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Af
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C
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an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
eir
a
b
ilit
ies,
f
o
s
ter
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
attain
s
u
cc
ess
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
u
r
tu
r
es
an
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
4
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
en
ab
les
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
u
n
leas
h
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial,
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
ad
ap
t
s
k
illfu
lly
t
o
ch
an
g
in
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
with
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
ag
ilit
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
wh
ich
em
e
r
g
ed
in
t
h
e
1
9
8
0
s
,
h
as
g
ath
e
r
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
lar
s
[
6
]
an
d
g
ain
ed
p
o
wer
am
id
s
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
as
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
h
a
n
ce
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
in
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
7
]
.
I
n
itially
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
taf
f
ef
f
icien
cy
[
8
]
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
of
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
s
i
n
c
e
e
v
o
l
v
e
d
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
ll
y
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
ze
d
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
d
em
an
d
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
wo
r
k
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les,
EL
em
p
h
asizes
p
o
wer
-
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
g
r
an
tin
g
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
au
to
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
i
n
tr
i
n
s
ic
in
ce
n
tiv
es
r
elate
d
t
o
t
h
eir
task
s
[
9
]
.
E
L
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
em
p
lo
y
e
es
’
wo
r
k
s
itu
atio
n
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
i
n
th
eir
r
o
les
[
1
0
]
.
E
L
is
s
ee
n
a
s
m
o
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
ac
h
in
g
an
d
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
f
o
r
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
es
in
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
EL
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
v
alu
ab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ca
ter
s
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
h
as
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
b
ee
n
v
alu
e
d
f
o
r
its
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
d
esp
ite
o
f
ten
b
ein
g
v
iewe
d
as d
em
an
d
in
g
an
d
c
h
allen
g
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
p
o
s
itiv
e,
s
atis
f
y
in
g
,
an
d
wo
r
k
-
r
elate
d
m
i
n
d
s
et,
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
tten
tio
n
in
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
its
p
r
o
v
e
n
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
3
]
.
B
en
-
E
liy
ah
u
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
d
ef
in
e
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
with
an
ac
tiv
ity
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
o
n
e
’
s
p
ar
ticip
at
io
n
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
estab
l
is
h
ed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lin
k
b
etwe
en
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
5
]
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
er
g
es
as
a
cr
iti
ca
l
f
ac
to
r
d
r
iv
in
g
wo
r
k
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
with
v
ar
io
u
s
lead
er
s
h
i
p
b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
i
p
,
s
er
v
an
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
au
th
en
t
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
ch
ar
is
m
atic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
EL
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
win
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
ile
s
er
v
a
n
t
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
o
tiv
atin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
er
v
ice
an
d
v
is
io
n
,
EL
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
is
tin
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
So
an
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
:
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
in
tellectu
al,
an
d
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
ey
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
ea
ch
f
ac
et
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
r
ee
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
f
o
c
u
s
,
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
t
.
I
n
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ir
ec
tin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t
to
war
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
g
o
al
o
r
s
o
l
v
in
g
a
c
h
allen
g
e,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
ac
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
.
Af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
clu
d
es
em
o
tio
n
a
l
r
ea
ctio
n
s
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
jo
b
an
d
th
e
task
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
f
r
o
m
th
e
wo
r
k
b
o
th
lead
to
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
am
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
is
th
e
co
r
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
b
e
h
in
d
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
’
s
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
,
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
m
to
war
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
d
esire
d
g
o
als.
I
t
is
p
iv
o
tal
in
in
itiatin
g
,
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
elief
in
attain
i
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
es
th
at
m
ay
lead
to
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
r
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
in
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
with
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
ato
r
s
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
with
i
n
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
f
r
o
m
p
ee
r
s
o
r
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
ato
r
s
s
tem
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
s
alar
y
,
an
d
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
m
o
tiv
atin
g
th
eir
s
taf
f
,
as
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
in
r
esear
c
h
by
Mo
r
r
is
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ic
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
well
-
m
an
a
g
ed
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
eir
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
as
in
v
alu
ab
le
ass
ets.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
ar
e
d
e
em
ed
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
Ma
n
a
g
er
s
s
tr
iv
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
o
tiv
ate
th
eir
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
alig
n
in
g
with
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
g
o
als
to
cr
e
ate
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
Ga
g
n
é
an
d
Dec
i
[
2
0
]
ad
v
o
ca
ted
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
m
o
tiv
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
b
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
h
av
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
f
o
r
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
I
n
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
ac
u
lt
y
m
em
b
er
s
ty
p
ically
p
r
i
o
r
itize
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
v
e
r
ex
ter
n
al
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
p
lacin
g
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ec
o
g
n
i
tio
n
,
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
p
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f
ess
io
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al
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r
o
wth
[
2
1
]
.
W
h
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f
in
an
cial
r
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r
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ck
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co
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its
.
E
f
f
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lead
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ar
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wh
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n
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’
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ee
d
s
an
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tailo
r
m
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tiv
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n
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tr
ateg
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ac
co
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d
in
g
l
y
[
2
2
]
.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
r
ep
o
r
t
h
ig
h
er
jo
b
s
atis
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an
d
f
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lf
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n
t
wh
en
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ey
h
av
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r
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eir
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r
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e
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o
les,
it
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tr
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ic
f
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ca
ter
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
I
n
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
u
tili
ze
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
an
d
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
a
b
ilit
ies
to
g
u
id
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
an
g
es.
Aca
d
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
m
ain
tain
q
u
ality
,
h
an
d
l
e
r
o
u
tin
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
task
s
,
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e,
all
wh
ile
r
esp
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
[
2
3
]
.
EL
ca
n
b
e
ev
al
u
ated
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
in
c
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
M
o
r
r
is
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
in
v
o
l
v
es
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
o
p
en
d
ialo
g
u
e,
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
co
llectiv
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
eo
p
le
[
2
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
EL
en
h
an
ce
s
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
ar
ed
p
o
wer
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
[
2
4
]
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
n
id
es
[
2
6
]
also
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
EL
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
ca
n
h
av
e
e
n
ab
lin
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
em
p
lo
y
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s
.
R
esear
ch
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
E
L
p
o
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itiv
ely
in
f
lu
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ce
s
jo
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,
jo
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au
to
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o
m
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cr
ea
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,
af
f
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co
m
m
itm
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t,
an
d
wo
r
k
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g
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en
t,
lea
d
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ac
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em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
6
]
.
T
u
ck
ey
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
s
tated
th
at
e
m
p
o
wer
in
g
lead
er
s
n
ee
d
f
o
llo
wer
s
’
in
p
u
t f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
s
o
th
ey
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
W
h
ile
d
eleg
atin
g
m
an
ag
e
r
ial
task
s
to
team
m
em
b
er
s
,
th
ey
en
co
u
r
ag
e
t
h
em
to
w
o
r
k
in
d
ep
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d
en
tly
a
n
d
in
team
s
with
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u
t
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
lead
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s
h
ip
ap
p
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o
ac
h
,
wh
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
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y
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ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
lead
in
g
th
em
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
2
7
]
.
Har
jan
ti
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
ass
er
ted
th
at
E
L
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t
as
d
eleg
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n
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
au
th
o
r
ity
p
r
o
m
o
t
es
jo
b
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
.
Mo
tiv
ate
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
em
p
o
w
er
m
en
t,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
to
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
9
]
.
Ov
er
all,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
W
h
ile
a
l
o
t
o
f
r
ese
ar
c
h
h
as
b
e
en
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
o
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
l
e
ad
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s
h
i
p
s
t
y
l
es,
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
a
d
d
s
a
n
o
v
el
a
n
g
le
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
em
p
h
asi
ze
s
s
h
a
r
e
d
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
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p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
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l d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
,
s
p
e
ci
f
i
ca
ll
y
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el
ev
an
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
in
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
we
en
le
ad
er
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
,
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
h
as
att
r
ac
te
d
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
a
tte
n
t
io
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
30]
.
W
h
ile
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
ies
m
ai
n
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
h
o
w
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
l
e
v
els
o
f
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
em
p
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r
m
e
n
t
a
f
f
e
ct
em
p
l
o
y
e
e
atti
tu
d
es
a
n
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
o
t
a
b
le
g
a
p
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n
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
ti
al
co
n
s
eq
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e
n
ce
s
o
f
h
av
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n
g
b
o
t
h
h
ig
h
an
d
l
o
w
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
e
n
t
le
v
e
ls
c
o
e
x
is
ti
n
g
wit
h
i
n
a
te
am
.
R
ec
o
g
n
i
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d
as
a
c
r
it
ic
al
f
ac
to
r
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h
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n
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n
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f
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m
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a
p
r
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m
a
r
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f
o
cu
s
o
f
r
es
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r
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h
a
n
d
p
r
a
cti
ce
.
D
esp
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e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
n
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
,
t
h
e
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
li
n
k
b
etw
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n
em
p
o
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r
i
n
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
h
e
a
d
s
,
m
o
ti
v
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n
,
an
d
e
m
p
l
o
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n
g
ag
em
en
t
r
e
m
a
in
s
u
n
d
er
s
t
u
d
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ed
.
A
c
k
n
o
w
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d
g
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d
i
v
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m
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m
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f
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,
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p
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in
h
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n
s
id
er
ed
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
em
p
lo
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m
o
ti
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a
n
d
en
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a
g
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en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
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ettin
g
s
.
At
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
wh
er
e
in
tellectu
al
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
ac
u
lty
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
in
ter
p
l
ay
am
o
n
g
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
ca
n
h
elp
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies to
im
p
r
o
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e
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
ef
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icien
cy
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
e
m
p
i
r
ic
al
in
v
esti
g
a
ti
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n
o
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f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
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t
r
i
b
u
ti
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b
y
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t,
s
u
c
h
as
le
ad
in
g
b
y
e
x
am
p
l
e,
p
ar
tici
p
a
ti
v
e
d
e
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o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
,
co
ac
h
i
n
g
,
tea
m
i
n
t
er
ac
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ti
al
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
b
o
t
h
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
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e
x
t
r
i
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s
i
c
a
n
d
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
ic
)
a
n
d
en
g
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g
em
en
t
(
i
n
t
ell
ec
t
u
al
a
n
d
af
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e
cti
v
e
)
wi
th
in
t
h
e
co
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Pa
k
is
t
a
n
.
W
h
ile
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
en
t
h
as
b
e
en
s
tu
d
i
ed
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
e
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
e
ct
o
r
s
,
its
d
i
r
e
ct
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f
f
e
cts
o
n
ac
a
d
em
i
c
s
taf
f
i
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v
e
r
s
iti
es
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em
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n
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
r
ed
.
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h
is
s
t
u
d
y
n
o
t
o
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l
y
c
o
n
te
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t
u
a
liz
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th
e
r
e
lat
io
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s
h
ip
w
it
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n
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h
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n
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q
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e
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tit
u
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ics
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f
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u
n
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e
r
d
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elo
p
ed
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u
n
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r
y
b
u
t
a
ls
o
o
f
f
er
s
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
i
n
t
o
h
o
w
d
is
t
in
ct
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m
p
o
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h
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ic
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ca
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ad
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ip
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ac
tic
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ig
h
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ati
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th
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e:
−
Ho
w
d
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EL
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
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lo
y
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m
o
tiv
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e
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m
o
n
g
u
n
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er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
im
p
ac
t
b
o
th
af
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
as
well
as
in
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
le
o
f e
mp
o
w
erin
g
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
f
a
cu
lty
en
g
a
g
e
men
t a
n
d
mo
tiva
ti
o
n
… (
S
h
a
r
i
s
h
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
43
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Desig
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
u
s
ed
a
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
eth
o
d
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
led
teac
h
er
s
at
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
Sar
g
o
d
h
a.
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
o
p
ted
co
v
e
r
in
g
th
r
e
e
m
ain
v
ar
iab
les:
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
in
t
r
in
s
ic
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
i
n
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
EL
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
all
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
e
p
ar
tm
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Sar
g
o
d
h
a.
A
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
th
e
s
am
p
le.
A
to
tal
o
f
200
teac
h
er
s
(
1
3
0
m
ales,
7
0
f
em
ales)
f
r
o
m
eig
h
t
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Facu
lty
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Sar
g
o
d
h
a
wer
e
co
n
tacte
d
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
On
ly
r
e
g
u
lar
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wh
o
h
ad
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
y
ea
r
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
in
cl
u
s
io
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
all
v
is
itin
g
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
as th
e
y
wer
e
n
o
t a
p
e
r
m
an
en
t p
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
T
o
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les,
d
ata
was
co
llected
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
r
ee
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
.
A
em
p
o
wer
in
g
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
E
L
Q)
with
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
ad
o
p
ted
[
3
1
]
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
E
L
i.e
.
,
lead
in
g
b
y
ex
am
p
le,
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
c
o
ac
h
in
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
tea
m
.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ix
item
s
f
r
o
m
two
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
e
x
t
r
in
s
ic
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
ca
le
(
W
E
I
MS)
,
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
th
at
m
e
asu
r
ed
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
/ex
ter
n
a
l
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
wo
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i.e
.
,
in
tell
ec
tu
al,
s
o
cial,
af
f
ec
tiv
e
(
I
SA
)
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ca
le,
wer
e
tak
en
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
es we
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
all
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les,
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
All su
b
-
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
.
7
7
3
t
o
.
9
3
1
,
wh
ic
h
f
alls
in
to
an
ac
ce
p
t
ab
le
r
an
g
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
S
r
.
no
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
α
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
I
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Ex
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
mp
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
4
.
3
8
9
.
3
8
8
1
Le
a
d
i
n
g
b
y
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
4
.
4
3
1
.
4
9
9
.
8
3
8
.
4
6
8
**
.
4
8
2
**
.
3
6
8
**
.
4
2
2
**
2
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
4
.
3
2
8
.
5
1
5
.
7
7
3
.
2
3
1
**
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3
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r
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r
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m
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v
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les:
lead
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ter
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le,
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B
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SP
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s
tati
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tic
s
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er
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2
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
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I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
40
-
52
44
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics a
nd
P
e
a
rso
n
r
f
o
r
lea
dersh
ip em
po
wer
m
ent
,
eng
a
g
e
m
ent
,
a
nd
m
o
t
iv
a
t
io
n
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
f
ac
to
r
-
wis
e
m
e
an
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
o
f
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
f
ac
to
r
in
d
icate
th
at
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
h
as
a
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
(
M=
4
.
3
4
6
,
Std
=
.
5
1
2
)
th
an
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
M=
4
.
3
2
9
,
Std
=
.
4
6
1
)
.
Af
f
ec
ti
v
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
(
M=
4
.
5
1
5
,
St
d
=
.
4
0
6
)
s
lig
h
tly
o
u
tp
ac
es
in
te
llectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
(
M=
4
.
4
9
8
,
Std
=
.
4
0
6
)
.
C
o
ac
h
in
g
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
M=
4
.
3
7
3
,
Std
=.
4
8
3
)
am
o
n
g
lead
er
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t su
b
-
f
ac
to
r
s
,
f
o
l
lo
wed
clo
s
ely
b
y
lead
in
g
b
y
e
x
am
p
le
(
M=
4
.
4
3
1
,
Std
=
.
4
9
9
)
an
d
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
team
(
M=
4
.
4
4
9
,
Std
=
.
5
5
7
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
(
M
=
4
.
3
2
8
,
Std
=
.
5
1
5
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
lo
west m
ea
n
with
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
1
also
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
aim
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t.
Po
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
a
n
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
(
r
=
.
4
9
8
)
an
d
ex
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
(
r
=
.
3
8
1
)
.
L
ea
d
i
n
g
b
y
ex
a
m
p
le
h
ad
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wit
h
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
(
r
=.
4
6
8
)
,
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
(
r
=.
4
8
2
)
,
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
r
=
.
3
6
8
)
,
an
d
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
r
=.
4
2
2
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
co
r
r
elatin
g
with
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
r
=
.
3
5
0
)
,
an
d
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
r
=.
3
0
7
)
.
All
o
th
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
wer
e
wea
k
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
wer
e
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
3
.
2
.
L
in
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
es
s
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
e
mp
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
o
n
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
l
in
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
ai
m
e
d
at
i
n
v
es
ti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
n
e
cti
o
n
b
et
we
en
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t,
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
r
e
v
e
ale
d
a
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
,
wi
th
an
R
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
.
3
4
5
a
n
d
a
n
R
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
.
1
1
9
,
i
n
d
ic
ati
n
g
th
at
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
a
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
le
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
i
o
n
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
w
as
a
ls
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
,
w
it
h
an
F
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
2
6
.
6
(
p
=
.
0
0
0
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
t
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
is
(
H
0
)
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
a
r
elat
io
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
we
en
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
in
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
w
as
a
cc
e
p
te
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
ici
e
n
t
(
β)
f
o
r
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
w
as
.
3
4
5
,
w
it
h
a
t
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
5
.
1
6
6
(
p
<
.
0
0
0
)
,
s
ig
n
i
f
y
in
g
a
s
i
g
n
if
i
ca
n
t
im
p
a
ct
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
n
e
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
d
e
v
ia
ti
o
n
i
n
c
r
e
ase
i
n
in
tr
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
,
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
i
n
c
r
e
ases
b
y
.
3
4
5
.
L
ik
ewise,
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
o
f
a
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
with
an
R
-
v
alu
e
o
f
.
4
1
5
an
d
a
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
.
1
7
2
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
was a
ls
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
an
F
-
v
alu
e
o
f
4
1
.
1
(
p
=
.
0
0
0
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
H0
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
was
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
β)
f
o
r
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
was
.
4
1
5
,
with
a
t
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v
al
u
e
o
f
6
.
4
1
(
p
<
.
0
0
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
n
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es b
y
.
4
1
5
.
T
ab
le
2
also
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
o
n
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
y
i
eld
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
R
-
v
alu
e
o
f
.
2
7
0
a
n
d
a
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
.
0
7
3
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
with
an
F
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
5
.
6
(
p
=
.
0
0
0
)
,
aim
ed
to
elu
ci
d
ate
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
v
alu
e
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
H0
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
v
alu
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
w
as
ac
ce
p
ted
.
I
t
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
th
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
v
alu
e
(
β=.2
7
0
,
t
(
1
0
.
3
)
=3
.
9
4
5
,
p
<
.
0
0
0
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ted
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Sp
ec
if
i
ca
lly
,
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
v
alu
e
b
y
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
r
esu
lted
in
a
.
2
7
0
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
n
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
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Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
mp
o
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r
m
e
n
t
B
S
t
d
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Er
r
o
r
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P
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t
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m
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6
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
le
o
f e
mp
o
w
erin
g
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
f
a
cu
lty
en
g
a
g
e
men
t a
n
d
mo
tiva
ti
o
n
… (
S
h
a
r
i
s
h
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
45
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
2
also
s
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
n
in
tellectu
al
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
y
ield
ed
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
R
-
v
alu
e
o
f
.
3
0
3
,
alo
n
g
with
a
n
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
.
0
9
2
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
with
an
F
-
v
alu
e
o
f
2
0
.
0
(
p
=.
0
0
0
)
,
aim
ed
at
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
th
e
H0
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
v
alu
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
was
ac
ce
p
ted
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
(
β=.3
0
3
,
t
(
9
.
9
3
3
)
=4
.
4
8
2
,
p
<.
0
0
0
)
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
v
alu
e
b
y
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
r
esu
lted
in
a
.
3
0
3
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
em
p
lo
y
ee
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
3
.
3
.
T
he
m
ultiple r
eg
re
s
s
io
n f
o
r
f
a
ce
t
s
o
f
lea
dersh
ip em
po
wer
m
ent
a
nd
intr
ins
ic
m
o
t
iv
a
t
io
n
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
a
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
aim
ed
at
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
ets
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
o
n
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
y
ield
ed
a
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
R
=.
4
7
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
wh
ile
R
2
=.
2
2
3
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
c
an
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
F
=
1
1
.
1
8
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
o
n
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
lead
i
n
g
b
y
e
x
am
p
le
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
β=.3
3
8
,
t
(
5
,
1
9
5
)
=4
.
7
1
3
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
u
b
-
s
c
ales
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
s
.
3
.
4
.
T
he
m
ultiple r
eg
re
s
s
io
n f
o
r
f
a
ce
t
s
o
f
lea
dersh
ip em
po
wer
m
ent
wit
h e
x
t
rins
ic
m
o
t
iv
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t
o
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
ex
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
at
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
ev
ea
le
d
a
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
it
iv
e
co
r
r
el
ati
o
n
(
R
=
.
4
6
2
)
a
m
o
n
g
f
ac
e
ts
o
f
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
a
n
d
ex
tr
in
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
o
f
d
et
er
m
i
n
at
io
n
(
R
2
=
.
2
1
4
)
s
u
g
g
este
d
t
h
a
t
2
1
.
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
i
a
n
ce
in
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
t
iv
a
ti
o
n
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
l
ai
n
e
d
b
y
th
ese
f
a
ct
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
e
q
u
at
io
n
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
as
p
e
cts
o
f
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
en
t
o
n
ex
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
.
No
ta
b
l
y
,
t
h
e
F
-
s
ta
tis
ti
c
tes
t
y
iel
d
ed
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
r
es
u
lt
(
p
=
.
0
0
3
)
,
a
f
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
ll
r
el
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
m
o
d
el
.
A
m
o
n
g
th
e
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
m
p
o
we
r
m
e
n
t f
ac
t
o
r
s
ex
am
in
e
d
,
lea
d
i
n
g
b
y
e
x
a
m
p
le
an
d
p
a
r
tic
ip
ati
n
g
i
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
ti
al
,
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
ed
b
y
th
ei
r
l
o
w
p
-
v
a
lu
es.
T
h
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icien
ts
(
β)
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
No
tab
ly
,
lea
d
in
g
b
y
e
x
am
p
le
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=
.
4
3
5
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
ar
ti
cip
atin
g
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
(
β=
.
0
8
4
)
.
H
o
wev
er
,
c
o
ac
h
i
n
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
team
h
ad
m
in
im
al
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
with
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
e
mp
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
a
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
t
P
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
Le
a
d
i
n
g
b
y
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
ma
k
i
n
g
C
o
a
c
h
i
n
g
I
n
f
o
r
mi
n
g
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
e
a
m
1
2
.
7
5
8
.
3
5
5
.
0
6
7
.
0
3
4
.
0
2
3
-
.
0
4
2
1
.
5
5
1
.
0
5
7
.
0
5
8
.
0
3
2
.
0
5
3
.
0
3
7
.
4
3
5
.
0
8
4
.
0
8
0
.
0
4
2
-
.
1
0
3
8
.
2
2
5
6
.
1
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1
5
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1
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0
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4
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8
-
1
.
1
2
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0
0
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.
0
0
0
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2
4
9
.
2
9
3
.
6
6
2
.
2
6
1
F
=
1
2
.
9
4
4
,
R
=
.
4
9
9
,
R
2
=
.
2
4
9
a.
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
p
er
ate
with
a
h
ig
h
ly
ed
u
ca
ted
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
ly
q
u
alif
ied
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
p
r
io
r
itize
i
n
tellectu
al
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
v
er
f
in
an
cial
r
ewa
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
p
a
y
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
f
o
r
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
as
in
ten
d
ed
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
em
p
o
wer
in
g
lead
er
s
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
teac
h
er
s
’
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
lig
h
tly
s
u
r
p
ass
es
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
in
ter
n
al
d
r
iv
es
h
o
ld
s
lig
h
tly
m
o
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
em
p
lo
y
ee
b
eh
av
io
r
th
a
n
ex
ter
n
al
r
ewa
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
in
cid
e
s
with
Ma
n
zo
o
r
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
elab
o
r
atin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
tr
in
s
ic
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
,
as
r
e
co
g
n
izin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
ca
n
lead
to
en
h
an
ci
n
g
in
tr
in
s
ic
d
r
iv
es,
t
h
er
eb
y
m
o
tiv
atin
g
t
h
em
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
to
th
eir
f
u
lles
t p
o
ten
tial.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
m
ar
g
in
ally
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
af
f
ec
tiv
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en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
in
d
icate
s
a
ten
d
en
cy
f
o
r
em
p
lo
y
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s
to
p
r
io
r
itize
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
an
d
en
j
o
y
m
en
t
in
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
o
v
e
r
in
tellectu
al
s
tim
u
latio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
B
ar
r
eir
o
an
d
T
r
eg
lo
wn
[
3
4
]
in
d
icate
d
th
at
wo
r
k
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
al
h
ap
p
in
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
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f e
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w
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g
lea
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h
ip
in
imp
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g
f
a
cu
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a
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men
t a
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d
mo
tiva
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o
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… (
S
h
a
r
i
s
h
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
47
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
wh
en
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
j
o
y
ab
le
wo
r
k
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
em
p
lo
y
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s
,
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
tellectu
al
s
tim
u
lat
io
n
r
e
m
ain
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
af
f
e
ctiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
v
er
all
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
am
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
with
in
th
e
r
e
alm
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
th
e
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
c
o
ac
h
in
g
,
lead
i
n
g
b
y
ex
am
p
le,
an
d
in
te
r
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
team
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
th
ese
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
L
ea
d
er
s
in
s
p
ir
e
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
le
-
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
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v
id
in
g
ess
en
tial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
g
iv
in
g
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
wh
ich
e
n
ab
le
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
ed
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
[
3
5
]
,
[
36]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
lo
wer
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
at
iv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
p
o
ten
tial
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
f
er
s
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
in
tr
icate
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
am
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
en
t
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
lead
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s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
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co
r
r
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n
s
em
er
g
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b
etwe
en
b
o
th
in
tr
in
s
ic
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d
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
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n
with
i
n
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al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
m
o
tiv
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n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
em
p
lo
y
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s
’
co
g
n
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e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
th
eir
wo
r
k
task
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
lev
el,
s
ee
k
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
f
ac
u
lty
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
m
o
tiv
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n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
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n
s
b
e
twee
n
lead
in
g
b
y
ex
am
p
le
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
at
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n
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
s
h
i
p
b
eh
av
io
r
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
wh
o
e
x
em
p
lify
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
th
eir
wo
r
k
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
im
p
ac
t
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
lev
els.
A
lead
er
wh
o
em
p
o
wer
s
th
eir
f
o
llo
wer
s
g
r
an
ts
th
em
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
eir
a
b
ilit
ies,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
eir
r
o
les.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
[
3
7
]
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
E
L
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
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n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
em
p
o
wer
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
s
ter
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
Gag
n
é
an
d
Dec
i
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
ass
er
ts
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
i
o
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
v
ar
iab
les
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
v
o
lv
in
g
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
lev
els.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
T
u
ck
ey
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
wh
o
estab
li
s
h
ed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
E
L
an
d
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
s
u
g
g
est
its
em
p
h
asi
s
o
n
d
eleg
atin
g
au
th
o
r
ity
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
em
p
o
wer
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g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
eir
r
o
les
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
E
L
b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
er
v
e
as
an
ac
k
n
o
wled
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m
en
t
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lo
y
ee
s
’
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
[
3
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
ess
en
ti
al
to
ac
k
n
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wled
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th
at
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ile
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r
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o
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g
a
n
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ig
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if
ica
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t,
o
t
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er
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e
wea
k
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in
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
m
ay
b
e
n
u
an
ce
d
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d
co
n
tex
t
-
d
e
p
en
d
en
t,
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f
lu
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ce
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
o
r
g
an
izatio
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al
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ltu
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e
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d
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
a
m
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
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s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
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n
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e
r
s
co
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e
th
e
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o
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lex
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ter
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g
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m
o
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d
lead
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h
i
p
em
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o
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m
en
t
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th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
t
o
cr
ea
te
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
c
o
n
d
u
civ
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em
p
lo
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g
a
g
em
en
t,
m
o
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,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
u
c
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
n
b
o
t
h
af
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
i
n
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
wh
o
em
p
o
wer
t
h
eir
team
s
b
y
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
au
to
n
o
m
y
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an
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
f
o
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ter
em
o
ti
o
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
in
tellectu
al
s
tim
u
latio
n
am
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
h
as
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
b
ee
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f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
n
ess
en
tial
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ac
to
r
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
E
L
e
m
er
g
es
as
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
cr
u
ci
al
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
allo
win
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
k
ey
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
p
r
eser
v
es
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
task
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
ac
a
d
em
ics,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
f
f
ici
en
cy
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
n
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
T
a
b
le
2
)
o
f
E
L
o
n
in
t
r
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
wh
o
f
ee
l
in
ter
n
ally
d
r
iv
e
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
eir
lead
er
s
as
em
p
o
wer
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cu
ltiv
atin
g
in
tr
in
s
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
a
n
d
p
ass
io
n
to
s
h
ap
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
th
at
n
u
r
tu
r
es
in
tr
in
s
i
c
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
as
it
co
r
r
elate
s
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Am
in
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
lea
d
in
g
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
taf
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
o
n
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
r
ew
ar
d
s
o
n
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
ei
r
lead
er
s
.
W
h
ile
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
ca
n
d
r
iv
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
lead
er
s
m
u
s
t
also
f
o
cu
s
o
n
em
p
o
wer
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
wo
r
k
an
d
g
r
o
wth
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Strik
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
tr
in
s
ic
r
ewa
r
d
s
a
n
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
I
n
a
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
ly
2
0
%
o
f
em
p
lo
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ee
s
f
ee
l
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
b
ein
g
m
an
ag
ed
in
a
m
o
tiv
atin
g
m
an
n
er
[
4
1
]
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
its
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
en
co
u
r
ag
es
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
wo
r
k
p
lac
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
8
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
al
asp
ec
t e
n
co
m
p
ass
es b
o
th
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
f
a
cto
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
40
-
52
48
L
ea
d
i
n
g
b
y
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x
a
m
p
le
as
t
h
e
f
a
ce
t
o
f
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
em
p
o
w
er
m
e
n
t
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
p
r
e
d
i
cts
in
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
am
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
em
er
g
es
as
a
c
r
u
ci
al
c
o
m
p
o
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e
n
t
,
wi
th
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
p
o
s
iti
v
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
in
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
w
h
en
lea
d
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s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
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s
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
wit
h
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r
g
a
n
i
za
ti
o
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a
l
v
al
u
es
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d
e
x
p
ec
tat
io
n
s
,
i
t
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
’
in
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
th
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
le
ad
in
g
b
y
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x
am
p
le
as
a
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
tr
ate
g
y
t
o
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n
h
a
n
c
e
i
n
tr
in
s
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m
o
ti
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e.
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y
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l
e
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d
p
ar
tic
ip
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v
e
d
e
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o
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-
m
a
k
i
n
g
e
m
er
g
e
d
as
p
ar
t
icu
la
r
l
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
t
ial
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
e
x
t
r
i
n
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
at
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n
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
li
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at
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
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t
e
n
d
t
o
b
e
m
o
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e
e
x
t
r
i
n
s
ic
a
lly
m
o
ti
v
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w
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en
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d
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e
x
h
i
b
it
ex
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p
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ar
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e
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o
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a
n
d
in
v
o
l
v
e
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i
n
d
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ci
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-
m
a
k
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p
r
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c
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es
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
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s
h
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g
h
li
g
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t
t
h
e
cr
i
tic
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o
le
o
f
l
ea
d
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r
s
h
i
p
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m
p
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r
m
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a
r
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l
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s
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le
a
d
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b
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am
p
l
e
a
n
d
i
n
v
o
lv
in
g
em
p
l
o
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es
in
d
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is
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g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
,
i
n
f
o
s
te
r
i
n
g
em
p
l
o
y
e
e
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
[
3
7
]
.
Y
e
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
co
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
le
a
d
i
n
g
b
y
ex
am
p
l
e
o
n
o
r
g
an
iza
ti
o
n
al
id
en
ti
f
ic
at
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
en
h
an
ce
s
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
’
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
b
el
o
n
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
c
h
an
g
es
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
att
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
O
r
g
a
n
iz
ati
o
n
s
c
an
le
v
e
r
a
g
e
th
es
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
c
r
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
a
n
d
em
p
o
we
r
i
n
g
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
ic
a
n
d
e
x
t
r
i
n
s
ic
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
am
o
n
g
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
,
u
lti
m
a
tel
y
le
ad
in
g
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
,
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
it
y
,
b
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
b
ei
n
g
s
e
lf
-
m
o
t
iv
a
te
d
an
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
t
h
e
ir
wo
r
k
,
u
l
ti
m
at
el
y
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
n
g
to
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
ti
o
n
al
s
u
c
ce
s
s
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
.
I
t
i
s
e
v
i
d
en
t
th
at
s
elf
-
m
o
ti
v
at
e
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
o
le
ly
n
ee
d
e
x
te
r
n
a
l
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
n
et
ar
y
r
ewa
r
d
s
,
a
n
d
th
is
i
n
t
er
n
al
d
r
i
v
e
t
o
c
o
m
p
l
e
te
t
as
k
s
f
o
r
t
h
ei
r
o
wn
s
a
k
e
is
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
eso
u
r
c
e
th
a
t
f
ac
i
lit
ates
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
en
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
3
4
]
.
E
m
p
l
o
y
e
es
w
h
o
ar
e
m
o
ti
v
a
te
d
b
y
a
n
i
n
t
er
n
al
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ac
h
i
ev
em
e
n
t
r
at
h
er
t
h
a
n
e
x
te
r
n
a
l
r
ew
a
r
d
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
h
ig
h
er
l
ev
els
o
f
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
at
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les
o
f
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lin
ea
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
Up
o
n
clo
s
er
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
o
n
ly
lead
in
g
b
y
ex
am
p
le
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
s
h
ap
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
em
o
tio
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
th
eir
wo
r
k
an
d
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
i
o
r
itize
cu
ltiv
atin
g
E
L
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
in
s
p
ir
e
an
d
m
o
tiv
ate
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
tellectu
ally
,
u
ltima
tely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
lead
in
g
b
y
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
cu
ltiv
atin
g
E
L
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
in
s
p
ir
e
an
d
m
o
ti
v
ate
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
em
o
tio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
eb
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
ed
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
B
ar
r
eir
o
an
d
T
r
e
g
lo
wn
[
3
4
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
lead
er
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
le
v
els
in
d
iv
er
s
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
b
y
d
esig
n
in
g
wo
r
k
r
o
les
th
at
en
ab
le
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
a
p
p
ly
th
eir
e
x
p
er
tis
e
an
d
s
k
ills
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l ta
s
k
s
.
4
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
p
r
ac
tical
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
L
ea
d
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
tr
y
to
b
u
ild
an
e
m
p
o
wer
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
b
o
th
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
er
s
,
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
th
o
s
e
wh
o
lead
b
y
ex
am
p
le,
as
a
to
o
l
to
m
o
tiv
ate
an
d
in
s
p
ir
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
R
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
a
ch
iev
em
en
ts
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
th
e
b
est
m
ea
n
s
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
it.
A
co
n
d
u
civ
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t c
an
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
s
ettin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
am
p
le
f
o
r
team
m
em
b
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
.
L
ea
d
er
s
m
ay
attem
p
t
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
th
at
ar
e
alig
n
ed
with
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
v
alu
es.
T
h
ey
m
u
s
t p
r
o
m
o
te
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
am
o
n
g
team
m
em
b
e
r
s
.
L
ea
d
er
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
wo
r
k
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
cu
ltiv
ates
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
lead
i
n
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lead
er
s
m
u
s
t
p
r
io
r
itize
ca
r
ee
r
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
to
en
h
an
ce
b
o
t
h
th
e
in
tellectu
al
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
wo
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tellectu
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
r
e
s
atis
f
ied
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
E
L
p
r
ac
tices.
W
h
ile
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
we
r
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
es
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
it
is
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
f
ee
lin
g
o
v
e
r
wo
r
k
e
d
b
y
a
u
g
m
en
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
n
o
tify
p
o
licies
an
d
estab
lis
h
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
to
av
o
id
s
tr
ess
an
d
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
am
o
n
g
teac
h
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
wh
o
ex
er
cise
m
o
r
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
u
g
g
est
th
a
t
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
a
n
d
m
o
d
els
to
war
d
e
m
p
o
wer
in
g
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les.
B
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
EL
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
n
u
r
tu
r
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
b
etter
f
ac
u
lty
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
4
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
o
f
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
n
ly
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
0
0
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Sar
g
o
d
h
a,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
to
o
th
e
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
u
n
iq
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
le
o
f e
mp
o
w
erin
g
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
f
a
cu
lty
en
g
a
g
e
men
t a
n
d
mo
tiva
ti
o
n
… (
S
h
a
r
i
s
h
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
49
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
an
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
was
u
s
ed
,
th
is
m
ak
es
it
h
ar
d
to
f
i
n
d
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
af
f
ec
ts
em
p
lo
y
ee
o
u
tco
m
es
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
eth
o
d
,
as
q
u
alitativ
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
Du
e
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
tim
e
lim
itatio
n
s
d
ata
was
c
o
llected
o
n
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Sar
g
o
d
h
a
w
h
ich
m
ay
r
estrict
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t w
as c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
EL
p
r
ac
t
ices sig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t e
m
p
lo
y
ee
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t w
ith
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
ally
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
lead
i
n
g
b
y
ex
a
m
p
l
e
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
b
o
th
ex
tr
in
s
ic
a
n
d
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
,
lea
d
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
E
L
p
r
ac
tices
in
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
ettin
g
s
.
L
ea
d
er
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
er
s
wh
o
lea
d
b
y
ex
a
m
p
le
a
n
d
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
em
p
o
wer
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
clea
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
m
an
ag
er
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
W
h
ile
em
p
lo
y
ee
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
h
as
v
alid
ated
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
it
also
p
o
s
es
m
an
y
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ass
u
m
in
g
a
well
-
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
a
t
tak
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
wh
ile
allev
iatin
g
p
o
ten
tial
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
in
g
m
an
ag
er
ial
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
o
ca
tes
th
at
lead
er
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
e
m
p
o
wer
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
ch
as
r
o
le
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
f
ac
u
lty
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
m
ay
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
E
L
in
m
u
lti
p
le
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
t
io
n
a
l
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
th
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
EL
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
.
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
al
r
ese
a
r
c
h
m
a
y
b
e
co
n
d
u
ct
e
d
t
o
e
x
am
i
n
e
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
-
t
er
m
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
E
L
b
y
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
ch
an
g
es
in
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
ti
m
e
.
T
o
g
ai
n
a
m
o
r
e
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
ic
h
e
r
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
in
t
o
h
o
w
E
L
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
e
d
in
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
et
ti
n
g
s
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esea
r
ch
c
o
u
l
d
u
s
e
a
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
te
r
v
iews
,
c
ase
s
t
u
d
ies
,
a
n
d
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
n
c
o
m
p
l
em
en
t
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tit
ati
v
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
r
ia
n
g
u
la
ti
o
n
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
r
esea
r
ch
m
a
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
ch
all
en
g
es
a
n
d
b
ar
r
i
er
s
t
h
at
l
ea
d
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
s
tit
u
t
io
n
s
f
a
ce
wh
e
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
in
g
E
L
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
m
a
y
o
f
f
er
s
tr
ateg
ies to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
ch
al
len
g
es f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
le
m
e
n
tin
g
EL
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
Mr
.
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
I
s
h
f
aq
,
Ass
is
tan
t
R
eg
is
tr
ar
,
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
attin
g
s
o
m
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
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I
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h
er
e
was n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject.
AUTHO
R
CO
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RI
B
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I
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NS ST
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M
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T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
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tio
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ed
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th
o
r
s
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ip
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u
tes,
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d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
o
r
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.
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m
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Aut
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R
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Ab
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Z
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Gh
az
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ar
Ali
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C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
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a
l
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M
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M
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So
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So
f
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Va
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Va
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Fo
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Fo
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mal
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D
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Fu
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