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1.
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[
1
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.
U
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[
2
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.
T
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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671
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1
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n
t
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
in
g
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
teac
h
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
en
r
ich
es
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
atter
n
s
,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ci
atio
n
,
s
y
n
tax
,
s
em
an
tics
,
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
in
t
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
in
cip
les,
lear
n
in
g
ex
er
c
is
es,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
ca
ter
to
d
eliv
er
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
ty
les,
in
cr
e
asin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
l
o
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
c
u
ltiv
ate
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
r
e
f
lectiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
an
d
a
n
o
p
tim
is
tic
attitu
d
e
[
1
5
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
lea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
,
an
d
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les,
u
ltima
tely
b
r
id
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
ap
s
an
d
d
em
o
cr
atizin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
alit
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ca
n
s
tim
u
late
all
th
e
s
en
s
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
u
s
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
e
[
1
8
]
.
Desp
ite
its
b
en
ef
its
,
th
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
a
s
er
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
lem
en
t
m
u
ltime
d
ia
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ar
en
a
in
I
n
d
ia.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
o
r
th
o
d
o
x
m
en
tality
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
r
elian
ce
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ch
alk
a
n
d
tal
k
m
eth
o
d
,
lac
k
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
au
th
o
r
ities
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
,
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
u
t
ilize
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
i
a
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
9
]
,
b
u
t
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
ar
t
s
tu
d
ies,
th
ey
ar
e
o
f
te
n
r
elu
ctan
t
to
im
p
lem
en
t
its
u
s
ag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
er
io
u
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
r
r
is
k
s
u
n
d
e
r
tak
en
b
y
teac
h
er
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
m
u
ltim
ed
ia
p
ac
k
ag
es lik
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
[
2
0
]
.
Ma
n
y
ar
e
n
o
t a
war
e
ab
o
u
t v
a
r
io
u
s
ap
p
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
f
r
ee
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tic
al
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e:
−
Ho
w
ca
n
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
b
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
te
n
t in
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
m
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
?
−
Ho
w
ca
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
in
ter
a
ctiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
b
e
v
alid
ated
?
−
I
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
?
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
:
−
T
o
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
en
h
an
ce
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
.
−
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
ex
p
er
t v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t.
−
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
l
ev
el
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
en
h
an
c
e
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ill
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
is
an
em
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
er
a.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
A
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
its
r
o
le
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
,
an
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
u
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
b
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
,
v
alid
atin
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
2
0
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
m
o
d
u
les
d
esig
n
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
o
n
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
te
n
t
m
o
d
u
les
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
tex
tb
o
o
k
o
f
th
e
Ker
ala
s
t
ate
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
les
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
f
o
u
r
ty
p
es
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
:
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
v
id
eo
c
o
n
ten
t,
a
u
d
io
co
n
ten
t,
teac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
ee
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
Natio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Po
licy
(
NE
P
)
2
0
1
9
,
th
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
ef
f
icien
tl
y
in
teg
r
ates
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tar
g
ets lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
b
u
t
also
in
teg
r
ates
im
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
q
u
izze
s
to
s
u
s
tain
lear
n
er
s
’
atten
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
f
o
cu
s
,
f
ea
tu
r
es r
ar
ely
co
m
b
in
ed
in
e
x
is
tin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ch
alk
-
an
d
-
talk
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
lim
it a
ctiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e,
th
is
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tes
d
y
n
am
ic,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
,
an
d
s
elf
-
p
ac
e
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
les ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
f
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
ca
ter
to
d
iv
e
r
s
e
lear
n
er
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
alig
n
with
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als
s
u
ch
as
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
k
ey
p
r
io
r
ities
o
f
NE
P 2
0
1
9
[
2
1
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Dev
elo
p
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
en
t
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
t
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
ev
alu
ate
b
o
th
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
e
-
co
n
ten
t
to
m
ee
t
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t,
f
in
d
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
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.
2
.
2
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
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m
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ho
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T
h
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q
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an
titativ
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.
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clu
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2
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2
.
1
.
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t
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Ex
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5
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G
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4
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F
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(
3
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P
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(
2
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V
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(
1
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1
I
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t
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t
e
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2
I
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t
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t
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n
t
p
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p
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l
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m
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t
.
3
I
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t
e
r
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c
t
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v
e
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c
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t
e
n
t
ma
k
e
s
a
c
t
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v
e
a
n
d
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n
t
h
u
si
a
st
i
c
.
4
I
n
t
e
r
a
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t
i
v
e
e
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c
o
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t
e
n
t
f
a
c
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l
i
t
a
t
e
a
c
q
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s
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t
i
o
n
o
f
En
g
l
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s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
sk
i
l
l
s.
5
I
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t
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a
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t
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e
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c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
m
p
r
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n
t
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
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a
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a
g
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mo
n
g
l
e
a
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n
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s.
6
I
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x
p
l
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r
e
a
l
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s
t
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c
l
e
a
r
n
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n
g
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n
v
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r
o
n
men
t
t
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g
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v
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f
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t
.
7
I
f
i
n
d
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t
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
i
d
e
o
s,
a
n
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m
a
t
i
o
n
s,
a
n
d
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m
a
g
e
s.
8
I
e
n
g
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
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q
u
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z
z
e
s
,
i
m
me
d
i
a
t
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
a
n
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a
c
t
i
v
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t
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s
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9
I
a
c
t
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v
e
l
y
l
i
s
t
e
n
t
o
t
h
e
a
u
d
i
o
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
10
I
e
x
e
r
c
i
se
p
h
o
n
e
t
i
c
,
i
n
t
o
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
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v
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
11
I
c
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
my
r
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
see
i
n
g
,
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
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n
t
e
r
a
c
t
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n
g
w
i
t
h
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s.
12
I
c
a
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
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h
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g
h
r
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a
d
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n
g
t
e
x
t
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w
o
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o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
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o
n
g
a
m
e
s,
a
n
d
w
o
r
d
t
r
e
e
.
13
I
c
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
me
a
n
i
n
g
o
f
w
o
r
d
s,
se
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
g
i
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
ssa
g
e
.
14
I
e
n
j
o
y
a
t
t
e
n
d
i
n
g
mo
r
e
i
n
t
e
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a
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t
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c
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t
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
c
l
a
sses.
15
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t
e
n
t
a
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o
p
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p
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t
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
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t
s
e
c
t
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o
n
s
a
c
c
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d
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(
=
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(
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2
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4.
DIS
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r
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n
is
9
5
.
5
%,
wh
ile
m
ed
ia
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
e
d
a
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
9
1
.
5
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
is
v
alid
an
d
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
m
e
d
ia
ex
p
er
t
s
r
ated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
ter
ac
t
iv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
as
‘
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
’
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
it
is
v
alid
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
.
A
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Gh
o
f
u
r
an
d
Y
o
u
h
an
ita
[
2
5
]
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
m
ed
ia
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
2
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
f
all
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
“
g
o
o
d
”
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
is
b
o
th
v
alid
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
.
Ma
h
esti
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
lear
n
i
n
g
v
id
eo
t
h
at
was
v
alid
ated
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
m
ater
ial
e
x
p
er
ts
,
m
ed
ia
ex
p
er
ts
,
an
d
lin
g
u
is
ts
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alid
atio
n
s
co
r
e
ac
h
iev
ed
was
9
7
.
6
%,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
q
u
ality
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
8
6
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
was
h
elp
f
u
l
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Sam
a
d
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
ev
alu
ate
d
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
m
ed
ia
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
.
T
h
e
m
ed
ia
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
b
tain
ed
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
.
9
3
,
th
e
m
ater
ial
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
co
r
ed
0
.
9
5
,
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
co
r
ed
0
.
9
1
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
in
d
icate
t
h
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
ed
ia
s
er
v
es
as
a
u
s
ef
u
l
a
n
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
was
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
1
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
3
5
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
a
ctiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
in
en
h
an
cin
g
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
was
4
.
6
8
,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
r
o
m
te
ac
h
er
s
was
4
.
6
2
o
u
t
o
f
5
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
is
r
ated
as
“
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
”
an
d
is
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
s
em
an
tics
,
an
d
s
y
n
ta
x
wh
ile
aid
in
g
in
id
en
tif
y
in
g
t
h
e
g
is
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
te
n
t.
A
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Hen
i
[
2
8
]
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
eth
o
d
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
m
u
ltime
d
ia
o
n
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
in
an
E
n
g
lis
h
co
u
r
s
e
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
was
7
7
.
9
5
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
0
.
Hen
i
[
2
8
]
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Fath
o
n
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
with
6
4
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
2
.
7
3
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
7
9
.
8
5
.
A
t
-
te
s
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
8
.
1
4
5
was
ca
lcu
la
ted
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
u
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es st
u
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
r
=0
.
8
7
)
in
d
icate
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
as
h
ig
h
ly
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
Similar
ly
,
Kh
o
jast
eh
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
u
s
ed
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
e
-
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
p
r
in
cip
les
(
r
=
0
.
8
5
9
)
,
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
e
-
co
n
t
en
t
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
(
r
=
0
.
8
4
3
)
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
p
r
i
n
ci
p
les
(
r
=0
.
8
0
8
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
h
i
g
h
c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
e
-
co
n
ten
t in
m
u
ltime
d
ia
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
a
ct
i
v
e
l
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
v
e
q
u
i
z
z
e
s
,
i
m
m
e
d
ia
t
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
v
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
T
h
is
is
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
8
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
y
i
e
l
d
e
d
a
m
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
4
.
7
3
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
a
n
d
4
.
6
5
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
(
o
u
t
o
f
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
i
v
e
e
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
A
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
H
a
m
d
a
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
3
7
(
o
u
t
o
f
5
)
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
q
u
izze
s
af
ter
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
An
d
r
o
id
-
b
ased
in
ter
a
ctiv
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
8
4
.
1
7
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
v
alu
e
im
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f in
tera
ctive
e
-
co
n
ten
t to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
lis
ten
in
g
s
kill a
n
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
N
ith
a
V
a
r
g
h
ese
)
677
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t is also
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as e
asy
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
id
e
o
s
,
an
im
atio
n
s
,
an
d
im
ag
es.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
ev
en
th
q
u
esti
o
n
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
ev
ea
l
ed
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
9
2
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
4
.
8
6
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Sep
tian
i
et
a
l.
[
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
8
2
.
5
0
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
in
t
er
ac
tiv
e
m
u
ltime
d
i
a
co
u
r
s
ewa
r
e
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
en
h
an
ce
s
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
en
t
h
u
s
iast
ic
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
3
5
teac
h
er
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
is
s
tatem
en
t,
with
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
4
.
6
1
a
n
d
4
.
5
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
3
.
Mu
n
ir
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
f
o
s
ter
s
en
th
u
s
iasm,
with
m
ater
ial
ex
p
er
ts
r
atin
g
it
3
o
u
t
o
f
4
.
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t
en
h
an
ce
s
r
eten
tio
n
b
y
en
g
ag
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
u
al,
au
d
ito
r
y
,
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
,
as
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
elev
en
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
e
v
ea
led
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
4
.
8
7
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
4
.
7
8
f
r
o
m
teac
h
e
r
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ete
n
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
.
A
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
b
y
W
in
ath
a
an
d
Ab
u
b
ak
ar
[
3
2
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
o
f
an
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
test
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
co
r
ed
an
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
4
3
.
4
0
.
H
o
wev
er
,
af
ter
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
in
ter
ac
t
iv
e
e
-
co
n
te
n
t,
th
eir
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
8
2
.
6
5
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
r
eten
tio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
v
id
e
o
s
an
d
o
th
er
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
e
n
ts
.
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
b
r
ea
k
s
n
ew
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
e
-
c
o
n
ten
t
to
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ize
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
c
u
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
cr
e
ated
a
b
esp
o
k
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
th
at
ad
ap
ts
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lear
n
er
s
’
n
ee
d
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
u
r
al
-
u
r
b
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
eq
u
ity
an
d
th
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
NE
P
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
r
ep
licab
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
B
y
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
en
jo
y
ab
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Desp
ite
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ch
an
g
e
an
d
lim
ited
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ac
ce
s
s
in
ce
r
tain
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
em
b
r
ac
in
g
m
u
ltime
d
ia
to
o
ls
to
f
o
s
ter
lear
n
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
in
clu
s
io
n
.
T
o
f
u
lly
r
ea
lize
th
is
p
o
ten
tial,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tr
ai
n
in
g
to
c
r
e
ate
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
m
u
ltime
d
ia
-
r
ich
co
n
ten
t
an
d
u
r
g
es
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
in
v
est
in
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
r
ef
o
r
m
,
an
d
tar
g
ete
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
E
m
b
r
ac
in
g
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
e
-
co
n
ten
t
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
h
if
t
it
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
tep
to
war
d
a
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le,
d
y
n
am
ic,
a
n
d
lear
n
e
r
-
ce
n
ter
ed
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
th
an
k
all
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
We
also
th
an
k
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
a
n
d
m
ed
i
a
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
v
alu
a
b
le
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
we
th
an
k
all
th
e
o
f
f
icials o
f
C
h
r
is
t U
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
e
n
co
u
r
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
ex
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
ag
en
cy
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
with
o
u
t f
in
an
cial
ass
is
tan
ce
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nith
a
Var
g
h
ese
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ken
n
ed
y
An
d
r
ew
T
h
o
m
as
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
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t
i
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g
-
R
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v
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w
&
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d
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Vi
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Vi
su
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p
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v
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P
r
o
j
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c
t
a
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mi
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r
a
t
i
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n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
670
-
6
79
678
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
co
n
f
lict
o
f
in
ter
est
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
n
o
f
in
an
cial,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
af
f
ili
atio
n
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
All
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
r
itten
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
af
ter
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
em
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
n
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
th
eir
r
i
g
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e.
C
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
an
o
n
y
m
ity
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
m
ain
tain
ed
,
with
d
ata
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
f
o
r
a
ca
d
em
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
ec
u
r
ed
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
C
h
r
is
t
Dee
m
ed
to
b
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
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1
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