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th
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a
ti
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c
c
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g
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e
d
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c
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ti
o
n
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d
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it
a
l
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m
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te
n
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is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
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e
n
ti
a
l
s
k
il
ls
fo
r
p
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se
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tea
c
h
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rs.
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e
re
fo
re
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e
q
u
i
p
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
tea
c
h
e
r
train
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
with
DC
is
a
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
u
b
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
rn
.
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is
stu
d
y
a
n
a
ly
z
e
s
g
l
o
b
a
l
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se
a
rc
h
o
u
t
p
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t
o
n
p
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se
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tea
c
h
e
rs’
DC
to
id
e
n
t
ify
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
tr
e
n
d
s,
k
e
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
o
rs,
a
n
d
p
re
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
r
e
se
a
rc
h
th
e
m
e
s.
To
g
a
in
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
v
iew
o
f
p
re
-
se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
e
rs
’
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th
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
tea
m
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
b
ib
l
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m
e
tri
c
a
n
a
ly
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f
2
7
8
p
u
b
li
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se
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m
2
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o
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.
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h
e
re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
l
a
su
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sta
n
ti
a
l
i
n
c
re
a
se
in
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
n
DC
in
p
re
-
se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
e
rs,
p
a
rti
c
u
la
rly
in
th
e
las
t
3
y
e
a
rs.
S
p
a
i
n
is
a
lea
d
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
y
in
t
h
is
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
,
wi
th
th
e
m
o
st
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
fu
n
d
i
n
g
m
e
n
ti
o
n
s
.
Th
e
m
o
st
p
ro
m
i
n
e
n
t
a
u
th
o
r
is
Çe
b
i
fr
o
m
Tu
r
k
e
y
.
T
h
e
jo
u
rn
a
l
th
a
t
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
th
e
m
o
st
a
rti
c
les
is
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(EAIT
)
.
Th
ro
u
g
h
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
c
o
-
o
c
c
u
rrin
g
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s,
fo
u
r
m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
tren
d
s
on
th
is
to
p
ic
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
id
e
n
t
i
fied
.
T
h
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
a
lu
a
b
le
i
n
sig
h
ts
i
n
to
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
to
p
ic
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
rib
u
te
to
sh
a
p
i
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
irec
ti
o
n
s i
n
th
is f
ield
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
Dig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
Pre
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
VOSv
iewe
r
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ha
Van
Du
n
g
Vietn
am
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
No
.
1
2
-
1
4
L
e
T
h
an
h
T
o
n
g
Str
ee
t,
C
u
a
Nam
war
d
,
Han
o
i
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: d
u
n
g
.
b
io
.
s
p
h
n
.
th
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
cial
life
.
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
DC
)
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
tr
en
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
.
“
DC
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
t,
cr
itical
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
,
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
,
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
,
at
wo
r
k
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
s
o
ciety
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
,
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tio
n
(
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
)
,
s
af
ety
(
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
well
-
b
ein
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
)
,
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
p
er
ty
r
elate
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
lv
in
g
a
n
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
”
[
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
DC
is
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia.
I
t
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
[
2
]
.
I
n
p
u
b
lic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
th
e
ter
m
“d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
”
is
also
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
with
a
s
im
ilar
o
r
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ea
n
in
g
to
DC
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Sp
an
te
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
ter
m
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
ter
ch
an
g
ea
b
ly
,
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
ak
e
a
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
DC
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f d
ig
ita
l c
o
m
p
e
ten
ce
in
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
ers
:
a
g
lo
b
a
l p
ers
p
ec
tive
fr
o
m
…
(
A
n
B
ien
Th
u
y
)
67
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
s
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
alo
n
g
with
r
elate
d
attitu
d
es
an
d
v
alu
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
ten
d
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
d
i
g
ital c
o
n
ten
t.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
eq
u
ip
s
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
liv
e,
lear
n
,
an
d
wo
r
k
i
n
a
d
ig
ital
s
o
ciety
[
4
]
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
ze
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
ich
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
le
ar
n
in
g
to
o
ls
[
5
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
D
C
h
elp
s
lear
n
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
a
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
6
]
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
elf
-
lear
n
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
;
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ess
en
tial
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
[
7
]
.
F
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
DC
is
a
cr
u
cial
to
o
l
to
h
elp
th
em
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
es
in
teac
h
in
g
,
r
e
alize
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
g
o
als,
ac
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
,
an
d
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
.
W
ith
th
eir
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
lear
n
f
r
o
m
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
cr
ea
te
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
less
o
n
s
,
ass
ess
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
a
n
d
m
ak
e
tim
ely
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
tr
en
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
s
o
ciety
[
8
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
h
ig
h
DC
in
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
eten
cies f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
t
h
e
2
1
s
t c
en
tu
r
y
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
DC
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
n
c
er
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
s
in
ce
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
o
v
e
r
1
.
6
b
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
clo
s
u
r
es
g
lo
b
ally
,
wh
ich
ac
c
eler
ated
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
m
a
n
y
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
b
y
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
to
en
s
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
b
o
th
em
er
g
en
cy
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
1
]
.
Var
io
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
s
u
ch
as
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
teac
h
er
s
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
ar
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
o
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
2
]
.
Dig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
aim
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
cr
ea
tiv
ely
ap
p
ly
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cr
ea
tiv
ely
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Pre
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
will
s
o
o
n
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ig
i
talizatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
m
o
d
er
n
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
th
e
m
with
DC
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
i
ty
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
4
]
,
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
tr
ain
i
n
g
an
d
ac
tu
al
ca
r
ee
r
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
1
5
]
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
r
ef
lect
o
n
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
ty
le,
an
d
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
in
a
d
ig
italized
co
n
tex
t
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
DC
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
t
ea
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
e
r
s
,
s
tu
d
y
b
y
R
o
d
r
íg
u
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
en
e
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
is
to
p
ic
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
3
to
2
0
1
7
.
Fo
r
teac
h
e
r
s
,
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
an
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
o
S)
d
a
tab
ase
b
y
A
y
d
in
an
d
Yild
ir
im
[
1
8
]
id
e
n
tifie
s
th
r
ee
m
ain
r
esear
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
:
DC
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
at
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els.
R
ec
en
t stu
d
ies h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
b
y
W
an
g
an
d
He
[
1
9
]
o
n
DC
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
es
en
ts
f
o
u
r
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
th
em
es:
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
n
to
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
li
ter
ac
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
Fo
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
o
f
DC
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
[
2
0
]
,
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
DC
in
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
[
2
1
]
,
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
DC
in
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
[
2
2
]
,
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
’
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
n
o
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
r
ev
iew
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
c
h
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ic
e
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
g
lo
b
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
elate
d
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
d
ev
el
o
p
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
DC
with
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
is
to
p
ic
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
an
d
u
s
es th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata,
aim
in
g
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
DC
?
−
W
h
ich
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
o
s
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
is
f
ield
?
−
W
h
ich
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
a
v
e
m
o
s
t f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
is
s
em
in
ated
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
tea
ch
er
s
’
DC
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t in
f
lu
en
tial
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
th
em
es a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
th
is
ar
ea
?
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
it
o
f
f
er
s
a
g
lo
b
al,
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
o
r
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
is
o
lated
asp
ec
ts
o
f
DC
in
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
n
o
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
tar
g
eted
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
r
e
v
iew
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
ills
th
at
g
ap
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
6
6
-
81
68
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
lo
b
al
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
g
u
i
d
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
d
i
g
ital e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
W
o
S
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
ar
e
two
wo
r
ld
-
lead
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
etin
g
cit
atio
n
d
atab
ases
[
2
4
]
.
W
o
S
was
th
e
f
ir
s
t
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
atab
ase,
wh
ile
Sco
p
u
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
later
,
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
th
an
W
o
S
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
ts
d
u
e
to
its
ea
s
ier
d
ata
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
,
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
co
p
e
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
n
ten
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
u
s
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
f
o
u
r
s
tep
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
Sp
ec
if
ic
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
tep
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
wch
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
2
.
1
.
1
.
Ste
p 1
:
identif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
tep
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic.
T
h
e
m
ain
k
ey
wo
r
d
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
“
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
”
.
Sin
ce
DC
in
clu
d
es
m
an
y
s
u
b
-
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
in
o
r
d
er
n
o
t
to
m
is
s
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
also
u
s
ed
o
th
er
n
ar
r
o
wer
o
r
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ter
m
s
s
u
ch
as
“
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
”
,
“
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
”
,
“
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
ies
”
,
an
d
“
d
ig
ital
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
.
T
h
ese
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
ter
m
s
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
b
jects,
s
u
ch
as
“
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
”
,
“
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
”
,
“
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”
,
“
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
”
,
an
d
“
f
u
t
u
r
e
teac
h
er
s
”
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
as
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
1
,
4
1
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
d
ata
co
llected
o
n
J
u
ly
2
3
,
2
0
2
4
)
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Ste
p 2
:
s
cr
ee
nin
g
T
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
aim
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
c
o
llected
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
wer
e
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
o
co
m
p
lete
th
is
s
tep
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
u
s
ed
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
f
r
o
m
s
tep
1
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
s
ev
er
al
cr
iter
ia:
i)
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
a
n
d
tit
les;
ii)
o
n
ly
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
an
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
,
as
th
ese
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
eliab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
u
e
to
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es;
an
d
iii)
E
n
g
lis
h
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
o
s
itio
n
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
cien
tific
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e:
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
in
lan
g
u
ag
es
o
th
e
r
th
a
n
E
n
g
lis
h
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
j
o
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
s
u
ch
as
r
ev
iews,
r
etr
ac
ted
p
ap
er
s
,
d
ata
p
ap
e
r
s
,
ed
ito
r
ials
,
s
h
o
r
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
an
d
co
r
r
ig
en
d
a.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
b
ased
o
n
s
cien
tific
ally
v
alid
ated
an
d
cr
ed
ib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
To
t
a
l
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
D
C
f
r
o
m
S
c
o
p
u
s
(
n
=
1
,
4
1
2
)
To
t
a
l
st
u
d
i
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
(
n
=
1
,
0
8
1
)
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
d
a
t
a
u
si
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
se
t
(
n
=
3
3
1
)
S
t
u
d
i
es
af
t
er
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
e
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
n
=
2
7
8
)
S
t
u
d
i
e
s e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
n
=
8
0
3
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
i
e
s
f
o
r
b
i
b
l
i
o
me
t
r
i
c
s a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
(
n
=
2
7
8
)
Id
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
In
c
l
u
d
e
d
E
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f d
ig
ita
l c
o
m
p
e
ten
ce
in
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
ers
:
a
g
lo
b
a
l p
ers
p
ec
tive
fr
o
m
…
(
A
n
B
ien
Th
u
y
)
69
As
a
r
esu
lt,
1
,
0
9
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
r
etr
iev
e
d
af
ter
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
.
Du
p
licates
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
lack
in
g
co
m
p
lete
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
o
r
titl
es
wer
e
a
ls
o
ex
clu
d
ed
.
B
y
th
e
en
d
o
f
s
tep
2
,
1
,
0
8
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
x
t step
.
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
s
tatem
en
t is as:
TITLE
-
ABS
-
K
E
Y
(
(
(
“
d
ig
ita
l
co
mp
eten
ce
”
OR
“
d
ig
ita
l
s
kill
s
”
OR
“
d
ig
ita
l
lite
r
a
cy
”
OR
“
d
ig
ita
l
liter
a
cies
”
OR
“
d
ig
ita
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”
)
A
N
D
(
“
tea
ch
er
t
r
a
in
in
g
”
OR
“
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
vice
tea
ch
e
r
”
OR
“
Tea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”
OR
“
S
tu
d
en
t
tea
ch
er
”
OR
“
F
u
tu
r
e
tea
ch
ers
”
)
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
MIT
-
TO
(
DOCT
YPE
,
“
ar
”
)
OR
LIMI
T
-
TO
(
DO
C
TY
P
E
,
“
cp
”
)
OR
LIMI
T
-
TO
(
D
OC
T
YPE
,
“
ch
”
)
)
A
N
D
(
LIMI
T
-
TO (
LANGUA
GE
,
“
E
n
g
lis
h
”
))
2
.
1
.
3
.
Ste
p 3
:
elig
ibi
lity
T
h
is
s
tep
aim
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
t
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
r
elev
an
t
t
o
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
T
o
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
th
is
,
ass
ig
n
ed
team
m
em
b
er
s
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
r
ev
ie
wed
th
e
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
th
en
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
e
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
th
er
e
was
n
o
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
th
e
en
tire
r
esear
ch
team
r
ea
d
th
e
f
u
ll
tex
t
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
to
m
ak
e
a
f
in
al
d
ec
i
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
8
0
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
e
ex
clu
d
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
r
ev
iews
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
ed
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
a
t
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lev
els
with
o
u
t
m
en
tio
n
in
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
g
en
er
al
o
r
non
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
v
o
l
v
ed
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
d
id
n
o
t a
d
d
r
ess
DC
o
r
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
o
r
o
n
ly
m
en
tio
n
e
d
DC
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
in
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Ste
p 4
:
inclu
ded
Af
ter
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
,
2
7
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
ese
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
ed
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
en
c
e
p
ap
er
s
,
an
d
b
o
o
k
ch
ap
ter
s
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
to
an
aly
z
e
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
in
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
s
tatis
tically
an
aly
zin
g
an
d
e
v
al
u
atin
g
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
to
p
ic
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
elp
s
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
id
en
tify
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
r
e
d
ict
p
o
ten
tial
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
co
v
e
r
s
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
2
4
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
2
0
0
9
was
th
e
y
ea
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
elev
an
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
n
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
Sco
p
u
s
,
an
d
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
to
2
0
2
4
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
.
T
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
co
llected
d
ata,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
en
a
b
les
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
am
o
n
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
citatio
n
s
o
v
er
tim
e
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
an
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
r
en
d
s
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
t
o
p
ics
r
elate
d
to
DC
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
E
x
ce
l
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
s
tatis
t
ics,
wh
ile
VOSv
iewe
r
s
o
f
twar
e
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
an
aly
ze
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
o
v
er
tim
e,
t
h
er
eb
y
id
en
tify
in
g
m
ajo
r
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
s
in
th
is
f
ield
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
VOSv
iewe
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
eliab
le,
as
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
n
o
t o
n
ly
v
is
u
alize
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
ter
m
s
b
u
t
also
en
ab
les
in
-
d
ep
th
an
aly
s
is
o
f
k
ey
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
to
tal
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
h
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
in
a
s
cien
tific
f
ield
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
au
th
o
r
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
s
er
v
e
as
co
n
cise
ter
m
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
co
r
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
to
o
l,
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ix
p
ac
k
ag
e,
was
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
aly
s
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
ain
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
ata,
d
etails
o
n
co
u
n
tr
ies,
af
f
iliatio
n
s
,
an
d
jo
u
r
n
als,
tr
en
d
to
p
ics o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
c
o
llectio
n
,
an
d
th
e
th
em
atic
m
a
p
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l
info
rma
t
io
n
a
n
d
g
ro
wt
h t
re
nd
s
o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
i
o
ns
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ataset
o
n
th
e
t
o
p
ic
o
f
DC
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
,
af
ter
b
ein
g
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
to
o
l,
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
alth
o
u
g
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
h
av
e
o
n
ly
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
s
in
ce
2
0
0
9
,
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
is
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
(
2
5
.
7
3
%).
As
o
f
J
u
ly
3
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
2
7
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
with
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
av
er
ag
e
a
g
e
b
ein
g
3
.
2
2
an
d
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
citatio
n
s
p
er
d
o
c
b
ei
n
g
1
1
.
8
8
.
T
h
ese
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
7
4
3
au
th
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
5
1
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
au
th
o
r
ed
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
au
th
o
r
s
co
llab
o
r
ated
,
with
a
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
p
er
d
o
c
r
ate
o
f
3
.
0
6
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
1
3
.
6
7
%.
T
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
d
atase
t
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
1
7
3
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
with
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
b
ein
g
ar
ticles
(
2
1
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
(
2
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
)
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
(
3
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
)
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
2
,
1
1
5
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ataset.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
6
6
-
81
70
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
to
tal
cu
m
u
lativ
e
citatio
n
s
p
er
y
e
ar
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
te
ac
h
er
s
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
i
n
2
0
0
9
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ev
en
y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
5
)
,
1
6
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
r
elea
s
ed
,
with
o
n
ly
1
t
o
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
e
r
y
e
ar
.
Fro
m
2
0
1
6
o
n
war
d
s
,
2
6
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
2
0
0
9
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
t
o
tal
citatio
n
s
(
T
C
)
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
p
er
i
o
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
1
t
o
2
0
2
3
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
5
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
T
P)
in
th
e
co
lle
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
p
er
i
o
d
wh
en
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
ew
m
ed
i
a,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
n
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
u
s
e
I
C
T
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
DC
f
o
r
in
-
s
er
v
ice
an
d
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
h
ad
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
On
e
o
f
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
was
th
e
a
cc
eler
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
en
ter
in
g
th
e
f
ield
,
g
r
ad
u
ally
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
teac
h
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
f
i
g
h
t
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
m
ar
k
ed
a
r
ap
i
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
n
ex
t
ce
n
tr
al
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
ad
v
an
tag
es
wh
en
u
s
ed
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
3
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
co
llectio
n
h
av
e
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AR
an
d
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
e
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s
er
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teac
h
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s
.
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n
2
0
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4
,
3
1
p
u
b
licatio
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e
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ed
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Sin
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ata
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tr
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ly
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4
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m
id
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,
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m
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ies
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4
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o
t
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u
lly
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atab
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ically
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n
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elay
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m
p
ar
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th
e
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p
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ate
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
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r
e,
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is
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id
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t
th
at
th
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r
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co
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ig
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if
ican
t r
esear
ch
in
ter
est.
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ab
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1
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Ma
in
i
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f
o
r
m
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ab
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t d
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M
a
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t
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Ti
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0
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o
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n
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t
h
r
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5
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3
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6
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A
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2
1
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r
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r
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Fig
u
r
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2
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er
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p
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b
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u
m
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lativ
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0
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An
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8
8
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Th
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A
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71
3
.
2
.
Co
ntr
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t
io
ns
by
co
un
t
ries,
ins
t
it
utio
n
s
,
a
nd
a
utho
rs
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata,
5
1
co
u
n
tr
ies
wo
r
l
d
wid
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
p
u
b
licatio
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o
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o
r
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er
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ice
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h
e
r
s
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h
e
n
u
m
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er
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f
p
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r
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f
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o
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1
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4
.
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h
e
in
f
o
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p
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n
t
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ies
with
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ig
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est
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m
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r
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ab
l
e
2
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ab
b
r
ev
iatio
n
s
:
TP
;
TC
;
citatio
n
p
er
p
ap
e
r
(
T
C
/TP)
;
s
in
g
le
co
u
n
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y
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u
b
licat
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s
(
SC
P)
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m
u
ltip
le
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n
tr
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s
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MCP
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;
co
n
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ce
p
r
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ce
ed
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g
(
C
P)
; Jo
u
r
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al
(
J
N)
;
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
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s
tar
t
(
PY_
s
tar
t)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
o
p
9
co
u
n
tr
ies with
th
e
m
o
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t p
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licatio
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o
n
th
e
t
o
p
ic
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f
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y
p
r
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teac
h
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R
a
n
k
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
TP
TC
TC
/
TP
S
C
P
M
C
P
1
S
p
a
i
n
34
5
5
1
1
6
.
2
32
2
2
N
o
r
w
a
y
17
5
5
4
3
2
.
6
14
3
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k
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3
2
2
2
4
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8
13
0
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n
d
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si
a
11
45
4
.
1
7
4
5
G
e
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man
y
10
58
5
.
8
9
1
6
U
S
A
8
1
2
5
1
5
.
6
6
2
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r
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5
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1
4
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M
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l
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a
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1
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.
2
4
1
9
P
o
l
a
n
d
5
14
2
.
8
3
2
Sp
ain
lead
s
th
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p
9
with
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4
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u
b
licatio
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m
an
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th
e
s
ec
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n
d
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r
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k
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n
tr
y
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r
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wev
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ain
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as
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r
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u
r
k
ey
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n
k
s
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ir
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th
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p
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,
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3
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b
licatio
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s
an
d
3
2
2
citatio
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s
.
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h
e
f
o
llo
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g
th
r
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ies,
th
e
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SA,
Ger
m
an
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d
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o
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ip
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m
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er
o
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p
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b
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s
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n
d
cit
atio
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s
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n
d
o
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1
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u
t
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ly
4
5
citatio
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s
,
wh
e
r
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s
th
e
US
A
h
as
f
ewe
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
8
)
b
u
t
n
ea
r
ly
t
h
r
ee
tim
es
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m
an
y
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Ger
m
a
n
y
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etwe
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th
ese
two
co
u
n
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ies with
5
8
citatio
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s
ac
r
o
s
s
10
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
last
th
r
ee
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
to
p
1
0
all
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
i
v
e
ar
ticles,
b
u
t th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
citatio
n
s
.
B
y
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
No
r
way
r
a
n
k
s
f
ir
s
t
with
a
T
C
/TP
o
f
3
2
.
6
,
f
o
llo
wed
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y
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u
r
k
ey
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
2
4
.
8
.
T
h
e
USA,
I
r
elan
d
,
an
d
Sp
ain
h
av
e
T
C
/TP
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
4
to
1
6
.
2
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
T
C
/TP
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
6
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
o
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
all
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
T
u
r
k
e
y
an
d
I
r
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d
ar
e
au
th
o
r
ed
s
o
lely
b
y
d
o
m
esti
c
au
th
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
s
ev
en
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
ad
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
-
au
th
o
r
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
is
s
m
all,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
4
f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
c
o
llected
d
ataset,
th
e
VOSv
iewe
r
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
m
ap
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
co
u
n
tr
y
th
at
h
as
co
llab
o
r
ated
with
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
o
n
at
least
o
n
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
; th
e
lin
es b
etw
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n
th
e
n
o
d
es in
d
icate
th
e
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ea
c
h
co
u
n
tr
y
; t
h
e
co
lo
r
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
tim
e
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
y
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u
n
tr
y
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
,
i
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
DC
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r
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la
t
e
d
p
u
b
l
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c
at
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s
f
o
r
p
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v
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t
e
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c
h
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r
s
b
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g
a
n
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a
r
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s
t
i
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
li
k
e
t
h
e
U
S
A
,
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
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i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
1
9
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
P
o
l
a
n
d
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
o
n
l
y
b
e
g
a
n
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
o
n
w
a
r
d
s
.
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n
t
h
e
m
a
p
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o
r
w
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y
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
o
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t
v
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t
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r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
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o
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a
b
o
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t
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o
n
w
it
h
o
th
e
r
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
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t
h
a
t
o
ta
l
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o
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t
h
o
r
s
h
i
p
l
i
n
k
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
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e
y
f
o
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l
o
w
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t
h
is
(
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s
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r
e
n
g
t
h
=
1
1
)
,
a
n
d
P
o
l
a
n
d
(
t
o
t
a
l
l
i
n
k
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
=
9
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
h
a
v
e
a
t
o
t
al
l
i
n
k
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
l
ess
t
h
a
n
5
.
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
Sp
ain
’
s
d
o
m
in
an
ce
in
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
u
tp
u
t,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
elv
es
in
t
o
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
t
h
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata,
7
0
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
1
0
4
f
u
n
d
in
g
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
4
6
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
in
E
u
r
o
p
e,
1
8
ar
e
f
r
o
m
Sp
ain
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
to
p
6
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
p
o
f
c
o
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th
o
r
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
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co
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n
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ies o
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th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
DC
b
y
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
o
v
er
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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Ex
c
h
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g
e
P
o
l
a
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d
3
T
h
e
o
r
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an
izatio
n
s
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
ar
e
all
f
r
o
m
E
u
r
o
p
e,
with
th
e
to
p
3
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
b
ein
g
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
Fed
er
al
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
R
esear
ch
o
f
Ger
m
an
y
,
an
d
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Scien
ce
,
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
Un
i
v
er
s
ities
o
f
Sp
ain
,
ea
ch
with
s
i
x
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
o
f
Sp
ain
f
o
llo
ws
t
h
em
with
f
i
v
e
ca
s
es.
T
h
u
s
,
Sp
ain
is
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
R
eg
io
n
al
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Fu
n
d
r
an
k
s
f
if
th
with
f
o
u
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
Natio
n
al
Ag
en
cy
f
o
r
Aca
d
em
ic
E
x
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
Po
lan
d
r
a
n
k
s
last
with
th
r
ee
ca
s
es.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
6
4
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
etwe
en
1
an
d
2
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
ea
ch
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
r
ese
n
ted
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies,
af
f
iliatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
p
r
im
a
r
ily
in
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
at
th
e
f
o
r
ef
r
o
n
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
r
ld
w
id
e.
Sp
ain
an
d
N
o
r
way
lead
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
TC
(
T
a
b
le
2
)
.
T
wo
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
also
in
teg
r
ated
DC
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
in
g
ea
r
l
y
o
n
.
I
n
No
r
wa
y
,
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
,
alo
n
g
with
liter
ac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
at
h
em
atics,
h
av
e
b
e
en
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
all
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
in
ce
2
0
0
6
[
3
4
]
.
A
to
tal
9
0
%
o
f
No
r
way
’
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
en
s
u
r
e
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t h
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
f
o
r
le
ar
n
in
g
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
Sp
ain
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
L
aw
0
2
/2
0
0
6
,
DC
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
eig
h
t c
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
n
atio
n
al
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
Dig
ital
Sp
ain
2
0
2
5
Ag
en
d
a
aim
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
b
y
2
0
2
5
,
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
will
h
av
e
b
asic
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
with
5
0
%
b
ein
g
wo
m
en
.
B
y
2
0
2
4
,
at
least
8
0
%
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
will
h
av
e
DC
ce
r
tific
atio
n
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
lau
n
ch
ed
in
2
0
2
0
,
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
m
in
is
tr
ies,
ag
en
cies,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Sp
ain
.
Sp
ain
also
h
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
r
ese
ar
ch
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic,
with
1
8
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
3
1
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
s
tan
ce
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
o
s
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
Sp
ain
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
No
r
way
an
d
Sp
ain
also
h
av
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
E
r
asm
u
s
Stra
teg
ic
P
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
Pro
g
r
a
m
.
Oth
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
g
en
er
all
y
s
ee
n
less
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
o
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
Sp
ain
is
tak
in
g
th
e
lead
i
n
p
o
licy
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
c
e
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
DC
,
in
alig
n
m
en
t w
ith
E
U
d
ig
ital e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
I
n
Asi
a,
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
h
as
g
ain
ed
r
ec
e
n
t
atten
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
lead
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
i
n
Asi
a
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
t
h
is
to
p
ic.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
“
Me
r
d
ek
a
B
elaja
r
”
(
Fre
e
d
o
m
to
L
ea
r
n
)
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
C
u
ltu
r
e
,
aim
s
to
b
u
ild
a
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
f
u
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
D
C
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
ac
q
u
ir
e
b
asic
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
“
Me
r
d
ek
a
B
elaja
r
”
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
b
e
f
o
r
e
en
ter
in
g
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
DC
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
g
e
n
er
al,
an
d
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
r
ea
o
f
r
esear
c
h
.
Nex
t,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
c
o
llected
d
ata
s
h
o
w
th
at
1
6
0
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
af
f
iliatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
p
u
b
lis
h
in
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esear
ch
o
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f
o
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ig
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m
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e
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h
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73
s
ec
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d
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p
o
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itio
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:
Hatlev
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ic
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y
p
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s
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t
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R
a
n
k
A
f
f
i
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a
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i
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A
r
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c
l
e
s
1.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
V
a
l
e
n
c
i
a
S
p
a
i
n
13
2.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
W
e
i
n
g
a
r
t
e
n
G
e
r
man
y
13
3.
U
i
T
t
h
e
A
r
c
t
i
c
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
N
o
r
w
a
y
N
o
r
w
a
y
12
4.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
e
v
i
l
l
e
S
p
a
i
n
12
5.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
Q
u
e
e
n
s
l
a
n
d
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
10
6.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Er
l
a
n
g
e
n
-
N
u
r
e
mb
e
r
g
G
e
r
man
y
9
7.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Li
meri
c
k
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
9
8.
S
e
b
e
l
a
s
M
a
r
e
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
8
9.
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
M
u
r
c
i
a
S
p
a
i
n
8
1
0
.
Tr
a
b
z
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
Tu
r
k
e
y
7
T
ab
le
5
.
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o
p
1
0
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th
o
r
s
with
t
h
e
m
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t p
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th
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DC
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p
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R
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t
r
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TC
1
Ç
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A
.
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3
A
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3
55
5
A
t
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,
R
.
M
u
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l
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S
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t
k
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3
48
6
Est
e
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M
o
n
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F
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U
n
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v
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a
t
J
a
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m
e
I
,
S
p
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n
3
37
7
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i
sb
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r
t
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C
e
r
v
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r
a
,
M
.
R
o
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r
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S
p
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n
3
27
8
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p
a
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n
3
23
9
F
a
r
r
e
l
l
,
R
.
U
l
st
e
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
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t
y
,
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
3
21
10
H
u
e
r
t
a
s
-
A
b
r
i
l
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C
.
U
n
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a
d
d
e
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ó
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a
,
S
p
a
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n
3
13
As
s
h
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wn
in
T
ab
les
4
an
d
5
,
Sp
ain
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
r
ee
af
f
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s
am
o
n
g
th
e
to
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0
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ter
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t.
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ly
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k
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th
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s
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th
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o
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o
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n
h
as
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Mo
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“
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T
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D:
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ig
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o
f
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
,
”
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
6
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
e
twee
n
lead
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g
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
is
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ee
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in
th
e
jo
in
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Sp
an
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th
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r
Gass
ó
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d
No
r
weg
ian
au
th
o
r
Hatlev
ik
,
wh
o
co
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a
u
th
o
r
e
d
two
p
u
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licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
n
e
with
5
0
citatio
n
s
titl
ed
“
Stu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
’
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
:
E
x
am
i
n
in
g
two
s
am
p
les
in
Sp
ain
an
d
No
r
way
.
”
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
to
p
au
t
h
o
r
s
an
d
lead
in
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
will
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
ex
p
an
d
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
ce
o
f
k
e
y
a
u
th
o
r
s
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ex
p
an
d
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
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ch
o
n
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
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ice
teac
h
e
r
s
,
s
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g
g
esti
n
g
co
n
tin
u
ed
g
r
o
wth
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
by
j
o
urna
ls
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata,
a
to
tal
o
f
1
3
6
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
wo
r
k
s
r
elate
d
to
DC
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
p
1
0
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
etailed
in
T
a
b
le
6
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
th
e
ea
r
lies
t
ar
ticles
ap
p
ea
r
ed
i
n
2
0
1
3
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with
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
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en
t
p
u
b
lis
h
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DC
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Co
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a
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t
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a
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Acc
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n
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7
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T
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7
,
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b
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with
th
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m
o
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t
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s
is
b
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n
s
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jo
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Mu
n
th
e
[
2
1
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,
with
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6
9
citatio
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s
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T
h
is
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ap
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m
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s
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p
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p
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lu
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d
Ç
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i
[
3
9
]
,
wh
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p
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s
es
en
h
a
n
cin
g
DC
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t
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r
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al
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ig
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s
in
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d
lear
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in
g
,
an
d
em
p
o
we
r
in
g
lear
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e
r
s
.
T
ab
le
7
.
T
o
p
1
0
m
o
s
t
-
cited
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u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
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to
p
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f
DC
f
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r
p
r
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me
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(
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q
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a
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)
TC
TC
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y
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D
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c
u
me
n
t
1
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u
c
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
g
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t
a
l
l
y
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
t
t
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s:
A
st
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r
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t
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o
f
p
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d
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g
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t
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n
g
a
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d
Te
a
c
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u
c
a
t
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o
n
(
Q
1
)
2
6
9
3
3
.
6
[
2
1
]
2
H
o
w
c
a
n
t
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g
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t
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t
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h
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s
b
e
d
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v
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l
o
p
e
d
?
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x
a
m
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n
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n
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a
c
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C
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p
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r
s a
n
d
Ed
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c
a
t
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o
n
(
Q
1
)
1
1
8
2
3
.
6
[
3
9
]
3
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
n
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n
l
i
n
e
st
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n
t
t
e
a
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t
o
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t
e
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o
n
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d
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g
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t
a
l
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o
m
p
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t
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e
:
Th
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TPA
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f
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l
i
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C
o
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p
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t
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n
d
Ed
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c
a
t
i
o
n
(
Q
1
)
1
0
7
1
0
.
7
[
4
0
]
4
R
e
t
h
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n
k
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A
h
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p
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d
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(
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1
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1
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2
[
4
1
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5
D
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Ed
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(
Q
1
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4
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3
[
4
2
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6
En
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d
els
lik
e
b
len
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
,
an
d
t
h
e
T
PAC
K
m
o
d
el
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
b
u
il
d
in
g
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
DC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
clu
s
te
r
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
r
esear
ch
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
itali
za
tio
n
an
d
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ic
e
teac
h
er
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
DC
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
th
in
k
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
2
]
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
s
tu
d
ies
ass
e
s
s
in
g
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital sk
ills
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
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