d
wi
th
th
e
H2
C
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
r
ep
o
r
t
e
d
lim
i
ted
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
a
l
t
im
e,
lack
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
ex
p
er
ti
s
e
a
s
m
a
jo
r
b
ar
r
i
er
s
.
D
esp
it
e
th
e
s
e
b
ar
r
i
er
s
,
th
er
e
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
≥
9
9
%)
ex
i
s
t
s
f
o
r
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
H2
C
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
i
ch
in
teg
r
at
es
a
h
o
l
is
t
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
co
g
n
it
iv
e,
s
o
ci
al
,
em
o
tio
n
al
,
an
d
m
o
r
a
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
p
e
cif
ic
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
s
em
e
r
g
e
f
o
r
r
e
le
v
an
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
:
i
)
p
o
li
cy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
a
ll
o
ca
t
e
a
p
r
o
t
ec
ted
35
–
70
-
m
i
n
u
t
e
w
ee
k
ly
b
l
o
ck
f
o
r
H
OT
S
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
a
ct
iv
i
ti
e
s
;
ii
)
th
e
M
in
i
s
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
an
d
lo
c
al
o
f
f
ic
e
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
an
u
a
ls
w
ith
s
am
p
le
t
ex
t
s
,
m
o
d
e
l
le
s
s
o
n
p
lan
s
,
an
d
al
ig
n
ed
r
u
b
r
ic
s
;
an
d
i
ii
)
s
ch
o
o
l
s
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
s
u
s
ta
in
e
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
.
T
o
g
e
th
er
,
t
h
e
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
u
n
ct
io
n
as
p
o
li
cy
-
lev
e
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
to
ea
s
e
t
im
e
an
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
.
T
h
i
s
n
ee
d
s
an
a
ly
s
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
an
em
p
ir
i
ca
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
a
n
in
te
g
r
a
ted
H2
C
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
I
t
b
r
id
g
e
s
th
e
g
ap
b
e
tw
ee
n
p
o
lic
y
g
o
al
s
an
d
cl
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
p
r
a
ct
ic
e
s
b
y
l
in
k
i
n
g
te
ac
h
e
r
s
’
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
ee
d
s
,
th
eo
r
et
ic
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
H2
C
m
o
d
e
l.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
p
i
lo
t
t
h
e
H2
C
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
s
el
ec
ted
s
ch
o
o
l
s
,
ex
te
n
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
d
iv
er
s
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
c
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
tio
n
s
,
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
a
l
d
es
ig
n
s
to
as
s
es
s
th
e
lo
n
g
er
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
H
2
C
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
l
i
ter
ac
y
an
d
ch
ar
a
ct
er
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
E
v
alu
at
in
g
le
ar
n
er
an
d
t
ea
ch
e
r
o
u
t
co
m
e
s
f
o
l
lo
win
g
p
i
lo
t
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
w
il
l
b
e
c
r
i
ti
ca
l
t
o
d
e
ter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
c
al
ab
i
li
ty
an
d
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
H
2
C
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Sek
o
lah
T
in
g
g
i Pen
d
id
ik
a
n
H
o
lis
tik
B
er
b
asis
Kar
ak
ter
(
STP
HB
K)
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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c
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Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
760
-
770
768
Na
m
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f
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Do
n
a
✓
✓
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Sit
i Rah
aim
ah
Ali
✓
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✓
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✓
Flo
r
en
ce
Yu
lis
in
ta
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
esti
an
a
E
r
tik
a
L
atif
ah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
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M
:
M
e
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h
o
d
o
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y
So
:
So
f
t
w
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r
e
Va
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Va
l
i
d
a
t
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Fo
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Fo
r
mal
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s
i
s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
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o
n
R
:
R
e
so
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r
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s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
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r
a
t
i
o
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O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
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d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
(
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
K
o
s
a
si
h
,
T.
S
u
p
r
i
y
a
d
i
,
M
.
I
.
F
i
r
man
s
y
a
h
,
a
n
d
N
.
R
a
h
mi
n
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
H
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
:
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
I
sl
a
m
i
c
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Et
h
n
i
c
a
n
d
C
u
l
t
u
ra
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
6
–
7
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
e
j
e
c
s/
9
9
4
.
[
2
]
O
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
(
O
EC
D
)
,
“
P
I
S
A
2
0
2
2
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
V
o
l
u
m
e
I
I
I
:
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
mi
n
d
s,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
sch
o
o
l
s,
f
a
c
t
s
h
e
e
t
s,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
O
EC
D
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
P
a
r
i
s
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
o
e
c
d
.
o
r
g
/
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
/
d
a
m
/
o
e
c
d
/
e
n
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
r
e
p
o
r
t
s/
2
0
2
4
/
0
6
/
p
i
sa
-
2
0
2
2
-
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
-
v
o
l
u
me
-
i
i
i
-
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
-
n
o
t
e
s
_
7
2
b
4
1
8
f
8
/
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n
d
o
n
e
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a
_
c
f
2
7
6
1
9
8
/
a
7
0
9
0
b
4
9
-
e
n
.
p
d
f
[
3
]
E.
I
smaw
a
t
i
,
H
e
r
su
l
a
s
t
u
t
i
,
I
.
P
.
A
me
r
t
a
w
e
n
g
r
u
m,
a
n
d
K
.
A
.
A
n
i
n
d
i
t
a
,
“
P
o
r
t
r
a
i
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
P
I
S
A
r
e
su
l
t
s
2
0
1
5
t
o
p
r
e
se
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
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.
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2
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0
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2
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3
3
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4
]
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W
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rc
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d
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1
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[
3
5
]
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[
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6
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M
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M
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n
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m
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7
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[
3
8
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K
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f
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t
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,
R
.
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s
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c
h
a
r
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c
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d
u
c
a
t
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:
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a
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t
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s fr
o
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me
t
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s st
u
d
y
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o
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r
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p
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3
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6
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[
3
9
]
N
.
E
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d
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t
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,
M
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d
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.
Tr
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t
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c
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m
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k
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.
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I
O
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RAP
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AUTH
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Ra
h
m
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Do
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in
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.
in
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f
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m
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n
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d
ris
Un
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e
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y
o
f
E
d
u
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ti
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n
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I),
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a
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h
e
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ld
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m
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tate
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e
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to
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d
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ter
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