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C
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Vo
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15
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Feb
r
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r
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20
26
:
933
-
942
934
p
u
b
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n
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.
Stu
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in
d
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th
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m
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[
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Similar
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o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
to
in
v
esti
g
at
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
an
d
th
ei
r
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
in
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
els
g
r
ea
tly
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
e
W
C
F.
Su
ch
s
tu
d
ies
m
ar
k
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
s
h
ap
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
in
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lear
n
e
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
d
eliv
e
r
y
o
f
W
C
F,
a
s
th
ey
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
an
d
r
ec
ep
tiv
en
ess
to
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Feed
b
ac
k
th
at
is
co
n
g
r
u
en
t
wit
h
lear
n
er
s
’
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
b
en
ef
icial
an
d
m
o
tiv
atin
g
,
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
wr
itin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
with
in
E
FL
s
ettin
g
s
wh
en
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
W
C
F
ar
e
s
till
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
d
o
n
in
ter
m
ed
iate
o
r
a
d
v
an
ce
d
E
F
L
lear
n
er
s
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
iti
es.
T
h
is
f
o
c
u
s
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
n
o
tab
le
d
ef
icie
n
cy
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
lo
wer
-
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
W
C
F.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
p
r
iv
ate
c
o
lleg
es
s
er
v
e
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
th
ese
lear
n
er
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
id
en
tify
wh
ich
ty
p
es
o
f
W
C
F
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
eir
wr
itin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
E
llis
[
2
6
]
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
aim
s
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
an
s
wer
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
W
C
F
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
−
R
Q1
:
W
h
at
W
C
F
ty
p
es
an
d
f
o
cu
s
d
o
C
h
in
ese
p
r
i
v
ate
co
lle
g
e
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
?
−
R
Q2
:
W
h
at
ar
e
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F ty
p
es a
n
d
f
o
c
u
s
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
te
d
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
,
a
m
eth
o
d
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
g
ath
e
r
d
ata
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
cl
o
s
ed
-
en
d
e
d
item
s
[
2
7
]
.
Q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ei
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ca
r
ef
u
l
d
esig
n
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
u
s
e,
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
v
alid
atio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
r
ese
ar
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
g
ettin
g
r
eliab
le
d
ata
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
b
ase
d
o
n
T
a
h
er
d
o
o
s
t
s
ev
en
-
s
tep
m
eth
o
d
[
3
0
]
:
d
e
f
in
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
n
ee
d
s
,
s
elec
tin
g
a
s
u
r
v
ey
ty
p
e,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
ty
p
es,
wr
itin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
lay
o
u
t,
p
r
e
-
test
in
g
,
an
d
f
in
alizin
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
W
C
F,
as
well
as
th
eir
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F ty
p
es,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Nex
t,
in
lig
h
t
o
f
its
b
en
e
f
its
r
elate
d
to
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
a
n
o
n
y
m
it
y
,
an
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
[
3
1
]
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ch
o
s
e
a
web
-
b
ased
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e.
“
W
en
ju
an
x
in
g
”
,
a
p
o
p
u
lar
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
ey
p
latf
o
r
m
in
C
h
in
a,
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
n
,
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ty
p
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
to
“stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
”.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
4
]
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
c
o
n
ten
t
r
elev
an
ce
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
if
t
h
s
tag
e
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
,
q
u
es
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
em
an
tically
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
in
a
lo
g
ical
s
eq
u
en
ce
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
to
r
etr
ie
v
al
)
th
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
a
d
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
m
em
o
r
y
ac
ce
s
s
[
3
5
]
.
Fin
a
lly
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
clar
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
f
ir
s
t
co
n
d
u
cted
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
t
h
at
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
lar
g
e
r
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
au
th
o
r
’
s
Ph
.
D.
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
u
s
ed
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
item
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
ef
o
r
e
its
f
in
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
o
ices o
f Ch
in
ese
p
r
iva
te
co
lleg
e
E
F
L st
u
d
en
ts
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
p
r
eferen
ce
s
in
w
r
itten
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
… (
Mu
d
a
n
C
a
i
)
935
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
3
0
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
li
s
h
m
ajo
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
N=
3
0
)
f
r
o
m
An
h
u
i
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Stu
d
ies
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
a
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e
in
Ma
in
l
an
d
C
h
in
a.
T
y
p
ically
,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
5
to
3
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
is
r
eg
a
r
d
ed
as
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
3
0
]
,
an
d
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
E
n
g
lis
h
R
ea
d
in
g
an
d
W
r
itin
g
c
o
u
r
s
e,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
co
lleg
e’
s
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
m
ajo
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
1
6
.
6
7
%)
a
n
d
2
5
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
8
3
.
3
3
%),
with
a
g
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
7
to
2
1
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ac
co
u
n
t
in
g
,
f
in
a
n
ce
,
an
d
ass
et
ap
p
r
aisal.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
r
io
r
tr
ain
in
g
in
wr
itin
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
ea
r
lier
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
g
iv
en
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
em
p
h
asis
p
lace
d
o
n
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
in
C
h
in
a’
s
s
ta
t
e
-
lev
el
s
elec
tio
n
ex
am
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
Natio
n
al
C
o
lleg
e
E
n
tr
an
ce
E
x
am
i
n
atio
n
(
NC
E
E
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
was
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
l
o
w
to
in
ter
m
ed
iate
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
with
an
av
er
a
g
e
NC
E
E
E
n
g
lis
h
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
2
.
6
0
o
u
t
o
f
1
5
0
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
7
0
to
1
3
1
.
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
3
0
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
tic
ip
a
n
ts
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
%
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
5
1
6
.
6
7
F
e
mal
e
25
8
3
.
3
3
To
t
a
l
30
1
0
0
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
4
-
6
y
e
a
r
s
6
20
7
-
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
18
60
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
6
20
To
t
a
l
30
1
0
0
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
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e
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e
s
30
1
0
0
No
0
0
To
t
a
l
30
1
0
0
A
g
e
Th
e
o
l
d
e
st
Th
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
s
t
M
e
a
n
21
17
1
9
.
1
7
N
C
EE
En
g
l
i
s
h
sc
o
r
e
Th
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
Th
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
M
e
a
n
1
3
1
70
9
2
.
6
0
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
g
at
h
er
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
4
0
item
s
,
wh
ich
wer
e
c
ateg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
p
a
r
ts
.
Par
t
A
co
llected
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
item
s
.
Par
t
B
in
clu
d
ed
2
6
item
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
e
n
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
W
C
F
ty
p
es.
Par
t
C
ask
ed
ab
o
u
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
m
en
ts
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
4
o
p
en
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
Alb
o
g
am
i
[
3
6
]
an
d
Ker
m
an
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
,
t
h
e
ter
m
s
“a
g
r
ee
m
en
t”
an
d
“d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
t”
wer
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
cise
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
an
g
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
L
i
k
er
t scale
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sco
r
i
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
L
ik
e
r
t scale
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
R
a
n
g
e
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
Le
v
e
l
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
8
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
D
i
sag
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
D
i
sag
r
e
e
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
N
e
i
t
h
e
r
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
n
o
r
a
g
r
e
e
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
A
g
r
e
e
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
4
.
2
1
-
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
“
W
en
ju
an
x
in
g
”
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
QR
co
d
e
s
h
ar
ed
with
in
W
eCh
at
an
d
QQ
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ea
ch
item
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
W
C
F,
an
d
to
co
m
p
lete
all
q
u
esti
o
n
s
i
n
o
n
e
s
itti
n
g
.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
aw
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
e
v
alu
ate
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
leten
ess
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d
e
x
a
m
in
ed
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
s
.
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
a
r
iab
l
es we
r
e
co
d
ed
n
u
m
er
ically
in
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t E
x
ce
l.
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
al
y
z
ed
in
two
s
tag
es.
First,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
w
er
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
e
n
cy
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
item
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
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to
two
o
v
er
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r
ch
in
g
g
r
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p
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p
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ch
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f
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b
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ty
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T
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th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Feb
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o
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,
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=
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d
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f
ee
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ac
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p
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ce
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f
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d
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r
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s
)
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as
s
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o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
m
e
t
th
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ir
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ter
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o
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g
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n
g
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h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
item
s
[
3
8
]
.
All
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
n
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
SP
SS
AU
(
B
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g
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td
.
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;
r
an
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ter
p
r
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h
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o
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y
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ch
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b
jectiv
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i
)
to
ex
am
in
e
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
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ex
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ce
s
o
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g
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n
d
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r
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en
ce
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
ty
p
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t o
f
th
e
item
s
o
f
th
e
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le
o
f
f
ee
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b
ac
k
e
x
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er
ien
ce
s
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d
p
r
ef
er
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ce
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’s
alp
h
a
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
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3.
RE
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D
I
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3
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1
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Resul
t
s
3
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1
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1
.
T
he
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s
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ela
t
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t
he
f
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n
T
o
an
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th
e
q
u
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at
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e
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m
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d
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tan
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ar
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d
ev
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m
i
n
e
th
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ty
p
es
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clu
d
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o
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FL
s
tu
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at
a
p
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lleg
e
in
Ma
in
lan
d
C
h
in
a.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
4
,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ev
alu
ated
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
teac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
asp
e
cts
o
f
th
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g
.
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o
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t
f
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b
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k
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ce
iv
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e
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ig
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est
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M=
3
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8
7
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.
8
2
)
,
f
o
llo
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d
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y
g
r
am
m
ar
(
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3
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8
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8
5
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d
v
o
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b
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lar
y
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=3
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7
9
)
.
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g
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d
s
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0
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n
d
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tiv
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r
all
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g
g
esti
n
g
a
g
en
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ally
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itiv
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ex
p
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ce
.
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ab
le
4
.
E
x
p
er
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ce
:
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ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
cu
s
F
e
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d
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k
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M
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a
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R
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t
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r
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Le
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t
3
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8
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0
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8
2
1
22
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7
3
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3
3
%
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6
7
%
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t
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mm
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r
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8
0
0
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8
5
2
22
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3
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3
%
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6
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6
7
%
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3
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b
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0
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3
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6
7
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3
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1
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0
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To
t
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2
1
A
g
r
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e
m
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n
t
B
ased
o
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e
f
iv
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f
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d
b
ac
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es
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d
ir
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t,
m
etalin
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is
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o
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s
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d
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r
m
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l
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n
)
as
o
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tlin
ed
b
y
E
llis
[
2
6
]
,
T
a
b
le
5
s
h
o
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ep
o
r
te
d
ex
p
er
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ce
s
with
th
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ty
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o
f
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h
er
f
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b
ac
k
.
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o
n
g
th
e
ei
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h
t
ty
p
es
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ted
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d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
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eiv
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
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4
.
3
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.
6
1
)
,
clo
s
ely
f
o
llo
wed
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y
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o
r
m
u
l
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4
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6
4
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.
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o
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d
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tio
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ag
r
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en
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r
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with
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d
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f
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ts
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d
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g
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3
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at
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T
h
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e
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g
r
ee
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en
t r
ate,
at
2
0
%.
3
.
1
.
2
.
T
he
re
s
ults r
ela
t
e
t
o
t
he
s
ec
o
nd
qu
e
s
t
io
n
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
d
ata
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
“
w
h
at
ar
e
C
h
in
ese
p
r
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ate
c
o
lleg
e
E
FL
s
tu
d
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p
r
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e
r
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F
f
o
cu
s
an
d
t
y
p
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Stu
d
e
n
ts
g
en
er
ally
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
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co
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g
r
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ar
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h
est
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s
co
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.
8
3
,
SD=0
.
7
5
)
an
d
ag
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m
en
t
r
ates
o
f
7
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ca
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f
o
llo
wed
clo
s
ely
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ea
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
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c
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
V
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f Ch
in
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p
r
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L st
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:
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p
r
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s
in
w
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tiv
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… (
Mu
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937
d
if
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All
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ce
(
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7
)
ac
r
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ea
s
.
T
h
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in
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icate
s
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g
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ally
p
o
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attitu
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e
to
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o
th
g
lo
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al
an
d
lo
ca
l a
s
p
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ts
o
f
wr
itin
g
.
T
ab
le
5
.
E
x
p
er
ien
ce
:
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ty
p
e
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
t
y
p
e
M
e
a
n
SD
R
a
n
k
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
D
i
sag
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e
m
e
n
t
Le
v
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l
o
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g
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D
i
r
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c
t
4
.
3
7
0
.
6
1
1
2
8
(
9
3
.
3
3
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2
(
6
.
6
7
%)
0
(
0
%)
A
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r
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e
m
e
n
t
R
e
f
o
r
m
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l
a
t
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o
n
4
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6
4
2
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7
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3
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0
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0
(
0
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A
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e
m
e
n
t
U
n
f
o
c
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s
e
d
3
.
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0
0
.
8
5
3
2
0
(
6
6
.
6
7
%)
8
(
2
6
.
6
7
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2
(
6
.
6
7
%)
A
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
M
e
t
a
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
(
w
i
t
h
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
)
3
.
7
0
0
.
9
2
4
1
9
(
6
3
.
3
3
%)
9
(
3
0
%)
2
(
6
.
6
7
%)
A
g
r
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e
m
e
n
t
F
o
c
u
se
d
3
.
3
3
0
.
9
9
5
1
3
(
4
3
.
3
3
%)
1
0
(
3
3
.
3
3
%)
7
(
2
3
.
3
3
%)
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
(
w
i
t
h
c
o
d
e
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
2
.
9
7
1
.
0
7
6
9
(
3
0
%)
9
(
3
0
%)
1
2
(
4
0
%)
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
M
e
t
a
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
2
.
8
0
1
.
2
4
7
9
(
3
0
%)
8
(
2
6
.
6
7
%)
1
3
(
4
3
.
3
3
%)
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
2
.
5
7
1
.
1
7
8
6
(
2
0
%)
6
(
2
0
%)
1
8
(
6
0
%)
D
i
sag
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
To
t
a
l
3
.
8
9
0
.
4
3
A
g
r
e
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7
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s
tr
ates
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ty
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es
o
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f
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ated
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t
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6
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%
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3
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e
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t
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l
To
t
a
l
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g
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e
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t
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
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n
T
h
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s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
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ed
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e
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p
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ce
s
o
f
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C
F
th
at
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
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e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
at
a
p
r
i
v
ate
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lleg
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Ma
in
lan
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h
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a,
a
n
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eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F,
wh
ich
h
ad
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
wr
itin
g
teac
h
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g
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
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led
two
s
h
ar
p
c
o
n
tr
a
s
ts
:
i
)
co
n
ten
t
an
d
g
r
a
m
m
ar
b
ec
am
e
th
e
eq
u
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
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o
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s
an
d
ii
)
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
r
a
n
k
ed
f
ir
s
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
eig
h
t
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
ty
p
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wh
ile
in
d
ir
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t
f
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d
b
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was
co
m
m
o
n
ly
n
eg
lecte
d
b
y
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
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d
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.
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h
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tr
en
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s
p
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esen
t
a
n
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allen
g
e
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
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al
f
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a
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b
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m
p
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ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
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f
ec
tiv
en
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.
3
.
2
.
1
.
F
o
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a
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pes
o
f
W
CF
s
t
ud
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s
re
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n t
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writ
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T
h
e
f
in
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o
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th
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s
tu
d
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r
eg
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s
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n
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’
u
n
a
n
im
o
u
s
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
f
W
C
F
f
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s
an
d
im
p
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en
tatio
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s
h
o
w
th
at
f
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b
ac
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was
f
r
eq
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tly
p
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b
y
th
eir
teac
h
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s
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
am
e
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
933
-
942
938
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
Sar
ag
ih
et
a
l.
[
3
9
]
.
I
n
b
o
t
h
E
FL
co
n
tex
t
a
n
d
E
S
L
co
n
tex
t,
r
esear
c
h
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
h
as
p
lay
ed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
le
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
wr
itin
g
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
3
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
g
en
er
ally
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
th
e
f
iv
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
—
co
n
ten
t,
g
r
am
m
a
r
,
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
s
p
e
llin
g
(
M=
3
.
6
5
,
SD=0
.
2
1
)
—
th
at
teac
h
er
s
tar
g
eted
wh
en
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
W
C
F
in
E
FL
wr
itin
g
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
a
s
izin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
ese
elem
en
ts
in
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
it
also
r
ef
lects
t
h
at
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lo
w
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ea
g
er
th
at
all
th
eir
e
r
r
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
,
s
o
as
to
im
p
r
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v
e
th
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wr
itin
g
lev
el.
Su
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
R
aso
o
l
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
.
T
ak
en
to
g
eth
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
in
d
icate
th
at
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h
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s
f
r
eq
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en
tly
s
tr
ess
g
lo
b
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
ten
t
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
th
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
ea
n
i
n
g
-
m
ak
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n
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an
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ac
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r
ac
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
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u
p
er
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icial
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s
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es,
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ar
ticu
lar
ly
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o
m
etim
es
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et
in
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n
s
is
ten
t
atten
tio
n
.
T
h
is
im
b
alan
ce
i
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
eliv
er
y
m
ay
in
f
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en
ce
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ev
is
io
n
ac
tiv
i
ties
an
d
th
eir
o
v
e
r
all
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ty
p
es,
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
M=
4
.
3
7
,
SD=0
.
6
1
)
p
r
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v
id
e
d
b
y
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h
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s
—
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er
g
ed
as
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e
co
m
m
o
n
est
m
eth
o
d
,
a
tr
e
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
an
k
s
h
ig
h
est
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
r
g
en
tly
n
ee
d
th
eir
wr
itin
g
er
r
o
r
s
to
b
e
ex
p
licitly
co
r
r
ec
ted
.
T
h
is
in
clin
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
clar
ity
an
d
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
I
n
th
eir
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
“c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
C
F
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
,
”
R
aso
o
l
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
alu
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
lace
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
ei
r
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
Simi
lar
ly
,
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
(
M=
4
.
2
7
,
SD=0
.
6
4
)
was
r
ated
h
ig
h
ly
,
wh
ic
h
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
r
ec
iate
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
as we
ll a
s
th
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
u
ilt o
n
d
ir
ec
t f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
On
th
e
co
n
t
r
ar
y
,
th
e
lo
wer
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
in
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
m
etalin
g
u
is
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
e
n
lac
k
in
g
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
,
m
i
g
h
t
i
n
d
ica
te
lear
n
er
s
’
lim
ited
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
h
an
d
le
s
u
ch
in
p
u
t
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
en
g
ag
i
n
g
with
less
ex
p
lic
it
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
y
p
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
lear
n
er
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
is
s
till
b
ein
g
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
Student
s
’
pref
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
WCF
o
n t
heir
writ
ing
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
cu
s
,
c
o
n
ten
t
(
M=
3
.
8
3
,
SD=0
.
7
5
)
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
(
M=
3
.
8
3
,
SD=0
.
7
5
)
r
an
k
th
e
f
ir
s
t
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
ci.
Stu
d
en
ts
p
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
teac
h
er
s
’
co
m
m
en
ts
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t,
wh
ich
is
in
lin
e
with
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
y
ex
p
r
ess
th
at
g
r
am
m
atica
l
er
r
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
al
weig
h
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
a
v
e
to
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ese
two
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
ar
e
s
ee
n
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
wr
itin
g
q
u
alit
y
.
Su
ch
a
b
alan
ce
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
ev
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
esid
es,
an
o
th
er
lik
ely
ex
p
lan
atio
n
is
th
at
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
io
r
ity
to
wr
itin
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
q
u
ality
as
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
lan
g
u
ag
e
ce
r
tific
ates
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
Feed
b
ac
k
o
n
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
g
r
a
m
m
ar
c
an
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
v
ar
y
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
lev
el
s
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
M=
3
.
7
0
,
SD
=0
.
7
9
)
a
n
d
s
p
ellin
g
(
M=
3
.
7
0
,
SD=0
.
7
9
)
ar
e
th
e
le
ast
f
av
o
r
e
d
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
f
o
ci,
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
elf
-
co
r
r
ec
t
th
eir
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
s
p
ellin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
itatio
n
a
n
d
r
e
p
etitio
n
g
u
id
ed
b
y
a
tem
p
late
-
o
r
ien
ted
t
ea
ch
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
R
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
a
ty
p
e
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
lear
n
er
s
with
co
r
r
ec
ted
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
tex
t
wh
ile
leav
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
in
al
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
em
s
elv
es
[
5
]
,
b
ec
am
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ty
p
e
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
g
ain
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
9
3
.
3
3
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
r
p
ass
es
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
8
6
.
6
6
%),
f
o
cu
s
ed
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
(
8
6
.
6
6
%),
an
d
u
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
7
6
.
6
7
%).
Su
ch
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
its
d
u
al
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
wr
itin
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
5
0
]
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
d
ee
p
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
As
C
o
y
le
et
a
l.
[
5
1
]
n
o
te,
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
eir
o
wn
wo
r
k
an
d
th
e
r
e
v
is
ed
v
er
s
io
n
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
th
em
t
o
en
g
ag
e
in
a
m
o
r
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
ac
tiv
ely
p
u
r
s
u
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
in
co
r
r
ec
t
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
e
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
lter
n
ativ
es.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
r
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
m
a
y
r
e
q
u
ir
e
teac
h
er
m
e
d
iatio
n
t
o
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
lear
n
er
s
o
f
te
n
n
e
ed
ed
teac
h
e
r
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
an
d
g
u
i
d
an
ce
to
f
u
lly
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
r
ef
o
r
m
u
lated
tex
ts
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
o
n
teac
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
5
2
]
.
On
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ar
y
,
r
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
lear
n
er
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
clea
r
,
r
ev
is
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
w
r
itin
g
th
at
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
a
d
o
f
s
elf
-
ed
itin
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
in
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
wr
iter
s
f
ac
in
g
co
m
p
lex
task
s
[
5
3
]
.
As
Kib
ler
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
e
x
p
lain
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
les
lear
n
er
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
r
ev
is
io
n
s
b
y
s
im
p
lify
in
g
lo
wer
-
lev
el
ed
itin
g
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
m
a
y
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
b
r
i
d
g
e,
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
to
o
ls
to
r
ef
in
e
th
eir
wo
r
k
wh
ile
s
tr
ess
in
g
th
eir
ag
en
cy
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
e
m
er
g
ed
as
th
e
least
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ty
p
e,
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
ly
8
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
3
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ile
it
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
wh
at
J
ah
b
el
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
in
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
c
o
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
eir
er
r
o
r
s
wer
e
id
en
tifi
ed
,
b
u
t
also
wo
u
ld
r
ath
er
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
b
y
teac
h
er
s
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
in
f
u
tu
r
e
wr
itin
g
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ex
p
licit
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
with
lo
w
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
o
ices o
f Ch
in
ese
p
r
iva
te
co
lleg
e
E
F
L st
u
d
en
ts
:
u
n
ve
ilin
g
p
r
eferen
ce
s
in
w
r
itten
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
… (
Mu
d
a
n
C
a
i
)
939
in
ter
m
ed
iate
E
n
g
lis
h
lev
el.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
o
f
th
is
lev
el,
an
d
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
b
elo
n
g
t
o
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ty
p
e
an
d
h
ab
itu
ally
r
ely
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
clea
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
h
ar
p
co
n
tr
ast
b
etwe
en
th
is
av
er
s
io
n
to
in
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
th
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
o
f
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
o
v
e
r
ab
s
tr
ac
t
m
eta
-
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
cr
itica
l
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
alizin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
tr
ateg
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
lear
n
er
s
’
s
k
ill
le
v
els
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
to
ef
f
icien
tly
em
p
lo
y
im
p
licit c
o
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
eig
h
t
ty
p
es
o
f
W
C
F
(
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t
with
co
d
ed
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
m
etalin
g
u
is
tic,
m
etalin
g
u
is
tic
with
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
u
n
f
o
c
u
s
ed
,
f
o
c
u
s
ed
,
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
)
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
C
h
in
ese
E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
W
C
F
f
o
cu
s
an
d
ty
p
es
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e.
Su
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
af
f
ir
m
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F
ar
e
clo
s
e
ly
alig
n
ed
with
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
it.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
ef
o
r
m
u
latio
n
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
o
f
th
eir
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
m
ajo
r
s
’
p
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
o
cu
s
an
d
ty
p
es
o
f
W
C
F,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
o
f
wr
itin
g
co
u
r
s
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
m
ajo
r
s
with
lo
wer
an
d
in
ter
m
ed
iate
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
co
lleg
e
in
Ma
in
lan
d
C
h
in
a,
s
o
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
m
ay
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
to
E
n
g
lis
h
m
a
jo
r
s
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lim
ited
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N=
3
0
)
was
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
,
a
m
eth
o
d
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
f
u
lf
illed
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ay
r
estrict
b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
,
it f
ac
ilit
ated
f
o
c
u
s
ed
d
ata
co
llectio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
with
in
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
ev
er
al
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
First,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
W
C
F ty
p
es lar
g
ely
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
th
eir
ac
tu
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
alig
n
t
h
eir
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
n
ee
d
s
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
co
n
ten
t
an
d
g
r
am
m
atica
l
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
ten
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
p
ellin
g
was
th
e
least
ad
d
r
ess
ed
asp
ec
t,
d
esp
ite
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
icatin
g
a
lo
wer
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
it.
T
h
u
s
,
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
v
er
ag
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
g
i
v
en
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
least
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
s
p
ellin
g
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
a
d
o
p
t
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
licit
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
wh
en
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
alig
n
in
g
W
C
F
t
y
p
es
with
lear
n
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
wr
itin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
I
t sh
o
u
ld
al
s
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
d
ig
ital o
r
AI
-
ass
is
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
b
e
c
u
s
to
m
ized
to
m
ee
t t
h
ese
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
n
ee
d
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
ten
d
th
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
Sar
awa
k
(
UNI
MA
S)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
r
esear
c
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
to
all
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
we
a
r
e
also
o
b
lig
ed
to
all
th
e
r
ev
iewe
r
s
f
o
r
th
eir
v
alu
a
b
le
co
m
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Mu
d
an
C
ai
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
✓
✓
J
o
s
ep
h
R
am
an
air
✓
✓
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✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
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l
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M
:
M
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Fo
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Fo
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
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2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
26
:
933
-
942
940
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
,
[
JR
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
D
i
Y
a
n
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
B
o
r
st
,
“
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
C
r
a
f
t
o
f
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
:
A
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
G
u
i
d
e
,
R
.
D
i
Y
a
n
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
B
o
r
st
,
Ed
s.
,
P
r
i
n
c
e
t
o
n
,
N
J
:
P
r
i
n
c
e
t
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
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1
7
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
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j
.
c
t
v
p
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t
.
2
3
.
[
2
]
N
.
K
a
r
a
k
a
y
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,
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E
v
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