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s
tu
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u
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tific
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Stu
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CC B
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C
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p
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A
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Nu
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az
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s
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Dep
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Sch
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ca
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Scien
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s
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Ma
n
ag
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t a
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Sci
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Un
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s
ity
Per
s
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Olah
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S
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4
0
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Alam
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Selan
g
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m
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1.
I
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RO
D
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N
Scien
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b
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a
t
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tak
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b
jects
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teg
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r
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in
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to
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Min
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tio
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Pro
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m
e
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
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al
Stu
d
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t
Ass
ess
m
en
t
(
PISA)
ex
am
s
wh
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en
lig
h
ten
ed
m
an
y
p
eo
p
le
ab
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
ality
o
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th
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n
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n
al
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ca
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s
y
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tem
in
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lay
s
ia
d
esp
ite
th
e
illu
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
r
an
k
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wh
ile
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
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t
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
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p
ar
tic
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lar
ly
am
o
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g
s
cien
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ed
u
ca
to
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s
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d
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
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t
cr
ea
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d
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n
o
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teac
h
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m
eth
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d
s
to
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h
a
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ce
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tu
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en
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
[
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
an
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
s
till
p
r
ef
er
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
o
r
lectu
r
e
-
b
ase
d
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
lim
it
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
p
ass
iv
e
lear
n
er
s
in
lea
r
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
an
d
u
n
a
b
le
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
s
c
ien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
ee
p
ly
[
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
g
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
t
also
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
eir
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
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d
ev
elo
p
s
th
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co
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n
itiv
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lev
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o
f
s
tu
d
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ar
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u
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es
two
-
way
in
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ac
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in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
a
n
d
p
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s
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tu
d
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p
ar
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an
ts
in
th
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lear
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in
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p
r
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s
s
[
4
]
.
Desp
ite,
th
is
em
p
ir
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ev
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th
e
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s
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r
r
ier
.
T
h
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was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
in
s
cien
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s
u
b
ject
(
N
u
r
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l H
a
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n
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msu
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in
)
279
co
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d
u
cte
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to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
f
in
d
in
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th
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p
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lem
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ased
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(
PB
L
)
in
s
cien
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s
u
b
jects
am
o
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Fo
r
m
o
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s
tu
d
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in
Klan
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o
m
p
ar
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d
to
tr
ad
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eth
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ch
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PB
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at
it
will
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h
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s
tu
d
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t
en
g
ag
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t
an
d
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v
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b
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f
o
s
ter
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s
elf
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ir
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ted
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r
n
in
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.
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en
co
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r
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s
tu
d
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ts
to
b
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in
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ep
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lear
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in
g
s
cien
ce
,
wh
ile
teac
h
er
s
ac
t
as
g
u
id
es
[
5
]
.
I
t
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
p
p
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
to
f
in
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical,
c
r
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
an
aly
tical
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
s
u
ch
as u
n
d
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
PISA
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
p
ass
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e
lear
n
in
g
d
u
e
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
tea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
ee
k
s
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
,
w
h
at
i
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
P
B
L
o
n
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
?
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
eh
in
d
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
wh
eth
er
PB
L
co
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
am
o
n
g
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Kla
n
g
.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
e
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
cien
ce
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
Klan
g
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
m
eth
o
d
s
was m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
A
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
PB
L
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
ce
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t.
No
n
-
e
q
u
iv
a
len
t
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
,
with
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
PB
L
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
r
ec
ei
v
ed
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
PB
L
les
s
o
n
p
lan
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
an
d
ap
p
lied
d
u
r
in
g
s
cien
ce
p
er
io
d
s
v
ia
o
n
lin
e
class
es
f
o
r
eig
h
t w
ee
k
s
.
W
h
ile
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
a
f
ew
f
a
cto
r
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
tak
en
in
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
C
h
u
a
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
to
h
av
e
v
ali
d
ity
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
b
o
th
tr
ea
tm
en
t
PB
L
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
aly
ze
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
test
s
co
r
es,
u
s
in
g
t
-
test
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
ar
iab
les in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Var
iab
le
t
a
b
le
G
r
o
u
p
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
P
B
L
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
sc
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
sc
i
e
n
c
e
2
.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
P
B
L
less
o
n
s
T
h
e
to
p
ics
f
o
r
PB
L
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
cien
ce
s
y
llab
u
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
r
o
m
to
p
ic
8
(
lig
h
t
an
d
o
p
tic
)
an
d
to
p
ic
9
(
ea
r
th
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
PB
L
les
s
o
n
s
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
em
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
l
in
e
class
es
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
PB
L
f
o
r
m
at
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
at
ed
with
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
ev
en
ts
,
v
id
eo
,
au
d
io
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
PB
L
p
r
o
b
lem
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
less
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PB
L
p
r
o
b
lem
2
.
3
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
m
et
ho
ds
(
t
y
p
es o
f
s
a
m
pli
ng
)
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
ted
in
Klan
g
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
wer
e
in
two
class
es
f
r
o
m
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
ta
k
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
r
o
u
p
tak
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects.
On
e
o
f
th
e
cla
s
s
es
wa
s
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
u
n
d
er
wen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
278
-
285
280
PB
L
.
An
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
p
ac
ted
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
o
th
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
in
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
tak
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
in
Klan
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
r
ep
licate
s
im
ilar
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
a
lar
g
e
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
es,
s
ch
o
o
l
s
izes,
an
d
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
as
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
i
n
Klan
g
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
6
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
two
class
es
is
ad
eq
u
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
en
tire
ty
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
a
k
en
s
[
11
]
,
wh
e
n
d
ata
is
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
r
a
n
ea
r
-
co
m
p
lete
s
u
b
s
et,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ju
s
ti
f
icatio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
as
th
e
f
in
ite
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
en
s
u
r
es r
ed
u
ce
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
te
r
v
als n
ar
r
o
wer
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e.
2
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
e
nt
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
q
u
esti
o
n
was
u
s
ed
as
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
g
iv
en
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
wh
ich
is
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PB
L
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
.
B
o
th
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
ar
e
n
o
t
s
im
ilar
b
u
t
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
was
th
e
s
am
e.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
g
iv
en
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
Qu
iz
.
I
n
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
t a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
ed
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
e
g
in
s
with
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Pre
-
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
v
er
if
ied
b
y
two
lectu
r
e
r
s
.
Af
t
er
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
test
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
o
u
t
to
all
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
Qu
iz.
PB
L
le
s
s
o
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
eig
h
t
we
ek
s
u
s
in
g
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
A
f
ter
th
e
PB
L
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
p
o
s
t
-
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
v
er
if
ied
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ein
g
g
iv
en
t
o
all
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
du
r
es
T
h
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
io
n
2
6
.
0
f
o
r
b
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Fo
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
an
aly
s
i
s
ar
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
t
-
test
s
an
d
p
air
ed
t
-
test
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
et
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
to
id
en
tif
y
wh
ich
s
et
item
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ef
er
m
o
r
e
in
PB
L
.
B
o
th
d
ata
c
o
llected
a
r
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata,
h
en
ce
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
th
esis
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
i
v
eness
o
f
P
B
L
o
n
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
lea
rning
a
chiev
em
ent
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
es
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
am
el
y
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
o
f
Fo
r
m
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
tak
in
g
s
c
ien
ce
s
u
b
jects.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
,
6
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
3
0
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
3
0
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
ar
k
s
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
les
2
an
d
3
.
B
o
th
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
3
0
o
b
jectiv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ea
ch
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
n
e
m
ar
k
.
T
h
e
test
was
ad
m
in
is
tr
ated
an
d
m
ar
k
e
d
o
u
t
o
f
3
0
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
s
co
r
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
s
im
p
ly
d
ed
u
ctin
g
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
r
k
s
o
f
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t g
r
o
u
p
test
N
o
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
N
o
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
1
21
22
1
16
16
10
20
10
2
2
8
11
3
17
17
9
24
15
3
3
21
21
0
18
18
6
11
5
4
4
5
11
6
19
19
14
17
3
5
5
5
13
8
20
20
7
20
13
6
6
9
15
6
21
21
9
16
7
7
7
6
8
2
22
22
6
17
11
8
8
9
17
8
23
23
6
8
2
9
9
7
17
10
24
24
7
5
-
2
10
10
8
28
20
25
25
10
30
20
11
11
19
27
8
26
26
6
10
4
12
12
12
21
9
27
27
4
5
1
13
13
12
27
15
28
28
9
21
12
14
14
18
30
12
29
29
10
30
20
15
15
10
24
14
30
30
7
23
16
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
in
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
ject
(
N
u
r
u
l H
a
z
w
a
n
i S
h
a
msu
d
in
)
281
T
ab
le
3
.
Ma
r
k
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
test
N
o
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
N
o
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
31
11
9
-
2
16
46
22
15
-
7
2
32
2
9
7
17
47
8
13
5
3
33
10
7
-
3
18
48
7
15
8
4
34
10
18
8
19
49
14
11
-
3
5
35
17
12
-
5
20
50
11
10
-
1
6
36
4
9
5
21
51
12
14
2
7
37
11
9
-
2
22
52
2
8
6
8
38
6
2
-
4
23
53
8
9
1
9
39
5
5
0
24
54
6
5
-
1
10
40
8
8
0
25
55
11
18
7
11
41
14
8
-
6
26
56
11
12
1
12
42
8
10
2
27
57
8
16
8
13
43
8
8
0
28
58
12
9
-
3
14
44
22
15
-
7
29
59
7
13
6
15
45
17
18
1
30
60
10
8
-
2
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
in
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t g
r
o
u
p
,
s
ev
er
al
two
-
d
ig
it v
alu
es a
p
p
ea
r
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
co
lu
m
n
,
alo
n
g
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
teg
er
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
two
-
d
ig
it
v
alu
es
in
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
c
o
lu
m
n
an
d
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
in
teg
e
r
s
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
s
u
ch
as
R
1
0
,
R
2
5
,
an
d
R
2
9
,
s
h
o
wed
a
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
d
i
s
p
ar
ity
o
f
2
0
,
wh
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
est d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
(
R
3
4
an
d
R
4
8
)
was o
n
ly
8
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
PB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
th
eo
r
y
th
at
PB
L
is
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
th
at
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
em
s
elv
es
an
d
co
m
b
in
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
f
ield
s
to
f
in
d
lo
g
i
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
i
d
en
tifie
d
e
ar
lier
as
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
tu
d
en
ts
lag
i
n
PISA
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
an
d
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
af
ter
PB
L
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
i
n
d
icat
es
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
PB
L
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
PB
L
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
as
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
i
b
ited
m
u
ltip
le
d
o
u
b
le
-
d
ig
it sco
r
es
[
1
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
I
nd
ependent
t
-
t
est
T
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
t
-
t
est
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
est
is
to
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
ce
o
f
b
o
t
h
t
r
e
at
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
PB
L
i
n
t
er
v
e
n
t
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
to
c
h
e
c
k
w
h
e
th
e
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
ev
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
in
s
cie
n
c
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
n
o
t
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
As
s
e
e
n
in
T
a
b
l
e
4
,
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
is
s
l
ig
h
t
ly
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
t
r
e
a
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
ati
o
n
is
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
am
e.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
s
tates
t
h
a
t t
h
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
tes
t s
co
r
es
b
e
twe
en
t
h
e
t
r
e
at
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
s
i
m
il
ar
.
B
ased
o
n
T
a
b
le
5
,
t
h
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
e
-
t
est
is
0
.
3
2
5
wh
ic
h
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
(
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ac
c
e
p
te
d
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
d
is
p
l
a
y
e
d
b
y
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
i
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
(
0
.
3
2
5
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
we
r
e
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
ly
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
ei
r
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
’
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
t
-
test
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
wh
ich
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
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I
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t
J
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&
R
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Vo
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.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
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r
y
20
2
6
:
278
-
285
282
T
ab
le
6
.
Gr
o
u
p
s
tatis
tics
p
o
s
t
-
test
A
c
t
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v
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t
y
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d
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As
s
h
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wn
in
T
ab
le
7
,
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n
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is
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s
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test
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Hen
ce
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is
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v
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th
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ex
p
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ed
to
th
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PB
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m
eth
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d
s
co
r
ed
b
etter
r
esu
lts
th
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
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ed
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
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tio
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teac
h
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g
m
eth
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d
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T
h
e
p
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b
lem
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s
o
lv
i
n
g
q
u
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n
s
p
lay
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
i
n
cr
ea
tin
g
a
PB
L
class
r
o
o
m
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kim
[
1
6
]
,
PB
L
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
with
m
an
y
p
o
s
s
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le
an
s
wer
s
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
ich
is
in
co
n
tr
ast
with
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
wh
ich
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p
h
asizes
an
s
wer
s
f
r
o
m
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
o
n
l
y
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
t
in
p
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tin
g
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
s
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ce
th
er
e
ar
e
m
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y
p
o
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s
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le
way
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s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
en
PB
L
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
1
8
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
th
at
f
o
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s
p
r
im
a
r
ily
o
n
tex
t
b
o
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k
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s
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s
,
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f
o
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ter
s
a
d
y
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am
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in
g
ex
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e
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ien
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wh
er
e
s
tu
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en
ts
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
i
v
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s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
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s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
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y
s
tu
d
en
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p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
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ab
o
u
t
PB
L
th
at
it
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c
r
ea
s
es
th
eir
s
elf
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n
f
id
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ce
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le
ar
n
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g
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Kar
d
o
y
o
et
a
l.
[
7
]
wh
ich
e
m
p
h
asize
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
s
’
cr
i
tical
r
o
le
in
p
r
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p
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s
ca
f
f
o
ld
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g
b
o
o
s
ts
s
tu
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en
ts
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cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
an
s
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PB
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q
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n
s
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B
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th
at,
th
e
PB
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ter
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s
h
o
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a
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itiv
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im
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o
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s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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ec
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s
e
s
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th
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n
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ter
m
m
em
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wh
ic
h
h
el
p
s
r
etain
f
ac
ts
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v
er
a
p
er
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d
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
is
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
Ah
am
a
d
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
in
th
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d
in
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s
th
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in
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d
e
p
th
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is
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u
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
eten
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n
o
f
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em
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r
y
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s
u
b
ject.
T
ab
le
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.
I
n
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en
t
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am
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t
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p
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-
test
)
A
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t
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Eq
u
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5
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4
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0
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6
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3
.
P
a
ired
t
-
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o
r
t
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t
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ro
up
T
h
is
is
to
p
r
o
v
e
wh
eth
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th
e
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
in
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
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er
e
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a
s
ig
n
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ican
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d
if
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er
e
n
ce
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etwe
en
s
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r
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h
e
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ig
n
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v
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0
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aller
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0
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0
5
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v
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e=
0
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0
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1
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.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
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ef
f
ec
tiv
e
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ec
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s
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it
im
p
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o
v
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th
e
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n
i
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g
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h
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em
e
n
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
[
2
2
]
.
T
a
b
le
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
air
ed
t
-
test
r
esu
lt
s
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h
e
d
ata
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r
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r
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r
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s
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d
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n
ally
en
a
b
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g
th
em
to
th
in
k
cr
itically
an
d
an
aly
tically
[
2
3
]
.
T
ab
le
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.
Pair
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t
-
test
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
t
est an
d
p
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test
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t
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A
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1
Pre
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Ng
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[
2
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m
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i
a
n
d
W
asis
[
2
5
]
,
te
ac
h
e
r
s
we
r
e
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
S
T
E
M
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
PB
L
i
n
th
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
ch
a
n
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
t
ea
c
h
e
r
-
ce
n
t
er
ed
t
o
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
te
r
e
d
class
r
o
o
m
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
ac
ti
v
el
y
p
ar
tici
p
ate
d
in
t
h
e
l
es
s
o
n
s
.
He
n
c
e,
tea
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
in
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
PB
L
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
c
r
u
c
ial
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
tat
io
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
w
er
e
co
n
s
is
t
e
n
t
wit
h
an
o
t
h
er
r
ese
ar
ch
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
am
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
Se
m
a
r
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
t
h
at
r
e
al
-
li
f
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
r
aw
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
i
n
t
e
r
est
in
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
th
em
ati
cs,
a
n
d
th
ey
w
e
r
e
a
b
l
e
to
s
ee
t
h
e
g
r
o
wt
h
o
f
c
r
e
ati
v
it
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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J
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v
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&
R
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I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
in
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
ject
(
N
u
r
u
l H
a
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w
a
n
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a
msu
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in
)
283
s
k
il
ls
to
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
[
2
7
]
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
PB
L
ca
n
b
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
’
e
f
f
o
r
t
i
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
le
ar
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
les
t
h
at
m
a
k
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
o
r
e
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
-
le
ar
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
als
o
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
es
t i
n
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
s
cie
n
c
e
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
ee
ts
its
o
b
jectiv
es
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
PB
L
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
ce
a
ch
iev
em
en
t,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
p
air
e
d
t
-
te
s
t
r
esu
lts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
r
ed
h
i
g
h
er
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
d
r
asti
c
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
af
ter
th
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
PB
L
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
PB
L
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
all
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
th
at
a
d
o
p
tin
g
PB
L
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
co
u
l
d
ad
d
r
ess
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
d
ee
p
en
in
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Als
o
,
th
e
c
r
ea
tiv
e
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
o
o
s
ts
teac
h
er
s
’
s
elf
-
esteem
to
co
n
d
u
ct
s
cien
ce
class
es.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
awa
y
f
r
o
m
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
r
ely
o
n
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
,
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
ch
allen
g
e
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
co
u
ld
ex
p
l
o
r
e
h
o
w
PB
L
im
p
ac
ts
o
th
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
o
r
ex
am
in
e
its
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
e
cts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
PB
L
o
n
o
th
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
a
n
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
ath
s
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
ter
v
iews,
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
PB
L
.
Fin
ally
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
PB
L
ex
p
er
ien
ce
m
ay
o
f
f
er
ad
d
itio
n
al
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
ea
ch
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
PB
L
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
also
cr
u
cial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
th
a
n
k
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
allo
win
g
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
f
u
ll c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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to
r
ec
o
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ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
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u
tio
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r
ed
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
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ac
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
278
-
285
284
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
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h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
c
o
n
f
lict
o
f
in
ter
est
in
c
o
m
p
etin
g
f
in
an
cial
in
ter
ests
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
a
p
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
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a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
i
k
h
a
n
i
s_
z
u
r
a
ih
a
n
@m
su
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Yuv
e
n
ith
a
A/P
S
u
b
r
a
m
a
n
ia
m
is
a
m
a
ste
r’s
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
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c
h
o
o
l
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Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
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o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
(
S
ES
S
)
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(M
S
U).
S
h
e
sta
rted
h
e
r
tertiary
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
M
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ta
k
in
g
b
a
c
h
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lo
r
i
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e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
sc
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e
p
ro
g
ra
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.
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r,
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e
p
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rs
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e
d
h
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r
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c
a
d
e
m
ic
jo
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m
a
st
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e
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u
c
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ti
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m
a
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a
g
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m
e
n
t
a
n
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lea
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ip
p
ro
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ra
m
.
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a
d
e
d
ica
ted
a
n
d
p
a
ss
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n
a
te
sc
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c
e
e
d
u
c
a
to
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sh
e
b
rin
g
s
we
a
lt
h
o
f
e
x
p
e
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e
to
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e
field
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d
u
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ti
o
n
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h
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e
m
p
h
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ro
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lem
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b
a
se
d
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in
g
,
e
n
su
r
in
g
t
h
a
t
stu
d
e
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ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
ra
sp
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
b
u
t
a
lso
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
s
k
il
ls
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
r
y
.
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h
e
is
e
x
c
it
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
to
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
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se
c
to
r
a
n
d
sta
y
i
n
g
a
t
t
h
e
fo
re
fro
n
t
o
f
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n
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o
v
a
ti
v
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
to
in
s
p
ir
e
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
sc
ien
ti
st
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
u
v
e
n
it
h
a
9
9
@h
o
tma
il
.
c
o
.
u
k
.
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